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Theses Abstracts 2019 Post Graduate theses submitted to UAS , UAS Raichur, UHS Bagalkot and UAHS Shivamogga

Volume: 4 January - December, 2019

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga , Theses Abstracts : 2019 Post Graduate theses submitted to UAS Dharwad, UAS Raichur, UHS Bagalkot and UAHS Shivamogga

Year of publication : March, 2020

Pages : 232 + 7

Copies : 750

Copy right : University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India

Edited by : Dr. R. A. Balikai, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS Dharwad

Compiled by : Dr. L. H. Malligawad, Dean (PGS), UAS Dharwad Dr. Satyanarayana Rao, Dean (PGS), UAS Raichur Dr. M. S. Kulkarni, Dean (PGS), UHS Bagalkot Dr. T. S. Vageesh, Dean (PGS), UAHS Shivamogga Dr. R. A. Balikai, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS Dharwad Dr. U. Satish Kumar, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS Raichur Dr. Y. K. Kotikal, Editor, Publication Centre, UHS Bagalkot Dr. Jayalaxmi Narayan Hegde, Editor, Communication Centre, UAHS Shivamogga

Publisher : Dr. S. B. Hosamani Director of Education UAS Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India

DTP and Typesetting : DTP Unit Publication Centre, Directorate of Education University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

I. Theses Abstracts of UAS Dharwad 1. Doctor of Philosophy ...... 01-14 2. Master of Science ...... 15-84

II. Theses Abstracts of UAS Raichur 1. Doctor of Philosophy ...... 85-95 2. Master of Science ...... 96-144

III. Theses Abstracts of UHS Bagalkot 1. Doctor of Philosophy ...... 145-156 2. Master of Science ...... 157-201

IV. Theses Abstracts of UAHS Shivamogga 1. Doctor of Philosophy ...... 202-205 2. Master of Science ...... 206-232

Theses Abstracts of UAS Dharwad ABSTRACTS OF THESES Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees by the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2019 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Genetic analysis for resistance to rust in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] P. G. SURESHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. T. BASAVARAJA

The present investigation was carried out during 2015-17 at the MARS, to rust resistance in F2 population of cross JS335xEC241780 was carried UAS, Dharwad and R & D Farm, Sugar Works, Ugarkhurd with out. Among 144 exotic germplasm lines including resistant and susceptible different experiments. Evaluation of 144 exotic germplasm lines checks, only one line EC242104 and resistant checks recorded disease including highly susceptible check JS335 and resistant checks viz., grade 1 with highly resistant reaction. The k-means cluster analysis for DSb21, EC241780 and EC241778 were evaluated during kharif 2015 yield related traits in 144 germplasm lines were grouped into eight at Dharwad for identification of new sources for resistance to rust and clusters. Inheritance study revealed that rust resistance is controlled by genetic diversity. Based on the resistance reaction, 22 lines which single dominant gene in all the crosses. The resistant genotypes can be exhibited resistant/moderately resistant reaction were selected and used as a confirmed source of resistance and utilized in future resistance further evaluated to confirm their resistant reaction under natural breeding programmes. The F3 families of three crosses, viz., JS335 x epiphytotic condition at two hotspots for rust viz., Dharwad and EC241780, EC241780 x JS335 and DSb21 x EC241780 have generated Ugarkhurd during kharif 2016. Three genotypes viz., DSb21, JS 335 sufficient variability and also nine superior segregants. Study on and EC241780 were utilized for hybridization during summer 2015 to validation of molecular markers, only three markers Satt 361, Satt 275 study the inheritance pattern for rust resistance and variability. and Satt 215 exhibited polymorphism. The polymorphic markers were

Subsequently, F2 and F3 populations were raised during kharif 2016 -17, further analysed by single marker analysis which showed a significant respectively. In addition to this, validation of molecular markers linked association with rust resistance.

Genetic variability, inheritance and molecular studies in colour cotton (Gossypium spp.) H. S. SARITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJESH S. PATIL

The present investigation was conducted during the kharif seasons of to be dominant over their white counterparts. But white fiber colour 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad was dominant over the green colour. Brown colour of lint is mainly Farm. The present study was aimed at identifying the promising controlled by two genes with duplicate dominant interaction. Almond stable colour-cotton genotypes, deciphering the genetics underlying and green colour lint was inherited as single gene with biallelic nature. the fiber colour and molecular studies related to fiber colour in colour- Histological studies for fiber colour showed that pigments in brown cotton. Analysis of variance revealed significant variability among colour were proanthocyanidins which belong to the flavonoid group. the genotypes for yield, fiber quality traits and fiber colour with The molecular marker DSSR-8 was found to be associated with the moderate heritability. All agronomic traits had significant direct effect brown and almond colour through bulk segregant analysis. None of and positive correlation with seed cotton yield. Fiber colour trait was the markers showed polymorphism for white and green bulks in both negatively associated with productive and fiber quality traits and interspecific and intraspecific crosses. The gene expression studies fiber strength could be used as a negative surrogate for indirect selection of candidate colour genes showed that all five structural genes were of fiber colour. The genotypes MB-535-1 (Medium Brown), DB-9-1, up regulated in brown cotton fiber followed by in green and white DB-57-2 (both Dark Brown), C-318-1 (Cream) and G-4-1 (Green) cotton at all the boll development stages. Genetic engineering strategies were identified as promising high yielding genotypes. Inheritance have to primarily focus on modifying the GhANS and GhANR genes showed that brown fiber colour and almond fiber colour were found to improve the intensity of pigmentation of cotton fibers.

Genetic analysis of RIL population of groundnut for bold kernel genotypes and resistant to foliar diseases (Arachis hypogaea L.) S. M. SUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR

A study was conducted to understand the inheritance of resistance to LLS and rust under artificial epiphytotic condition. The result late leaf spot, rust and to identify superior recombinants for disease indicated that LLS and rust resistance in host plant is controlled by and confectionary traits in groundnut. A Spanish bunch variety GPBD-5 single recessive gene. Both populations were advanced to develop and interspecific derivative ICGV 86699 resistant to LLS and rust recombinant inbred lines (F6) and were phenotyped for productivity were crossed to a bold seeded adoptable but susceptible confectionary traits, quality traits and diseases during kharif 2017. In both genotype, TG 76. The, F2 and F3 populations of TG 76 × ICGV populations, ANOVA indicated significant variation for majority of 86699 and TG 76 × GPBD 5 crosses were evaluated with parents for the traits studied. Genetic variability studies revealed high to moderate

1 PCV and GCV, high heritability with high to moderate GAM for significant positive association was recorded between LLS and rust. most of the productivity traits and disease resistance. Presence of Further, attempts were made to identify markers linked to LLS, high genetic variability resulted in identification of superior rust and test weight resulted in identifictaion of five, four and three recombinants for productivity, nutritional traits and resistance to markers associated with LLS, rust and test weight, respectively. rust and LLS disease. Higher percentage of superior recombinants The potential RILs (8-2, 339-1, 17-1 and 90-1) superior to best for rust and LLS were observed in the cross involving a interspective parent identified for different traits, which could be utilized in future derivative (ICGV 86699) and spanish bunch cultivar (GPBD 5), breeding programmes. The study indicated scope for combining respectively. Pod yield showed significant positive correlation with high yield and foliar disease resistance with desirable confectionery test weight and negative association with LLS and rust. However, traits. Genetics of staygreen trait and its relation to drought tolerance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) GURUPRASAD HIREMATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. L. NADAF The present investigation was conducted to study the inheritance of dominant epistatic gene interaction with 12 senescent: 3 moderately staygreen trait and to identify superior recombinants and SSR markers staygreen: 1 staygreen ratio. Genetic variability studies revealed high associated with staygreen that imparts drought tolerance. Two staygreen GCV and PCV for seed yield per plant, leaf area, head diameter and test genotypes, DSR14 and DSR47 were identified as drought tolerant and weight under stress while low under non-stress condition. High DSR56 and DSR20 as moderately tolerant by characterizing the root heritability and GAM was observed for seed yield per plant, test traits under different moisture regimes. Fifteen hybrids developed weight, staygreen trait and leaf area under both the water regimes. Seed by hybridizing contrasting parents in half diallele were evaluated for yield per plant had significant positive correlation with days to maturity, root traits under moisture stress and non-stress conditions. High plant height, SCMR, leaf area, head diameter, staygreen score and test magnitude of SCA variance than GCA variance was observed for most weight under both the water regimes. From the present investigation, of the root and morpho-physiological traits studied under both water the recombinant lines viz., 55-5, 96-1, 55-6 and 133-4 from maintainer regimes. Two drought tolerant parents, DSR14 and DSR47 and three cross and 45-2, 242-6, 326-5 and 96-7 from restorer cross were found hybrids viz., RHA274 × DSR14, CMS234B × DSR47 and DRSI 411 to be significantly high yielding under both water regimes. Single marker

× DSR14 were found to be good general and specific combiners, analysis in two F2 populations revealed the markers ORS1146, ORS511, respectively. Inheritance study of staygreen trait from two F2 HA4011 and ORS995 were associated with staygreen and drought populations (RHA274 × DSR14 and CMS234B × DSR47) indicated related traits studied. Marker assisted selection for nitrogen use efficiency in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) MAHALAXMI K. PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. DESAI Study was conducted for genetic characterization of bread wheat HD2967, 3SATYN9402 x 46IBWSN1005, 3SATYN9402 x DBW14, genotypes, validation of reported nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) linked HD2967 x 46IBWSN1005 and WH1022 x K9107 as the best specific molecular markers, marker assisted selection in segregating generations combiners for yield and NUE related traits. Based on combining ability of bread wheat and to study the effect of QTLs for NUE and NUE analysis six cross combinations advanced to F2 generation. Among six attributing traits in the background of popular varieties. Pooled F2 populations evaluated, 3SATYN9402 × DBW14 found to be more analysis of variance among 50 genotypes over the two years (during promising. Ten primers were found polymorphic between parents. rabi 2016-17 and 2017-18) exhibited significant amount of variation Validation by using 44 SSR markers in the three F2 populations showed for all the traits at two levels of nitrogen (50 and100 kg N ha-1). that the SSR marker wmc720 showing significant association with Harvest index and nitrogen utilization efficiency significant and NUE and its related traits in particular and hence, it can be used for positively correlated with NUE at both levels of Nitrogen (N). Out improvement of NUE in wheat. Further to pyramid four QTLs, two of fifty genotypes, twelve parents were crossed in half diallel fashion F2 populations {(UAS323 × K9107) and (GW322 × 2WYCYT34)} and evaluated under 50 per cent N condition. Combining ability were intercrossed to obtain F1s. The intercross F1s were genotyped studies indicated that the parents namely, 3SATYN9402, K9107, and showed positive for GLN1, m308, wmc162 and gpw7452. Thus, HD2967 and 46IBWSN1005 were the best general combiners and the generated intercross hybrids pay the way for development of varieties specific crosses namely, 3SATYN9402 x K9107, 3SATYN9402 x with enhanced NUE and high yield.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Molecular analysis of soil-rice-Rhizoctonia solani - Actinobacteria interactions SURYAWANSHI PADMAJA PRALHAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ Actinobacteria are of great economic importance in for metagenome analysis. During the denaturing gradient gel their role in biocontrol and plant growth promotion. Amongst the electrophoresis analysis of 16S rDNA for assessment of migration 250 actinobacteria screened in vitro against Rhizoctonia solani, six of operational taxonomic units, it was found that the vegetative isolates AUDT502, AUDT573, AUDT617, AUDT626, AUDT656 stage had more diverse microflora than flowering stage; while soil and AUDT690 showed effective inhibition. The application of had higher species richness, followed by root, stem and leaf. Streptomyces rimosus AUDT502 was most effective in the control Amplicon sequencing analysis from the soil at vegetative stage of rice sheath blight under glasshouse conditions. The effect of indicated involvement of diverse bacteria in supporting rice plants R. solani and S. rimosus on microbial community of rice rhizosphere during R. solani infection. S. rimosus modulated the microbial and endosphere was investigated through culture independent community to fewer bacteria at higher abundance in alleviating

2 R. solani infection. The rice leaf transcriptomes were studied through epoxidase chloroplastic, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase 2 suppressive subtractive hybridization coupled with next generation chloroplastic and ABC transporter C family member 4. During plant sequencing for understanding differential genes expressed during pathogen interaction, 410 transcripts were highly represented by induced systemic resistance (ISR) and incompatible plant pathogen transporters, followed by transcription factors, signal transduction interaction. Amongst the 576 transcripts involved in ISR, most were and lipid metabolism. The genes with high expression levels were for signal transduction, photosynthesis, stress response and thioredoxin M5 chloroplastic like, putative UDP-sugar transporter, transporters. The genes with high expression levels included S-(+)-linalool synthase chloroplastic, zingiberene synthase-like and monodehydroascorbate reductase 4 peroxisomal, ribulose probable magnesium transporter NIPA2. These genes can be targeted bisphosphate carboxylase small chain A chloroplastic, zeaxanthin for imparting rice sheath blight resistance. Marker assisted backcross breeding in elite varieties of groundnut to improve the resistance to late leaf spot and rust M. SUKRUTH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH S. BHAT

A large number of diverse genotypes from recombinant inbred lines, 1 and IL 2 as the donors. Evaluation of advanced generations (backcross minicore accessions and mutant derivatives were field evaluated for and straight cross) could identify four significantly superior lines late leaf spot (LLS) and rust resistance during rainy season of 2015 (DBG 1, DBG 2, DBG 3 and DBG 4). DBG 3 and DBG 4 were and 2016. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic resistant to LLS and rust with 44 per cent and 45 per cent yield differences in both individual and pooled seasons. These genotypes increment over JL 24 and TMV 2 varieties, respectively. Background were employed for validating the AhTE and SSR markers linked to genome selection based on AhTE markers showed 71.08 per cent LLS and rust resistance through single marker analysis, Kruskal-Wallis recovery for DBG 3 and 64.15 per cent for DBG 4. Also, ddRAD- test and co-segregation analysis. GM1839 showed the highest R2 for sequencing revealed 99.99 per cent genome similarity between LLS (7.44) and rust (5.73) resistance. Also, three AhTE markers identified lines and recurrent parents. Scanning electron microscopy (AhTE0360, AhTE0498 and AhTE0621) showed significant showed less/negligible amount of LLS conidiophores and rust association. Fifteen genotypes carried favourable (resistant) allele at uredospores among resistant parents and lines with stomata opening all the four marker loci with LLS and rust scores of 2.0 to 5.0, in a narrow slits and plumpy guard cells, whereas susceptible parents respectively with higher pod yield. An effort was made to transfer showed large amount of fungal spores with big and wide-open stomata. LLS and rust resistance QTL to TMV 2 and JL 24 through marker These genetic and genomic resources are being used for molecular assisted backcrossing using GPBD 4, ICGV 86699, ICGV 99005, IL breeding in groundnut. Transformation of pigeonpea with different Cry genes to impart pod borer resistance TIRTHKAR MEERA BABURAO 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT The present investigation was carried out to generate transgenic 92.3 per cent and it was 20 to 70 per cent in plants with Cry2Aa. In pigeonpea carrying different Cry genes, characterization and the transgenic plants Cry1Ac content ranged from 0.54 to 0.93 µg/g identification of superior transgenic events and pyramid different cry and Cry2Aa ranged from 0.04 to 1.45 µg/g. There was significant genes to increase the pod borer resistance. In planta transformation reduction in both larval weight and larval length when fed with using embryonic axis as explants resulted in 65 putative transformants transgenic plants compared to non transgenic plants. Southern carrying Cry1Ac and 17 carrying Cry2Aa. For quick identification of hybridization revealed single copy integration in selected transgenic transgenics in T1 generation, optimization of kanamycin concentration events. Site of integration of Cry1Ac was confirmed in two events for sand based screening was attempted using seeds from non transgenic using Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced (TAIL) PCR which indicated plants and kanamycin concentration of 100 ppm was found to inhibit that for event number 191-5 integration is between 175604-175605bp the seedling growth in non transgenic plants. Screening of seeds from and for 190-26 is between 8775857-8775858 bp. Pyramiding of cry primary transformants on 100 ppm kanamycin did not show direct genes in different combinations viz., Cry1Ac + Cry2Aa, Cry1Ac + correlation between the presence of the transgene and normal growth Cry1F, Cry1F + Cry2Aa and Cry1F + Cry1Acm resulted in increased of the seedlings. Therefore progenies of primary transformants were larval mortality compared to the plants carrying single cry genes. Of screened individually for the presence of transgene through PCR assay. the four different combinations tried Cry1F + Cry1Acm gave highest In transgenic plants carrying cry1Ac larval mortality ranged from 0 to mortality of 86.67 per cent. AGRONOMY Response of summer groundnut to plant spacing, fertilizer, land configuration and sprinkler levels R. PARAMESHWARA REDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI

Two field experiments were conducted during summer 2017 and 2018 and laid out in split plot design with three replications. In experiment-II to study the response of summer groundnut to plant spacing, fertilizer, land configuration (L1: Broad bed and furrow, L2: Ridges and furrow land configuration and sprinkler irrigation levels at the Main Agricultural and L3: Flat bed) and sprinkler irrigation levels (I1: fixed depth (3.1 cm),

Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. I2: 1.0 ETc, I3: 0.8 ETc and I4: 0.6 ETc) were studied as horizontal and

In experiment-I plant spacing (S1: 30 × 10 cm, S2: 30 × 7.5 cm and vertical factor respectively and laid out in strip plot design with three

S3: 30 × 5 cm) and fertilizer levels (F1: 100 % RDF, F2: 125 % RDF and replications. Plant spacing of 30 × 10 cm with application of F : 150 % RDF) were studied as main plot and sub plot, respectively -1 3 125 per cent RDF (31.25:93.75:31.25 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha ) recorded

