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Advances in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Natural Analogues Isolated in the Last Decade

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Advances in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Natural Analogues Isolated in the Last Decade molecules Review Advances in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids and Natural Analogues Isolated in the Last Decade Marco Masi , Roberta Di Lecce, Alessio Cimmino and Antonio Evidente * Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (R.D.L.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-081-2539178 Academic Editors: Jaume Bastida and Strahil Berkov Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 29 November 2020 Abstract: Amaryllidaceae are bulbous wild and cultivated plants well known for their beautiful flowers and pharmaceutical applications, essentially due to the alkaloids and flavonoids content. Hundreds of alkaloids have been isolated until now and several scientific publications reported their sources, chemical structures, and biological activities. During the last decade, some unstudied Amaryllidaceae plants were the object of in-depth investigations to isolate and chemically and biologically characterize new and already known alkaloids as well as some analogues. This review describes the isolation and chemical and biological characterization of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, and their analogues obtained in the last decade, focusing the discussion on the new ones. Keywords: Amaryllidaceae; alkaloids; natural analogues; last decade 1. Introduction The Amaryllidaceae are wild [1] and cultivated plants in several countries. They are considered ornamental plants for their beautiful flowers and to produce volatile oils. They are dominant plants in Andean South America, the Mediterranean basin, and southern Africa [2,3]. The main metabolites synthesized by Amaryllidaceae are essentially alkaloids which accumulate in their bulbs. Several transcriptomic and biochemical studies described the molecular features involved in the biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, including enzymes from the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, were recently reviewed [4]. Amaryllidaceae plants consist of ca. 85 genera and 1100 species, and ca. 600 structurally diverse alkaloids have been isolated from plants and grouped in 12 ring-types [5,6]. The investigation on the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids began in 1877 with the isolation of lycorine from Narcissus pseudonarcissus [7] and then the interest around this group of naturally occurring compounds increased because of the large spectrum of their biological activities. These include antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antiviral, analgesic, and cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) inhibitory activities. The uniqueness of these alkaloid structures provided a viable platform for phytochemical-based drug discovery [6,8,9]. Galanthamine represents the main medicinal application of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and is commercialized as an Alzheimer’s drug [2]. Detailed investigations were carried out on the in vitro antiproliferative, apoptosis-inducing, and antiinvasive activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and their derivatives, aiming to analyze their potential anticancer activity. These studies showed the potency of several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids as well as related isocarbostyryls (pancratistatine and narciclasine) against some solid tumors, reporting the mode of action to explain their cytotoxic activity [8–17]. Molecules 2020, 25, 5621; doi:10.3390/molecules25235621 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2020, 25, 5621 2 of 11 Some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids also exhibited good growth inhibitory activities against several fungal pathogens and this activity was further investigated due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains and the loss of efficacy of existing antifungals [18]. Similarly, the antimalarial effect of some crinane alkaloids was investigated against various strains of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum and these studies afforded useful information on the anti-plasmodial pharmacophore [19]. Amaryllidaceae plants are also known to be poisonous and these toxic effects have to be taken into account [20]. Recently, the assignment of the absolute configuration to these alkaloids, which is closely related to their biological activity, was also reviewed [21]. Finally, the synthesis, the chemodiversity, chemotaxonomy, and chemoecology of some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids was reported [22]. This review reports the advances in the chemical and biological characterization of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and natural analogues isolated in the last decade, focusing on the new ones. 2. Novel Alkaloids from Different Unstudied Amaryllidaceae Plants 2.1. Alkaloids from Phaedranassa dubia Phaedranassa dubia belong to Phaedranassa [23], which is a small genus in the Amaryllidaceae family comprising eleven species: eight endemic to Ecuador, three known from Colombia, and one from Costa Rica [24]. From the bulbs of P. dubia, collected in Colombia, a new alkaloid, named phaedranamine (1, Figure1, Table1), and belonging to the crinine-type, was isolated together with the well-known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids epi-nor-galanthamine, galanthamine, haemanthamine, pseudolycorine, sanguinine, ungeremine, and zefbetaine [25]. Table 1. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and natural analogues isolated in the last decade. Alkaloid Amaryllidacea Reference Phaedranamine (1, Figure1) Phaedranassa dubia [25] 6-O-Methylkrigeine (2, Figure1) Nerine huttoniae [26] N-methylhemeanthidine chloride (3, Figure1) Zephyranthes candida [27][28] Jonquailine (4, Figure1) Narcissus jonquilla quail [29] Lycolongirine A (5, Figure1) Lycoris longituba [30] Lycolongirine B (6, Figure1) “ 1 “ Lycolongirine C (7, Figure1)““ Hippapiline (8, Figure1) Hippeastrum papilio [31] Papiline (9, Figure1)““ 3-O-Demethyl-3-O-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)- haemanthamine (10, ““ Figure1) Crinsarnine (11, Figure1) Nerine sarniensis [32] Sarniensinol (12, Figure1)“[33] Sarniensine (13, Figure1)“[32] 4,8-Dimethoxy-cripowellin C, (14, Figure1) Crinum latifolium [34] 4,8-Dimethoxy-cripowellin ““ D(15, Figure1) 9-Methoxy-cripowellin B (16, Figure1)““ 4-Methoxy-8-hydroxy-cripowellin B (17, Figure1)““ Zephygranditine A (18, Figure2) Zephyranthes grandiflora [35] Zephygranditine B (19, Figure2)““ Zephygranditine C (20, Figure2)““ Zephygranditine D (21, Figure2)““ Zephygranditine E (22, Figure2)““ Zephygranditine F (23, Figure2)““ 3-O-Methyl-epi-vittatine (24, Figure2) Brunsvigia natalensis [36] Crouchinine (25, Figure2)““ Gigantelline (26 Figure2) Crinum jagus [37] Gigantellinine (27 Figure2)““ Gigancrinine (28 Figure2)““ 1 This menas that the table cell contain the same concept of the previous cell. Molecules 2020, 25, 5621 3 of 11 Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 12 OCH OCH3 3 HO H3CN OH CH3O O C H O H H NCH H D 3 H O OH N O O + O N H CH A B H O - 3 O O OCH3 Cl O OCH3 8 OCH3 OH 3, N-methylhemeanthidine 1, Phaedranamine 4, Jonquailine 2, 6-O-Methylkrigeine chloride H C 3 HO OCH3 H3CN H O O O OH H H N H3CO H OH H N O HN O N H + HO O OCH CH2Cl OCH3 3 OCH3 5, Lycolongirine A 6, Lycolongirine B 7, Lycolongirine C 8, Hippapiline O OCH3 OCH3 H CN 3 AcO O OH H H O H H3CO H O NCH3 H N O H O HO O N O OH 10, 3-O-Demethyl-3-O- O OCH3 (3-hydroxybutanoyl)- OCH3 12, Sarniensinol 9, Papiline haemanthamine 11, Crinsarnine OCH3 4 H3CO R OCH 3 6' O O H CO CH3 3 H O O O OCH3 O O 3 H R H O O O OH NCH N 3 1 R2 O 13 H3CO O OH R1 OCH3 N O H3CO 15, 4,8-dimethoxy-cripowellin D, R1=H, 13, Sarniensine 2 3 4 14, 4,8-dimethoxy- R =R =OCH3, R =CH3 cripowellin C 16, 9-Methoxy-cripowellin B, 1 2 3 4 R =R =R =OCH3, R =CH2OH 17, 4-Methoxy-8-hydroxy-cripowellin B, 1 2 3 4 R =H, R =OH, R =OCH3, R =CH2OH FigureFigure 1. 1.Alkaloids Alkaloids andand naturalnatural analoguesanalogues isolated from from PhaedranassaPhaedranassa dubia dubia, ,NerineNerine huttoniae huttoniae, , Zephyranthes candida, Narcissus jonquilla quail, Lycoris longituba, Hippeastrum papilio, Nerine sarniensis, Zephyranthes candida, Narcissus jonquilla quail, Lycoris longituba, Hippeastrum papilio, Nerine sarniensis, and Crinum latifolium. and Crinum latifolium. Table 1. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and natural analogues isolated in the last decade. Alkaloid Amaryllidacea Reference Phaedranamine (1, Figure 1) Phaedranassa dubia [25] 6-O-Methylkrigeine (2, Figure 1) Nerine huttoniae [26] Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 12 Six new 4a-epi-plicamine-type alkaloids, named zephygranditines A–C (18–20, Figure 2 and Tables 1 and 2) and zephygranditines D–F (21–23, Figure 2, Table 1), including three novel 11,12-seco- plicamine-type alkaloids, were isolated from the organic extract of Z. grandiflora. Zephygranditines A–C (18–20) alkaloids showed cytotoxic activity against seven malignant melanoma cell lines with MoleculesIC50 values2020, 25 <, 562120 μM, while only alkaloids 18 and 19 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in both4 of 11 assays of inhibitory activity for nitric oxide production and Cox-1/Cox-2 [55]. H CO H3CO 3 H CO H 3 H H NCH3 NCH3 NCH3 O O O O H O O N H N O R N O R O OH O O 18, Zephygranditines A, 20, Zephygranditine C 21, Zephygranditine D, R=Phenethyl R=(2S)-2-Methylbutyl 19, Zephygranditines B, R=Phenethyl OCH3 HO H COC H3CO 3 CH O H 3 O N H N H CHO O O O N N 24, 3-O-Methyl-epi-vittatine O R 25, Crouchinine 22, Zephygranditine E, R=4-Hydroxyphenethyl 23, Zephygranditine F, R=CH3 OH OCH3 O HO HO O H3CO N H3CO O NCH3 NCH3 HO H3CO 28, Gigancricine 27, Gigantellinine 26, Gigantelline FigureFigure 2. 2.Alkaloids Alkaloids isolated isolated fromfromZephyrantes Zephyrantes grandifloragrandiflora,,
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