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Home , Acari, Andean slaty thrush, Austral thrush, Borrelia turdi, Borrelia valaisiana, Eyebrowed thrush

The macroecology and evolution of avian competence for burgdorferi: Supplemental Information

Daniel J. Becker, Barbara A. Han

S1. Literature search S2. Variation in larval Bbsl prevalence S3. Trait-based analysis dataset S4. Phylogenetic meta-analysis S5. Phylogenetic factorization S6. Boosted regression trees

S1. Literature search

Figure S1. PRIMSA diagram documenting the data collection and inclusion process for Bbsl competence of avian hosts. We ran all systematic searches in January 2020 and supplemented results by extracting data from references cited in systematically identified studies.

Records identified with Web of Additional records identified

Science (n = 399) with PubMed (n = 210) and CAB Abstracts (n = 145) Identification

Records after duplicates removed (n = 489)

Screening Records screened Records excluded (n = 489) (n = 263)

Full-text articles excluded for being Full-text articles reviews, not reporting

assessed for eligibility larval Bbsl data, (n = 226) pooling tick life stages or species, or

Eligibility reporting non-Bbsl Borrelia (n = 133) Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 93 + 9 from references)

Studies included in

Included quantitative synthesis (n = 93 + 9 from references)

Included studies

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S2. Variation in larval Bbsl prevalence

Figure S2. Distribution of Bbsl infection prevalence from larval ticks collected from birds. Prevalence estimates per species are sized by the number of larval ticks submitted for testing. Bird species with non-zero prevalence or with experimental evidence of transmitting Bbsl to naïve larval ticks were considered to be competent reservoirs (right) in phylogenetic and trait- based analyses. Bird species with consistent zero larval prevalence are displayed on the left. Several birds are listed as competent despite zero larval prevalence (e.g., Garrulus glandarius) owing to records where positive larvae were reported without listing total larval sample sizes.

S3. Trait-based analysis dataset

Table S1. Boosted regression tree features, definitions, data type, coverage, any transformations applied, and sources.

Feature Definition Class Coverage Transform Source abreed_lat Absolute latitude of breeding distribution centroid Continuous 0.98 NA [1] diet_diversity Number of non-zero diet items Count 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Fruit % fruit in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Inv % in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Nect % nectar in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.PlantO % other plants in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Scav % scavenged in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Seed % seeds in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Vect % ectotherms in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Vend % endotherms in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] Diet.Vfish % fish in diet Proportion 0.46 NA [2] family_Acrocephalidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Aegithalidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Alaudidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Alcidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Cardinalidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Certhiidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Cettiidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Columbidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Corvidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Emberizidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Fringillidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Furnariidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Icteridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Incertae.Sedis Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Laniidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Laridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Locustellidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Maluridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Mimidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Motacillidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Muscicapidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Odontophoridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Paridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Parulidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Passeridae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Phasianidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Phylloscopidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Picidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Prunellidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Regulidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Sittidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Strigidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Sturnidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Sylviidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Thraupidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Troglodytidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Turdidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Tyrannidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] family_Vireonidae Species in given family Binary 1 NA [2,3] fledging_age_d Days until fledging Continuous 0.75 NA [3] foraging_diversity Number of non-zero foraging classes Count 0.46 NA [2] ForStrat.canopy % foraging time above canopy Proportion 0.46 NA [2] ForStrat.ground % foraging time on ground Proportion 0.46 NA [2] ForStrat.midhigh % foraging time in mid to high levels in trees Proportion 0.46 NA [2] ForStrat.understory % foraging time below 2m in understory Proportion 0.46 NA [2] freshwater_system Does species inhabit a freshwater ecosystem Binary 0.98 NA [4] incubation_d Days between laying and hatching Continuous 0.84 NA [3] IUCN IUCN Red List Categories Categorical 0.98 NA [4] litter_or_clutch_size_n Clutch size Continuous 0.98 NA [3] litters_or_clutches_per_y Number of litters per Continuous 0.85 NA [3] 2 log_area Size of geographic distribution (km ) Continuous 0.98 log10 [1] log_base_cort Mean baseline corticosterone Continuous 0.26 log10 [5] log_birth_or_hatching_weight_g Weight at hatching Continuous 0.44 log10 [3] log_ed_equal Evolutionary distinctiveness (equal splits) Continuous 1 log10 [6] log_elevation_upper Upper bounds of elevation across range Continuous 0.61 log10 [4] log_emass mass Continuous 0.93 log10 [3] log_femalemat Days for female to reach sexual maturity Continuous 0.81 log10 [3] log_longevity Maximum longevity Continuous 0.87 log10 [3] log_malemat Days for male to reach sexual maturity Continuous 0.75 log10 [3] log_mass Body mass of adults Continuous 1 log10 [3] marine_system Does species inhabit marine ecosystem Binary 0.98 NA [4] mig_disp Size of non-breeding distribution relative to breeding distribution Continuous 0.98 NA [1] mstrat Migratory strategy (resident, full migrant, partial migrant) Categorical 0.98 NA [1] Nocturnal Is species nocturnal Binary 0.46 NA [2] passerine Is species in the Passeriformes Binary 0.98 NA [2,3] population_trend IUCN population trend Categorical 0.98 NA [4] ptaxa1 First phylogenetic factor for competence Binary 1 NA [7] s_mdist Distance (km) between breeding and non-breeding distributions Continuous 0.98 sqrt [1] swos Web of Science citations Continuous 1 sqrt rwos