3 significantly higher total dry matter production, pod yield (39.96 q ha-1), (38.82 q ha-1) and net returns (` 1,00,320 ha-1) as compared to other kernel yield (26.71 q ha-1) and net returns (` 1,06,588 ha-1) as compared combinations. However, it was on par with broad bed and furrow with to other combinations. However, it was on par with 30 × 10 cm with sprinkler irrigation at fixed depth (3.1 cm). The total water requirement 150 per cent RDF. The lowest kernel yield (22.87 q ha-1) and net of summer groundnut ranged from 478.33 to 503.05 ha-mm with returns (` 84,720 ha-1) were observed in plant spacing of 30 × 5 cm sprinkler irrigation at 1.0 ETc with water productivity (0.74 kg m-3). with 100 per cent RDF. In case of land configurations and sprinkler Summer groundnut performed well at 30 × 10 cm with 125 per cent irrigation levels, broad bed and furrow method of land configurations RDF. Besides, farmers may fallow broad bed and furrow method with with sprinkler irrigation at 1.0 ETc recorded higher growth, pod yield sprinkler irrigation at 1.0 ETc with eight days interval. Organic nutrient management on yield and quality of sugarcane and jaggery SUNILKUMAR NOOLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. BIRADAR Field experiment was conducted in strip block design to study the (14.59 t ha-1 in plant and 14.16 t ha-1 in ratoon cane) and good quality response of two sugarcane cultivars [SNK 09211 (C ) and SNK 07680 1 (A2 grade) jaggery. Among organic NMPs, N1 and N2 recorded (C2)] as horizontal strips to six nutrient management practices (NMPs) significantly higher plant cane, ratoon cane and jaggery yield. The viz., [N : 100% organics through farmyard manure (FYM), 1 organic NMPs (N1 to N5) recorded higher dehydrogenase, urease and vermicompost (YC), in situ green manuring of dhaincha (IGM) phosphatase enzyme activity after harvest in both plant and ratoon equivaleht to RDN, N : 100 % organics through FYM, YC, Biodigetser -1 2 cane than RPP. The interactions, N1 C2 (132.4 and 122.4 t ha ) and filtrate (BDF) 1/3rd each equivalent to RDN, N : 100 % organics -1 3 N2 C2 (130.4 and 121.5 t ha ) recorded significantly higher cane yield through FYM and BDF (50 % each) equivalent to RDN, N4: 100 % in both plant and ratoon crops, respectively. These interactions also organics through FYM and YC (50% each) equivalent to RDN, N5: recorded higher jaggery yield. Significantly higher net returns Farmers’ practice and N : Recommended package of practices (RPP)] -1 6 was obtained from plant cane with N1C2 (` 257450 ha ), N2C2 as vertical strips, with special reference to organic jaggery production (` 250850 ha-1) and through FYM + BDF (50 % each) with cultivar and quality during 2017-18 (plant) and 2018-19 (ratoon) at organic -1 SNK 07680 N3C2 (` 266680 ha ). For organic jaggery production, site, ARS, . The cultivar SNK 07680 produced significantly significantly higher net returns in plant cane were recorded with same higher plant and ratoon cane yield of 128.1 and 123.0 t ha-1, ` -1 ` -1 interactions viz., N1C2 ( 551920 ha ), N2C2 ( 534880 ha ) and N3 C2 respectively. It also recorded superior juice quality, jaggery yield (` 543390 ha-1). Similar trend followed for ratoon jaggery production.

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on sunflower-chickpea cropping sequence and soil properties under varied irrigation levels in a Vertisol of Malaprabha command area, Karnataka SHIVARAJKUMAR KAMBLE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. DASAR

The field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of integrated ` ha-1) and BC ratio (1.70) under a Vertisol of Malaprabha Command nutrient management practices and irrigation scheduling on sunflower- Area. However, higher water use efficiency (6.64 kg ha - mm-1) was chickpea cropping sequence and soil properties in a Vertisol of observed in application of 0.6 IW/CPE ratio irrigation and application Malaprabha Command Area, Karnataka” at Irrigation Water Management of RPP+ PSB+ GM. Irrigation scheduling at 0.6 IW/CPE and residual Research Centre (IWMRC) Belavatgi, Navalgund, management of 100 per cent RPP + PSB + GM in chickpea crop during during 2016-17 and 2017-18. The experiment was laid in split plot rabi season has performed better with respect to growth parameters, design with irrigation scheduling as main plots and nutrient management seed and haulm yield (16.83 and 17.24 q ha-1, respectively), higher practices as subplots with three replications. The application of RPP uptake of nutrients, WUE (5.61 kg ha - mm-1), net returns (37878 ha-1) -1 (90 N: 90 P2O5 : 60 K2O : 10 kg ZnSO4 ha + 0.5 % Borax + FYM @ and BC ratio (2.59). The integrated nutrient management practice has 8 t ha-1 + Azospirillum @ 500 g ha-1) + PSB (500 g ha-1) + GM (one row improved soil physical properties, available macro and micronutrients sunhemp between two rows of sunflower) and 0.8 IW/CPE irrigation content of soil. However, higher enzyme activity (dehydrogenase, scheduling in sunflower during kharif season (pooled data) has recorded phosphatase and urease enzyme) was observed in 0.8 IW/CPE irrigation significantly higher growth parameters, seed and stalk yield (18.28 and scheduling and application of RPP + PSB + GM at flowering stage 41.57 q ha-1, respectively), oil yield (764.88 kg ha-1), net returns (26339 in sunflower. CROP PHYSIOLOGY Effect of zinc oxide nano particle on physiology, growth and yield of rice, sorghum and wheat R. POORNIMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. V. KOTI An investigation was conducted at the Department of Crop (200, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm of nano Zno) and 1000 ppm of

Physiology, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka to examine the effects of ZnSO4 (0.5%). Further, hydroponic experiment was carried out in zinc oxide nano particles (ZnO NPs) on rice, sorghum and wheat. A rice with four treatments (Full strength Bulk ZnSO4, Full strength lab experiment was carried out with concentrations (100, 200, 500, and half strength ZnO NPs and without zinc). Lab study indicated

1000 and 500 ppm) of ZnO NPs and bulk ZnSO4. Further, a pot that, in rice and sorghum nano zinc oxide @ 1000 ppm and in wheat experiment comprised of twelve treatments of seed priming (200, @ 500 ppm has increased seedling vigour. In pot experiment, there

500 and1000 ppm of ZnO NPs and bulk ZnSO4), foliar application was an increase of grain yield in rice (32%), sorghum (9.5%) and

4 wheat (19%) by the foliar spray of 500 ppm NFS and 1000 ppm peroxidation was found higher in bulk ZnSO4 than nano ZnO.

NFS, respectively. Grain zinc content in rice was 56 per cent higher Antagonistic interaction of phosphorous was evident in bulk ZnSO4 in 500 ppm and 10 per cent higher in wheat as compared to 1000 but not in nano ZnO. In conclusion, nano zinc oxide at a concentration ppm of bulk foliar spray. Grain zinc content was high in HS ZnO of half and still lesser is able to perform better than the full concentration

(53.6 ppm) as compared to FS ZnO (41.7 ppm) and FS ZnSO4 of bulk ZnSO4. Efficacy of nano ZnO further needs to be studied at (33.2 ppm) and cell metabolic activity was higher in HS ZnO. Lipid field level and can be used effectively as fertilizer.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Insect pest-natural enemy dynamics and associated studies on ETL and induced resistance in conventional, conservation and organic farming systems BOMMIREDDY THIRUPAM REDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. GIRADDI

The present study on insect pest-natural enemy dynamics and of pest and beneficial insects was observed on the crop depending associated studies on ETL and induced resistance in conventional, on level of pesticide usage. Low pesticide usage patterns did not conservation and organic farming systems was conducted at UAS, have any adverse effect on the pest and natural enemy diversity. Dharwad during 2016-17. Shannon’s weaver index (H) and Simpson Biochemical characters in soybean and groundnut like total sugars index (D) of general biodiversity of insects were calculated and and proline revealed significant positive relationship with incidence analyzed for above ground insect diversity. Among the three farming of defoliators but phenols was observed to have significant and systems, organic farming recorded the higher H and D diversity negative relationship. These accumulated bio-chemical constituents indices (H=0.627, D= 0.444) followed by conservation agriculture and their quantities in plant tissues impart resistance v/s pests in (H=0.575, D= 0.405) and the least was seen in conventional farming crops. The insecticide residues detected were Allethrin-3,4 (H=0.422, D=0.335). In all the crops, viz., soybean, groundnut, (Bioallethrin), Butachlor (0.005 mg/kg) in both organic and inorganic rabi sorghum and wheat, highest diversity index (both richness and samples of bhendi and cabbage. The tomato and gauva samples evenness) was observed in organic farming (H=0.857, D= 0.544) collected from inorganic and organic farmers were contaminated with (H=0.748, D= 0.507) (H=0.552, D= 0.465) and (H=0.352, only one insecticide Allethrin-3,4 (Bioallethrin). The causes of D= 0.259), respectively and least diversity index was recorded in residues in organic foods are multifold and needs to be addressed conventional farming (H= 0.633, D=0.433),(H= 0.565, D= 0.346) case by case. But the outcome of present research that organic (H= 0.317, D= 0.383) and (H=0.174, D= 0.178). Significant diversity foods do contain residues is very important. Survey, surveillance and management of mirid bug and flower bud maggot in Bt cotton JEER VINAYAKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S.

Survey, surveillance and management of mirid bug Poppiocapsidea parameters studied influenced the mirid bug and flower bud maggot to biseratense (Distant) and flower bud maggot, Dasineura gossypii Flecher an extent of 89.40 and 57.40 per cent, respectively. Thiamethoxam @ in Bt cotton were carried out at Main Agricultural Research Station 0.25 g/l was significantly superior in reducing mirid bug population and (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif damage with highest yield and economical followed by combination of 2016-17 and 2017-18. The mirid bug and flower bud maggot populations profenophos @ 2 ml/l + dichlorvos @ 0.5 ml/l, fipronil @ 1 ml/l, with their damages were highest in Haveri district followed by Dharwad chlorfenapyr @ 0.5 ml/l and profenophos @ 2 ml/l. Whereas, and Shivamogga districts. The populations of mirid bug and flower bud chlorfenapyr @ 0.5 ml/l showed significant superiority against flower maggot started from 36th MSW and 38th MSW and reached the peaks at bud maggot with highest yield and economical followed by dichlorvos 46th MSW and 45th MSW, respectively. Fragments of cytochrome @ 0.5 ml/l, combination of profenophos @ 2 ml/l + dichlorvos @ 0.5 ml/ oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial sequences of l, profenophos @ 2 ml/l, diafenthiuron @ 1 g/l and fipronil @ 1ml/l. six districts of flower bud maggots confirmed as Dasineura gossypii. Among nine spray schedules evaluated against mirid bug and flower Among the twenty genotypes screened, Soumya and Yuva 7215-2 bud maggot, the treatment with four sprays at 75, 90, 105 and 120 days were moderately tolerant whereas Kanaka MRC-7351 was highly was significantly superior and economical followed by the treatment susceptible genotype for both the pests. None of the genotypes was with three sprays skipping spray at 120 days and the treatment with tolerant to these pests. All the morpho-anatomical and biochemicals three sprays skipping spray at 90 days.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Studies on leaf crinkle disease of greengram and blackgram HEMACHANDRA HALLER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. BYADGI Leaf crinkle is an important viral disease reduces yield and quality of (26.66 and 20.00 %), by insect vector Aphis craccivora (20.00 % and seeds. Roving survey showed the highest mean PDI in Yadagir 13.33 %) and seed (19.89 % and 14.97 %) in blackgram and greengram, (45.20 % and 42.50 %) and lowest in Haveri (17.17% and 16.89 %) in respectively. EM revealed the small isometric virus particles of size 28 greengram and the highest mean PDI in Bidar (39.13% and 42.87%), - 32 nm. The recorded TIP, DEP and LIV were between 55 °C - 60 °C, lowest mean PDI recorded in Haveri (21.20 % and 19.60 %) in blackgram 1:1000 - 1:10000 and 48 - 60 hr, respectively. Raised polyclonal during 2011 and 2012, respectively. Virus was transmitted mechanically antiserum was cross adsorbed and titre of the antiserum was 1:16

5 against antigen at 1:8 dilutions. Antibody dilution of 1:5 and sample blackgram except PDI with RH 1 and aphids with Tmin and RH 1, all dilution of 1:1 were successfully standardized by DAC-ELISA and other parameters were non-significant during kharif 2011 and 2012. In further it was employed to test in different field samples. A separate both without and with border crop experiment in greengram and faint RNA band in infected samples indicated RNA natured casual blackgram, among the treatments T6 (heat therapy of seeds + seed agent. TSV, BCMV, SYMMV and Deng primers not amplified the treatment with Imidacloprid 600 FS + spray with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL crinkle disease samples. Hence, casual agent of leaf crinkle disease was at 25 DAS) was the best treatment with highest yield, BC ratio and net distinct from above. In greengram weather parameters correlated with profit. During screening some of the lines showed moderately resistant PDI and aphids non-significantly except aphids with RH 1 and in reaction to leaf crinkle virus in greengram and blackgram.

Synthesis and evaluation of chitosan and microbial extract based nanoparticles against major plant pathogens J. U. VINAY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. NARGUND Sixteen isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas, twenty isolates of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (25.33 mm) at 1250 ppm Bacillus subtilis and fifteen isolates of Trichoderma sp. were isolated followed by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (22.00 mm), from 16 different crops rhizosphere. Ten isolates of Saccharomyces Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (15.67 mm) and Ralstonia cerevisiae were isolated from different fruits surface. The superior solanacearum (15.67 mm). Pf-ZnNPs, Bs-ZnNPs and Sc-ZnNPs isolates showed maximum zinc utilization (four), siderophore completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. production (three) and iron tolerant ability (one) were selected for sp. ciceri and Sclerotium rolfsii. Th-ZnNPs showed complete nanoparticles synthesis. Zinc (ZnNPs) and iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) inhibition (100 %) of mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri at were synthesized from extract of P. fluorescens, B. subtilis, 500 ppm. Compared to ZnNPs, FeNPs showed lesser inhibition on T. harzianum, S. cerevisiae and chitosan. UV-vis spectrophotometer plant pathogens. Glasshouse evaluation of nanoparticles against analysis of ZnNPs and FeNPs showed absorbance maxima at 355- bacterial wilt of tomato revealed that, lowest wilt incidence was 365 nm and 400-425 nm, respectively. Particle Size Analyser revealed recorded in Ch-ZnNPs (16.67 %) at 1250 ppm. In case of citrus that, smaller average diameter of the particles were recorded in Pf- canker, lowest disease severity was recorded in Bs-ZnNPs ZnNPs (21.40 nm). Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning Electron (8.89 PDI) at 1250 ppm. The soaking of onion, chilli and maize seeds Microscope observations confirmed the circular to irregular in shape in nanoparticles increased the seed germination, seedling length and of ZnNPs and FeNPs with the size of 15-98 nm. Ch-ZnNPs were vigour. The nanoparticles did not show any phytotoxic symptoms found to be superior with maximum inhibition of growth of on chilli, onion, tomato and maize up to 1250 ppm. Diagnosis and management of viral diseases of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) under protected cultivation C. CHANNAKESHAVA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. PATIL

Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) is popularly Out of 16 T0 transgenic plants, only two plants were positive, while growing vegetable crop in the world. Diseases of viral nature affect seven plants out of 13 T1 transgenic plants were found to be positive production significantly. The survey conducted during rabi 2017 and for PCR and GUS activity respectively. Fourteen hybrids were 2018 in seven districts of Karnataka under protected cultivation screened against viral diseases, and none of them were resistant. revealed that highest mean incidence (27.92%) of leaf curl disease in However, six hybrids and eight hybrids were moderately susceptible Dharwad, mild mottle disease (27.61%) in Belagavi and mosaic disease to leaf curl and mosaic disease respectively. Two hybrids were (21.39%) in Chikkaballapur districts were recorded. Leaf curl moderately resistant to mild mottle disease. Results of integrated symptomatic capsicum plants were associated with chilli leaf curl viral disease management revealed that lowest leaf curl disease (22.57 and tomato leaf curl viruses confirmed by PCR amplificpaption with %), mosaic and mottling (8.15 %), least infestation of whiteflies CP genes at ~500 and ~510 bp, respectively. Mosaic, mottling and (6.45 %) and aphids (1.11%) recorded in treatment with spraying chlorotic ringspots were associated with Cucumber mosaic virus, of NSKE (0.4 %), spinosad (0.03 %) + azoxystrobin (0.05 %), Pepper mild mottle virus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Groundnut bud nimbecidine (0.5 %) + fipronil (0.1 %), nimbecidine (0.5 %) + necrosis virus amplified at ~381, ~730, ~481 and ~830 bp confirmed propargite (0.1 %), thiamethoxam (0.05 %), diafenthiuron (0.025 through RT-PCR, respectively. The transgenic capsicum (var. DMC-14) %) at 15 days interval of each spray recorded significantly higher was developed by in-planta transformation method using yield of 4.77 t/500 m2 with 3.72 benefit cost ratio, compared to Agrobacterium tumefaciens pHAB531 construct carrying ChiVMV-CP. control (2.50 t/500 m2 with 1.60 benefit cost ratio). Epidemiology, variability and management of purple blotch of onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. K. HARIPRASAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PALAKSHAPPA

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop grown mainly major onion growing districts of Karnataka revealed that, the mean for culinary purpose throughout the world. The crop suffers from maximum severity in Gadag (55.91 %) followed by Chitradurga district various biotic stresses, among them purple blotch caused by Alternaria (52.29 %) during kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19. Thirty different porri (Ellis) Cifferi. is a major threat. Hence, the present investigation Alternaria isolates showed variability with respect to cultural, was focused to study the epidemiology, variability and management morphological, pathogenic and molecular traits. On the basis of of purple blotch of onion. Intensive roving survey conducted in ten variability studies, the isolates collected from the different geographical

6 locations were identified as A. porri and A. alternata, respectively. on in vitro efficacy showed bio agents, T. viride and P. fluorescens Epidemiological studies revealed the positive correlation of purple commercial botanicals perfekt, plant extracts E. globules and A. sativum blotch with maximum temperature and rainfall. Real time and lead and fungicides viz., mancozeb, difenconazole, hexaconazole and time equations computed at weekly intervals, showed the increase in propiconazole (tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %), the severity of the disease at third date of sowing in kharif during (hexaconazole 4 % + zineb 68 %), (fluopyram 17.7 % + tebuconazole both the seasons. Study on estimation of rhizosphere colonization 17.7 %) and (carboxin 37.5 % + thiram 37.5 %) to be significantly using organics as food base revealed treatment amended with farm superior in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A. porri. Seed treatment yard manure had the highest number of colony forming units (cfu’s) with T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg, furrow application of enriched with a comparatively high vigour index of seedlings. The antagonist T. harzianum (T. harzianum 1 kg + vermicompost 100 kg) @ 250 kg/ isolated during rhizosphere population estimation at 40 and 80 days ha followed by spray of (tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %) after sowing were identified as T. harzianum, B. subtilis and @ 0.5 g/l was proved to be significantly superior in terms of reduction P. fluorescens by morphological and biochemical tests. In the study in the disease and increasing in the bulb yield.

