International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Volume-7, Issue-3, Jul.-2019, http://iraj.in WOLVES RETURNING TO THE NATIONAL PARK - PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POPULATION (CASE STUDY)

1KATARZYNA WIELGORSKA, 2KATARZYNA BAGINSKA, 3JOANNA GRUSZCZYNSKA, 4BEATA GRZEGRZOLKA

1,3,4Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences - SGGW 2,4Scientific Association of Experimental and Laboratory Animals, Warsaw University of Life Sciences- SGGW E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract - Protecting endangered species is one of the main problems in current ecology. Effective protection is possible only when knowledge about not only a species, but his environment, behaviour and diet is well studied. Wolves (Canis lupus) population in is still growing, yet there are still places where those animals are returning after decades and their population is not stable yet, like in in central Poland. To protect local population of wolves in this area it is important to study their presence along with behaviour and diet, which allows to take steps to protect them better and provide their constant presence and reproduction in this special forest.

Keywords - Wolf, Wolf Diet, Kampinos National Park, Wildlife Protection, Canis Lupus.

I. WSTEP valley, in the western part of the Warsaw Basin (Map 1.) (Piniewski et al. 2012). As a National Park Kampinos National Park (KNP) is located in the was created in 1959, to protect unique complex of the Masovian Province, west from the largest city of inland dunes and wetlands. KNPcovers 385,44 square Poland - Warsaw. Its range covers the area of the kilometers and the73,3% of this area are forest lands located in the area of the 's (Lesiński et al. 2013).

Map 1. Kampinos National Park.

The dunes are coverd mostly by pine-oak forest also small stagnant water reservoirs, mostly created (Lesiński et al. 2013) andpartially by coniferous artificially (old fish ponds, peat excavations and forest (Andrzejwska et al. 2010).Most common trees retention reservoirs). are pine (Pinus sylvestris) oaks (Quercus sp.), alder (Alnus glutinosa) and birch(Birches sp.). The area of KNP is characterized by a varied terrain relief compared to the remaining areas of the The Vistula is flowing along the northern boundary of Masovian Plain (Piniewski et al. 2012). Wetlands are the KPN buffer zone, with the and its cut by dunesand valleys along watercourses tributaries flowing into it, and flows along the (Tyburski 2017), and differences in altitude between western boundary of the buffer zone (Bomanowska them can reach up to 30 m. Animportant element in and Michalska-Hejduk 2009). The entire landscape of KNPare also open areas with non-forest Kampinos Forest is criss-crossing a network of canals communities.Those areas have an anthropological and small watercourses. On the area of KNP there are origin, created in the deforested areas, existing thanks

Wolves Returning to The Kampinos National Park - Protection and Development of The Population (Case Study)

1 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Volume-7, Issue-3, Jul.-2019, http://iraj.in to systematic mowing and pasture (Michalska-Hejduk (Olszewski 2015, Olszewski 2016). Initial genetic 2004). They play an important role as animal refuges testing confirmed that wolves in KNP belong to the and feeding grounds, especially to ungulates, which Baltic population (Diserens et al. 2017, Hulva et al. in turn constitute a food base for large predators. 2018) and most likely came to this area from north- eastern Poland. In order to maintain the presence of KNP is also characterized by a diversified soil wolves in the KNP, it is necessary to carry out the profile. There are podzolic and rusty soils in the assessment of the habitat and analyse the food dunes. In the area ofswamps and floodplains terraces preferences of the family group living in KNP, and there are present, among others black lands, peats and then undertake activities aimed at maintaining alluvial soils (Konecka-Betley et al. 1999). favourable habitat conditions for these predators.