References

1. BirdLife International, NatureServe. 2014 Bird species distribution maps of the world. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International

2. Wilman H, Belmaker J, Simpson J, de la Rosa C, Rivadeneira MM, Jetz W. 2014 EltonTraits 1.0: Species-level foraging attributes of the world’s birds and mammals. Ecology 95, 2027–2027. (doi:10.1890/13-1917.1)

3. Myhrvold NP, Baldridge E, Chan B, Sivam D, Freeman DL, Ernest SKM. 2015 An amniote life-history database to perform comparative analyses with birds, mammals, and reptiles. Ecology 96, 3109–3109. (doi:10.1890/15-0846R.1)

4. Chamberlain S. 2016 rredlist:“IUCN” Red List Client. R package version 0.1. 0.

5. Vitousek MN et al. 2018 HormoneBase, a population-level database of steroid hormone levels across . Scientific data 5, 180097.

6. Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, Blomberg SP, Webb CO. 2010 Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics 26, 1463–1464.

7. Washburne AD, Silverman JD, Morton JT, Becker DJ, Crowley D, Mukherjee S, David LA, Plowright RK. 2019 Phylofactorization: a graph partitioning algorithm to identify phylogenetic scales of ecological data. Ecological Monographs 0, e01353. (doi:10.1002/ecm.1353)

S4. Phylogenetic meta-analysis

Table S2. Comparison of meta-analysis models for associations between space, year, and Bbsl prevalence of wild bird–derived tick larvae (n=777 after removing missing values). Models are 2 ranked by ΔAICc with the number of coefficients (k), Akaike weights (wi), and pseudo-R .

2 Fixed effects k ΔAICc wi R ~ 1 1 0.00 0.48 0 ~ |latitude| 2 1.96 0.18 0 ~ year 2 1.98 0.18 0 ~ year + |latitude|1 3 3.95 0.07 0 ~ UN georegion 4 4.85 0.04 0 ~ UN georegion + |latitude| 5 6.87 0.02 0 ~ year + UN georegion 5 6.87 0.02 0 ~ year + UN georegion + |latitude| 6 8.90 0.01 0 ~ year * UN georegion 7 9.62 <0.01 0 ~ UN georegion * |latitude| 7 10.91 <0.01 0 ~ year * UN georegion + |latitude| 8 11.57 <0.01 0 ~ year + UN georegion * |latitude| 8 12.95 <0.01 0 1Year * |latitude| was excluded owing to failed convergence

Table S3. Comparison of meta-analysis models for associations between seasons, space, and Bbsl prevalence of wild bird–derived tick larvae (n=604 after removing missing values). Models 2 are ranked by ΔAICc with the number of coefficients (k), Akaike weights (wi), and pseudo-R .