Integrated management of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) wilt complex R. SARANYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. YASHODA R. HEGDE

Wilt complex of pomegranate is caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, propiconazole @ 0.1 %, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63%, captan Fusarium oxysporum and Meloidogyne incognita. A fixed plot survey 70 % + hexaconazole 5% @ 0.2 % were found effective against both conducted in five districts of northern Karnataka indicated that the pathogens. Among green nanoparticles, Pseudomonas fluorescens maximum wilt incidence was observed in Bagalkote district. The major based ZnNPs exhibited equally effective antifungal activity against pathogen associated with wilt was C. fimbriata alone or found in both the pathogens. Out of twelve fungal and bacterial biocontrol association with F. oxysporum, shot hole borer and root knot nematode. agents tested, T. viride (Multiplex Nisarga) and Bacillus Based on morphology and molecular characterization, the fungal amyloliquifaciens (TNAU) showed significant mycelial inhibition of pathogens were identified as C. fimbriata and F. oxysporum. Presence both the pathogens. Based on compatibility test, consortia of T. viride of squarish dorsal arch and smooth wavy striae confirmed the root (Multiplex Nisarga) + T. harzianum (LF30) + T. asperellum (SF33) knot nematode as M. incognita. Out of 69 fungal and 32 bacterial and B. vallismortis (SB3) + B. amyloliquifaciens were developed and endophytes LF30, SF33 (Fungal endophyte) and SB3 (Bacterial included in integrated management of pomegranate wilt. Among twelve endophyte) were effective against C. fimbriata and F. oxysporum. treatments under pot culture, drenching of tebuconazole and Based on morphology and molecular characterization, the effective propiconazole @ 0.1 % or consortia of T. viride (Multiplex Nisarg) + endophytes were identified as Trichoderma harzianum (LF30), T. harzianum (LF30) + T. asperellum (SF33) or B. vallismortis (SB3) Trichoderma asperellum (SF33) and Bacillus vallismortis (SB3). + B. amyloliquifaciens recorded cent per cent disease reduction over Among the fungicides evaluated, mancozeb @ 0.2 %, tebuconazole, untreated control with increased plant growth.

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Assessment of genetic purity through physical, chemical and molecular methods in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) RAKESH C. MATHAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: A. S. CHANNAVEERASWAMY

Pigeon pea is one of the vital dry land crops having significance in food AHSSR46 and AHSSR48 (Asha) were used for conducting molecular grain sustainability and nutrition. The seed testing especially genetic genetic purity tests. The correlations of field grow out test and molecular purity assumes greater importance in quality seed availability to the genetic purity by paired t-test with calculated t-value (1.66) less than farmers. The present investigation aims at developing faster methods the table value (2.26) showing no significant differences between these using chemical and molecular methods using SSR markers for ten varieties two methods. Also there is positive correlation exist between these of pigeon pea (Maruti, TS3R, GRG-811, Asha, BSMR-736, GRG-833, two methods (r = 0.77). Among the faster chemical methods, histogram GC-11-39, WRP-1, ICPL-87 and local). In molecular methods, using pixel luminance in ferrous sulphate test produces values ranging 43 SSR markers were used to distinguish ten pigeon pea varieties with from 17377 to 90616 and in peroxidase test, based on absorbance average 2.81 alleles per marker. Out of which sixteen markers were (0.252-2.372) used for genetic purity testing. Among the seedling growth polymorphic having PIC values ranging from 0.567 to 0.695. The variety response tests, in GA3 test except two varieties Asha (-2) and GC-11-39 specific markers viz., CcM0039 (GC-11-39), CcM0047 (GRG-833), (-6) all the remaining varieties can be distinguished as medium to high CcM0057 (Maruti), CcM0082 (GRG-811), CcM0093 (Bannur Local), response types. In kinetin test also except two varieties (GRG-811 CcM0095 (GC-11-39), CcM0133 (Maruti), CcM0185 (WRP-1), and Asha) and all the other varieties can be distinguished based on CcM0193 (GRG-833), CcM0248 (WRP-1), CcM0252 (ICPL-87), this test. In case of 2-4D test all the varieties were recorded as CcM0257 (ICPL-87), CcM0271 (BSMR-736), CcM0293 (TS3-R), susceptible.

7 Development of encapsulated somatic embryos and evaluation for seed quality Parameters in papaya (Carica papaya. L.) cv. ‘Arka surya’ SHIVAYOGI RYAVALAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. A. MALABASARI

Synthetic seed production is an applied technology which capitalizes and at 0.3 mg/l BAP (50.75%). MS medium containing 2, 4- D on the capacity for rapid plant multiplication via somatic (2.5 mg/l) and coconut water (100 ml/l) resulted in 42.43 per cent. embryogenesis. Synthetic seed may provide the only technology When 2, 4-D (3 mg/l) alone was used 46.89 per cent somatic embryo realistically amenable to the extensive scaie up required for the induction was observed. The concentration of 2, 4-D at 3 mg/l, showed commercial production of some clones. Synthetic seeds and somatic all the events or stages occurring in the production of somatic embryos embryos have multiple advantages over organogenesis for propagation, from callus to torpedo stage after, synchronous matured embryos including ease of handling and potential long-term storage, higher were, desiccated aIld the encapsulated seeds were produced by scale-up production. A protocol was developed for somatic encapsulating the dry somatic embryos with sodium alginate gel (3%) embryogenesis by culturing young hypocotyle explants in papaya and complexing witll calcium chloride (100 mM). Among somatic (CaIica papaya) cv. Arka Surya. Abundant embryogenic calli were embryos, whether naked or encapsulated, the encapsulated somatic induced on nwdified MS medium containing different growth hormones embryos were survived for long duration at 5°C temperatures, when like 2, 4- D (2, 4- Dichlorophenox);acetic acid), Kinetin and BAP they were compared with naked somatic embryos. The survival rate (6-Benzylaminopurine). The maximum transformation of call1\sto of synthetic seeds waS 72 per cent when they were established in pro-embryogenic masses was observed at 0.2 mg/l kinetin (50.10%) green house after hardening.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Impact of systems on farm economy in north Karnataka - An economic analysis JAGANNATH OLEKAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL India’s growth presently needs of new and effective technologies maintenance cost (viz. weeding and irrigation labour). In case of grape, particularly water utilisation technologies in the ensuring days. The total establishment cost of grape orchard under drip irrigation system water distribution to agriculture will decline to 50 per cent from the was higher at ` 7,61,826 /ha compared to ` 6,98,369 /ha under present level of 70 per cent. In this context, drip irrigation is conventional irrigation system. The maintenance cost incurred up to technology assuming as most demanded technology. To conduct study, bearing period was higher under conventional irrigation system farmers were selected in 2: 1 basis i. e., 20 drip irrigated and 10 (` 2,62,051 /ha) over drip irrigation system (` 2,37,965 /ha). Among conventional farmers from each village and thus total sample size of the different horticulture based cropping system (HBCS) the returns 240. The selected district’s physical progress was found high in per rupee of expenditure was highest in HBCS I (2.24) followed by Vijayapura (18.15 %) followed by (13.82 %) as HBCS IV (2.17), HBCS II (1.83) and HBCS III (1.83). The (HBCS I) these districts have suitable climatic conditions for the horticulture was found to be the optimum cropping system. The Net Present crops. Initial investment on installation of drip irrigation system for Value (NPV) of investment was high in grape (` 13,80,768), where as grape was found comparatively high from other horticulture cropping it was ` 3,19,472 for lime orchard. The opinion of farmers revealed system which accounts to be ` 1,58,774/ha. The drip irrigation system that administrative and financial related problems were the major had slightly increased initial investment but it had less annual concern. The study suggests to follow HBCS for its economic benefits.

AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Management of processing and marketing of milk and milk products in Karnataka and Maharashtra states - A comparative analysis ZIRMIRE JYOTI LAXMAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr.VILAS S. KULKARNI

Cooperative dairy industry is growing at rapid pace in India. Karnataka in Karnataka and milk in Maharashtra were the most stable products and Maharashtra are major milk producing states in India. Present in the product mix. While considering economics of value addition, study was undertaken for analyzing the working of dairy industry in variable cost constituted more than 85 per cent. Toned milk, curd, cooperative sector and to study the importance and management of flavored milk, pedha, paneer, SMP, Ice-cream in Maharashtra and processing and marketing of milk and milk products in the two states. buttermilk, khoa, ghee and kunda in Karnataka had received higher For the present study nine dairy processing units each from Karnataka net returns. Optimum product mix of selected dairy processing units and Maharashtra were randomly selected. Constraints in procurement, would contain toned milk, SMP, cream, butter, curds, ghee and processing and marketing of milk and milk products were identified paneer.Channel I (Processing unit- consumer) was most market with the help of randomly selected 450 respondents from various efficient than other three channels due to less involvement of sections of the selected units of both the states. The study used both intermediaries. Dairy processing units were facing major constraints primary and secondary data. Tabular and functional analyses were in procurement, processing and marketing. Implementation of bovine employed in the analysis. The results revealed that the milk production breeding programmes, advocating common purchase price of milk in Karnataka and Maharashtra grew positively with very low throughout the state, economization of processing cost, establishment instability indices. Procurement cost per litre of milk was around of bulk milk coolers in rural area, concentration of export oriented ` 28 in Karnataka and ` 31 in Maharashtra. High prices in Maharashtra product mix are the major policy implications emanating from the were due to higher transportation cost. Milk and whole milk powder study.

8 Export performance of major spices from India G. B. CHAITRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. SONNAD

Indian spices have much popularity for their taste and flavour in significant positive growth in production at national level. Export both domestic and foreign markets. The foremost aim of the present quantity and value of chilli, cumin, coriander, turmeric, ginger, study is to disclose the growth and instability under area, production, fenugreek and pepper was found significant positive growth. Vietnam yield, export volume and value of selected spices in India. was most reliable market for chilli and cumin export, Malaysia was Composition and direction of trade and projection of quantity export stable market for coriander and turmeric, Saudia Arabia, Srilanka of selected spices from India was analysed using Markov Chain. and U.S.A. were stable markets for ginger, fenugreek and pepper Revealed Comparative advantage was calculated to know the export respectively. Export projections of selected spices had shown performance of selected spices in global market. Multiple regression positive trend. Spice Board of India and other organisations were was use to find out the factors influencing export of selected spices taken up many promotional initiative for spice export. Chilli, cumin, from India. Garret’s Ranking Technique was used to identify the coriander, turmeric, ginger and pepper were enjoyed the positive problems faced by exporters in export of spices from India. The trend of comparative advantage in international market in exports. study revealed that cumin (5.40 %), coriander (3.16 %), turmeric International price, domestic price and production of chilli, cumin and (1.70 %), ginger (4.61 %), fenugreek (8.70 %) and pepper (-3.82 %) coriander were showed positive influence on export from India. In case had significant growth in area during study period (1999-00 to 2017- of turmeric, fenugreek and pepper domestic price showed negative 18). Whereas, chilli (3.64 %), cumin (9.97%), coriander (6.63 %) effect. Exporters opined that difficulty to meet international market turmeric (3.69 %), ginger (8.45 %) and fenugreek (8.88 %) had standards was the major constraint in export of spices from India.

Capital formation in agro-processing sector and its impact on Karnataka economy K. VASUDEVA NAIK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. YELEDHALLI

Karnataka was one of the most progressive and industrialized states district. These districts were revealed, major impact on the Karnataka in the country and was leading state in driving India’s economic growth. economy in terms of capital formation since districts fell under Attempt was made to analyze the trend and magnitude of capital advanced districts. The districts such as Chamarajanagara, Ramanagar formation from agro-processing industry, factors which influenced and Chikkaballapura districts which are considered under backward the capital formation, comparing the capital formation in agro- districts had a negligible share towards the capital formation of the processing sectors of advanced and backward districts, constraints economy. Constraints faced by different processing industries were faced in operation of the agro-processing industries and documentation analyzed through Garrett’s ranking. Major problem observed was of the different policies framed by the government. Regression lack of financial assistance in cereals and pulses processing units, analysis, Markov Chain and Garrett’s Score Ranking techniques were scarcity of labour for fruits and vegetables processing units and lack used to arrive at the meaningful results. The parameters which were of technical knowledge about the techniques of machinery operation considered for the study expressed positive growth rate such as the in commercial crops processing industries. Different schemes, policies total number of agro-processing units, investment in agro-processing and programmes framed for the welfare of the growth of agro- units, employment in agro-processing units, value of output, net processing industries were documented. The State Government can value added and net income of agro-processing units. Magnitude of encourage Universities in the State to commence courses in food capital formation with the same parameters considered for the study processing, packaging and product standardization in agriculture was done for Bengaluru (Urban), Belagavi and Dakshina marketing. Tamarind processing in Karnataka: A management appraisal KOMMU SHINY ISRAEL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURHTY

The present study was conducted on tamarind processing in project implementation and a profitable venture with least Karnataka: a management appraisal was selected. In Karnataka, four investment. Hence, small and marginal farmers canmake investments districts namely Bengaluru, Kolar, Tumkur and Chikkabalapura were for production with support of tamarind institutions and cooperation selected by random sampling method. In each district one processing of cooperative organizations to take up tamarind production on unit, 25 farmers, 10 traders, 10 wholesalers and 10 retailers were large scale. Then project can be financially feasible and satisfactory. selected, thus total sample was 224. The primary data was collected The price spread of tamarind was observed as high as 1,067 per through well-structured pre-tested schedulesby personal interview quintal along with producers share in consumer’s rupee was highest method and secondary data on area, production and productivity (81 %) in channel-I (Farmer-village level trader cum retailer- was collected for the period 2003-04 to 2017-18. The tamarind Processing unit) compared to all other three channels. Hence, channel- scenario in Karnataka has been consistently improved along with I needs to be recommended and adopted for increased the increased study areas and all remaining districts were recorded positive growth profits in tamarind production. Tamarind growers expressed (82 %) rates in area under tamarind. There has been a sharp increase in of major problem as price fluctuation when compared with other production and productivity while growth in area was constant and problems. Hence, government needs to initiate measures to protect significant at one per cent level during the study period. The NPY the farmers by way of giving minimum support price or taking and IRR of four processing units were found high after 15 years of measures for stabilized price.

9 Financial inclusion in Karnataka - A management perspective C. MAMATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MAHAJANASHETTI

A study was conducted on financial inclusion in Karnataka. To of Karnataka was 99.92 per cent during 2009-10 to 2016-17. The accomplish the objectives of the study, primary and secondary data growth of number of accounts under Pradhan Manthri Jan Dhan were used for the purpose. Analytical techniques used for the study Yojana in rural areas showed 39.41 percent for the state as a whole were tabular analysis, growth rate analysis, financial inclusion index, between 2014-15 and 2016-17. The growth of the number of group Chow test, Garrett’s ranking technique. The study estimated the lending units and bank loan advanced were 20.93 per cent and growth in the banking performance indicators both at district level 32.37 per cent, respectively. Further, the study analyzed the possible and Karnataka state as a whole during 2000-01 to 2016-17 was positive structural change in the business performance between pre• financial and significant. Udupi (0.629) and Kodagu (0.815) showed excellent inclusion period (1995-96 to 2004-05) and financial inclusion period performance in extent of financial inclusion among the 30 districts of (2005-06 to 2006-17) and revealed that business performance underwent the state in case of overall and agriculture specific respectively. Kolar a structural change significantly in overall and agricultural situation (0.104) and Bengaluru Urban (0.001) districts showed other extreme during financial inclusion period. Major problems experienced by with the index of financial inclusion values which reflected least beneficiaries of financial inclusion initiatives were low income, lack of performance in financial inclusion in the district among all the district interest in banking, lengthy procedure etc. These results call for of the state in case of overall and agriculture specific, respectively intensifying the efforts to achieve better performance in terms of during 2016-17. The growth forfinancial literacy centres in rural areas different dimensions of financial inclusion considered in the study.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

A critical analysis of knowledge, attitude and performance of crop insurance scheme at farmer’s level SIDDALINGAPPA K. 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. NATIKAR

The study was conducted in Belagavi, Dharwad, Haveri and both Pradhan Mantri Fasal BhimaYojana and Restructured Weather Vijayapura districts of North Kamataka during the year 2017-18. The Based Crop Insurance Scheme. All the fourteen independent variables Ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. From each district taken together explained less than 50.00 per cent of variation in 60 insured farmers were selected to form a sample of 240 by using attitude, knowledge and satisfaction level of insured farmers towards purposive sampling technique. The scale was developed and crop insurance scheme. Delay in getting the claim was the prime standardized to measure the attitude of farmers towards crop insurance constraint faced by the insured farmers with a highest Oarret Score scheme. The study revealed that, with respect to crop insurance (OS) of 73.53 and ranked as first (I), followed by inadequate scheme 37.08 per cent of the insured farmers were belonged to medium compensation (OS-61.51 and Rank-II) and officials bias in loss level of attitude followed by low (35.42%) and high (27.50%). assessment (OS-56.42 and Rank-III). Claim should be dispersed before Whereas, 44.17 per cent of farmers had low level of knowledge starting of the next season was first priority suggestion given by the (44.17%) followed by medium (37.92%) and high (17.91%). Further insured farmers with a Oarret score of 75.70 and ranked first (I), 51.67 per cent of the insured farmers had low level of satisfaction followed by creation of separate insurance cell at Block / Taluk level followed by medium (32.92%) and high (15.41%). Performance of (OS-66.40 & Rank-II) and more number of trainings need to be Haveri district was better compared to other districts with respect to organized on crop insurance scheme (OS-54.91 & Rank-III).