Due to the varied shape of the terrain and the large II. DETAILS EXPERIMENTAL diversity of habitats, KNP vegetation is very rich. There are forestsand shrubs, water and aquatic areas, 2.1. Assessment of habitat preferences of wolves marshes, rushes and peat bogs, meadows and living in the plains. pastures, dunes, moors and synanthropic habitats The assessment of the suitability of habitat and (Andrzejewska et al. 2010). The diversity of habitats habitat preferences in the case of opportunistic and the presence of swampy areas, dense coppices, species, such as the wolf, is extremely difficult moors and sedges, favours the occurrence of species (Nowak et al. 2017). However, these indicators are that lead a secretive lifestyle, such as wolves, for crucial for the protection of the species, especially in which secluded and inaccessible places are necessary the case of wolves inhabiting new areas (Jędrzejewski for the safe rearing of pups (Okarma 2015). et al. 2004).

The KNPfauna is also extremely rich. There are Wolves prefer habitats with high forest cover with a approximately 4000 species of invertebrates, 30 relatively low fragmentation, offering numerous and species of fish, 13 species of amphibians, 6 species of hard-to-reach refuges, rich in food (minimum 50 kg reptiles, over 200 species of birds and over 50 species per square kilometre). They also avoid areas with of mammals (Owadowska et al. 2013). high population density and significant density of In the KNP there are numerous species of mammals linear infrastructure (Jędrzejewski et al. 2005, typical of Polish teriofauna, such as roe deer Jędrzejewski et al. 2008, Okarma 2015, Nowak et al. (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), fox 2017). (Vulpes vulpes) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) (Owadowska et al. 2013, Olszewski 2015). The Wolves also willingly choose areas with easy access mosaic of forest and marsh areas is particularly to water, sandy soils (ease of digging the dens for favourable to the occurrence of moose (Alces alces), puppies) and the presence of shrubs, dense copses which after almost total extermination in the country and drier places among forest swamps and wetlands at the beginning of the 1950s, was reintroduced in the where it is possible to safely hide young ones area of KNP.In 2013, the population of this species in (Theuerkauf et al. 2003, Nowak and Mysłajek 2011, the KNP was over 300 individuals. Okarma 2015).

There are also a lot of beavers (Castor fiber) Another crucial factors are the size of the area and the reintroduced to the Kampinos Forest in 1980. Other availability of the habitat - in the plains, the average species also reintroduced to the KNP was Eurasian area of one family group is 140-320 square lynx (Lynx lynx), whose population in 2013 was kilometres (Jędrzejewski and Jędrzejewska 2004), estimated at about 8 individuals (Owadowska et al. while in forests inhabited only by one family group, 2013). these territories may be larger due to the lack of competition from other family groups (Nowak and Wolves (Canis lupus) in Kampinos National Park. Mysłajek 2011). Wolves (Canis lupus)in the area of KNP occurred in the first half of the 20th century. The last individual 2.2. Material and methods was seen in the area of the Kampinos Forest in 1964 In the first part of the study, the KNP habitat was (Olszewski 2015). After embracing the species with assessed based on habitat preferences of wolves strict protection on the area of whole country in 1998, occurring in Poland. Factors affecting the presence of single individuals were occasionallyseen in the Park, the species and the chances of maintaining or but observations concerned only migrating developing the local population were determined. individuals. First confirmed observation (recorded on The second part of the study is based on the camera trap) of the wolves was in 2013, after almost evaluation of the diet and food selectivity of wolves 50 years of their absence in the KNP. In 2015, for the in KNP. Understanding the wolf diet is crucial for first time in history, the reproductive success of the maintaining the local population of the species in group of wolves was found in the KNP area good condition, by limiting the regulation of

Wolves Returning to The Kampinos National Park - Protection and Development of The Population (Case Study)