2 Fixed effects k ΔAICc wi R ~ summer 2 0.00 0.44 0.01 ~ summer + |latitude| 3 1.89 0.17 0 ~ 1 1 3.43 0.08 0 ~ summer * |latitude| 4 3.8 0.07 0 ~ winter 2 4.72 0.04 0 ~ fall 2 5.04 0.04 0 ~ spring 2 5.45 0.03 0 ~ summer + UN georegion 5 5.63 0.03 0 ~ winter * |latitude| 4 6.27 0.02 0 ~ spring * |latitude| 4 6.64 0.02 0 ~ winter + |latitude| 3 6.76 0.02 0 ~ fall + |latitude| 3 7.07 0.01 0 ~ summer * UN georegion 6 7.43 0.01 0 ~ spring + |latitude| 3 7.48 0.01 0 ~ spring * UN georegion 6 8.68 0.01 0.02 ~ fall * |latitude| 4 8.75 0.01 0 ~ winter + UN georegion 5 10.18 0 0 ~ fall + UN georegion 5 10.67 0 0 ~ spring + UN georegion 5 11.17 0 0 ~ winter * UN georegion 6 11.57 0 0 ~ fall * UN georegion 6 12.08 0 0 S5. Phylogenetic factorization

Figure S3. Phylogenetic patterns in avian Bbsl competence (left) and study effort (Web of Science citation counts; right). Clades with significantly different competence or study effort from the paraphyletic remainder using phylogenetic factorization are highlighted.

S6. Boosted regression trees

Table S4. Feature relative importance (mean and SE) of competence BRTs.

Feature Mean SE fledging_age_d 0.08 0.01 log_base_cort 0.07 0.01 abreed_lat 0.07 0.01 log_longevity 0.07 0 log_elevation_upper 0.06 0.01 swos 0.06 0.01 mig_disp 0.06 0.01 log_area 0.05 0 log_emass 0.04 0 log_birth_or_hatching_weight_g 0.04 0 population_trend 0.04 0.01 incubation_d 0.04 0 litter_or_clutch_size_n 0.03 0 log_ed_fair 0.03 0 s_mdist 0.03 0 log_mass 0.02 0 ForStrat.ground 0.02 0 Diet.Inv 0.02 0 litters_or_clutches_per_y 0.02 0 family_Turdidae 0.02 0 Diet.Seed 0.02 0 log_femalemat 0.02 0 ForStrat.midhigh 0.02 0 ForStrat.understory 0.01 0 diet_diversity 0.01 0 passerine 0.01 0 ptaxa1 0.01 0 ForStrat.canopy 0.01 0 Diet.Nect 0.01 0 Diet.PlantO 0 0 family_Fringillidae 0 0 Diet.Fruit 0 0 family_Parulidae 0 0 family_Troglodytidae 0 0 freshwater_system 0 0 log_malemat 0 0 foraging_diversity 0 0 family_Cardinalidae 0 0 family_Emberizidae 0 0 marine_system 0 0 family_Picidae 0 0 Diet.Vect 0 0 family_Sylviidae 0 0 Diet.Vend 0 0 family_Paridae 0 0 family_Muscicapidae 0 0 family_Acrocephalidae 0 0 family_Mimidae 0 0 family_Motacillidae 0 0 family_Strigidae 0 0 IUCN 0 0 family_Icteridae 0 0 family_Tyrannidae 0 0 Diet.Scav 0 0 Diet.Vfish 0 0 family_Aegithalidae 0 0 family_Alaudidae 0 0 family_Alcidae 0 0 family_Certhiidae 0 0 family_Cettiidae 0 0 family_Columbidae 0 0 family_Corvidae 0 0 family_Furnariidae 0 0 family_Incertae.Sedis 0 0 family_Laniidae 0 0 family_Laridae 0 0 family_Locustellidae 0 0 family_Maluridae 0 0 family_Odontophoridae 0 0 family_Passeridae 0 0 family_Phasianidae 0 0 family_Phylloscopidae 0 0 family_Prunellidae 0 0 family_Regulidae 0 0 family_Sittidae 0 0 family_Sturnidae 0 0 family_Thraupidae 0 0 family_Vireonidae 0 0 ForStrat.wataroundsurf 0 0 mstatus 0 0 Nocturnal 0 0