Generational transfer and social sustainability of agrarian farms of north Karnataka SNEHA TALAWAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. MANJUNATH

A study on generational transfer and social sustainability of agrarian division of farms was slightly more frequent in past generation farms of north Kamataka was undertaken in three districts of North (80.00 %) as compared to the present generation (78.33 %). Majority Kamataka, during 2015-16, with purposive selection of 120 farmers. of the present (71.61 %) as well as past generation (74.17%) farmers The data was collected by personal interview method. The results were succeeded the land in their mid-age. In both past and present revealed that more than half (52.50 %) of the farmers were old. generation, the average landholding size of farmers with unequal Exactly half of the farmers were small farmers, 40.00 per cent of the division was larger than those with equal division. Most of the farmers were having high farming experience. More than 90.00 per farmers had medium level social capital, empowerment, psychological cent of the families diversified their farms to livestock based activities. wellbeing and over all social sustainability. Age was having significant Majority (66.67 %) of the families who were practicing farming negative correlation with social sustainability (r= -0.326), whereas alone shifted to farming + allied activities, found away from the planning was having highly significant positive correlation with town, whereas 33.33 per cent of them have engaged in farming + social sustainability (r=0.467). Number of successors are more but allied activities + other non-agricultural activities and were found land to be succeeded was limited is the major constraint, followed near to the town. More than one third of the families, whose past by lack of agreement in succession plan among family members. generation was engaged in farming + allied activities, were now added Regarding constraints, labour problem, water/irrigation problem other non-agricultural activities were found near to the town. Equal were the major constraints.

10 An analysis of e-readiness and ICT utilization by different stakeholders of agriculture in Karnataka and Kerala A. PARVATHY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. DOLLI

The study was conducted in Karnataka and Kerala states of India was significant difference in ICT utilization among bank (MS=25.37), during the year 2016-18. The sample of the study comprised of marketing agency (MS=24.03) and input agency (MS=18.27). Kerala scientists and extension personnel (30 each) of ICAR institute, SAU, farmers (MS=18.42) had significantly higher utilization of ICT tools KVK and SDA under research and extension system, input dealers than Karnataka farmers (MS=15.76). Majority of Karnataka farmers (30), bank officials (30) and marketing agency personnel (30) under (57.78%) and Kerala farmers (60.00 %) used website and mobile for support system and farmers from Dharwad and Thrissur districts collecting information on seed management and marketing, respectively. (45 each) under client system. A scale to measure e-readiness was ICT training of SDA officials, education of marketing officials among developed and used. The study revealed that overall e-readiness of the personnel, while farmer’s education, scientific orientation, ICT ICAR institute was higher (69.10 %) followed by KVK (68.76 %), literacy and ICT accessibility had positive relationship with ICT SAU (64.89 %) and SDA (63.73 %). e-Readiness of marketing agency utilization. Lack of training was the major constraint faced in using (70.09 %) was higher followed by bank (69.54 %) and input agency ICTs by farmers of Karnataka (75.56 %) and Kerala (72.22 %). (46.62 %). Farmers of Kerala were more e-ready (68.38 %) than Study recommended to establish digital platform in each district farmers of Karnataka (62.01 %). ICT utilization was significantly with open access linking research, extension, support and client higher in ICAR institute followed by KVK, SAU and SDA with mean system to enable real time information sharing and transfer to farming scores (MS) of 26.83, 25.40, 24.03 and 20.37, respectively. There community.

An analysis of integrated farming system followed by farmers in north Karnataka D. CHANNAMALLIKARJUNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANUSUYA T. PATIL

The present study was conducted during the year 2017-18 in Belagavi, highly positive and significant relationship with perception of farmers Dharwad, Haveri and Uttar Kannada districts of north Karnataka. towards integrated farming system and adoption of recommended The Ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. In each integrated farming system practices. All other variables exhibited non- district two taluks were selected. Further, from each taluk 20 farmers significant relationship with adoption level. With regard to livelihood were selected to form a sample of 160 by using random sampling security of the farmers was found to be 51.04 per cent. Among the technique. The collected data were analysed by using appropriate components of livelihood security of the farmers, infrastructure statistical tools in order to draw meaningful conclusions. The scale security (56.92 %) and social security (50.21 %) performed was developed and standardized to measure the perception of farmers moderately, human security (48.64%) and agricultural security (48.56 towards Integrated Farming System (IFS). Perception of farmers %) of the farmers performed poorly. Majority (70.00%) of the farmers towards integrated farming system was found to be 44.38 per cent. perceived that integrated farming system is the most influencing factor As high as (43.12 %) of the farmers was found to be low adoption of for increasing the returns followed by (68.75%) of the farmers recommended integrated farming system practices. It was observed expressed suitability of soil, climate and irrigation, crop requirement that, most of the farmers were middle age, had upto high school level (66.25 %) and availability of cost of inputs (60.00 %). Some of the of education, land holding, farming experience, material possession, constraints expressed were difficulty to manage various enterprises economic motivation, risk orientation, mass media utilization, simultaneously, fluctuation in price and not getting crop insurance innovative proneness, extension contact and cosmopolitiness had amount in time.

B. HORTICULTURE

Evaluation of F1 hybrids and storage studies in guava (Psidium guajava L.) HANAMANT RAMACHANDR HOLEGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMAKRISHNA V. HEGDE

An investigation on “Evaluation of F1 hybrids and storage studies in highest lycopene and fruit yield, respectively. Minimum respiration guava (Psidium guajava L.)” was carried out in the laboratory and in rate (9.34 and 15.73 ml CO2/kg/h), maximum firmness (3.89 and the new orchard of the Department of Horticulture, College of 2.11 kg/cm2) and delayed colour development were noted in the fruits Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. dipped in wax at 10 per cent for 15 minutes (T12) at the end of 12 and Two systematically laid out experiments viz., evaluation of F1 guava 25 days of ambient and cold storage, respectively. The bio-chemical hybrids and storage studies with different edible coatings in guava cv. parameters viz., total soluble solids (12.20 and 12.61 0B), titratable Lucknow-49 under ambient and cold storage was conducted during acidity (0.38 and 0.31 %), ascorbic acid (208.58 and 186.18 mg/ 100 g), the year 2016-17 and 2017-18. The maximum fruit yield was noticed in reducing sugar (4.19 and 4.17 %), non reducing sugar (1.65 and 1.91 %), the hybrid 4/2 of cross of Lucknow-49 X Selection-3 (6.15 kg/plant), total sugar (5.90 and 6.18 %), pectin content (0.18 and 0.39 %) were whereas, in Selection-3 X Lucknow-49 cross 6/6 hybrid recorded in ambient and cold storage after 12 and 25 days, respectively (7.73 kg/plant). The maximum lycopene content was noticed in hybrid in T7 (fruits dipped in Aloe vera gel @ 10 % for 15 min). The highest 2/4 (2.89 mg/100 g) in Lucknow-49 X Selection-3 cross and hybrid organoleptic scores were recorded for overall acceptance (2.98 and 7/8 (4.89 mg/100 g) in Selection-3 X Lucknow-49. The hybrids viz., 5.20) in both ambient and cold storage after 12 and 25 days, in 2/9, 5/5, 7/8 and 6/6 were identified for dwarf, less number of seeds, sT7 (Aloe vera gel @ 10 %).

11 C. FORESTRY FOREST BIOLOGY AND TREE IMPROMENT Assessing circa situm conservation value and carbon sequestration potential of shade coffee landscapes of Kodagu, Karnataka V. MAHESWARAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. VASUDEVA

Tropical landscapes harbor diverse flora and fauna. Understanding genetic diversity indicated that Dalbergia latifolia population in coffee patterns of tree species diversity, genetic diversity and biomass plantations of bioclimatic zone-1 harbor higher levels of genetic diversity distribution is essential for assessing conservation value. A study was (1.6842 observed number of allels and 1.441 effective number of allels, undertaken to assess the circa situm conservation value and carbon respectively). Genetic diversity in Acrocarpus fraxinifolius population sequestration potential of landscape elements such as natural forests, of sacred groves and coffee plantations population in bioclimatic zone- sacred groves and coffee plantations across three bioclimatic zones of 2 recorded higher genetic diversity (0.3779 and 0.5601) and Ficus Kodagu. In natural forests and sacred groves, 20 quadrats of 20 x 20 m racemosa population in natural forests of bioclimatic zone-3 (1.8947). size and nine quadrats of 25 x 50 m size in coffee plantations were Total tree carbon accumulated was highest in bioclimatic zone-1 (238.47 randomly laid. Tree species identified and their height, DBH and Mg ha-1) and higher SOC (2.32%) was observed among the sacred individual density were measured. Non- destructive sampling was used groves at a depth of 0.00 to 0.30 m depth. Coffee plantations of for estimation of carbon sequestration. Results revealed that coffee bioclimatic zone-1 had higher total carbon density (2195.78 Mg ha-1) as plantations were equally more speciose (48, 55, 59 in zone-1, zone-2 compared to other landscape elements. Circa situm gene bank of native and zone-3, respectively) than natural forests (49, 54 and 41, species such as Dalbergia latifolia, Acrocarpus fraxinifoilus and Ficus respectively). Higher values of diversity indices as Margalef’s richness racemosa was established. Based on these results it may be concluded index, Shannon’s diversity index and species evenness found in coffee that coffee plantations are equally important as that of natural forests plantations than natural forests. Surprisingly, coffee plantations of for circa situm conservation, carbon sequestration potential and zone-2 had higher CCV than of the natural forests (89.00). The level of harboring higher genetic diversity.

SILVICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY Influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on productivity of bird’s eye chilli (Capsicum frutescens. L) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) under agroforestry system SIDDAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PATIL

A field experiment was carried out during period 2017 to 2019 to practice. Maximum growth, yield and capsaicin content (3.69 % and know the influence of organic manures and biofertilizers on 3.99 % for 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) and oleoresin content productivity of bird’s eye chilli (Capsicum frutescens. L.) and rubber (17.54 % and 18.38 % for 2017-18 and 2018-19, respectively) were (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) under agroforestry system. Results recorded by combined application of FYM + Azotobacter + PSB to of the study indicated that application of NPK as inorganic practice bird’s eye chilli. This was followed by application of FYM + PSB to on rubber and different nutrient management on bird’s eye chilli also bird’s eye chilli in most of fruit traits and lower performance was affected the growth attributes of rubber. The results indicated highest noticed under control. Most of the soil physico-chemical properties carbon sequestration potential in both one year and two year old were benefitted and were significantly differing among age levels, rubber plantation applied with FYM as organic practice. Among both practices on rubber and nutrient management on bird’s eye chilli. age levels of rubber studied, two year old rubber plantation had Interaction between the age levels and practice, age levels and nutrient maximum values for most of the growth and yield attributes of bird’s management, practice and nutrient management were on par with eye chilli as compared to one year old plantation. Application of each other for most of growth and fruit characters studied. None of FYM as organic source to rubber significantly influenced growth, the interaction between age levels, practice and nutrient management yield and quality parameters of bird’s eye chilli, while least growth differed significantly for the parameters studied and soil physico- performance was under rubber plantation applied with inorganic chemical properties. Biodiversity and carbon sequestration in forest•agroforest mosaics of the Western Ghats: Implications for redd+ BALIRAM G. NAYAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJU L. CHAVAN

Western Ghats landscapes in peninsular India are the unique mosaics of forest, 32 species in moist deciduous forest and 23 species in dry natural forests and human-modified production landscapes such as deciduous forest were recorded. Small holder coffee farms with >70 per coffee agroforests. The present study was carried out in forest- cent shade cover recorded higher tree species richness and diversity in agroforest mosaics of Kodagu district to understand the relationship all the vegetation types. However, the total carbon stock was recorded between floristic diversity and carbon storage to optimize carbon higher in large holdings with >70 per cent shade cover. Aboveground management, while safeguarding the biodiversity using random sampling biomass in coffee agroforests held on an average 30 per cent of the total technique for field data collection and 150 sample plots of 40 x 40 m carbon stocks, with the belowground biomass and soil components were laid, in three bioclimatic zones. A total of 50 species in evergreen each contributing 7 and 63 per cent, respectively. In natural forests, in

12 contrast, soil component held on an average of 67 per cent of the total mitigation. The most important outcome of this study is that carbon carbon stocks followed by aboveground vegetation and belowground storage of biologically rich coffee agroforests was about 80 per cent of biomass. This study also showed positive relationship between species that of adjoining forests of this region, suggesting that 1.2 ha of optimally richness and total carbon stocks, stronger in adjoining forests compared managed agroforests could contribute to the carbon stocks as much as to coffee agroforests leading to the starting point to understand the 1 ha of natural forests. There is need for incentive mechanisms to complex relationships to achieve the twin objectives of biodiversity promote native tree populations which secure livelihood, conserve conservation and carbon stock enhancement for climate change biodiversity and enhance carbon storage.

D. HOME SCIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES Quality of life of elderly of urban and rural northern Karnataka and upper Assam: Correlates and intervention ANURADHA MAHAPATRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI The quality of life of elderly and its correlates studied on 480 samples brought about a variation of 27.3 per cent among rural, 31 per cent from rural and urban areas of Dharwad and Gadag taluk of Northern among urban of northern Karnataka while, in case of upper Assam, it Karnataka and Dibrugarh and Sibsagar taluk of Upper Assam revealed was 27.1 per cent among rural and only 9 per cent in urban elderly. A that elderly with higher quality of life were those who showed high Quan-qual mixed research method was employed. Correlates of quality functioning, medium risk of falling, without cognitive impairment, of life such as living arrangements, functional status, health personality, normal nutritional status and satisfied marital relations. Majority of social support, marital satisfaction were measured using widely the young old (60-74 years) and older groups (75-110 years) from acceptable standard tools. All the participants were interviewed both the regions belonged to multigenerational living arrangements. personally in household settings. An educational intervention with Young old were significantly higher in functional status, nutritional eight weekly sessions was provided by resource persons to 27 elderly status, normal better quality of life and without cognitive impairment of one village in Dharwad taluk, who were low in quality of life. in both the regions, whereas, older groups scored higher in risk of Intervention proved to be highly beneficial for the elderly in enhancing falling, personality factors (agreeableness), marital satisfaction in both psychological wellbeing, daily activities, overcoming fear of falling, the regions. The effect of all socio-demographic factors and correlates food habits and exercises, social relationships and sleep quality. Menopause: Problems, well-being, marital satisfaction and intervention DEEPA KANNUR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA

Menopause is transition period in the life of women. There was problems whereas hysterectomy women suffered significantly high 44.00 per cent of menopause among middle aged women of Dharwad level of somatic as well as urogenital problems. Half (50.00 %) of the and Bagalkote districts. With high prevalence of menopausal women, respondents belonged to overweight category. More than half (55.00 %) 480 working and non-working women were randomly selected and of the respondents from both areas did not follow coping methods to correlation and differential design were used. Household survey reduce menopausal problems. Working women had significantly high pointed out that there was 23 per cent of hysterectomy cases in level of general stress as well as sexual distress. Age at menopause urban area of Bagalkote district, hence 88 women underwent was negatively significantly related and positively associated with hysterectomy were selected randomly for in-depth study. Menopausal menopausal problems, well-being, stress and marital satisfaction. An women of both the districts were assessed by using standard scales educational package was developed to promote well-being and also to for studying their menopausal problems, well-being status, marital overcome menopausal problems of women the efficacy of the package satisfaction, stress, socio-economic status and sexual distress. Results was tested on 120 women were comprised of intervention group highlighted that, 2/3rd of respondents experienced joint and muscular (n=80) and control group (n=40). Post intervention results indicated discomfort, 37-50 per cent of them had hot flushes and 40-60 per improvement in well-being score (6.52 to 54.34 %) and decrease in cent of them were found to be suffered from irritability and mental stress score (50.00 to 10.00 %) but no such changes were observed exhaustion. Rural working and urban non-working women reported among control group. The intervention programme proved to be significantly severe level of menopausal problems than non-working effective in improving the well-being status and coping strategies to women. Natural menopausal women experienced more of somatic reduce effect of menopausal problems among women.

Identity development, emotional intelligence and academic achievement of adolescents: Correlates and intervention MANEESHA BHATT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR The present study was conducted in University of Agricultural Total sample comprised of 592PUC students out of that which 310 Sciences, Dharwad during the year 2016-2019 with an objective to urban and 282 rural students randomly selected from science coaching assessand know the influence of selected factors on identity institutes of Dharwad (Karnataka) and Tanakpur (Uttarakhand). development, emotional intelligence and academic achievement of Differential and correlational research design were employed for adolescents, development of intervention package on identity quantitative study and qualitative study included case summary development and an impact assessment of intervention program. method. Quasi-experimental interrupted time series design was used

13 for intervention programme. Tools used for the study were socio- factors, personality and self-concept had major influence on identity economic status scale, dimensions of identity development scale, development, emotional intelligence and academic achievement of PUC Bar-On Emotional Quotient inventory, Big Five Personality Factors students of both the places. PUC-II students in the age group of 18 Inventory and Adolescents self-concept scale. Results of the study yearswere in higher level of identity development, emotional revealed that Dharwad PUC students from rural area were in lower intelligence and academic achievement than 16 years and 17 years old level of identity development while, students from both urban and students. There was significant difference found between identity rural area of Tanakpur had higher level of identity development. PUC development of PUC students before and after the intervention students from urban areas of Dharwad and Tanakpur had higher levelof program. Thus, the intervention programme was found to be effective emotional intelligence and academic achievement. Among all the in reducing the identity crisis of rural PUC students from Dharwad.

