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Biological Control of Cocoa Black Pod Disease by Fungi Agents: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma Asperellum

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Biological Control of Cocoa Black Pod Disease by Fungi Agents: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma Asperellum Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COCOA BLACK POD DISEASE BY FUNGI AGENTS: ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND TRICHODERMA ASPERELLUM Tchameni1 N.S., Nana Wakam1 L., Owona2 A., Fokom1 R., Tchana2 T., Mbarga2 J.B., Sime1 A. Tsagué1 M., Ten Hoopen2 M., Kosma1 P., Meboma2 M.E., Nyem2 E, Hoopen2 T.M., Kuaté2 J., Tondjé2 P.R., Etoa1 F.X., Ongéné N.A. and Ngonkeu2* M.E.L 1: University of Yaoundé I P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé Cameroon 2: Biological Control and Applied Microbiology Laboratory, IRAD Cameroon P.O. Box 2027 Yaoundé Cameroon * Corresponding author: [email protected] 60 6 INTRODUCTION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 a 5 b a Cocoa black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora Table 1. Effect of AMF and T. asperellum on some 40 a bc 4 cd agronomical and physiological parameters of cocoa tree, d b megakarya, causes substantial yield losses worldwide, 30 3 18 weeks after seedling bc particularly in Africa. In optimum conditions, Losses e cd Treatments Root Height Leafs Fresh Dry Chlorophyll 20 2 can reach 80 % . Chemical control mostly used is Amino acids (µg/g) d rate (%) contentPhenols (mg/g) colonization (cm) number root matter expensive and environmental harmful. An alternative -1 (%) (g.plant ) (g.plant-1 ) 10 1 is the use of biological control agent such as T M 0.0c 24.6c 9.8c 2.9b 2.6c 37.2b Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma 0 0 0 0 T M 50.7a 37.0b 22.8a 7.13a 4.0bc 46.5a T0M0 T0M1 T0M2 T M0 T M1 T M2 (Ngonkeu et Nwaga, 1998; Tondjé et al., 2007). Both 0 1 Treatments microorganisms are know to improve protection T0M2 51.7a 37.0b 17.3b 7.1a 7.1a 50.0a Healthy (aa) Inoculated (aa) against plant telluric pathogens and reduce inorganic Healthy (phenols) Inoculated (Phenols) TM 0.0c 41.6a 16.5b 8.9a 4.0bc 46.4a fertilizer input up to 70 % (Ngonkeu, 2009). The goal 0 TM 26.7b 44.0a 16.7b 7.6a 3.8bc 46.5a Fig 3. Effect of AMF and T. asperellum on healthy of this work is to assess dual inoculation of Arbuscular 1 and inoculated leaf on soluble amino acids and mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma asperellum TM2 20.0b 44.6a 22.9a 8.0a 6.0bc 48.4a phenols of cocoa tree pod disease, 18 weeks after on the growth and the biological control of cocoa seedling black pod diseases due to P. megakarya. In the AMF and Trichoderma asperellum increased significantly AMF and T. asperellum increase significantly present work, we are focusing on biochemical (P=0.01) plant height (1,5 to 1.8 fold), fresh root (2.4 to 3 (P=0.001) leaf amino acids content (1.6 to compound in plant fungi interactions. Specifically the fold), dry matter (1.5 to 2.3 fold) and chlorophyll rate (1.25 to 2.7 fold). There is positive correlation role of phenolic compound and amino acids in AMF 1.3 fold). Interaction AMF-T. asperellum is not significant at between root colonization and amino acids and Trichoderma associations is discussed. P=0.01. content (P = 0.0002 ; r2 = 0,812); and negative correlation between symptom MATERIAL AND METHODS 14 a 0,2 scoring and amino acids (P= 0.015; r2=- 0,18 12 0.61). 0,16 Leaf Phenolic compound increase (1.7 to 2.5 10 b 0,14 fold) after inoculation by AMF and T. 8 0,12 asperellum. Positive correlation have been 0,1 observed between root colonization and Prot) plant) 6 0,08 phenolic content (P<0.001 ; r2 = 0.866) c c c 4 0,06 and negative correlation between symptom d 0,04 scoring and amino acids (P = 0.002 ; r2 =- 2 0.716). Phosphorus Phosphorus content of (mg/100g 0,02 a b 0 0 Acids phosphatases (µmol/min/mg of Amino acids and phenolic compound a: Gigaspora margarita b: Trichoderma asperellum T0M0 T0M1 T0M2 T M0 T M1 T M2 synthesis combined to P nutrition are Sterilized soil substratum potential mechanisms used by these Phosphorus (mg/100g of plant) biological control agents for plant protection. Acid phosphatases (µmol/min/mg of prot,) ToMo ToM1 ToM2 TMo TM1 TM2 Fig 1. Effect of AMF and T. asperellum on P and acids phosphatases cocoa tree, 18 weeks after seedling 4 x 5 pots P uptake increase significantly (P=0.001) after EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN inoculation with AMF and Trichoderma (2 to 3.5 fold). The interaction AMF-T. asperellum is positive and significant (P=0.001). These results can be related to acids phosphatases stimulation in plant root; responsible to P-organic matter hydrolyzation (Tchameni et al., 2009). 80 a CONCLUSION c a d 70 c: Phytophthora megakarya AMF and Trichoderma sp. can be used as an 60 d: Leafs inoculated and incubation method b alternative to: c Ø 50 b reduce chemical pesticides for cocoa tree Means parameters evaluated, 18 weeks after seedling a protection and nutrition against P. 40 megakarya; 30 b Ø bc b produce safety and healthy plants in Agronomical Physiological Biochemistry c c 20 nursery; Øimprove cocoa pot nutritional quality (high Height, leafs 10 c Chlorophyll Acids (%)scoring (x10) colonization root Symptom and number, fresh rate phosphatases, amino acid content) 0 root, dry matter, and P soluble amino T0M0 T0M1 T0M2 T M0 T M1 T M2 root colonisation Content acids and Traitments REFERENCES and symptom Symtom scoring (x10) Root colonization (%) phenolic 1- Ngonkeu et Nwaga, 1998. Cam.J. Biol. Biochem. Sci scoring compound 8(1): 56-67 Fig 2. Effect of AMF and T. asperellum on symptom scoring of 2- Ngonkeu, 2009. Thèse de Doctorat Ph.D. Université de cocoa black pod disease, 18 weeks after seedling Yaoundé I. 215p 3- Tchameni N.S., Nana wakam L., Jemo M., Fokom R., AMF and T. asperellum reduce significantly (P = 0.001) P. Thé C. and Nwaga D., 2009. Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., megakarya symptoms in cocoa leaf. Interaction between 5(4):480-488. AMF -Trichoderma is negative and significant (P = 0.01) 4- Tondje P.R., Roberts D.P., Bon M.C., Widmer T., Samuels G.J., Ismaiel A., Begoude B.A.D., Tchana T., Nyemb-Tshomb E., Ndoumbe-Nkeng M., Bateman R., Fontem D. and Hebbar K.P., 2007. Biological Control 43: 202–212..
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