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Infesting Fungiidae (Anthozoa, Madreporaria)

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Infesting Fungiidae (Anthozoa, Madreporaria) I I BULLETIN DE L'INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQUE, BIOLOGIE, 70: 235-252, 2000 BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN, BIOLOGIE, 70: 235-252, 2000 Ecology of the Leptoconchus spp. (Gastropoda, Coralliophilidae) infesting Fungiidae (Anthozoa, Madreporaria) by Claude MASSIN Abstract Le parasitisme est maximum en eau peu profonde (1-5m); il est rare de trouver des Leptoconchus spp. a plus de 20 m de profondeur. Underwater surveys of 27,000 mushroom corals (Fungiidae) at L'emplacement ou Ia larve du mollusque se fixe (partie centrale ou Papua New Guinea (Laing Island, Madang and Motupore), Singa­ peripherique du corail), l'ouverture de Ia loge (face orale ou aborale pore, the Maldi ves (Ari Atoll and South Male Atoll), the Red Sea du corail) et' fa deformation du squelette du corail varient en (Hurghada), Indonesia (Makassar, Sulawesi) and examination of fonction de I'espece de Fungiidae. Ces variations semblent I ,000 fungi ids from museum collections (mainly, National Museum specifiquement liees aux differentes especes de Leptoconchus of Natural Hi story, Leiden) have shown that 36 coral species were plut6t qu' a I' espece h6te infestee. infested by several species of Coralliophilidae belonging to the ge­ Mots-clefs: Fungiidae, Leptoconchus, Coralliophi lidae, ecologie, nus Leptoconchus. The rate of infestation of the mushroom coral parasitisme, relations corail-h6te. assemblage varied from 0 to 7%. The two most infested Fungii dae were Fungia ( Fungia) fimgites and F. (Verril/ofimgia) repanda. At the east side of-Laing Island, F. (F.) fimgites reached an infestation rate of 19%, the hi ghest value ever recorded. Introduction The rate of infestation was posi tively correlated with hydrodynam­ ics and negatively with turbidity. It was, however, not correlated Indo-pacific corals can be infested by many mollusc species with the density of the fun giid assemblage. (ROBERTSON, 1970) among which the boring Corallio­ Infestation was maximum in shall ow water (1 -5 m); nearly no philidae (Gastropoda). They represent inconspicuous ani­ Leptoconchus spp. were fo und deeper than 20 m. Place of settle­ mals that infest mainly corals belonging to the families ment of the mollusc (coral centre or edge), opening of the burrow Fungiidae and Faviidae (MASSIN, 1989). So far, there is little (oral/aboral side of the coral) and deformation of coral skeleton var­ information on their biology and ecological requirements. ied according to the coral species infested . These variations seemed Taxonomic studies of the Fungiidae (HOEKSEMA, 1989a, b, specifically related to the different Leptoconclws species rather than 1990, 1993a, b; HOEKSEMA & CHANG-FENG DAI, 1991 ) and the infested host species. studies on their ecology and distribution (CLAEREBOUDT, Key-words: Fungiidae, Leptoconchus, Coralliophilidae, ecology, parasitism, coral-host relationships. 1989; KOH & CHOU, 1989; HOEKSEMA, 1990, 199la, b, 1992; HOEKSEMA & MOKA, 1989; CHADWICK-FURMAN & LOYA, 1992) stimulated the study on the biology and ecology of Leptoconchus species infesting these corals. L' etude in situ de 27.000 Fungiidae en Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee (Laing Island, Madang et Motupore), a Singapour, aux lies Material and methods Maldives (Ari Atoll et South Male Atoll), en Mer Rouge (Hurghada), en Indonesie (Makassar, Sulawesi) et I' examen de Fungiidae provenant de collections museologiques (principalement The fungiids were observed and collected by SCUBA diving du Natio nal Museum of Natural History, Leiden) montrent que 36 between 0 and 30 m depth at Laing Island, Hansa Bay, especes sont parasitees par plusieurs especes de Coralliophili dae Madang Province (fig. 3), off of Madang, Madang Province appartenant au genre Leptoconchus. Le taux d'in festati on des (fig. 2), and at Motupore Island Research Station, Central populations de Fungiidae etudiees varie de 0 a 7%. Les deux Province (fig. 4), all three in Papua New Guinea (fig. 1); at especes de Fungiidae les plus parasitees sont Fungia ( Fungia) Singapore (fig. 6); at the Ari Atoll and South Male Atoll , the ftmgites et F. (Verrilloftmgia) repanda. Sur le cote Est de !'lie de Maldives (fig. 5), at Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt (fig. 7) and Laing, 19% des F. (F.) fungites sont parasites, ce qui represente Ie off Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia (figs 8-9). The fungiids pl us fort raux jamais observe. collections of the National Museum of Natural History L' intensite du parasitisme est positivement correlee avec !'agitation (Leiden, the Netherlands), the Museum of the National Uni­ hydrodynamique et negati vemenl avec Ia turbidite. En revanche, versity of Singapore (Singapore) and the Royal Belgian In­ elle ne presente pas de relati on avec Ia densite de populati on des stitute of Natural Sciences (Brussels, Belgium) were exam­ Fungiidae. ined for infested Fungiidae. Contribution n° 355 of the Leopold III Biological Stat ion, Laing Island. Most of the infested Fungiidae were measured (diameter or I I 236 CLAUDE MASS IN 1 0 ·3.: ,.. ...:~ _·· ..... \ .... .... 