14 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Evaluation of advanced selections and genetic studies on oil content in safflower (Carthumus tinctorious L.) MANJUNATH HUGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA S. MARALAPPANAVAR

The variability for productivity traits and oil content was studied in high genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded for number of

49 safflower stabilized lines, 3 F2 populations and 50 F3 genotypes. capitulum per plant, test weight, volume weight, seed yield per plant

Genetics of oil content was studied using six generation mean analysis and number of seeds per capitulum in all the three crosses. In F3 of the cross Baccum-92 (37 %) × A-1 (27 %) in rabi season of 2017-18 genotypes, high broad sense heritability accompanied with high genetic at Agricultural Research Station, Annigeri. In stabilized lines moderate advance as per cent mean was recorded for number of capitulum per heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance was plant, number of seeds per capitulum, test weight, hull content and observed for seed yield, oil yield, number of seeds per capitulum, test seed yield per plant. High heritability with high GAM indicated that weight and plant height. The oil yield had significant positive these characters are controlled by genes with cumulative effect and correlation with seed yield and non significant negative correlation hence there is a scope for improvement of these traits in future breeding with oil content. The six generation mean analysis revealed that both programme. The entries, ASS-17-4 (among stabilized lines) and ASF3- additive and dominance component along with epistatic interactions 17-23 (among F3 lines) had 29.57 and 34.28 per cent oil content, of additive × additive and dominance × dominance with duplicate respectively. Segregant No. 73 with 43.52 per cent oil content in F2 of gene interaction determined the inheritance of oil content. Among F2 the cross Baccum-92 (High oil) × A-1 had the highest oil content generations studied, high broad sense heritability accompanied with among all the genotypes studied.

Genetic studies on heat tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) AKSHAY MATHAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. D. SOREGAON

Chickpea is the most important rabi season food legume with MAGIC 53, MAGIC 62, MAGIC 65, DIBG 207 and DIBG 208 indeterminate growth habit. The productivity of the crop is recorded lower CSI, MSI and higher HSI values indicating their heat constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses among which dry sensitivity. Based on assessment of physiological and yield root rot (DRR) and heat stress are important respectively in the parameters, five each heat tolerant and sensitive genotypes were region. The present study aimed at identification of resistant/tolerant selected for metabolite profiling. Proline, α - aminobutyric acid, sources to these stresses. Sixty chickpea genotypes comprising of oxalic acid accumulated more in sensitive genotypes while, benzoic MAGIC and advanced breeding lines with five checks were screened acid, oxa acetic acid accumulated more in tolerant genotypes. These for heat stress in field during normal rabi 2017 and summer 2018 in metabolites can be directly used as quick biomarker for heat stress. alpha design with two replications. Optimum irrigation was provided The experimental material was also screened for DRR in sick pots in order to avoid the effect of drought. Analysis of variance indicated in RCBD design during rabi 2018. None of the genotypes had existence of significant variability among the genotypes. Genotypes resistance comparable with DRR resistant check ICC 14395. MAGIC viz., MAGIC 21, MAGIC 42, MAGIC 75, JG16×ICCV96836 and 42 was found to be heat tolerant as well as moderately resistant to ICCV 88202 recorded higher Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI), DRR. Other genotypes viz., MAGIC 43, MAGIC 50, MAGIC 62, Membrane Stability Index (MSI) and lower Heat Susceptibiity Index DIBG 205, JG14 X ICCV7323, ICCMABCA-12, and ICCV 96030 (HSI) values indicating their heat tolerance whereas the genotypes found moderately resistant to DRR.

Assessment of hybrid combinations developed between genetically diverse populations of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) NARAYANA BHAT DEVATE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. SRIDEVI

The present investigation was carried out by crossing 8 lines with 8 to lines. Similar pattern was also observed by SSR marker analysis. testers in line × tester design, the resultant 64 hybrids along with However molecular diversity by RAPD analysis led to distribution parents were evaluated for heterosis and combining ability at the of lines and tester in different clusters indicating more diversity. Botany Garden, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College This may be due to the coverage of entire genome by RAPD markers of Agriculture, Dharwad during Rabi, 2018-19. Sixteen tomato compared to SSRs. The combining ability analysis revealed presence breeding lines used for L×T analysis were subjected to diversity of higher magnitude of SCA than GCA variance for all the characters analysis. D2 analysis resulted in the formation of five clusters where except for polar length of the fruit indicating predominance of non- cluster-II and V were highly diverse. All the testers derived from additive gene action. Among the parents, L7, L1, T8, T4, L2, T5 and TSH-6 were grouped into single cluster, while lines were grouped to L5 were having high GCA for fruit yield per plant, among the crosses, different clusters indicating similarity among testers as compared DTH-1849, DTH-1812, DTH-1838, DTH-1801 and DTH-1835

15 showed highly significant positive sca effects. Pooled gca score over TSH-6 (Sankranti). The hybrids DTH-1808 (83.42 %), DTH- method revealed that lines L7 and L1 and testers T8, and T4 were 1856 (74.99 %), DTH-1849 (74.34 %), DTH-1804 (68.27 %) and good combiners for yield and yield related traits. For fruit yield per DTH-1852 (49.66 %) exhibited superiority over commercial check plot, 25 crosses exhibited positive heterosis of which 17 crosses (AS-95), for fruit yield per plot indicating practical utility of were significantly superior over SBMC TSH-2 (Nirupama) and 25 improvement through combining ability.

Genetic studies involving maldandiand milo source of male sterility in rabi sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] N. SANDEEP 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR A study was conducted to (i) identify maintainers and restorers on ratio indicating that single dominant gene control fertility restoration. maldandi (M 31-2A) and milo (104A) source of male sterility, (ii) A total of 50 hybrids were derived by line × tester design using two investigate the extent of heterosis and combining ability in crosses male sterile lines viz., M 31-2A and 104A, as testers and were assessed involving maldandi and milo cytoplasm, (iii) to know inheritance of for heterosis and combining ability. Among 50 crosses 13 exhibited fertility restoration on maldandi cytoplasm and (iv) estimate nature significant standard heterosis for yield over popular variety M 35-1 and magnitude of genetic variability among maintainers on these two (check). The crosses M 31-2A × IS 32439 and M 31-2A × IS 11619 source of male sterility. The study was carried out during rabi 2018 recorded maximum heterosis for grain yield per plant. The genotypes at the Botany Garden, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. IS 31651and IS 995 were found to be good general combiners for earliness Of the 25 genotypes studied for fertility restoration six were classified as well as yield per plant. In the variability study among maintainers, as strong restorers (R-lines) with greater than 90 per cent seed set and high heritability coupled with higher genetic advance was observed for one genotype as maintainer (B-line) with zero seed set on milo all the traits studied except for days to maturity. Simple selection cytoplasm. On maldandi cytoplasm two genotypes were identified would be adequate to bring significant genetic improvement for these as strong restorers and 14 genotypes as maintainers. Inheritance of traits in desired direction. Among the maintainers IS 19445 and IS fertility restoration for the cross M 31-2A × IS 29269 showed 3:1 14010 were superior for grain yield per plant

Genetic variability and diversity analysis for yield and yield related traits in ricebean (Vigna umbellata) SACHIN KANTHU DHARWAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. C. WALI

The present investigation entitled “Genetic variability and diversity per pod, seed yield per plot and seed yield per plant suggested analysis for yield and yield related traits in ricebean (Vigna these traits they can be improved through direct selection. Seed umbellata)” was conducted at the Botany garden Department of yield per plot recorded highly significant and positive correlation Genetics and Plant Breeding during kharif 2018. The experiment with all the characters except for days to 50 per cent flowering was laid out in an augmented design with six blocks consistinga of which was non-significant and negatively correlated. Among different one hundred fifty genotypes of ricebean obtained from NBPGR. characters under study, direct and positive effect was contributed Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant variation for all by the traits viz., days to maturity, number of clusters per plant, the traits indicating greater variability in the existing material. Very plant height, seed yield per plant, length of pod and number of pods high estimates of PCV and GCV were found for seed yield per per cluster. Study of genetic divergence revealed a high inter cluster plant, seed yield per plot number of clusters per plant and the distance between clusters VIII and IX. Characters like seed yield number of branches. High heritability coupled with high genetic per plot, Plant height and number of clusters per plant contributed advance as percentage of mean was observed for plant height, number maximum towards genetic divergence. These traits can be used for of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of seeds improving of yield in ricebean crop improvement programmes.

Genetic variability studies for grain Fe and Zn content and productivity related traits in selected advanced progenies of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) B. SUSHMITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI

A study for genetic enhancement of productivity and grain micronutrient Correlation study revealed that grain yield per plant and grain content during 2017-18 and 2018-19 was carried out at All India micronutrient contents were negatively correlated, whereas correlation Coordinated Improvement Project, MARS, UAS, Dharwad involving between grain Fe and grain Zn was positive indicating scope for 44 and 32 selected advanced breeding lines. The progenies were simultaneous improvement of the grain yield per plant and micronutrient generated by crossing two popular varieties SPV 2217 and M 35-1 content. Out of 44 progenies, 32 were selected based on grain yield per with the donor parents for grain Fe (ICSR 196) and grain Zn (ICSB 10). plant and grain micronutrient which were evaluated in second season. The ANOVA showed significant variation for leaf SPAD value, number The lines KDSL 8, KDSL 19, KDSL 20 and KDSL 37 were promising of leaves, number of nodes, leaf length, leaf breadth, ear head length, ear in both the seasons for grain yield per plant and grain micronutrient head breadth, plant height, grain yield per plant, grain yield per plot, content. Among parents, SPV 2217 was superior for productivity hundred seed weight, fodder yield per plant, fodder yield per plot, related traits. The donor parents for grain micronutrient content, ICSR grain Fe and grain Zn content. High estimates of PCV, GCV, h2 and 196 and ICSB 10 recorded appreciable amount of grain micronutrient GAM were recorded for grain yield per plant, grain Fe and grain Zn content. The identified lines can be used for further breeding programme content during 2017-18 and grain yield per plant, fodder yield per and made available to the farmers for large scale cultivation to alleviate plant, fodder yield per plot and grain Zn content during 2018-19. micronutrient deficiency among rural population.

16 Genetic studies on productivity traits and biotic stress tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.) under rainfed ecosystem H. BASAVARAJESHWARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MRUTHUNJAYA C. WALI

An investigation was undertaken to assess the combining ability, (NBPGR-14 × CI-4) were superior with high magnitude of per se nature of gene action, heterosis, correlation and path coefficient performance along with significant positive sca effects. These hybrids analysis with respect to grain yield and its component traits in 48 were found promising for the grain yield under rainfed ecosystem. single cross hybrids of maize generated by crossing 16 lines and Correlation study confirmed that grain yield had significant positive three testers in line x tester fashion in rabi 2017-18. These hybrids correlation with all the characters under study. Days to 50 per cent and parents were evaluated against three popular checks during silking, plant height, cob length, cob girth, number of kernels per row kharif 2018 under rainfed ecosystem. The SCA variance was higher and shelling percentage had positive direct effect on grain yield. These than GCA variance indicating the predominance of non-additive traits can be considered during the selection process in maize breeding. gene action for most of the yield attributing traits except days to Field screenig of parental lines and hybrids against the turcicum leaf 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, days to 75 per cent blight disease revealed that the parents; CI-4 was resistant, brown husk maturity and cob girth. Combining ability studies NBPGR-9 and the hybrids; GPBMH-1819, GPBMH-1820, revealed that the lines viz., NBPGR-1, NBPGR-9, NBPGR-13 and GPBMH-1821, GPBMH-1824 and GPBMH-1839 were moderately among the testers CI-4 was the best general combiners with better resistant for the disease. Development of turcicum leaf blight resistant performance for most of the yield contributing traits. Among the hybrids; single cross hybrids would ultimately increases the productivity of GPBMH - 1820 (NBPGR-9 × KDMI-16) and GPBMH-1836 the crop by reducing the cost of cultivation.

Genetic investigation on quantitative and quality traits in advanced breeding lines of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) HUKUMCHAND 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. PARAMESHWARAPPA

Ninety six advanced breeding lines of sesame were evaluated in RCBD seed yield per plant except days to maturity and days to 50 per cent with two replications during kharif 2018 at AICRP on Sesame and flowering. Path coefficient analysis revealed number of capsules per Niger, Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad to determine plant, plant height and height to first capsule exhibited high direct the nature and magnitude of variability, character association and genetic effect with seed yield per plant signifying their importance in selection. diversity, knowledge of which is helpful in selecting the parents for Using Mahalanobis D2 statistic, ninety six genotypes were grouped hybridization programme. Analysis of variance revealed the prevalence into 15 clusters and highest diversity was observed between clusters of highly significant differences among the genotypes for all quantitative VII and XI. The geographic diversity of genotypes did not match with and quality characters. Phenotypic coefficient of variation and genetic diversity. The traits such as seed yield per plant, 1000 seed Genotypic coefficient of variation estimates were high for traits such weight, number of capsules per plant, height to first capsule, capsule as number of capsules per plant, seed yield per plant and number of length and plant height were the major contributors towards divergence. branches per plant. Heritability in broad sense and genetic advance per From the present study, the lines such as DS-187, DS-192, DS-158 and cent over mean were high for height to first capsule, number of branches DS-193 were identified for high yield and its contributing traits, these per plant, number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. All the can be further considered for initiating hybridization programme for yield component traits exhibited positively significant association with genetic improvement of sesame.

Evaluation of advanced breeding lines and recombinant inbred lines for iron chlorosis, disease resistance and productivity traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) K. P. SOWRABHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. MOTAGI

The present study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, ICGV-16243, ICGV-16237, ICGV- 03043, DBG-A and DBG-2 were Vijayapur during kharif 2017 and 2018 seasons in two sets. Set-I found to be iron absorption efficient lines. In Set-II out of 73 drought contains 27 elite genotypes from different sources viz., UAS Dharwad, tolerant material evaluated, 19 entries recorded significantly higher pod BARC Mumbai, ICRISAT Hyderabad and Set-II contains 73 ICRISAT yield and 10 entries were found to be resistant to LLS and six for rust drought tolerant materials and they were evaluated for their reaction to disease. DM-173, DM-180, DM-169 and DM-175 were found to be iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC), late leaf spot (LLS) and rust diseases. iron absorption efficient lines. DM-2, DM-52 and DM-88 were multiple A set of 329 recombinant inbred lines from the cross, TMV-2 × TMV- stress resistance (IDC, LLS and Rust) lines along with desirable 2 NLM were evaluated during kharif 2018 to identify the potential agronomic traits. In case of RILs 12 lines recorded significantly higher resistant sources for IDC, LLS and rust diseases. In Set-I genotypes pod yield, 61 lines were found to be resistant to LLS, 41 for rust and 10 TG-86, TG-51, DBG-A, ICCV-16246, ICCV-07220 and ICCV-05155 lines were found to be iron absorption efficient lines. The RILs of recorded significantly higher pod yield and seven genotypes were found TMV-2 × TMV-2 NLM differ for morpho-physiological traits, reaction to be resistant to both late leaf spot and rust diseases with field disease to LLS, rust and IDC. Hence these RILs can serve as potential source score less than 4, while genotypes viz., ICGV-05155, ICGV-07222, for resistance and molecular mapping of these traits in groundnut.

17 Heterosis and combining ability studies in maize (Zea mays L.) in northern dry tract of Karnataka MEGHASHRI S. PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. MOTAGI

The line × tester analysis was carried out to evaluate the standard by GHVJP-12 (GPM-119 × CML-111). Among parents, the lines heterosis and combining ability for two sets of maize hybrids involving GPM-26 and GPM-686 were found to be good general combiners for 30 hybrids (15 lines and two testers) in set-01 and 39 hybrids (thirteen yield traits. In set-02, the hybrid AH-4323 (PML-116 × PML-93) lines and three testers) in set-02 with five checks namely Bio 9544, showed significant positive standard heterosis (70.13%) for grain NK-6240 (National checks), CMH08-282 (Zonal check), GPMH- yield against Bio-9544 followed by AH-4309 (PML-115 × PML- 1101 and BRMH-1 (Local checks) under rainfed conditions during 46). Among parents, the lines PML-109, PML-110, PML-111, PML- kharif 2018 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. 114, PML-116 and the tester PML-102 were found to be good general A set of 28 elite public bred hybrids (set-03) were also evaluated combiners for yield traits. The hybrid GHVJP-24 in set-01 and AH- along with three checks namely NK-6240 (National check), GPMH- 4323 in set-02 were found to show significant sca effect in positive 1101 (Local check) and 900M (Private check) for drought tolerance, direction for yield. For all the traits studied it was found that non disease (Turcicum and Maydis leaf blight) resistance and productivity additive gene action was predominant thus suitable for hybrid traits under rainfed situation during kharif 2018 to know their production. In set-03, the hybrids AH-4158, AH-1634, AH-4274, performance in the dry tract of Northern Karnataka. In set-01, the AH-4142, AH-4271 and AH- 4272 were found to be better performing, hybrid GHVJP-24 (GPM-686 × CM-111) showed significant positive moderately drought tolerant, resistant to Maydis and Turcicum leaf standard heterosis (35.63 %) for grain yield against NK-6240 followed blight.

