Second Session Part 4

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Second Session Part 4 35 Second Session Part 4 Before we discuss what telescope to buy and how to set it up let us discuss Standard types of Telescopes, Eyepieces and Mountings1 Of course, the next thing you want to know is how to set up your telescope so that you can find celestial objects as fast and easily as possible and track them without loosing them out of sight almost as soon as you found them. Knowledge that you gained so far, most of all knowledge of basic geometrical features of the Alt/Az – and Equatorial systems will help you greatly. However, let us pause for a while and discuss what kind of instrument you are using when you say that you are using a telescope. As an amateur astronomer you are using an instrument which “aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation” (Wikipedia: “telescope”) - such as light. (The word “telescope” comes from the Greek “tele” - “far, distant” - and “skopein” – “to view”). Other types of electromagnetic radiation (gamma ray/x- ray/ultraviolet/infrared/microwave/radio etc.) can also be observed using telescopes especially designed for this purpose; yet, amateurs mostly contend themselves with visible light and leave the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum to the professionals. Hence, optical telescopes are our domain. But there are different kinds of optical telescopes. They are partly classified according to their optical design, partly by the kind of mounting on which they are mounted, partly by their specific purpose or way of functioning. 1 All drawings of this section are taken from F.W. Price, The Moon Observer’s Handbook, Cambridge: CUP 1988. 35 36 First of all, there are three basic optical designs of amateur telescopes: the refractor, reflector and the catadioptric. The Refractor It is commonly assumed that Jan Lippershey of Holland invented the “spy-glass” or telescope in 1607. He invented a refractor. Immediately afterwards, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) built his own spy-glass and revolutionised our understanding of the universe with it. It had a very simple design. It was made of a convex objective lens with a focal length of roughly a meter, fixed to one end of a tube, and a concave lens – the eyepiece - at the other end. (When you stick out your tummy, it becomes convex; when you pull it in, it becomes concave; it “caves in”). The length of the tube could be adjusted for finding a reasonably sharp image. Point the telescope to an object, look through the eyepiece, adjust the length of the tube until you find a reasonably sharp image and, hey presto! Things come closer. Picture of an Amateur Refractor 36 37 Drawing of optical design of refractor However, this kind of refractor has at least two faults. The image formed by a single convex objective lens produces rainbow-coloured fringes around objects. The lens refracts light like a prism splitting white light into rainbow colours) and causes chromatic aberration. Drawing of optical path involving chromatic aberration Also, the image is never really sharp because the lens refracts light in a way that its “rays” cannot coincide in a single joint focus. This is called spherical aberration. 37 38 Drawing of spherical aberration Both faults can be almost abolished if the front lens consists of a convex and a concave lens of different glass with different refracting properties - joined together. This is a doublet. It is called an achromatic lens. The telescope is called an achromat. Most amateur refractors are achromats (or apochromats). The Reflector In the 17th century, before Dollond invented the doublet objective lens, refractors suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Isaac Newton had the idea to use a (spheroidal) concave primary mirror for creating a magnified image of a distant object. Mirrors of this kind do not have chromatic aberration. If their focal length is long enough (f/10 – 15), i.e. the distance from the mirror in which the reflected image comes to a focus, spherical aberration can also be held at a minimum. Image formation of such a mirror looks like this: However, in order to see a distant object magnified, one would have to hold one’s head near the focal point – which will obstruct the view almost entirely. We do not want our head to obstruct the view. Furthermore, we might wish to have a reasonably long focal length in order to get a decent image showing a lot of fine detail free of spherical aberration. Newton had the idea of putting a secondary (flat) mirror into the optical path. It deflects the image in such a way that the focal point lies 90 degrees off the optical 38 39 axis. A magnifying eyepiece put into the eyepiece tube allows us to look at the image produced at the