Table S5. 50th percentile of mean predicted probabilities of avian competence for Bbsl.

Latin binomial Common name P Competence Sylvia atricapilla Eurasian Blackcap 0.796 known positive Turdus merula 0.776 known positive Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow 0.764 known positive Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird 0.754 known positive Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow 0.751 known positive Parkesia noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush 0.746 known positive Pipilo erythrophthalmus Eastern Towhee 0.744 known positive Turdus migratorius American Robin 0.741 known positive Fringilla coelebs Common Chaffinch 0.741 known positive Cyanistes caeruleus 0.725 known positive Leiothlypis celata Orange-crowned Warbler 0.724 known positive Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow 0.719 known positive Turdus pilaris Fieldfare 0.715 known positive Erithacus rubecula European Robin 0.715 known positive Luscinia svecica Bluethroat 0.714 known positive Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush 0.711 known positive Seiurus aurocapilla Ovenbird 0.71 known positive Spinus tristis American Goldfinch 0.708 unsampled Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow 0.707 known positive Setophaga petechia Mangrove Warbler 0.704 known positive Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow 0.702 known positive Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco 0.7 known positive Sturnus vulgaris Common 0.698 known positive Turdus philomelos Song Thrush 0.693 known positive Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush 0.693 known positive Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle 0.691 known positive Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak 0.689 known positive Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush 0.686 known positive Zonotrichia atricapilla Golden-crowned Sparrow 0.684 known positive Dumetella carolinensis Grey Catbird 0.683 known positive Troglodytes aedon House Wren 0.681 known positive Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart 0.68 known positive Turdus viscivorus 0.678 known positive Uria lomvia Thick-billed Murre 0.676 unsampled Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow 0.671 known positive Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat 0.669 known positive Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow 0.668 known positive Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird 0.665 known positive Setophaga townsendi Townsend's Warbler 0.665 unsampled Prunella modularis Dunnock 0.664 known positive Sylvia communis Common Whitethroat 0.656 known positive Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow 0.654 known positive Turdus iliacus Redwing 0.641 known positive Troglodytes troglodytes Eurasian Wren 0.638 known positive Ficedula albicollis Collared Flycatcher 0.634 known positive Parus major Great Tit 0.63 known positive Melozone aberti Abert's Towhee 0.63 unsampled Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher 0.629 known positive Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow 0.628 unsampled Zonotrichia querula Harris's Sparrow 0.627 unsampled Sitta europaea Eurasian Nuthatch 0.627 known positive Acrocephalus scirpaceus Eurasian Reed Warbler 0.625 known positive Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher 0.623 unsampled Setophaga coronata Myrtle Warbler 0.622 known positive Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo 0.621 unsampled Emberiza calandra Corn Bunting 0.617 unsampled Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart 0.616 known positive Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting 0.615 known negative Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark 0.615 unsampled Setophaga magnolia Magnolia Warbler 0.612 known positive Empidonax alnorum Alder Flycatcher 0.611 unsampled Parkesia motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush 0.609 unsampled Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird 0.606 unsampled Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff 0.606 known