Genetic variability and diversity studies in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) PREETI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR

Present study was conducted during kharif 2018 to estimate genetic diversity followed by number of locules per fruit, pericarp thickness variability, genetic diversity, correlation, and path coefficient analysis and number of fruits per plant. These traits can be given more for fruit yield and its related traits among 50 tomato germplasm in importance to bring about desirable changes in tomato crop. The a randomized complete block design with three replication. number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number Considerable genetic variation was noticed for all the 12 traits revealed of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, polar by analysis of variance, components of genetic variance such as length, equatorial length and pericarp thickness were positively and PCV and GVC, h2 and GAM. However, the two trais viz., number highly associated with fruit yield per plant. Path analysis revealed of clusters per plant and fruits yield per plant recorded high values that fruit weight exhibited highest positive direct effect on fruit for all the genetic parameters indicating utmost importance may yield followed by number of fruits per plant, equatorial length, have to be laid on these two traits in the selection process for yield number of fruits per cluster and number of primary branches per improvement. Genetic diversity study indicated that inter cluster plant. Plant height, number of clusters per plant, polar length, number distance was maximum between cluster III and VIII. Hence, it was of locules per fruit and pericarp thickness had exhibited significant suggested that cross combinations involving genotypes belong to negative direct effect on fruit yield per plant in the present study. these may be used clusters as parents in future hybridization Hence, selection based on these traits would ultimately improve the programme. Fruit yield per plant contributed maximum towards fruit yield

Evaluation of stay green sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) lines and their hybrids for yield under drought conditions HARSHAVARDAN J. HILLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHOBHA U. IMMADI

The experimental material for the present study comprised of 28 were further evaluated in kharif 2018. Among 140 hybrids developed, inbred lines (including 2 checks) which were developed by mutation only hybrids developed by using eight superior identified lines breeding from AICRP on oilseeds, MARS, UAS, Dharwad, and on (5 lines × 8 testers = 40 hybrids) were further analysed for heterosis the basis of SPAD reading and stay green nature, they were and combining ability studies for 10 different traits along with four considered as drought tolerant lines. These lines were used for the checks 6D-1, 95C-1, KBSH-53 and cauvery champ. From the studies present experiment and were evaluated under both normal and it is clear that the hybrids exhibited superior standard heterosis moisture stress condition in out shelter to study their root over the checks (KBSH-53 and Cauvery Champ). Most of the hybrid characteristics and the lines that performed well were categorised as combinations shown significant negative heterosis for flowering stay green lines with drought tolerant nature viz., DSR-13, DSR-19, indicating earliness, and also all the combinations showed a positive DSR-23, DSR-24, DSR-37, DSR-66, DSR-107 and DSR-132 heterosis for plant height indicating tallness dominant over dwarf exhibited least reduction in their yield under moisture stress checks. The combinations CMS 7-1-1 A × DSR-37, CMS-853A × condition. Simultaneously hybridisation programme was also DSR-19, CMS-853A × DSR-23 and CMS 7-1-1 A × DSR-37 initiated during summer 2018 using these 28 inbred lines as testers exhibited significant maximum heterosis for seed yield (kg ha-1) over (males) and 5 CMS lines as female lines in Line × Tester fashion. the checks KBSH-53 and Cauvery Champ showing maximum seed

Totally 140 hybrids were developed. All the F1hybrid combinations yield per hectare.

18 Genetics of earliness and its relevance for stay greenness in rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) SANIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. MOTAGI

Genetics of earliness and stay green was studied in four generations in all the six crosses. SPAD at flowering and grain filling stages showed low to moderate estimates of PCV and GCV values with moderate to (P1, P2, F1 and F2) of six crosses using popular rabi sorghum varieties M 35-1 and CSV 29R as ovule parent with desirable donor parents high estimate of heritability in all the six crosses. Estimates of PCV, viz., SPV 2217 (stay green), Phule Anuradha (earliness) and E 36-1 GCV, heritability and GAM values were moderate to high for the (earliness and stay green) that were evaluated during rabi 2018 at traits panicle length, panicle breadth, panicle weight, grain weight, AICSIP, Vijayapur. Inheritance of earliness for crosses M 35-1 × fodder weight, hundred seed weight and number of grains per panicle Phule Anuradha and CSV 29R × Phule Anuradha showed duplicate in all the six crosses, indicating selection would be effective for these dominant type of epistasis and for crosses M 35-1 × E 36-1 and CSV traits in these crosses. Days to flowering was found significantly 29R × E 36-1 single gene with dominant nature was observed. Stay positively correlated with days to maturity in all the six crosses. green was controlled by single recessive gene in the crosses, M 35-1 × SPAD at flowering was found significantly positively correlated SPV 2217and CSV 29R × SPV 2217. High heritability for days to with SPAD at grain filling stage in all six crosses. Stay green flowering was identified along with low to moderate genetic advance score showed significant negative correlation with yield in the over mean however, low estimates of PCV and GCV were observed cross M 35-1 × SPV 2217.

Evaluation of genetic variability, transgressive segregation and association of traits in sugarcane clonal population C. DEVARAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANJAY B. PATIL

The present investigation was taken up at ARS, Sankeshwar to exhibits high GCV and PCV with low heritability. The association elucidate the variability present in pre-selected elite sugarcane clones studies revealed that the traits viz, single cane weight, number of for cane and sugar yield parameters. Further to assess the correlation millable canes and cane height were positively associated with cane and their direct and indirect effects of different traits on cane and yield and showed significantly higher direct effect on cane yield. The sugar yield. Selection response and correlation response was also quality traits viz., sucrose per cent and brix yield showed positive determined to know the response of genotypes for selection association with the cane yield and had a significant strong positive subsequently efforts were also made to identify most promising association among themselves which revealed a strong indirect effect genotypes. Important yield contributing traits viz., number of millable on improvement of CCS yield. Selection response studies showed canes (NMC) and single cane weight exhibited high genotypic that there is improvement in the genetic gain among the progenies. coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation Correlation response study revealed that NMC showed positive (PCV) and also high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic correlated response with cane yield, it revealed that we can go for advance as per cent mean. Whereas, the important quality characters indirect selection of cane yield through NMC. Sixty-one genotypes viz., brix per cent and sucrose per cent exhibited moderate GCV and were identified based on the significant superiority over best standard PCV with high heritability and commercial cane sugar (CCS) per cent check for cane yield.

Heterosis and combining ability analysis in newly developed inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) N. PAVAN KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. SHANTHAKUMAR

In the present study 15 inbred lines were crossed with three diverse × DMIL 58 and DMIL 35 × DMIL 58 recorded highest significant testers in line × tester mating design to produce 45 single cross sca effects for grain yield. Based on per se performance, DMIL 30 hybrids. These hybrids, parents and checks were evaluated for their × DMIL 58 followed by DMIL 17 × DMIL 58 and DMIL 35 × combining ability, heterosis, correlation among traits and disease DMIL 58 were top performing hybrids for grain yield. Among these reaction against turcicum leaf blight. Analysis of variance suggested three superior crosses, DMIL 30 × DMIL 58 and DMIL 35 × significance difference among the hybrids for all the traits studied. DMIL 58 showed resistant reaction to turcicum leaf blight disease. Estimates of genetic component of variance revealed that SCA Correlation study revealed that grain yield was significantly variance was higher than GCA variance for all the traits. Higher correlated with days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent magnitude of SCA variance indicate the predominance of non- silking, plant height, ear length, cob length, cob girth, number of additive gene action for the trait. Combining ability analysis revealed kernels per row and hundred grain weight in positive direction at that the lines DMIL 3, DMIL 30, DMIL 35 and DMIL 58 were genotypic level. Hence, DMIL 30 × DMIL 58 was identified as a identified as the best general combiner for grain yield. Among them, promising hybrids with highest grain yield, exhibiting significant DMIL 30 and DMIL 35 were found to be resistant for turcicum leaf positive heterosis over the checks and showing resistant reaction blight. Out of forty-five hybrids, DMIL 17 × DMIL 58, DMIL 30 against turcicum leaf blight disease.

19 Genetic studies on naked seeded types of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) REVANASIDDAYYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. PATIL

Present study was undertaken to study heterosis, genetic variability and 192 fuzzy: 42 partially naked: 22 naked was seen in naked x and inheritance pattern of naked seeded types of cotton. To avoid naked, partial naked x naked and fuzzy x naked seeded type crosses, the problems associated with the fuzzy types during ginning and respectively. High genetic variability was seen in F2 and F3 sowing naked seeded hybrids were developed. Thirty naked seeded populations derived from hybrids involving naked, partially naked hybrids were developed by mating six parents (4 Naked (N) and 2 and fuzzy type parents for the traits plant height, number of partially naked (PN) parents) in full diallel fashion. Among thirty sympodia per plant, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, seed hybrids, cross DHPN-2 × DHN-4 was found to be significantly cotton yield per plant, lint yield per plant and ginning outturn. High better than the commercial check DHH-236. Among parents DHN-3 heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance was and DHPN-1 were good general combiners. The combining ability observed for seed cotton yield and yield related traits. Potential study indicates the prominence of SCA variance for all the characters transgressive segregants with acceptable fiber quality were identified studied. Genetic inheritance of naked seed character was observed in the F2 population of naked seeded types. Higher selection response for seed cotton yield was observed in cross RAH315 x on the seeds of F1 and F2’s of different crosses involving naked, partially naked and fuzzy type parents. This trait exhibited dose SP46CC. This study confirms the possibility of developing naked dependant expression with one basic gene for fuzziness. Segregation seeded hybrids and potential transgressive segregants in the ratio of 11 naked: 5 partially naked, 42 partially naked: 22 naked segregating populations of cotton.

Studies on stability for yield and yield attributes, resistant gene homologue polymorphism and diversity in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern and Coss.] M. S. MANOJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL

An experiment was conducted involving eight promising genotypes genotypes. The genotypes TM 277 and Pusa Jagannath shared of Indian mustard along with two checks Dodda Sasive and NRCHB- maximum dissimilarity with RH 1590, TM 138-1 and Dodda Saasive. 101 laid in RCBD with three replications at five locations to assess Thus, these genotypes in combination can be used to diversify the the stability of genotypes. According to Eberhart and Russel stability genetic base. Among 18 markers employed for amplification, 130 model the stable genotypes identified for seed yield were NRCHB-101 alleles were amplified across 38 genotypes of which 128 alleles were (515.79 kg ha-1) and DRMR 4005 (508.65 kg ha-1). While the genotypes polymorphic with 77 per cent as average polymorphism and eight Dodda Sasive (39.73 %) and TM 2776 (39.13 %) were stable for oil alleles per marker loci. Polymorphic Information Content was highest content. The promising genotypes viz., TM-210 (579.26 kg ha-1), for VuRS01A03R (89 %) which amplified 13 alleles per loci. The trait TM-136 (571.38 kg ha-1) and KMR(E) 16-1 (535.24 kg ha-1) were marker analysis revealed linkage of 11 amplicons of various sizes to recognised for yield per se performance. Molecular diversity analysis white rust reactions and four to powdery mildew reactions. The of 38 Indian mustard genotypes was carried out employing 18 markers VuRS02A2R and VuRS01G04R exhibited high coefficient of Resistant Gene Homologue Simple Sequence Repeats which grouped determination (R2) and found associated with white rust susceptance the genotypes into five clusters with cluster I consisted of 13 (300 bp) and powdery mildew resistance (450 bp) respectively. The genotypes, cluster II and cluster III had six genotypes each. While genotypes viz., RH 1590, KMR(E) 16-1, PRE-2013-19, PRE-2015-1 cluster IV consisted of nine genotypes and cluster V with four and NPJ-209 were resistant to both the diseases.

Genetic analysis of resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection in advanced generation of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) R. N. 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR

Groundnut, an important oilseed crop suffers huge loss in export susceptible. Among the remaining parents, ICGV 02266 recorded due to infection of kernels with Aspergillus flavus. Though, colonization severity 1.0 while, parents ICG 7633 and ICGV 02207 fungicides are recommended to control its incidence, it is neither along with resistant check J 11 had colonization severity of 2.0 and economical nor effective. In this connection, present study was were categorized as moderately resistant. Only eight lines viz., carried out during summer and rainy season at MARS, UAS, (GPBD 5 × ICGV 02266)-12,15 and 18, (GPBD 5 × ICGV 02207)-8 Dharwad to assess the genetic variability for resistance to Aspergillus and 14, (TGLPS 3 × ICGV 02266)-2, (G 2-52 × ICG 7633)-3 and 4 flavus vis-à-vis productivity parameters. Sixty eight genotypes of had low colonization severity (1.0 - 2.0) and hence can be utilized four crosses in F6 and F7 generations along with eight parents/checks as potential source in resistance breeding to A. flavus. Among the and was screened under in vitro following pin prick method of stable resistant lines, (GPBD 5 × ICGV 02266)-12, 15 and 18 were inoculation with virulent strain of A. flavus (11-4). Higher magnitude superior for most of productivity parameters in both the generations of variability coupled with higher heritability and GAM was and hence lines need to be evaluated over locations and years for observed for A. flavus colonization and incidence in both F6 and F7 confirming their consistent performance. Correlation studies revealed indicating predominance of additive gene action governing these traits. negative association of A. flavus colonization severity with shelling Among the parents, GPBD 5, TGLPS 3, G 2-52 along with percentage and sound mature kernel indicating the need for breaking susceptible check TMV 2 had colonization severity of 4.0 and were this negative linkage.

20 Genetic variability studies for yield and yield components in segregating populations of green gram [Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek] L. S. ABHISHEKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA C. MOGALI

In the present investigation, 110 (F6) and 133 (F2M4) advanced 7BRD-12, 8BRD-20, E-19,PM-5, 3MBRD-43, 2MBRD-40, breeding lines of green gram were used to assess genetic variability for 3MBRD-54, 4MBRD-63, 4MBRD-76, 5MBRD-98, 3MBRD-56, yield and tolerance to Mungbean Yellow vein Mosaic Virus (MYMV) 3MBRD-58, 4MBRD-77, 6MBRD-114 recorded resistant and through genetic recombination followed by mutation in F2M4and F6 5BRD-14,7BRD-13,6MBRD-118 recorded moderately resistance generations during summer-2019 and evaluation for reaction to bruchid reaction to MYMV with less than 10 per cent PDI value under natural (Callosobruchusmaculatus) was done on F generation during kharif- 5 field condition. The bulk F5 seeds derived from the advanced breeding 2018 at MARS, UAS, Dharwad. All the breeding lines showed lines 5BRD-1 to 19 having pedigree V-02-802 X DGGV-2 revealed significant variation for yield and yield influencing characters. The 11 tolerance reaction to bruchids in both free choice and force choice test characters recorded high PCV than GCV, indicating the presence of method under laboratory condition with low susceptible index environmental variation on the characters. On assessment of genetic (0.0497) and high mean developmental period (27.23 days). Amongst variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield the resistant lines, the morphological traits such as shiny seed coat component traits, the characters viz., number of pods per plant, and smaller seed size were associated with bruchid resistance. However hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant documented high genetic determining the biochemical parameters such as protein, sugars, variability and high significant positive correlation complemented phenol, oil content and trypsin inhibitor activity would precisely with high direct positive effect on yield. Amongst the breeding lines determine the resistance and further research is required to study the evaluated,2BRD-2, 3BRD-18, 3BRD-9, 4BRD-1, 6BRD-9, 7BRD-7, effect of these parameters on the resistance mechanism.

Genetic studies of heat tolerance in bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] T. R. RAKESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RUDRA NAIK

The present investigation was conducted in order to investigate the were found tolerant to heat stress. Based on heat tolerance index 11 variability in F3 progenies of bread wheat and to study the correlation families of the cross HD2864 x HI977, 20 families of the cross HD2864 among yield and yield attributing traits under heat stress condition. x DBW14 and 3 families of the cross HI977 x DBWI4 were found

F3 progenies of the crosses HD2864 x HI977, HD2864 x DBW14 and tolerant. Phenotypic correlation studies among yield and yield

HI977 x DBW14 were evaluated under normal and heat stress condition attributing traits in F3 progenies of bread wheat reported that yield in experimental sites of All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement had negative association with days to 50 per cent flowering and canopy Project, Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), University of temperature at different crop growth stages under both heat stress Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Analysis of variance revealed highly and non stress conditions. Whereas, yield had showed positive significant variation for all the traits in F3 progenies indicating the association with days to maturity, plant height, leaf waxyness, presence of vast variability in the breeding material. F3 progenies chlorophyll content, NDVI reading, productive tillers per plant, spike have showed different range of variability for the studied characters length, spikelets per spike, seeds per spike and thousand grain weight this can made use in planning the breeding program further. Based on under both sowing conditions. Transgressive segregants were identified heat susceptibility index 17 families of the cross HD2864 x HI977, for yield in F3 progenies of HD2864 x DBW14 (l0.43 %) followed by 11 families of HD2864 x DBW14 and 5 families of HI977 x DBWI4 HD2864 x HI977 (8.82 %) and HI977 x DBW14 (2.04 %).

Studies on response to temperature variations on flowering, yield per se and resistance to bruchids [Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)] in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] VENKATESH BONDADE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. DESHPANDE

Bruchid is the main constraint during cowpea storage, it can be screen for temperature insensitivity through staggered plantings controlled by chemical application but it is hazardous, hence attempt across the seasons in a year. Days to flowering initiation was recorded has been made to derive bruchid resistant lines by screening 100 and base temperature (Tb) was determined using mean daily air stabilized lines from interspecific cross between cowpea and rice temperature (MAT). GDD of individual genotypes was estimated bean. In this experiment, screening of 100 F7 segregants of cross DC615 using Tbof particular genotypes. It was observed that the GDD, × Dharwad local along with checks (DC15, DCS47-1, RBHP-38 and days to flowering initiation and yield were exhibited high variation IC18563) was carried out against bruchid through artificial across the seasons, the flowering time from days to planting infestation. Out of 100 segregants screened, 7 were highly resistant, (FTDAP) registered significant negative correlation with GDD and 52 were moderately resistant, 21 were least susceptible, 12 were MAT and positively correlated with yield. Whereas GDD is moderately susceptible and 8 were highly susceptible. The segregant positively correlated with MAT and negatively correlated with yield.

F7:78-1-1 registered least values for bruchid infestation, seed damage Three genotypes namely, IC202926, IC198326 and IC257428 were at 30, 45 and 75 days, loss of vigour and seed viability loss. Growing identified as temperature insensitive genotypes as their performances degree days (GDD) or heat units accumulation is the major factor were comparable across the seasons and shown least variation with that affects the dry matter production in the plants. Temperature respect to GDD accumulation, days to flowering initiation and yield plays a major role in crop growth. Eleven genotypes were used to across the seasons.

