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Makt, Möten, Gränser Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 Makt, möten, gränser Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669–70 Karl Bergman Elektronisk, reviderad, utgåva 2015 Original, Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 Diss. Lund 2002 Studia Historica Lundensia 7 (ISBN 91-628-5125-X) 1 Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 Innehållsförteckning: 1 Inledning s5 Syfte och problemställning s6 Avgränsningar s7 Källmaterialet s8 Några källkritiska reflektioner s9 Avhandlingens disposition s10 2 Tolkningsramar och perspektiv s11 Centralmakten och riket s11 Det nationella perspektivet s11 Makt- och militärstatsperspektivet. s13 Disciplinerings- och ackulturationsperspektivet s15 Konglomeratstatsperspektivet s15 Interaktionsperspektivet s16 Lokalsamhället s17 Politisk kultur s19 Kristendomen – kultur – mentalitet – identitet. s21 Interaktion, om konflikt och konsensus. s22 Begreppet försvenskning och det nationella perspektivet s22 Lokalsamhället i statsbildningsprocessen s27 Integration s28 Identiteter och integration. s29 Konturen av ett identitetsmönster. s30 Sammanfattning s32 3 Interaktion, identitet och integrativa krafter under den danska tiden s34 Blekinge, det lokala rummet s34 Halvskattelandet Blekinge. s36 Bönderna och sockenorganisationen s37 Konflikter, kommunikation och integration s40 Danska och svenska bönder eller bara bönder? s45 Bönder i Blekinge s47 Det ekonomiska rummet s48 Borgare mot bönder s50 Det regionala handelsmönstret. s51 Borgare, bönder och krediter s54 Bondehamnen Bodekull och gränsen mot Sverige s57 Kampen om skogsresurserna s59 Skogsprodukter från Blekinge. s59 Ek och En s59 Ved, Bark och Enbär s60 Pottaska s60 Salpet s61 Kampen om resurserna s61 Ökad integrering och homogenisering s62 Militariseringen av gränslandet s63 Mellan fästningarna. s66 Den problematiska gränsen. s67 Svensken, vän eller fiende, nationalitet som konfliktmarkör s68 Centralmakten och de perifera provinserna s69 Sammanfattning s70 4 Centralmakten, kommissionerna och lokalsamhället s73 Forskning om svenska kommissioner s73 Forskning om kommissioner i Danmark s75 Tre skånska kommissioner s78 1658 års skånska kommission s78 1662 års skånska kommissionen s81 1669 års skånska kommission s87 Skånska kommissionen 1669, instruktionen s87 2 Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 Kommissionens sekreta bimemorial. s89 Sammanfattning s91 Att gå till kungs s91 Legitimitet s92 Auktoritet – kontroll s92 Information – Kunskap s92 Kommissionerna som politisk arena s92 5 Konfliktytorna s94 Inledning s94 Böndernas klagomål s96 Klagomål relaterade till den militära närvaron. s97 Ryttare och soldaters inkvartering på gårdarna s98 Klagomål över olika militära avgifter s99 Kraven på förmedling av ”små och magra hemman” s102 Den reducerade terminsskatten s103 Frälseböndernas klagomål s104 Kronotiondet s105 Bönderna och skattefrågorna s106 Klagomål mot fogdar, civilbetjänter och andra överhetspersoner s109 Konflikter med andra överhetspersoner s111 Besittningsrätten, kampen om jorden s114 Häradshamnarna s118 Böndernas synpunkter på rättskipningen s119 Borgarnas klagomål s121 Borgarens kamp för handelsmonopol s122 Borgerskapet och de andra, den sociala gränsen s125 Borgmästarna i Blekinge s127 Borgmästare och borgare, en konfliktfylld relation s129 Städerna, den juridiska ordningen. s136 Städerna och de militära frågorna s138 Prästernas klagomål, de kyrkliga frågorna s138 Mäster Bertils konflikt med församlingen i Hoby s145 Mellan allmoge och överhet. s148 Adeln inför kommissionen s151 Sammanfattning s152 Lokalsamhället och centralmakten s152 Interaktion och politisk kultur s153 Identitet s153 Integration s154 Försvenskning? s154 6 Mötet med överheten s155 Vem skrev inlagorna? s155 Den yttre formen s156 Undersåten i inlagorna s157 Form och innehåll s161 Den religiösa tematiken i inlagorna. s164 Mellan muntlighet och skriftlighet om lokalsamhällets politiska kultur s167 Att samtala med överheten s168 Sammanfattning s173 7 Ett annat möte s175 Förberedelserna för lantdagen s175 Frågorna föreläggs ständerna. s176 Adelns svar på propositionen s177 Prästerskapets svar på propositionen s178 Borgerskapets svar på propositionen s179 Böndernas svar på propositionen s179 Ständernas möte med centralmakten s180 Lantdagen avslutas. s181 Bönderna och den nya politiska arenan s182 Sammanfattning s183 3 Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 8 Integration och särskiljande om identitetsprocessen i Blekinge s185 Bönderna s185 Borgerskapet s186 Prästerna s187 Nationaliseringen av den vardagliga konflikten s188 Gränsbygdsidentitet s191 Sammanfattnin s192 9 Makt, möten, gränser s193 Konfliktytorna s194 Möten, aktörer och relationer s196 Försvenskning? s197 10 Epilog s202 