focal point. An Amateur Newton reflector This is its optical path: 39 40 Even reflecting telescopes are not perfect in spite of their advantages of having far less chromatic and spherical aberration, their tremendous light gathering power, their lighter weight and shorter length than refractors of the same aperture (diameter of the front lens/mirror). However, paraboloidal mirrors, frequently used in Newtonian telescopes of shorter focal lengths suffer from another kind of aberration called coma which makes stars at the edge of the field of view look like little comets. Of course, no one wants this kind of distortion either, particularly if you wish to take wide field images of the night sky. Spheroidal concave mirrors, however, are free of coma, although they need a correcting plate, in fact a kind of specially formed lens to slightly change the direction of the rays of light falling on the mirror. Catadioptrics The third class of telescopes combines mirrors and lenses into a single optical system in the attempt to overcome all three kinds of aberrations. The two most popular telescopes of this kind are the Schmidt-Cassegrain- and the Maksutov-Cassegrain telescopes. They can have small focal ratios and, hence, wide fields of view free of coma, chromatic and spherical aberration, ideal for astrophotography. A Schmidt Cassegrain telescope A Schmidt Cassegrain has a spheroidal mirror, combined with an aspheric correcting plate (lens). It also has a small convex mirror built into the rear centre of the 40 41 correcting plate facing the primary mirror. It reflects the light back into a central hole in the primary mirror which leads into the eyepiece tube. A Maksutov telescope is very similar to a Schmidt Cassegrain. Instead of an aspheric correcting plate it has a spherical corrector which is not as thin as the one in the Schmidt Cassegrain but easier to manufacture. It is excellent, provided the glass for the corrector has no internal faults and does not absorb too much light. 41 42 Light grasp, magnification and resolving power One of the most frequently asked questions by people who look through a telescope for the first time is: ”What is its magnifying power?” They mostly assume that a telescope must be better, the higher its magnification is. Like myself when I started, you may have bought a small refractor or reflector from LIDL because you were told that it magnifies up to 200 times. Let us assume that you learnt to use it successfully to look at Saturn or Jupiter. Then you go to an observatory, look through a much larger telescope which also magnifies 200 times and you find that you see much more, more detail, more and fainter stars, even tiny and very faint galaxies. Obviously, magnification is not the major factor when it comes to assessing the quality of a telescope. The most important piece of information about the “the power” of a telescope is its aperture, the diameter of its front lens or primary mirror. Its surface area determines the telescope’s light grasp. It determines its image brightness. The larger the diameter, the more you will be able to see faint detail. Light grasp is proportional to the square of the objective/ mirror diameter. An 8 inch Schmidt Cassegrain is twice as big as a 4inch; but it has 4 times its light grasp. (Of course, the price of increasingly larger telescopes frequently increases in the same exponential way). You can understand the relation between aperture and light grasp fairly easily if you think of your own eyes and how its pupils function. On a bright summer’s day, your pupils may only open 1-2mm wide. You are almost blinded by the light. The pupil area for vision might just be 4 square millimeters. Incoming light has to be reduced in order for you to see clearly. If you suddenly step into a really dark room, you cannot see anything, of course. You are almost blinded by darkness. After some minutes, certainly after 20 minutes, your pupils will widen up to 8mm and, hence, you will see more and more again. Your pupil area for vision might increase roughly to 55 square millimeters. You are dark adapted because your light grasp was largely increased due to the increased diameter of your pupil. Now compare the pupil area for vision of roughly 55 mm square with a small LIDL refractor with an objective lens of 60 mm. The surface area is already ca. 2800 mm square. This is 56 times larger than our widest pupil area. Now compare this with the surface area of a 45 cm (16 inch) telescope. Its area for light grasp is 160 000 mm square which is 57 times the area of our 60 mm LIDL telescope. Moving from the surface area for light grasp of our pupil to a 60mm telescope is almost the same step as moving from a 60mm telescope to a 45 cm giant amateur scope! Higher light grasp is expensive, though, very expensive.