21 Genetic improvement of rice (Oryza sativa L.) landrace karekagga through mutation breeding RAVINDRA DEVARADDI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. G. HANAMARATTI

The experiment was conducted for genetic improvement of landrace number of panicles, number of filled grains and per cent filled grains Karekagga, for plant and productivity traits through mutation had an indirect effect on grain yield (g) in all three mutant populations. breeding. Genetic variability was studied for mutant (M2) populations The desirable mutants were isolated from all the three mutant produced with gamma rays of three different doses (150, 200 and 250 populations, however per cent recovery of desirable mutants were gray). Karekagga landrace can tolerate high salinity (EC=12 dS m-1), more in 150 gray dose mutant population. The promising mutant grown in waterlogged marshy land called ghazani. Individually plants (M3) families were screened first for salinity tolerance in hydroponic recorded for quantitative traits and compared dose wise. Variability Yoshida nutrient solution for fifteen days. Among thirty five families analysis reported that number of tillers, number of panicles, panicle thirty retained salinity tolerance trait of the parent and were scored length (cm), panicle weight (g), number of filled grains and per cent as highly tolerant (score 1), while others showed moderate to low filled grains (%) had high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. salinity tolerance. Twenty three promising saline tolerant M3 families The correlation studies depicted that number of tillers, number of were further screened for submergence tolerance for ten days along panicles, panicle weight (g), number of filled grains and per cent of with tolerant and susceptible checks Karekagga and BPT-5204, filled grains had a significant positive association with grain yield (g). respectively. One family (KM-150-1-1-5) with less damage (score 1) The number of tillers, number of panicles, panicle weight and number and eight families had minor damages (score 3) under submergence of filled grains exhibited a direct effect on grain yield (g). Whereas, for 10 days.

Genetic analysis of grain yield, micronutrient and quality parameters in tetraploid wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank.) C. BHARATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA. S. BIRADAR

The present investigation was conducted at AICRP Wheat, Dharwad, observed for the trait grain yield per plant. Association revealed that during rabi 2018-19. A comprehensive analysis of combining ability micronutrients and yield should be improved independently and need for yield and yield related components and grain nutrients was carried to break the negative association between Fe content and grain yield. out among 45 single cross hybrids. Three popular cultivated varieties Based on per se yield per plant, sca effects, gca effects of male and DDK-1029, HW-1098 and NP 200 employed as lines, while local female parents, grain nutrients and heterosis, the single cross hybrids germplasm of dicoccum with high grain nutrients as testers. The viz., HW-1098 × GPM DIC 66 , HW-1098 × GPM DIC 71 and estimates of variability, heritability and genetic advance among parents HW-1098 × GPM DIC 90 identified as superior crosses. Similarly, revealed that moderate amount of variability for most of the traits superior single cross hybrids with respect to mean performance of with exception for few traits(thousand grain weight and Zn content). iron, zinc and protein content were identified, unfortunately all of them The best general combiners identified were DDK-1029, GPM DIC were inferior with respect to grain yield. However inter population

27, GPM DIC 66 and GPM DIC 74. Among the F1 generation, high intermating can be practiced among F1’s for concurrent improvement of heritability accompanied with moderate genetic advances was recorded yield and grain nutrients. Meanwhile, to release more variability, for plant height, spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight. High multiple crossing is suggested among the diverse parents and to pool genetic advance expressed as a percentage of mean and heritability the alleles for various traits in the single background.

Genetic studies on heterosis and combining ability in maize (Zea mays L.) PRAVEEN R. HOMBARADI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. M. KACHAPUR

The objectives of the present study were to examine heterosis and from -62.04 to -7.93 per cent and over NK-6240 was from -59.62 to - combining ability of maize germplasmlines for grain yield and other 3.08 per cent with GH-17121 recording lowest and GH-17149 (36.75) desirable traits, to determine heterotic groups of germplasm lines. recording highest value for standard heterosis. Hybrids GH-17173 Sixty seven lines were crossed with two diverse testers in L × T (31.24), GH-17202 (28.26), GH-17147 (27.16), GH-17123 (26.27) mating design and the resulting F 1 hybrids along with checks were and GH-17193 (26.11) revealed significant standard heterosis over evaluated in 14 × 10 alpha lattice design at AICRP (Maize), UAS, local checks GH-0727 and GPMH-1101. None of the hybrids showed Dharwad, during kharif 2018-19. Among the parental lines 14 lines significant standard heterosis over national check NK-6240. Heterotic recorded significantgca effects in positive direction. The gca effect grouping based on SCA-PY method classified 13 out of 67 germplasm for grain yield ranged from -12.62 to 17.26. Line GPM-726 (17.26) lines to heterotic group A, 25 were grouped toheterotic group B. Whereas, recorded highest magnitude of gca effect for grain yield. The sca 29 lines were grouped to heterotic group AB. Heterotic grouping based effect for grain yield ranged from -13.53 to 13.53, 20 recorded positive on HSGCA method categorized 26 germplasm lines to heterotic group significant sca effects. Hybrid GH-17232 (12.50), recorded highest A, 27 to heterotic group B, whereas 14 of them were grouped to magnitude of sca effects. Range of standard heterosis over check heterotic group AB. The best performing hybrids from these heterotic GPMH-1101 was from -46.72 to 31.24 per cent, over 900 M was groups can be used for further breeding programme.

22 Genetic analysis of multiple biotic stress resistance in pre-breeding material of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) SAMEER BUDANSAB DANGE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. GOPALAKRISHNA NAIDU

A study was conducted at the UAS, Dharwad to identify the potential correlation existed between LLS, rust and yield revealing the low yielding resistant sources for S. litura, late leaf spot (LLS), rust and A. flavus nature of LLS and rust resistant genotypes. Among the 29 prebreeding during kharif 2018 while, for stem and pod rot during summer 2019 in genotypes, three genotypes ICGIL 17101, ICGIL 17107 and ICGIL pre-breeding (29) genotypes, parents (2), checks (7) and advanced 17111 were resistant to S. litura while, none of the genotypes were breeding lines (2). Biochemical parameters were analysed in selected S. resistant to LLS. Four genotypes ICGIL 17118, ICGIL 17114, ICGIL litura resistant and susceptible genotypes. Significant variability was 17116 and ICGIL 17127 were resistant to rust. Among these, ICGIL observed in the pre-breeding material for all the biotic stresses and 17116 also had significantly superior pod yield per plant (31.8 g). Two productivity parameters. High heritability coupled with high genetic genotypes (ICGIL 17101 and ICGIL 17124) were resistant to A. flavus. advance for response to S. litura, LLS and rust, A. flavus colonization, None of the pre-breeding genotypes had score of one for stem and pod A. flavus incidence and S. rolfsii revealed higher additive component of rot. ICGIL 17101 is resistant to S. litura, A. flavus and stem and pod genetic variance and hence genetic improvement for these traits would rot while, ICGIL 17127 is resistant to LLS, rust and stem and pod rot. be possible through phenotypic selection. Non-significant correlation Significant negative correlation observed between S. litura, LLS, rust between S. litura damage and yield per plant indicates availability of and protein, phenol and tannin content while, significant positive genotypes resistant to S. litura with high yield. Significant negative correlation with reducing and total sugar.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Identification of DNA markers associated with sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) P. POONGUZHALI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. PRASHANTHI

Sheath blight (ShB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) is one of were analysed with 120 SSR markers for their association with ShB the most destructive diseases of rice. Breeding for ShB resistance has resistance, plant height and 50 per cent flowering by single marker been difficult, mainly because of lack of resistant sources. The present analysis (SMA). Seventeen markers showed association with ShB study was conducted during 2016-18 in the Department of resistance as well as plant height and 50 per cent flowering except, Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. A total RM3685 (R2:58.79 %) which was associated only with ShB resistance. Rhizoctonia solani of 101 rice landraces were screened against and DNA markers associated with ShB resistance were identified in F2 resistant and moderately resistant sources were identified. Landraces population derived from moderately resistant (Jigguvaratiga) and Byalearya (sheath blight relative lesion height-15 %), Bangarkovi susceptible (DHA18) parents using bulked segregant analysis (BSA). (RLH-17 %) and Kiruvanna (RLH-19 %) were resistant, whereas Parental polymorphic markers (45) were screened with contrasting Honasu, Jeer Sali, Jeeraga-2, Bili Kagga and Medini Sanna Batta were DNA pools. The markers RM5556, RM6208 and RM7 co-segregated moderately resistant. Sheath blight resistance in rice is typically with the resistance. The SMA reconfirms the association of RM5556 quantitative trait controlled by polygenes. Though many QTLs (R2:28.29 %) and RM6208 (R2:20.06 %) markers for ShB resistance, conferring ShB resistance have been identified, majority of them are but RM5556 is also associated with plant height. In silico analysis of also associated with morphological characters. Resistant (Nizam shait) RM6208 region reside the protein stearoyl ACP desaturase, which and moderately resistant (Bidar Local-2, Jigguvaratiga, Zhadgi and may be involved in the defence mechanism against plant pathogens Jeddu) genotypes along with checks (BPT5204, DHA18 and Tetep) and RM5556 loci encodes a protein of unknown function. Smut infected sugarcane proteome analysis in presence of actinobacteria Y. P. ARUN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ

The interaction between sugarcane and smut pathogen Sporisorium found to regulate plant growth during in the presence of pathogen in scitamineum was investigated in the presence of actinobacteria as a which and proteins involved in plant growth promotion were biocontrol agent in the current study, in order to understand the proteome significantly upregulated. The differential expression analysis confirmed level changes that occur during the inhibition of pathogen activity by that the presence of potent actinobacterial strain inhibited the normal actinobacteria. A total of 150 actinobacterial isolates were screened metabolism of pathogen affecting the production of virulence proteins through dual culture technique and five isolates were found to be potent leading to unsuccessful colonisation of the host. A total of 31 proteins against S. scitamineum. Among five selected actinobacterial isolates, related to induce systemic resistance in sugarcane were upregulated AUDT 502 (Streptomyces rimosus) was found to be more potent with during the plant pathogen interaction in presence of S. rimosus and 45 the 93.3 per cent inhibition. The green house experiments in presence virulence proteins in pathogen S. scitamineum were found to be down of S. rimosus as a biocontrol agent confirmed the ability of isolate to regulated. The gene ontology studies revealed that the pathways promote growth and suppress smut disease when the pathogen is pertaining to the pathogen virulence were deviated due to the significant challenge inoculated. The proteomics approach through high throughput downregulation of enzymes and co-factors that are found to be the key MS/MS analysis combined with iTRAQ labelling helped in the factors in the pathway buildup. The chorismate mutase enzyme that differential expression analysis of three way interaction between deviates salicylic acid pathway to shikimate pathway that supports sugarcane smut and actinobacteria. The potent strain S. rimosus also the pathogen virulence found to be downregulated.

23 Pyramiding of Fusarium wilt and pod borer resistance in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) S. SMITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. S.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a rabi season legume, most confirmed the stable integration of Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa genes in extensively cultivated crop globally, but its productivity is limited them. Chi-square test for Cry1Ac gene in F2 population found majorly by the incidence of gram pod borer insect and Fusarium significantly accepting 3:1 Mendelian ratio indicated the presence wilt disease. Combining these two biotic stress resistance in chickpea of single copy of a gene which will be useful in transferring to wilt through backcross breeding by transferring Cry1Ac gene from Bt resistant Super Annigeri-1 through backcross breeding easily. events for pod borer resistance to Super Annigeri-1 (SA-1), wilt Quantitative assessment of Cry1Ac protein through ELISA in donor resistant variety, was initiated in the present study. A set of 177 parent (BS 100B), F1 and F2 plants, respectively yielded 21.47 µg, SSR co-dominant markers on screening for parental polymorphism, 20.43 µg and 15.312-21.17µg/g of leaf tissue which indicates that 91 (51.41%), 88 (49.72%) and 93 (52.54%) were polymorphic Cry1Ac gene expression was not disturbed when it was transferred between SA-1 and BS 100B, SA-1 and BS 100E and SA-1 and BS to different genetic backgrounds. The amount of Cry1Ac protein

72C2, respectively. They will be useful in background selection for expressed is enough to show resistant against pod borer larvae. In recovery of wilt resistant Super Annigeri-1 with Cry gene. The F1s F2, plants with Cry1Ac and wilt resistant genes were identified generated from crosses between SA-1 and Cry events were confirmed through PCR using specific markers. F1 and F2 seeds generated can through Cry genes specific marker and polymorphic marker be further used in backcross breeding programme to derive Super

(ICCM0299). RT PCR analysis for Cry genes expression in F1s Annigeri-1 with both Fusarium wilt and pod borer resistance.

Investigation of dna methylation basis of fibre intiation in cotton Gossypium sp. R. J. SHREERAKSHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. S. KATAGERI

A study to understand DNA methylation basis of fibre initiation was genes are concerned, 6 genes showed methylation atleast in one site conducted at the Department of Biotechnology, University of within the four genotypes and 4 genes did not show methylation in Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. In- silico digestion of fibre associated any of the sites. Methylation polymorphism observed in few sites gene sequences with HpaII/MspIenzymes detected 36 restriction sites between the two genotypes of both Gossypium hirsutum and (CCGG) within the given input sequences. Methylation Sensitive Gossypium arboreum cotton indicates there is a difference in Restriction Enzyme-PCR results revealed methylation status of inner methylation status of the cytosine at a particular site on the DNA of cytosine of each restriction site (CCGG) in MCU5 (WT) and MCU5 fibred and fibreless genotypes at +1 Days Post Anthesis (DPA) stage. (fl) of tetraploid cotton and Fuzzy-linted (FL) and Fuzzy-lintless The differences in the methylation pattern at a particular site hints (Fl) of diploid cotton. In diploid cotton, number of methylated sites that, there is a role of DNA methylation in gene regulation and also obtained was 8 (25%) in Fuzzy-linted line and 4 (12.5%) in fuzzy- the study suggests, to correlate with maximum confidence the lintless line. In tetraploid cotton, methylation occurred at 4 sites differential gene expression of the genes with the methylation status (12.5%) in normal wild type and 7 (22.5%) sites in mutant. In needs information on genetic identity of the nucleotide sequences of Gossypiumhirsutum cotton, 6 sites and in Gossypium arboreum the genetic material which we used in the study andfurther cotton, 8 sites showed methylation polymorphism between the fibred experimentation to uncover methylation status of all the cytosines and fibreless genotypes. When overall methylation status of selected within selected region of the genome.

Marker trait association studies for charcoal rot tolerance in minicore accessions of sorghum RAVIKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate sorghum minicore severity of 26-40, 133 accessions were found highly susceptible with accessions for charcoal rot component traits, agro-morphological and per cent lodging severity of more than 40. The susceptible commercial yield-related traits in charcoal rot sick plot at MARSDharwad check SPV 86 showed lodging severity of 41.18 per cent whereas, during rabi 2016-17 in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). resistant check E 36-1 showed disease severity of 5.94 per cent. The Also, marker-trait association analysis was done to identify new accessions were genotyped with 70 SSR markers and further this QTLs governing charcoal rot resistance. The analysis of variance information was used in the single-marker analysis. Marker trait showed that the variance due to genotype was significant for all the association study indicated that two markers sbicpip 625 and quantitative characters studied among the sorghum minicore sbicpip568 are significantly associated with charcoal rot component accessions. This indicated wide genetic diversity among minicore traits such as length of infection (R2 value 6.56) and per cent lodging accessions and their potential to be used as suitable material in (R2 value of 10.23). The charcoal rot-resistant accessions identified approaches to improve different traits in sorghum improvement can be further used in the breeding programme aimed at developing programme of the 242 sorghum minicore accessions studied, 8 charcoal rot-resistant genotypes in sorghum. The molecular markers accessions were found to be resistant with per cent lodging severity associated with QTLs governing charcoal rot resistance may be further of 1-10, 35 accessions moderately resistant with per cent of lodging validated in other population and can be used in marker-assisted severity of 10-25, 68 accessions were susceptible with per cent loading selection to transfer charcoal rot resistance into cultivated varieties.

24 Molecular analysis and nutrient profiling of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes differing in kernel skin colour and size VIRESH HEBBAL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SPURTHI N. NAYAK

A total of 60 genotypes of groundnut including 46 genotypes from crude protein content. K/8 and redness / greenness (a*) were found to ICRI8A T mini core collection and 14 elite cultivars with differing be positively correlated with TPC and AOA respectively. Kernel size kernel skin color and size were used to profile the nutritional was positively correlated with the crude protein content. In order to parameters such as proximates (moisture, fat, ash, crude protein, determine the molecular diversity among the genotypes, a total of crude fibre, carbohydrate content) and nutraceuticals (total polyphenol 100 AhTE markers were screened of which 41 AhTE markers found content and total antioxidant activity). Kernel skin color was quantified to be polymorphic with mean polymorphic information content (PIC) using colorimetry and color parameters were expressed as per value of 0.23. The population structure analysis indicated two distinct International Commission on Illumination (CIELAB) color parameters. groups which was further confirmed by principal coordinate analysis In total, nine morphological traits, six yield related traits, eight and dendrogram. The marker-trait association (MT A) studies using nutritional traits and eleven color parameters were estimated. The single marker analysis indicated 75 major MTAs (> 10 % PVE). Two sixty genotypes were grouped into ten clusters based on the color highly significant markers (AhTE0474 and AhTE0189) were found strength (K/8). Among them, Cluster-III with dark red seeds had the to be strongly associated with AOA and TPC at 0.1 and 0.05 % maximum fat content and total polyphenol content (TPC). Cluster- probability level, respectively. The markers associated with nutritional VI with light pink colored seeds had high antioxidant activity (AOA) parameters and other important yield related traits can further be and Cluster-X with white colored seeds had highest moisture and utilized in genomics-assisted breeding for nutrient rich groundnut.