positive Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird 0.604 unsampled Turdus amaurochalinus Creamy-bellied Thrush 0.604 known positive Luscinia megarhynchos Common Nightingale 0.602 known positive Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher 0.598 unsampled Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow 0.597 known positive Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird 0.596 unsampled Phasianus colchicus Common Pheasant 0.595 known positive Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal 0.595 known positive Cerorhinca monocerata Rhinoceros Auklet 0.593 unsampled Turdus grayi Clay-colored Thrush 0.592 unsampled Pipilo maculatus Spotted Towhee 0.592 known positive Icterus galbula Baltimore Oriole 0.591 unsampled Troglodytes pacificus Pacific Wren 0.586 known positive Uria aalge Common Murre 0.585 unsampled Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole 0.581 unsampled Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow 0.58 unsampled Setophaga caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler 0.58 unsampled Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager 0.578 unsampled Icterus bullockii Bullock's Oriole 0.578 known positive Setophaga kirtlandii Kirtland's Warbler 0.574 unsampled Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel 0.574 unsampled Turdus pallidus 0.574 known positive Geothlypis philadelphia Mourning Warbler 0.574 known positive Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay 0.573 known positive Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl 0.572 known positive Troglodytes hiemalis Winter Wren 0.571 known positive Sterna hirundo Common Tern 0.57 unsampled Catharus fuscescens Veery 0.569 known positive Phylloscopus trochilus Willow Warbler 0.568 known positive Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo 0.567 unsampled Turdus simillimus Indian Blackbird 0.567 unsampled Alauda arvensis Eurasian Skylark 0.567 known positive Turdus rufiventris Rufous-bellied Thrush 0.566 known positive Setophaga fusca Blackburnian Warbler 0.565 unsampled Passerina ciris Painted Bunting 0.565 unsampled Serinus canaria Atlantic Canary 0.564 unsampled Vireo bellii Bell's Vireo 0.562 unsampled Helmitheros vermivorum Worm-eating Warbler 0.562 known positive Lagopus lagopus Willow Ptarmigan 0.562 unsampled Luscinia luscinia Thrush Nightingale 0.561 known positive Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird 0.561 unsampled Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull 0.561 unsampled Toxostoma bendirei Bendire's Thrasher 0.561 unsampled Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth's Reed Warbler 0.561 unsampled Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark 0.56 unsampled Coturnix japonica Japanese Quail 0.559 unsampled Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat 0.558 known negative Emberiza schoeniclus Common Reed Bunting 0.558 known negative Pica pica Eurasian Magpie 0.557 unsampled Locustella luscinioides Savi's Warbler 0.555 unsampled Spiza americana Dickcissel 0.554 unsampled Emberiza pallasi Pallas's Reed Bunting 0.554 unsampled Larus argentatus European Herring Gull 0.552 unsampled Oreothlypis ruficapilla Nashville Warbler 0.55 known positive Turdus cardis Japanese Thrush 0.549 known positive Turdus nigriceps Andean Slaty Thrush 0.548 unsampled Pipilo chlorurus Green-tailed Towhee 0.546 unsampled Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush 0.546 unsampled Turdus subalaris Eastern Slaty Thrush 0.545 unsampled Geothlypis formosa Kentucky Warbler 0.545 unsampled Turdus obscurus 0.544 known negative Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird 0.543 unsampled Larus glaucoides Iceland Gull 0.542 unsampled Geothlypis tolmiei MacGillivray's Warbler 0.542 unsampled Fratercula arctica Atlantic Puffin 0.542 known positive Setophaga citrina Hooded Warbler 0.541 known positive Spinus pinus Pine Siskin 0.541 unsampled Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull 0.541 unsampled Setophaga pinus Pine Warbler 0.54 known positive Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove 0.538 unsampled Spizella arborea American Tree Sparrow 0.537 unsampled