Kommissionens berättelse till Kungl. Maj:t s203 Resultat och effekter av kommissionens arbete s204 Bilaga, Överiktskartor, Socknar, härader, s207 Summary s208 Blekinge under Danish rule s209 Dealings with the Swedish authorities s209 Areas of contention s210 Meetings, participants and relations s210 Identities s211 Swedification? s212 Käll- och litteraturförteckning s214 Tabeller, figurer kartor: Tabell 1. Ronneby handelshamn fram till mitten av 1600-talet. s55 Tabell 2. Fartyg som betalade lastepengar eller rorstull i Bodekull. s58 Tabell 3. Antal fartyg som anlände till Pukavik och Järnavik. s58 Tabell 4. Utförsel av ved och enestakar över Ronneby. s60 Tabell 5. Ungefärlig mängd pottaska utförd över Ronneby. s60 Bild 1. Blekinge under första delen av 1600-talet, Bondehamnarna. s65 Tabell 6 Allmogens inlagor till kommissionen. s95 Tabell 7. Borgerskapets inlagor till kommissionen. s95 Tabell 8 Prästerskapets inlagor till kommissionen. s95 Tabell 9. Antalet namngivna klagande enligt protokollet. s96 Tabell 10. Klagomålens fördelning efter innehåll. s97 Tabell 11 Invånarantal i Blekinges städer. s132 Tabell 12. Exempel på bönders bomärken. s157 4 Makt, möten, gränser. Skånska kommissionen i Blekinge 1669-70 Inledning Historieskrivningen om hur de forna danska provinserna införlivades i det svenska riket efter 1645, 1658 och 1660 har i handböcker oftast varit ytterligt kortfattad. I gymnasiets läroböcker har övergångsproblematik inskränkt sig till några rader. Det begrepp som använts för att analysera denna process har varit ”försvenskningen” av de erövrade provinserna. Om detta skeende över huvud taget har utvecklats mer har framställningen i allmänhet utgått från en bestämd bild av hur integrationen i det nya riket gått till: Först en period med en mindre aktiv försvenskningspolitik från 1658 till 1679. Sedan den aktiva försvenskningsperioden från 1680 och framåt. Olika forskare har sedan betonat antingen det snabba förloppet eller det våldsamma i detta förlopp. Rör vi oss ned i floran av lokalhistoriska arbeten är det ofta det våldsamma förtrycket som lyfts fram. Ansvarig för att bilden av den så kallade försvenskningen av provinserna uppdelades i dessa två nämnda perioder är sannolikt framförallt Knud Fabricius som under åren 1906 till 1958 gav ut Skaanes overgang fra Danmark til Sverige i fyra band.1 Det första bandet omfattar tiden mellan freden i Brömsebro 1645 fram till och med freden i Köpenhamn 1660, det andra bandet behandlar det inre förhållandet i provinserna under samma tid. Det tredje bandet ägnas sedan helt åt skånska kriget 1676–79. Slutligen behandlas i fjärde delen den administrativa uppbyggnaden av de erövrade provinserna, försvenskningen och ”uniformitetens seger.” Själva skärningspunkten blir skånska kriget. Efter detta var det både inrikespolitiskt och utrikespolitiskt möjligt att genomföra en total försvenskning. Dramaturgin med skånska kriget som vändpunkt förs sedan vidare i de flesta historiska framställningar som följer ända in i nutid.2 När den etablerade bilden av händelseförloppet någon gång tonas ned, är det framförallt som ett resultat av en perspektivförskjutning inom historieforskningen. Intresset för krigen och dess roll har trängts tillbaka och istället har till exempel socialhistoriska och kulturhistoriska perspektiv lyfts fram.3 Problemet har emellertid varit att någon nyare forskning på detta område inte funnits att tillgå och att bilden därmed har tenderat att bestå även om perspektivet förskjutits mot andra områden. Krigen och konflikterna har alltid tilldragit sig både lekmannens och forskarens intresse. I de öppna konflikterna finns dramatiken och de stora hjältarna. Men motsättningarna blir också tydliga. Min avsikt är inte att förneka skånska krigets betydelse i processen. Kriget blev på många sätt en vändpunkt, det hade stor betydelse. Men koncentrationen på kriget kan få oss att underskatta eller helt bortse från vad som hände när det inte var krig. Sökandet efter det vardagliga mötet mellan undersåte och överhet blir på detta sätt satt på undantag. Krigen är också på flera sätt exceptionella. Vardagliga konflikter kan då lätt politiseras och skärpas som en del av mobilisering och krigshets. Kanske ger också kriget utrymme för exceptionella personer att agera. Mitt intresse och min ambition koncentreras mer kring den lilla människans möte med makten mot slutet av 1600-talet då fred rådde mellan Danmark och Sverige. Som representant för aktören i lokalsamhället är bonden Lauritz Nilsen i Vieryd och änkan på Fäjö i detta sammanhang intressantare än Göingehövdingen. 1 Knud Fabricius, Skaanes overgang fra Danmark til Sverige. Del I–IV, København 1906–1958. 2 Se exempelvis Alf Åbergs När Skåne blev svenskt. Halmstad 1965, som sannolikt haft stor betydelse för spridningen
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