2 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Volume-7, Issue-3, Jul.-2019, http://iraj.in populations of species that form their feeding base. On the basis of separate samples, the composition of Diet analysis is based on the study of faeces found in the food is expressed as percentage of scats the field. For this purpose, samples are taken to containing various prey in relation to the total number separate bags with a zip fastening with a location (by of faeces, as well as the percentage of biomass of a GPS marking) and the date of finding marked on particular food component in relation to the total them. The samples are then frozen for maintenance biomass consumed by wolves. In the final stage of the until analysis is carried out. After defrosting, research, a comparative analysis of the wolf diet will each sample is dried and then washed out separately be made in a seasonal perspective in order to assess through a 0.5 mm mesh sieve (Lockie 1959, how and whether the food preferences of these Goszczyński 1974), to extract remains of the wolf predators change depending on the season. prey (hair, bones, claws, hooves and hooves). The assessment of individual elements and their species III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION affiliation is made based on comparative database created by authors (samples collected in the field or 3.1. Assesment of habitat suitability for wolf in from dead specimens) and also based onthe keys for Kampinos National Park. the determination of mammalian species (Pucek Based on Corine Land Cover (CLC) coverage maps, 1984, Teerink 1991, De Marinis, Asperea 2006). the main land cover types are shown in the KNP area (Map 2).

Map 2.Coverage of KNP based on CLC.

The area of KNP according to the CLC classification The area of KNP covers over 350 square kilometres, is mostly coniferous and mixed forest areas with a of which 70% are forests. Considering the spatial dense coverage and height of trees over 5 m, but requirements of the wolves and other factors rather fragmented and interlaced with mosaic of favouring its presence in this area, it should be grasslands, meadows and pastures as well as shrub recognized that in relation to medium-sized wolf vegetation in the state of change. Near KNP there are territories defined for Poland (Jędrzejewski and agricultural areas and low-density housing, but there Jędrzejewska 2004, Nowak and Mysłajek 2011), are no dense urban areasor dense road network - only KNP is habitat completely sufficient for at least one in the eastern part of the Park there are more wolf pack. buildings, but those are related to the proximity of the Warsaw agglomeration. The mosaic of various The estimated number of ungulates in KNP is high. habitats favours the occurrence of many species for According to the draft protection plan for the which both forest, meadow and marsh areas are an Kampinos National Park in 2018, it would be excellent feeding base and habitat. The formation of reasonable to maintain the populations of ungulates the KNP area is favourableto wolves, due to the on the level of: crucial elements, which include:  roe deer – 1500 individuals, • high forest cover,  red deer – 120 individuals, • lack of a dense road network,  wild boar – 400 individuals, • optimal size of territory,  moose – 140 individuals, • access to water, which indicates that the current number of these • numerous bushes and hard to reach places, species is higher. The above data were calculated •a ground for convenient placement of the den. based on optimal populations of ungulates that

Wolves Returning to The Kampinos National Park - Protection and Development of The Population (Case Study)