Recommended publications
  • 88 PAJ 116 Anne Carson Reading Text in STACKS © Michael Hart, 2008
    Anne Carson reading text in STACKS © Michael Hart, 2008. Courtesy Jonah Bokaer Choreography. 88 PAJ 116 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/PAJJ_a_00369 by guest on 01 October 2021 Stacks Anne Carson STACK OF THE SEAS OF THE MOON IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Mare Aliorum Sea of Others Mare Ambulationis Sea of Walking Mare Anguis Snake Sea Mare Australe Sea to the South Mare Crisium Sea of Crises Mare Dormiendi Nuditer Sea of Sleeping Naked Mare Frigoris Sea of Cold Mare Humboldtianum Humboldt’s Sea Mare Humorum Sea of Moistures Mare Imbrium Sea of Rains Mare Lunae Quaestionum Sea of the Problems of the Moon Mare Marginis Border Sea Mare Moscoviense Moscow Sea Mare Nectaris Sea of Nectar Mare Nocte Ambulationis Sea of Walking at Night Mare Nubium Sea of Clouds Mare Orientale Sea to the East Mare Personarum Sea of Masks Mare Phoenici Phoenician Sea Mare Phoenicopterorum Sea of Flamingos Mare Pudoris Sea of Shame Mare Relictum Sea of Detroit Mare Ridens Laughing Sea Mare Smythii Sea of Smyth Mare Spumans Foaming Sea Mare Tempestivitatis Sea of What Frank O’Hara Calls “Cantankerous Filaments of a Larger Faintheartedness Like Loving Summer” Mare Vituperationis Sea of Blaming © 2017 Anne Carson PAJ 116 (2017), pp. 89–108. 89 doi:10.1162/PAJJ _a_00369 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/PAJJ_a_00369 by guest on 01 October 2021 THUNDERSTORM STACK A bird flashed by as if mistaken then it starts. We do not think speed of life. We do not think why hate Jezebel? We think who’s that throwing trees against the house? Jezebel was a Phoenician.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER August 2015
    NEWSLETTER August 2015 New Horizons at Pluto Credit NASA This space is reserved for promoting member's businesses. You can place an advert here for a donation to the group. Issue 11 August 2015 Page 1 Contents Cover 1 Contents 2 About the cover picture New Horizons 3-7 Thanet Astronomy Group Contact Details 8 Member's Meeting Dates and Times 9 Advertisement (West Bay Cafe) 10 What we did last month 11 Junior Members Page 12 Advertisement (Renaissance Glass) 13 Book Review 14 What's in the sky this month 15-17 Member's Page 18-19 Did You Know ? 20 Junior Astronomers Club (JAC & Gill) 21 Executive Committee Messages 22 Adult Word Search 23 Junior Word Search 24 Member's For Sale and Wanted 25 Issue 11 August 2015 Page 2 About the Cover Picture NEW HORIZONS New Horizons at Pluto Credit NASA New Horizons The Mission The New Horizons mission is the first mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt This mission has sent a space craft to the outer reaches of our Solar System to look at the dwarf planet Pluto, and beyond into the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is the region of our Solar System beyond the orbit of the planet Neptune, about 30 Astronomical Units (AU) from the Sun and out to about 50 AU. This region contains the minor planet Pluto and its moons Charon, Hydra, Nix and Styx along with many comets, asteroids and many other small objects mostly made of ice. The Kuiper Belt - Credit: NASA Issue 11 August 2015 Page 3 About the Cover Picture NEW HORIZONS An AU or Astronomical Unit is equal to the distance between the Sun and the Earth about 93,000,000 miles or 150,000,000 km.