Turdus leucomelas Pale-breasted Thrush 0.537 unsampled Cercotrichas galactotes Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin 0.537 unsampled Spizella breweri Brewer's Sparrow 0.537 unsampled Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark 0.536 unsampled Zenaida asiatica White-winged Dove 0.536 unsampled Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch 0.536 known positive Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake 0.535 unsampled Coturnix coturnix Common Quail 0.535 unsampled Larus fuscus Lesser Black-backed Gull 0.534 unsampled Tetrao urogallus Western Capercaillie 0.534 unsampled Sylvia borin Garden Warbler 0.534 known negative Streptopelia roseogrisea African Collared Dove 0.533 unsampled Molothrus aeneus Bronzed Cowbird 0.531 unsampled Catharus bicknelli Bicknell's Thrush 0.529 unsampled Setophaga auduboni Audubon's Warbler 0.528 unsampled Agelaius tricolor Tricolored Blackbird 0.528 unsampled Himatione sanguinea Apapane 0.527 unsampled Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge Warbler 0.526 unsampled Pagophila eburnea Ivory Gull 0.525 unsampled Turdus naumanni Naumann's Thrush 0.523 unsampled Myiarchus tyrannulus Brown-crested Flycatcher 0.523 unsampled Leiothlypis peregrina Tennessee Warbler 0.523 unsampled Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow 0.522 unsampled Ramphocelus costaricensis Cherrie's Tanager 0.522 unsampled Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler 0.521 unsampled Setophaga pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler 0.521 unsampled Ficedula hypoleuca European Pied Flycatcher 0.521 known negative Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit 0.52 unsampled Setophaga discolor Prairie Warbler 0.52 unsampled Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher 0.52 unsampled Turdus falcklandii Austral Thrush 0.52 unsampled Perisoreus canadensis Grey Jay 0.519 unsampled Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink 0.518 unsampled Spizella pallida Clay-colored Sparrow 0.517 unsampled Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler 0.517 known positive Turdus ruficollis Red-throated Thrush 0.517 unsampled Turdus aurantius White-chinned Thrush 0.517 unsampled Cyanocompsa cyanoides Blue-black Grosbeak 0.517 unsampled Turdus plumbeus Red-legged Thrush 0.516 unsampled Setophaga striata Blackpoll Warbler 0.516 unsampled Turdus lherminieri Forest Thrush 0.516 unsampled Eucometis penicillata Grey-headed Tanager 0.516 unsampled Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 0.516 known positive Larus dominicanus Kelp Gull 0.515 unsampled Hydrocoloeus minutus Little Gull 0.515 unsampled Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren 0.514 known positive Sialia currucoides Mountain Bluebird 0.514 unsampled Oreoscoptes montanus Sage Thrasher 0.514 unsampled Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed Tit 0.514 unsampled Griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus Crowned Slaty Flycatcher 0.514 unsampled Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot 0.514 unsampled Larus glaucescens Glaucous-winged Gull 0.513 unsampled Cyanerpes cyaneus Red-legged Honeycreeper 0.513 unsampled Alle alle Little Auk 0.513 unsampled Chloris sinica Grey-capped Greenfinch 0.512 unsampled Setophaga palmarum Palm Warbler 0.511 unsampled Chlidonias niger Black Tern 0.511 unsampled Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting 0.511 unsampled Columba palumbus Common Wood Pigeon 0.511 unsampled Iduna caligata Booted Warbler 0.51 unsampled Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull 0.509 unsampled Perdix perdix Grey Partridge 0.509 unsampled Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler 0.506 unsampled Turdus nudigenis Spectacled Thrush 0.506 unsampled Larus marinus Great Black-backed Gull 0.505 unsampled Spodiopsar cineraceus White-cheeked Starling 0.505 unsampled Geositta antarctica Short-billed Miner 0.504 unsampled Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet 0.504 unsampled Passerina caerulea Blue Grosbeak 0.502 unsampled Alca torda Razorbill 0.502 unsampled Geospiza fuliginosa Small Ground Finch 0.502 unsampled