3 \ '" ··.. ... , , \ .. ·\_ <>o"f ·ri 500 km A AUSTRALIA 3 LAING ISLAND 1 km 3km PORT MORESBY I -;::J"A;;·- ... '' .......) -~-- ............. 0 . ...... .. - - - ( .._ .. ··-,., ·-.._,_ __.- ·.... .... --· , __ MOTUPORE .- .··. ------ ····-···· ·... ·.·... · ... ·······::::.:~.-:-:. 100m 147"10' E Figs 1-4. - Papua New Guinea. I. General view; 2. Madang reefs (Madang Province); 3. Laing Island, Hansa Bay (Madang Province); 4. Motupore (Central Province). length/width) and photographed. The distance between the with cumul ative curves of settlement of Leptoconchus li ving openin g of the siphon and the mouth or the centre of the coral in ell iptical Fun gi idae with a very long mouth slit and with was measured. Random cumul ative curves of settlement the bun·ow opening at the oral side. were establi shed (fig. 10). Curve A was calculated from the For most of the infested fungiids, coral thickness was meas­ centre of a circle or an ellipse and curve B was calc ul ated ured at the centre and on the edge. This height, including sep­ from the median of a rectangle. Curve A was compared with tal and coastal teeth, was measured at the level of the most cumul ative curve of settlement of Leptoconchus li vin g in cir­ exsert septae (primary septae). The ratio she ll height/shell cu lar Fu ngi idae with burrow openi ng at both oral and aboral width (H/W) of the Leptoconchus specimens was calc ul ated sides and of Leptoconchus li ving in elliptical Fungiidae with for the females. She ll s are defined as globose when H/W~0.8 burrow openin g at the aboral side. Curve B was compared and lenti cular when H/W::;0.7. II Ecology of the Leptoconchus spp. infesting Fungiidae 237 5 6 MALAYSIA ,. .::;_:.:·:·:~. ~.:: ·..... MALDIVES .~~~ ~.·. -~ . ·::.. :( ~ ·\.. NORTH \ , 'j MALE ATOLL 4' N :\.;,,.:,. ~c~: · o· J(~· ·' ·,l M~~~r;im SUMATRA ·~~:.,. .... )=' 105' E 7 ~ CAIRO • 30' N .... ::·':: .::· :;. RED SEA 73' E 35' E Fig. 5. - The Maldives. • Fig. 6. - Singapore. • Fig. 7.- Hurgada (Egypt, Red Sea). Each infested fungiid was broken by cracking it with pincers. above coral surface), contracted (still visible but at level with The molluscs were extracted from their hole, then counted, the coral surface) and witlidrawn (no longer visible). anaesthetized with 4% MgCl? for a few hours and fixed in I 0% buffered formalin. Late!· on, they were preserved in 70% buffered alcohol. Results Population density of mushroom coral assemblages were measured by counting the fungiids larger than 50 mm in di­ GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF INFESTED FUNGIIDS AND ameter, present on surface of 25 X 2 or 50 X 2 m at different RATE OF INFESTATION depths: 2-4 or 2-5m and 4-7 or 5- 10 m according to the pro­ fi le of the studied site. Together, the most common corals A total of 28,000 mushroom coral individuals (Fungiidae) were identified underwater and the presence or absence of were examined (27,000 in the fi eld and I ,000 in museum col­ Leptoconchus specimens was noted. Prospected sites were lections). Of the 43 known species in this family, 7 had, up to selected on protected, semi-protected and exposed areas. now, not been found infested by Leptoconchus species (table About forty infested Fungia specimens (mainly Fungia I). Four of the non infested fungi ids belonged to the genera ( Fungia) fungites and a few F scutaria, F paumotensis and Podabacia, Lithophyllon and Cantharellus, which included Halomitra pileus) have been observed in situ in a protected only fixed fungiids. Three others i.e. Fungia (Cycloseris) area (zone I , fig. 3) day and ni ght to notice the activity of the hexagonalis, F (Pleuractis) taiwanensis and Halomitra tentacles of the Fungia and of the siphons of the clavator are rare species generally characteristic of soft, Leptoconchus. Siphons were observed extended (well visible sandy or muddy bottoms. I' 238 CLAUDE MASS IN Table I. Li st of fun giid s observed and/or collected +data of literature. A: opening of Leptoconc/111s burrow at aboral side of coral ; F: record from field collected material; !NO: Indonesia; L: record from literature; M: record from muse um collections; MAL: Maldi ves; nbr: number of infested corals observed; NCAL: New Caledonia; 0: opening of Leptoconclllls burrow at oral side of coral; PNG : Papua New Guinea; RS: Red Sea; SEY: Seyc helles; TAW: Taiwan ; 1: HOE KSEMA & ACHITUV 1993; 2: ZIBROWIUS & ARNAUD 1994; 3: HOEKSEMA 1993a; 4: HOEKS EMA 1993b; 5: VERON 1990. Coral species origin infest. Oral/ Aboral nbr locality Fungia (Cyclose ris) sinensis u + 0 . 6 !NO Fungi a (Cycloseris) fragilis M+F + 0 3 IND+PNG Fungia (Cycloseris) hexagmwlis M - I 0 IND Funliia (Cycloseris) distorra .. M + 0 I !NO Fungia (Cycloseris) cyclolires M + 0 I !NO Fungia (Cycloseris) vaughani M + 0 4 !NO Fungia (Cycloseris) sommen ·il!ei M+L1 + 0 2 IND+SEY Fwzgia (Cycloseris) costulaw F + 0 5 PNG+I ND Fungia (Cycloseris) remtis F + 0 6 PNG Camharel!us doederleini M - ..
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