    [Show full text]
  • 00E the Construction of the Universe Symphony
    The basic construction of the Universe Symphony. There are 30 asterisms (Suites) in the Universe Symphony. I divided the asterisms into 15 groups. The asterisms in the same group, lay close to each other. Asterisms!! in Constellation!Stars!Objects nearby 01 The W!!!Cassiopeia!!Segin !!!!!!!Ruchbah !!!!!!!Marj !!!!!!!Schedar !!!!!!!Caph !!!!!!!!!Sailboat Cluster !!!!!!!!!Gamma Cassiopeia Nebula !!!!!!!!!NGC 129 !!!!!!!!!M 103 !!!!!!!!!NGC 637 !!!!!!!!!NGC 654 !!!!!!!!!NGC 659 !!!!!!!!!PacMan Nebula !!!!!!!!!Owl Cluster !!!!!!!!!NGC 663 Asterisms!! in Constellation!Stars!!Objects nearby 02 Northern Fly!!Aries!!!41 Arietis !!!!!!!39 Arietis!!! !!!!!!!35 Arietis !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1056 02 Whale’s Head!!Cetus!! ! Menkar !!!!!!!Lambda Ceti! !!!!!!!Mu Ceti !!!!!!!Xi2 Ceti !!!!!!!Kaffalijidhma !!!!!!!!!!IC 302 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 990 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1024 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1026 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1070 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1085 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1107 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1137 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1143 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1144 !!!!!!!!!!NGC 1153 Asterisms!! in Constellation Stars!!Objects nearby 03 Hyades!!!Taurus! Aldebaran !!!!!! Theta 2 Tauri !!!!!! Gamma Tauri !!!!!! Delta 1 Tauri !!!!!! Epsilon Tauri !!!!!!!!!Struve’s Lost Nebula !!!!!!!!!Hind’s Variable Nebula !!!!!!!!!IC 374 03 Kids!!!Auriga! Almaaz !!!!!! Hoedus II !!!!!! Hoedus I !!!!!!!!!The Kite Cluster !!!!!!!!!IC 397 03 Pleiades!! ! Taurus! Pleione (Seven Sisters)!! ! ! Atlas !!!!!! Alcyone !!!!!! Merope !!!!!! Electra !!!!!! Celaeno !!!!!! Taygeta !!!!!! Asterope !!!!!! Maia !!!!!!!!!Maia Nebula !!!!!!!!!Merope Nebula !!!!!!!!!Merope
    [Show full text]
  • Lista Contribuabililor Cu Sume Plătite În Plus Anulate Prin Prescripție În Anul 2021
    Lista contribuabililor cu sume plătite în plus anulate prin prescripție în anul 2021 № Cod fiscal Denumirea contribuabilului Suma 1 100022463 PETCOGLO I.A CIOC-MAIDAN 1,09 2 1001131 SPERANTA GANU GT 3,00 3 100129469 UTAN I.I.-DEZGHINJEA GT 99,00 4 100136469 UZUN P.N.-DEZGHINJEA GT 213,00 5 100144460 IVAN ORMANJI CAB.AVOC. 50,00 6 100207464 IRINA CAPACLI CAB.AVOC. 71,17 7 100251461 CENTRUL DE CULT.FENIX OO 0,40 8 100259467 CENTRUL DE INIT.CIVICE OO 333,07 9 1002600000054 PROBOTRANS S.R.L. 21,98 10 1002600000113 AGROMODVITA S.R.L. 8,47 11 1002600000135 EVTOVA-COM S.R.L. 213,34 12 1002600000272 I.M. GVG-COM S.R.L. 4 835,02 13 1002600000397 OLIMPIACOS S.R.L. 56,13 14 1002600000412 EURO-NAFTA S.R.L. 32,33 15 1002600000537 MAXIM BADURA I.I. 13,72 16 1002600000548 FPC TIUZ-IVA S.R.L. 0,37 17 1002600000685 FLOREDAN-D S.R.L. 13 431,31 18 1002600000825 BELNAT-COM S.R.L. 516,43 19 1002600000836 SIC-SANDULA I.I. 39,90 20 1002600000881 TIMCAT S.R.L. 49,05 21 1002600000892 I.M. PC CONSULTANTS S.R.L. 1 022,24 22 1002600000906 VOLENDA S.R.L. 8 145,66 23 1002600001017 OFERTA PLUS S.R.L. 2 243,91 24 1002600001198 EMILIANA-PRIM S.R.L. 4 289,64 25 1002600001235 MOLDTRANS-TUR S.R.L. 0,40 26 1002600001408 DIRECTIA SPECIALIZATA IN RESTAURARI S.A. 0,86 27 1002600001420 VECSINA NATALIA I.I. 3 002,25 28 1002600001475 CONDIPROD - COM S.R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Blast at Mrs