3 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Volume-7, Issue-3, Jul.-2019, http://iraj.in minimize the risk of excessive destruction of The assessment of the suitability of the habitat agricultural and forest crops. showed that KNP is characterized by high habitat values for wolves. The availability of hiding places, In the published ordinance of the Minister of the diverse habitats, easy access to water, as well as a Environment fromDecember 31, 2018 on large food base and extensive territory, make the area conservation tasks for the Kampinos National Park of the Kampinos Forest perfect as a permanent habitat (Journal of Laws of the Ministry of Environment of for wolves. However, to effectively assess the habitat 2018, item 71), the minimum population size of conditions, it is also necessary to carefully analyse individual species of ungulates was not determined, the diet composition of the wolf. but the number of individuals designated for reduction shooting was considered as 100 of roe deer Despite the high usefulness of the habitat, also factors individuals and 102 of red deer individuals. threatening the local wolf population in the studied Reduction shooting of wild boar was not determined area were observed. In the central part of the by a number, but as needed. Considering the Kampinos Forest runs provincial road No. 579, estimated numbers of ungulates and the area of KNP dividing the area into the eastern and western part. (385.44 square kilometres), it should be stated that The presence of a road may adversely affect moving the wolf's requirements regarding the food base are individuals, due to the increased risk of collision. So fulfilled in this case - the number of roe deer alone far, there has been one case of a wolf collision with a indicates the amount of food in the level of 100 kg car in the KNP (the wolf was cured in a rehabilitation per square kilometre. clinic and successfully reintroduced into the habitat) (Olszewski 2017). In the area of the park there are also a lot of beavers (Owadowska et al. 2013), which in the northern However, the constant presence of a wolves in the regions of the country () are an Park and the increasing number of cars on the roads important element of the wolf diet - up to 10.9% of increases the risk of potential collisions. According to the biomass consumed by those predators (Nowak et the researches, collisions with cars are one of the al. 2011, Mysłajek et al. 2018). An additional factor main causes of deaths of migrating wolves (Nowak conducive to the success of wolf population in the and Mysłajek 2011, Colino-Rabanal et al. 2011), that KNP is a very limited hunting of ungulates, which are is why this aspect should be considered when a source of food for predators. According to art. 15 of planning further protection of the wolf population in the Act fromApril 16, 2004 on Nature Conservation the Park. (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 1614), hunting is prohibited in national parks, except for reduction Currently, the second stage of research begins, shootingindicated in the park's conservation plan. In consisting of collecting wolf’s scats from the KNP the case of large predators in the area of the National area and analysingtheir diet. The analysis of the scats Park, the plans for shooting ungulates should be will allow to evaluate the main source of wolf prey, reduced accordingly. which will help to take further actions to protect the species and increase the chances of its survival. Since An important factor that positively influences the 2015 wolves on the area of KNP have been breeding presence of wolves in KNP is the lack of strong successfully, so it is necessary to take all possible competition. Of the other large predators, only the measures and efforts to maintain this condition. The Eurasian lynx has been confirmed in the area. The analysis of the diet, combined with the monitoring of number of individuals living permanently in the KNP this species, will allow to indicate the preferences of is unknown, currently it is estimated at 5-10 wolves in the area of KNP and determine the factors individuals. In 2013, the presence of 8 lynxes was that will ensure the population survival. confirmed (Owadowska et al. 2013). It will also be possible to indicate the threats that Considering the number of ungulates and the lack of occur to the wolf and the anticipated benefits other wolf family groups, it seems that the presence resulting from their presence in the KNP area, such as of a small number of lynxes will not adversely affect limiting the number of species causing damages the survival of wolves inKNP. It should also be taken (including beavers). into account that the wolf diet consists (in various proportions) of roe deer, red deer, wild boars, and IV. CONCLUSIONS occasionally also mooses and beavers (Śmietana i Klimek 1993, Nowak et al. 2005, Nowak et al. 2011, The Kampinos National Park, due to the varied Jędrzejewski et al. 2012, Mysłajek et al. 2018), while terrain structure, abounding in optimal places for in the lynx diet the dominant component is roe deer, species that lead a secretive lifestyle, numerous that can be 70-90% of the consumed biomass ungulates and a large area, is a convenient habitat for (Okarma et al. 1997, Schmidt 2008, Krofel et al. wolves. The assessment of the usefulness of the KNP 2011). habitat showed that despite proximity to a large

Wolves Returning to The Kampinos National Park - Protection and Development of The Population (Case Study)

4 International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009 Volume-7, Issue-3, Jul.-2019, http://iraj.in agglomeration and forest fragmentation, it is (Canis lupus) distribution and abundance in northern Poland. characterized by high habitat values. A large food Diversity and Distributions, vol. 10, pp. 225–233. [11] Jędrzejewski W., Jędrzejewska B. 2004. Wilczy apetyt na base, access to water, as well as numerous hard-to- jelenie. [In]: Jędrzejewska B., Wójcik J. M. (red.). Eseje o reach places are conducive to the reproductive ssakach Puszczy Białowieskiej. ZBS PAN, Białowieża [in success of wolves and have a positive impact on Polish]. maintaining the good condition of the pack observed [12] JędrzejewskiW.,Jędrzejewska B., Zawadzka B. Borowik T., Nowak S., Mysłajek R.W. 2008. Habitat suitability model for in the area of KNP. Polish wolves Canis lupus based on long- term national census. 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