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When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination http://eprints.soton.ac.uk UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF SOCIAL and HUMAN SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Public Management Reform Experience of Turkey: Effective Factors on the Administrative Reform Process of Turkey in the Period of 1980-2010 by Osman VAROL Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors Professor Gerry Stoker Dr Ingi Iusmen August 2014 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT As a response to the enormous pressures on the nations in last three decades about reforming their public administrations, each state has taken a different path and has had different reform experiences. As a strongly developing nation having constant economic growth and rapidly transforming society, a member of almost all important international organizations of western world and an important candidate for EU full membership, Turkey has also been subject to all these pressures and experienced a rapid administrative reform process since 1980. Unique administrative reform experience of Turkey between 1980 and 2010 is the major concern of the research and it seeks to analyse all the factors that have affected this process. By applying the overarching public management reform model of Pollitt and Bouckaert (2011) to a developing state, research also aims to understand the utility of this model on a different context and whether it has enough tools to examine such a setting. This comprehensive research process revealed that significant factors have affected; some in positive manner by driving, facilitating and shaping, some others in a negative manner by slowing down or blocking the administrative reform processes of the country. In this way, research enlightened the experience of Turkey and while confirming most arguments of the applied model; findings put forward significant differences and additions related with the context. The developing state status and economy of Turkey has been a significant determiner in the reform process and from the unique experience of Turkey case, research also reached to some generalizable empirical and theoretical results for other developing states. FACULTY OF SOCIAL and HUMAN SCIENCES Politics and International Relations Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy PUBLIC MANAGEMENT REFORM EXPERIENCE OF TURKEY: EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON the ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM PROCESS of TURKEY in THE PERIOD of 1980-2010 Osman Varol Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i Contents ................................................................................................................................... i List of tables ...................................................................................................................... vii List of figures ......................................................................................................................ix DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ...............................................................................xi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... xiii Definitions and Abbreviations ................................................................................ xv Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Question and the Purpose of the Study ....................................... 2 1.2 Significance of the Study and Contribution to the Field ............... 4 1.3 Definitions and Terms ................................................................. 6 1.4 Literature .................................................................................... 9 1.5 Theoretical Perspective ............................................................. 10 1.6 Methodological Perspective ....................................................... 13 1.7 Outline of the Study .................................................................. 14 Chapter 2. The Administrative Reform Process of Turkey; Review of Literature ............................................................................................................. 19 2.1 The External Factors of Management Reform ............................ 20 2.1.1 Global Economic Forces and International Organizations .......... 20 2.1.2 Accession Negotiations, Loans and Grants: Conditions for Reforms 22 2.2 The Internal Factors of Management Reforms ........................... 23 2.2.1 The Political and Administrative Culture .................................... 23 2.2.2 The Structural Features and Problems of Public Sector .............. 25 2.2.3 Socio-Demographic Factors and Pressures from Citizens and NGOs 26 2.2.4 Political Stability and Majority Governments .............................. 27 2.2.5 The Public Finance Crisis .......................................................... 28 2.2.6 The Political Will ....................................................................... 28 2.3 The Comprehensive Approaches ............................................... 28 2.4 Beyond the Existing Literature................................................... 32 Chapter 3. The Theoretical Debates and Framework of the Study 37 i 3.1 The Reform Debates of the last three decades ........................... 38 3.1.1 Convergence Claims and Policy Transfer ................................... 40 3.1.2 The Diverse Patterns of Administrative Reforms ........................ 41 3.1.3 Historical Institutionalism .......................................................... 43 3.1.4 The Administrative Reforms and Developing Countries ............. 45 3.2 A Framework for Turkey ............................................................ 48 3.2.1 The Pollitt and Bouckaert Public Management Reform Model ..... 49 3.2.2 The Modification of the Pollitt and Bouckaert Model .................. 56 3.3 The State Tradition and Administrative Culture of Turkey .......... 57 3.4 Conclusions .............................................................................. 60 Chapter 4. The Design of the Research and Applied Methodology 65 4.1 The Case Study ......................................................................... 65 4.2 The Data Sources and Data Collection Activities ........................ 71 4.2.1 Semi-Structured Elite Interviews ................................................. 71 4.2.2 The Primary and Secondary Documentary Data .......................... 73 4.2.3 Summary of Data Collection ...................................................... 75 4.3 Analysis of Data ........................................................................ 77 4.3.1 Analysis of the Elite Interviews .................................................. 77 4.3.1.1 Transcribing and Translating ................................................. 78 4.3.1.2 Classification and Coding ...................................................... 79 4.3.2 Analysis of Primary and Secondary Documentary Data ............... 80 4.4 Quality and Reliability of Research ............................................. 80 4.4.1 Quality of Documentary Data Sources ........................................ 80 4.4.2 Systematic Collection and Analysis of Data ................................ 82 4.5 The Challenges and Limitations ................................................. 83 4.5.1 The Qualitative Approach .......................................................... 83 4.5.2 The Scope of the Research ........................................................ 83 4.5.3 The Selection and the Reach of Interview Respondents .............. 84 4.5.4 The Quality and Selection of Documentary Sources ................... 84 4.6 The Conclusions........................................................................ 84 Chapter 5. The Socio-Economic Forces Effective on Administrative Reforms 87 5.1 The Impact of National and International Economic Conditions and Crises ................................................................................. 88 5.2 The Impacts of International Organizations ............................... 92 5.2.1 The IMF ..................................................................................... 94 5.2.2 The World Bank ......................................................................... 97 ii 5.2.3 The European Union ............................................................... 102 5.2.4 The OECD ............................................................................... 107 5.3 The Emerging Economic Forces ............................................... 108 5.4 The Socio-Demographic Factors .............................................