    \‘ '■'i i -amLe M ■// t >, '• t - ,yl ' V. - y ~^ • , . \ X v ' - " ■ , ■ ■ ■ ^ ,'v ' ' ' - , r X ■J: ■)f PAGE TWENTY-Eii^ ,V":- )NESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1984 Stt^nins H^ralb ATflraga Dally Net Ptmb Run Far the Week Mnded The Covenant Laagua, young Nav. lli IfM rw w aet a? 0 & ^ a ^ m ■nstoM people of the Covenant Congrega­ About Town tional Church,' will held a rum­ mage sale'Saturday, Nov. 30, be­ 11,523 OeirtbHMd m ad. a w a la m l MgM U rt Sacred Haart Mothere Clr- tween the houn of •' a. m. and 2 Meaabair a( th a Audit rala toalght aa4 aariy Fldlijr. Laer Cl* win MMt tomorrow at 8 p. m. p. m. In the vacant store on Main Bureau a( Ofeuiatlaa .tauJghi near M. Bhawrare agate y ^ lIlh h lira. Jiamph J. Sylvester, 43 Street between ^ p le « a n d Eld- t b L Manchester-—‘A City of VUlage Charm Friday nigkt. Hlg« 8S-id. Scatborough Rd. ridge Streets. Miss Elsie C. John­ — "II................■------ son. ,123 Maple St., is chalrmi of the committee. VOL. LXXIV, NO. 42 -4— (TWENTY-EIGHT PAGES IN TWO SECTIONS) MANCHESTER, CONN., THURSDAY, NOVEMBER W, 1J54 (Ctoealfled aa Pugu N ) PRICE FIVE CENTS Temple Chapter No. 68^ Order of the Eastern Star, wtn open its HATS amiual fair tomorrow at 2 p. m. in the Masonic Tesriple. 'They will Reds, West Pair Cleared offer for sale a/Cholca selection of Seen aprons and irther gift articles, Of Charge in home made foods and candy, with ■/. Weigh New many bargains to be found on the '0 AEG "white elephant" table.
    [Show full text]
  • What's Hot on the Moon Tonight?: the Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing
    What’s Hot on the Moon Tonight: The Ultimate Guide to Lunar Observing Copyright © 2015 Andrew Planck All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording, or photocopying without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of brief quotations embodied in the critical articles or reviews and pages where permission is specifically granted by the publisher or author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within. Books may be purchased by contacting the publisher or author through the website below: AndrewPlanck.com Cover and Interior Design: Nick Zelinger (NZ Graphics) Publisher: MoonScape Publishing, LLC Editor: John Maling (Editing By John) Manuscript Consultant: Judith Briles (The Book Shepherd) ISBN: 978-0-9908769-0-8 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2014918951 1) Science 2) Astronomy 3) Moon Dedicated to my wife, Susan and to my two daughters, Sarah and Stefanie Contents Foreword Acknowledgments How to Use this Guide Map of Major Seas Nightly Guide to Lunar Features DAYS 1 & 2 (T=79°-68° E) DAY 3 (T=59° E) Day 4 (T=45° E) Day 5 (T=24° E.) Day 6 (T=10° E) Day 7 (T=0°) Day 8 (T=12° W) Day 9 (T=21° W) Day 10 (T= 28° W) Day 11 (T=39° W) Day 12 (T=54° W) Day 13 (T=67° W) Day 14 (T=81° W) Day 15 and beyond Day 16 (T=72°) Day 17 (T=60°) FINAL THOUGHTS GLOSSARY Appendix A: Historical Notes Appendix B: Pronunciation Guide About the Author Foreword Andrew Planck first came to my attention when he submitted to Lunar Photo of the Day an image of the lunar crater Pitatus and a photo of a pie he had made.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects
    James L. Chen A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects Their Selection, Location, and Signifi cance Graphics by Adam Chen The Patrick Moore The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/3192 A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects Their Selection, Location, and Signifi cance James L. Chen Graphics by Adam Chen Author Graphics Designer James L. Chen Adam Chen Gore , VA , USA Baltimore , MD , USA ISSN 1431-9756 ISSN 2197-6562 (electronic) The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series ISBN 978-3-319-18871-3 ISBN 978-3-319-18872-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18872-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940538 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • A Map of the Visible Side of the Moon
    The Near Side of the Moon 108 N 107 106 105 45 104 46 103 47 102 48 101 49 100 24 50 99 51 52 22 53 98 33 35 54 97 34 23 55 96 95 56 36 25 57 94 58 93 2 92 44 15 40 59 91 3 27 37 17 38 60 39 6 19 20 26 28 1 18 4 29 21 11 30 W 12 E 14 5 43 90 10 16 89 7 41 61 8 62 9 42 88 32 63 87 64 86 31 65 66 85 67 84 68 83 69 82 81 70 80 71 79 72 73 78 74 77 75 76 S Maria (Seas) Craters 1 - Oceanus Procellarum (Ocean of Storms) 45 - Aristotles 77 - Tycho 2 - Mare Imbrium (Sea of Showers) 46 - Cassini 78 - Pitatus 3 - Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) 47 - Eudoxus 79 - Schickard 4 - Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility) 48 - Endymion 80 - Mercator 5 - Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility) 49 - Hercules 81 - Campanus 6 - Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises) 50 - Atlas 82 - Bulliadus 7 - Mare Nectaris (Sea of Nectar) 51 - Mercurius 83 - Fra Mauro 8 - Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) 52 - Posidonius 84 - Gassendi 9 - Mare Humorum (Sea of Moisture) 53 - Zeno 85 - Euclides 10 - Mare Cognitum (Known Sea) 54 - Menelaus 86 - Byrgius 18 - Mare Insularum (Sea of Islands) 55 - Le Monnier 87 - Billy 19 - Sinus Aestuum (Bay of Seething) 56 - Vitruvius 88 - Cruger 20 - Mare Vaporum (Sea of Vapors) 57 - Cleomedes 89 - Grimaldi 21 - Sinus Medii (Bay of the Center) 58 - Plinius 90 - Riccioli 22 - Sinus Roris (Bay of Dew) 59 - Magelhaens 91 - Galilaei 23 - Sinus Iridum (Bay of Rainbows) 60 - Taruntius 92 - Encke T 24 - Mare Frigoris (Sea of Cold) 61 - Langrenus 93 - Eddington 25 - Lacus Somniorum (Lake of Dreams) 62 - Gutenberg 94 - Seleucus 26 - Palus Somni (Marsh of Sleep)
    [Show full text]
  • July 2014 BRAS Newsletter
    July, 2014 Next Meeting July 19th, 11:00AM at LIGO The LIGO facility in Livingston Parish, LA What's In This Issue? President's Message Secretary's Summary of June Meeting Astroshort- Not-So-Rare Earths Message from the HRPO Globe At Night EBR Parish Library Children's Reading Program Recent BRAS Forum Entries Observing Notes from John Nagle President's Message WE WILL NOT MEET ON THE SECOND MONDAY NIGHT, AS WE USUALLY DO. Our next meeting will be Saturday, July 19, 2014, 11 AM – 4 PM at LIGO, Livingston. It will be a picnic/star-b-cue and enjoy each other’s company. We will meet under the pavilion by the pond at 11 AM to begin the picnic. BRAS will provide the main course. You can bring a small dish if you wish. At 1 PM, we can join the public for LIGO’s regular Saturday Science day activities. That includes the museum, hands on experiments, a video about LIGO “Einstein’s Messengers”, and a tour of the facility. One new thing we would like to do is set a table aside for anyone who has astronomical equipment they want to sell – telescopes, mounts, accessories, binoculars, cameras, books, etc. The idea is to have an impromptu garage sale (or swap meet). Bring what you have and let’s see if we can move it. LIGO is only open during the day, so the only stargazing we will be able to do will be solar. However, we will demonstrate the 35mm Lundt solar scope BRAS is raffling and sell tickets for the raffle.
    [Show full text]
  • Mystery Maria
    exploring the moon by charles a. wood Mystery Maria nearly all the Moon’s big maria (“seas”) are circular because they fi ll ancient impact basins. But Mare Frigoris The Lunar 100 isn’t. Frigoris (L26 in the Lunar 100) is a 1,500-kilometer- L Feature name Significance long (930-mile), 200-km-wide arc of lava that spans from 10 Mare Crisium Mare contained in large circular basin Oceanus Procellarum in the west to the craters Atlas and Hercules in the east. 26 Mare Frigoris Arcuate mare of uncertain origin One characteristic of Mare Frigoris that See Sky & Telescope: April 2004, page 113, or point your Web browser to SkyTonight A few of the .com/lunar100. may help explain its origin is the fact Moon’s biggest that it’s mostly concentric with the Im- features are brium impact basin. But Frigoris isn’t the “basins” typically have two to six concentric rings and are only mare hugging Imbrium’s rim. Mare more accurately referred to as multiring impact basins. also its most Vaporum, Sinus Medii, Sinus Aestuum, This aspect is best illustrated by the far-side basin Orientale puzzling. and Mare Insularum help defi ne a moat — the youngest and least modifi ed lunar basin. of lava that encircles much of Imbrium. Although six rings have been mapped around Orientale, And Imbrium isn’t the only basin surrounded by maria. only three are clearly visible. The most dramatic is the If you look closely outside the main rim of Mare Crisium 930-km-wide Cordillera Mountains ring, which is partially (L10), you’ll notice that it’s surrounded by a similar, but visible when the western edge of the Moon is tilted to- less conspicuous, lava arc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Planetary Nebula Club Objects by Month (As Posted by Ted Forte On
    The Planetary Nebula Club objects by month (As posted by Ted Forte on “backbayastro”) August Planetaries As most of you know, I am the coordinator of the Astronomical League’s Planetary Nebula Club. Several members of the BBAA helped me create the Planetary Nebula Club by serving on the object selection committee, serving on the rules committee, providing images, or by authoring parts of the observing manual. The Planetary Nebula Club creation was truly a BBAA effort. I think it’s a shame, therefore, that more BBAA’ers haven’t completed the program and earned the pin. So if you are looking for an observing program to complete, why not our very own? There was never a better time to start. More than half the list is visible right now and no less than 31 of our 110 PNe are optimally placed in August. Hence the title of this epistle. It is my intention to spark an interest in the program and suggest the objects that might be bagged in the coming weeks. Many of you have no doubt observed these objects already, so please chime in and share your impressions of them. As is true of the entire list, our August selection contains both well-known showpieces and some seldom mentioned objects that you might not consider tracking down if not for this program. There are no less than 17 of the 31 August objects that I would describe as “stellar”. I must confess that I am not the biggest fan of these tiny objects and had I been the sole arbiter of the list it would have contained far fewer of these.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Lunar
    S Journal of O p s e s n Acce Geology and Geoscience RESEARCH ARTICLE Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Lunar Mare Craters WU Yuan ling1,2*, CHEN Jian-ping1,2 1School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China 2Key Laboratory of Land and Resources Information Research & Development in Beijing, Beijing 100083, China Abstract The Mare is an important topographical unit while the impact crater is an important annular structure on the surface of the moon. The purpose of this paper is to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of impact craters in the mare area and lay a good foundation for further determination of impact events in the lunar mare area. The LU106016 database is selected to classify the mare chronologically, which is divided into five periods, namely Aitkenian, Nectarian, Late Imbrian, Early Eratothenian and Late Eratothenian. The relationship between the periods of the impact craters and the number of geological units, the number of impact craters and the impact areas are analyzed statistically. According to the results of statistical analysis, Late Imbrian is an era in which impact events occured frequently in the lunar mare area, and the number of geological units, the number of impact craters and the impact areas are much larger than those in the other four periods, from Aitkenian to Late Eratothenian, the impact strength shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. At last, combining the Kernel Density Estimation and latitude-longitude distribution, the spatial distribution characteristics of impact craters in each period are analyzed in details.
    [Show full text]