Expression analysis of trait-specific AhMITE1- associated genes in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) RAVIKUMAR CHOUDARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BHAT

An effort was made in this study to analyze the allelic variation at the However, LLS and rust disease resistant and the susceptible groups genic AhTE marker loci linked to important traits among diverse didn’t show significant fold change expression for the eight resistance- genotypes of groundnut, and to check the expression levels of the linked genes, indicating that the phenotype does not depend only on corresponding genes using qRT-PCR for ascertaining the influence of the rate of expression. In order to reduce the background noise while allelic variation on gene expression. Eighteen genotypes of groundnut assessing the influence of AhMITE1 insertion on the gene expression showed high variability for most of the agronomic and productivity and the phenotype, TMV 2 and its mutant TMV 2-NLM were traits including late leaf spot and rust disease. Genotypic analysis of selected for the expression analysis. Of six, five genes associated the groundnut genotypes with the 25 trait-specific markers showed with productivity and quality traits showed downregulation in the two types of alleles; “A” allele with AhMITE1 insertion and the “B” allele carrying AhMITE1. It also observed that the desirable allele without AhMITE1 insertion. Overall, the “B” allele were in phenotypes at many traits were coupled with the upregulation of the higher frequency than the “A” allele. The 25 markers showed an associated genes. This study revealed the importance of AhMITE1 in average PIC value of 0.25. Twenty one genes corresponding to such influencing the gene regulation and thereby the phenotype in AhTE markers when analyzed across 11 genotypes on 21st day after groundnut. A better understanding of gene function as influenced by sowing, 15 genes showed downregulation at the allele inserted with AhMITE1 could help in gene-based innovative breeding methods in AhMITE1 when compared to alternate allele not carrying AhMITE1. groundnut in future.

Cloning of ectA gene from Halomonas elongata and transferring it into tomato B. DIVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER

Salinity, the everlasting threat to agricultural production worldwide, pTZ57R/T and further sub-cloned into pRI101-AN plant expression affects almost every aspect of the physiology of plants. The present vector, transformed and maintained in E. coli DH5á. After situation calls for the development of salt tolerant transgenic lines to transformation, the clones were confirmed through colony PCR, combat this abiotic stress. In this background, the investigation was restriction digestion and sequencing. Sequencing result shows that, the conducted in the year 2017-19 at IABT, Dharwad, to develop transgenic amplicon with expected size of 579 bp showed 99.66 per cent similarity tomato lines by cloning and transferring ectA gene, an ectoine derivative with the Halomonas elongata. Recombinant plant expression vector capable of enzymatic action for the production of acetyl-diaminobutyric pDNM27 containing ectA gene was mobilized into Agrobacterium acid, gene ectA is involved in maintaining the osmotic balance of plants. tumefaciens LBA4404 through triparental mating system and confirmation The bacterial strains AUDI series was isolated from marine samples was done by colony PCR. The transgenic tomato (Pusa Ruby) lines were along the West-Cost of India which showed salinity tolerance at developed through in planta transformation method. PCR analysis of the

20 per cent of salt concentration were used as ectA gene source. AUDI8 total genomic DNA isolated from T0 transformants demonstrated that isolate from the PCR positive AUDI series strains was selected for the the transgene was integrated successfully in the genome of twelve out of presence of ectA gene. A 579 bp PCR product containing ectA gene was twenty-seven transformed tomato plants. Work must be extended to amplified using ectA.F and ectA.R primers which were designed by evaluate the transformants at T1, T2 generations for salinity tolerance, using vector NTI software, the amplified product was cloned into plant growth, yield and ectoine accumulation.

25 AGRONOMY Studies on intercropping of leafy vegetables in sweet corn under different row proportion R. VIDHYASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL A field experiment was conducted on “Studies on intercropping of corn (60 × 20 cm) + spinach intercropping system which recorded leafy vegetables in sweet corn under different row proportion” during the lowest fresh cobs and green fodder yield. Among different kharif 2018, at College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, University of intercropping systems, sweet corn (90 × 20 cm) + spinach (1:2) Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, located in northern dry zone (Zone- recorded significantly higher sweet corn equivalent yield (397 q ha-1) 3) of Karnataka with the following objectives to study growth, yield, than other intercropping systems. The increase in the sweet corn system productivity and economics of sweet corn influenced by equivalent yield (SEY) was 33.0 per cent over the sole sweet corn intercropping of leafy vegetables at different row proportions. The (60 × 20 cm) due to higher leafy yield of spinach. The economic experiment was laid out in RCBD comprising 10 treatments, 3 analysis indicated that significantly higher net returns (` 328178 ha-1) replications. Sole sweet corn (90 × 20 cm) recorded significantly and B:C (8.67) was recorded in sweet corn (90 × 20 cm) + fenugreek higher fresh cob yield (184 q ha-1) and green fodder yield (295 q ha-1) (1:2) intercropping system compared to other treatments due to high than other treatments. The increase in the fresh cob yield was market price of fenugreek. The increase in the net return was 36.6 per cent 50.5 per cent and green fodder yield was 46.5 per cent over the sweet and BC ratio was 44.3 per cent over the sole sweet corn (60 × 20 cm). Weed management in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) through post-emergent herbicide mixtures R. AKILA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BABU The field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research with significantly higher WCE (77.75 %) over Imazethapyr alone Station, Dharwad during kharif 2018. The experiment consists of 14 (11.33 m-2, 3.36 g m-2, 28.01 %, 60.71 %, respectively) at 40 DAS. treatments with 3 replications and was laid out in randomized complete This treatment was on par with RWMP with respect to weed index block design. The treatments consisted of different post emergent (8.75 %). Grain yield and net returns were significantly higher with herbicide tank mixtures involving Imazethapyr with either Quizalofop- Imazethapyr + Quizalofop-p-ethyl at 75 per cent RD (2,554 kg ha-1, p-ethyl or Propaquizafop-ethyl or Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl or Fluazifop- ` 59,111 ha-1, respectively) and it was at par with RWMP (2,652 kg ha-1, p-butyl at their 75 per cent or 50 per cent of their recommeneded ` 62,111 ha-1, respectively) and with tank mixture of Imazethapyr 75 dose (RD) and were compared with Imazethapyr alone at 100 per g ha-1 + Propaquizafop ethyl 75 g ha-1 (2,356 kg ha-1, ` 50,791 ha-1, cent RD, recommended weed management practice (RWMP) i.e., respectively). The dehydrogenase activity was 6.38 µg TPF g-1 d-1 Pendimethalin 1 kg ha-1 PE + 1 inter-cultivation (IC), Two with RWMP at 30 DAS, while it was 5.31 µg TPF g-1 d-1 with intercultivations at 20 and 40 DAS and with premix Imazethapyr + Imazethapyr + Quizalofop-p-ethyl 50 per cent RD. There was.broad Imazamox. Application of Imazethapyr 75 g ha-1 + Quizalofop-p- spectrum weed control through herbicide tank mixtures compared to ethyl 37.50 g ha-1 (75 % RD) recorded significantly lower weed density Imazethapyr alone. Phytotoxicity was not observed due to tank (6.67 m-2), total weed dry weight (1.90 g m-2), and weed index (11.98 %) mixtures of herbicides. Weed management in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) through pre and post-emergent herbicides MADHUMATI S. PUJERI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HOSMATH A field experiment was conducted at MARS, UAS, Dharwad during 75 g a.i. ha-1 - at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds fb IC at 35 DAS (17.8 q ha-1 and late kharif 2018 under rainfed conditions to study the weed management 88.39%, respectively) and Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3 EC @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 - in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) through pre and post-emergent at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds fb IC at 35 DAS (17.8 q ha-1 and 86.40 %, herbicides. Substantially higher seed yield and weed control efficiency respectively) and were on a par with Farmers practice (19.5 q ha-1 and at 60 days after sowing was recorded with the application 91.43 %, respectively). Growth and yield parameters of sunflower, of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 - PE fb IC at 35 DAS net returns and benefit cost ratio followed the similar trend. These (20.7 q ha-1 and 93.62 %, respectively) followed by Pendimethalin 30 herbicides had no phytotoxicity on sunflower crop and residual effect EC @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 – PE fb IC at 35 DAS (20.2 q ha-1 and 92.24 %, on germination of succeeding crop cowpea. The outcome of the present respectively), Sulfentrazone 48 SC @ 192 g a.i. ha-1 - PE fb IC at 35 investigation proved that weed management in sunflower through DAS (18.5 q ha-1 and 90.94%, respectively), Quizalofop-p-ethyl 5 herbicide (pre and post) application with inter-cultivation is EC @ 75 g a.i. ha-1 – at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds fb IC at 35 DAS economically viable and practically feasible as compared to hand (18.2 q ha-1 and 89.57 %, respectively), Propaquizafop 10 EC @ weeding practice. Production potential of pigeonpea + blackgram intercropping system to N:P ratios under rainfed condition DEEPA KEMPAGOUDRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAJAXI MATH A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 on pigeonpea + higher seed yield of blackgram (696 kg ha-1), pigeonpea equivalent blackgram intercropping system at Main Agricultural Research yield (PEY-2363 kg ha-1) and net returns (` 93,187 ha-1). Among the Station, Dharwad, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in split N:P ratios to pigeonpea, the 1:3 and 1:3.5 ratios (25:75, 25:87.5 kg -1 plot design and consisted of two fertilizer levels to intercrop as main N:P2O5 ha ) recorded significantly higher seed yield of pigeonpea plots, four N:P ratios to pigeonpea as subplots and one absolute (1780 and 1847 kg ha-1, respectively), PEY (2416 and 2499 kg ha-1, control - without any fertilizer to both the crops.In different fertilizer respectively) and net returns (` 96,435, 1,00,509 ha-1, respectively). levels to intercrop, the 100 % RDF to intercrop recorded significantly Among the interactions, 100 % RDF to intercrop with N:P ratio of

26 1:3.5 recorded significantly higher seed yield of pigeonpea and RDF to intercrop with N:P ratio of 1:3, 1:3.5 (2295, 2400 kg ha-1 and blackgram (1891 and 715 kg ha-1, respectively). PEY (2537 and 2597 90,100, 95,452 ha-1, respectively). Phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) kg ha-1, respectively) and net returns (`1,02,771 and 1,05,566 ha-1, such as agronomic and utilisation efficiency were also significantly respectively) were recorded significantly higher with 100 % RDF to higher with 50 % and 100 % RDF to intercrop with N:P ratio of 1:3, intercrop with N:P ratio of 1:3 and 1:3.5 over absolute control 1:3.5 to pigeonpea (7.50, 7.93 and 7.57, 7.63 kg kg-1, respectively) (1547 kg ha-1 and 53,444 ha-1, respectively) and was on par with 50 % over others. Productivity and economics of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nutrient management through soil test crop response (STCR) approach at varied gradients in vertisols ROOPA K. MUTTAPPANAVAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P.CHANDRASHEKARA

A field experiment was conducted during 2018 at the Main fertility gradient (MFG) than low fertility gradient (LFG). However, Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, high fertility gradient (HFG) was on par with MFG. Among sub Dharwad. There were two phases of the field experimentation. plots, nutrients applied as per Jabalpur STCR equation recorded Gradient experiment (Phase I) was conducted during summer by higher grain and stover yield (101.4 and 120.9 q ha-1, respectively), growing an exhaustive crop (fodder maize) to create gradient in soil plant height, number of green leaves plant-1, LAI, LAD, total dry fertility. Phase II experiment on validation of STCR equations carried matter production, cob length, cob girth, number of grains row-1, out during kharif in split plot design with three soil fertility gradients number of grains cob-1, grain weight cob-1 and NPK uptake than (low, medium and high) as main plots and four STCR equations other STCR equations, RDF and absolute control. Among overall developed for maize at Jabalpur, Jagtial, Rahuri and Coimbatore, interactions, nutrients applied as per Jabalpur STCR equation at RDF and absolute control as sub plot treatments. Maize green fodder MFG recorded higher grain and stover yield (105.1 and 124.1 q ha-1, yield increased with increasing fertilizer levels (25.53, 34.63 and respectively), uptake of NPK (305.4, 71.2 and 219.5 kg ha-1, 40.38 t ha-1 with application of 0, 100 and 200 per cent recommended respectively), gross returns (` 1,97,943), net returns (` 1,14,690) dose of fertilizers, respectively) and gradients are created in gradient and BC ratio (2.38) than other treatments. Further, Coimbatore experiment. Among soil fertility gradients, higher grain and stover STCR equation at LFG and Jabalpur STCR equation at HFG were (82.3 and 101.2 q ha-1, respectively) yield was recorded with medium on par with best treatment. Foliar application of water soluble nutrient mixtures on growth and yield of pigeonpea [Cajanaus cajan (L.) Millsp.] GEETA KALAGHATAGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. WALI

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Foliar application of (158.95 g plant-1) at harvest stage and higher number of pods plant-1 water soluble nutrient mixtures on rainfed Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (124.27), seed weight plant-1 (60.27 g), grain yield (1574 kg ha-1) and (L.) Millsp.]” under medium deep black at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, stalk yield (2133 kg ha-1) which was on par with treatment pulse Vijayapur situated in the northern dry zone of Karnataka (Zone 3). magic spray @1 per cent at grand growth, flower initiation and pod -1 during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized formation stage . Significantly higher net returns (` 58,844 ha ) and BC Complete Block Design with 15 treatments replicated thrice in which ratio (2.93) was also recorded with foliar application of water soluble water soluble nutrient mixtures viz. Pulse wonder and pulse magic @ pulse wonder nutrient mixture spray @ 1 per cent at flower initiation 1 per cent sprayed in three different stages viz. grand growth, flower and pod formation stages followed by pulse magic spray @ 1 per initiation and pod formation stages. The results revealed that, foliar cent at grand growth, flower initiation and pod formation stages application of water soluble pulse wonder nutrient mixture @ 1 per ` 54,088 ha-1 and BC ratio 2.74, respectively. It can be concluded cent at flower initiation and pod formation stages gave significantly from the above results that growing of pigeonpea with Pulse wonder higher plant height (161.87 cm), total number of branches (47.25 as foliar applications @ 1 % at flower initiation stage + at pod plant-1), leaf area (97.79 dm2 plant-1) and total dry matter accumulation formation stage along with RDF resulted in higher yield.

Productivity of chilli as influenced by split application of nitrogen with different natural oil coated urea P. MADHU KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. SHASHIDHARA A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research with two splits of nitrogen with neem oil coated urea (2122 kg ha-1). Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, Three splits of nitrogen with neem oil coated urea recorded 2018. It comprised of split application of nitrogen (as basal dose, significantly higher net returns (` 2,11,287 ha-1) compared to basal two splits at basal, 45 DAT and three splits at basal, 45 and 75 application of nitrogen with conventional urea (` 1,53,430 ha-1). DAT) with natural oil coated urea (conventional urea, conventional This treatment also increased the oleoresin content and colour value urea coated with neem oil, castor oil, pongamia oil and neem coated of red chilli by 8.5 and 4.7 per cent over conventional urea with + - urea). Incubation study was conducted to study the release pattern basal application of nitrogen. The total release of NH4 -N and NO3 of ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen from different natural oil coated -N from 0-30 cm soil depth was significantly increased by neem oil, urea. Application of nitrogen in three splits with natural oil coated castor oil, pongamia oil and neem coated urea to an extent of 53.7, urea recorded significantly higher chilli dry fruit yield viz., with 52.7, 36.6 and 20.4 per cent, respectively over conventional urea at neem oil (2198 kg ha-1), castor oil (2153 kg ha-1), pongamia oil (2136 75 DAI (Days after incubation). It can be concluded that application kg ha-1) and neem coated urea (2116 kg ha-1) with increase of 28.6, of nitrogen in three splits with neem oil coated urea produced 26.0, 25.0 and 23.8 per cent, respectively over basal application of significantly higher chilli dry fruit yield (2198 kg ha-1) and net returns nitrogen through conventional urea (1708 kg ha-1). It was on par (` 2,11,287 ha-1). 27 Drought mitigation through foliar application of potassium and growth regulator in greengram SHAILASHRI KALLAPPA KOLAKI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. SURAKOD A field experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research RWC (64.93 %), SPAD value (57.76) at seed filling stage and plant Station, Vijayapur. University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad during uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at harvest (23.44 kg, kharif 2018 to study the drought mitigation through foliar application 3.20 kg and 21.91 kg ha-1, respectively) were also followed the similar of potassium and growth regulator in greengram. The experiment was trend. Significantly lower grain yield, haulm yield, yield attributes laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with ten (pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed treatments and three replications. Significantly higher grain yield (811 weight per plant, test weight) and growth attributes (plant height, kg ha-1), haulm yield (2,266 kg ha-1), yield attributes (pod length, number of branches and total dry matter accumulation) were recorded number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed weight per with foliar spray of K2SO4 @ 0.5 per cent, water and control. The plant, test weight) and growth attributes (plant height, number of economic analysis indicated that, significantly higher gross return branches and total dry matter accumulation) were recorded with foliar (` 56,537 ha-1), net return (` 31,077 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.22) in spray of spray of salicylic acid @ 0.01 per cent over rest of the treatments, salicylic acid @ 0.01 per cent during 50 flowering flowering and seed however, it was on par with foliar spray of KNO3 @ 0.5 per cent and filling stages over other treatments, however, it was on par with foliar salicylic acid @ 0.02 per cent. Specific leaf weight (8.49 mg cm-2), leaf spray of KNO3 @ 0.5 per cent and salicylic acid @ 0.02 per cent.

Influence of soil and foliar application of humic acid on productivity of groundnut SANTOSH B. TELI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. MATIWADE A field experiment was conducted to investigate the soil and foliar (3924 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (1971 kg ha-1) as compared to RDF application of humic acid on productivity of groundnut at the alone (2319, 3273 and 1536 kg ha-1, respectively). Pod yield Agricultural Research Station, , University of Agricultural increment was to an extent of 20.0 per cent due to combined Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, 2018. The experiment was laid application of HA @ 30 kg ha-1 to soil as basal followed by foliar out with 13 treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized complete spray of 2 per cent HA at 45 DAS along with RDF as compared to block design. The treatment combinations include recommended RDF alone. Combined application of 30 kg HA ha-1 to soil as basal dose of fertilizers (RDF) with soil application of humic acid (HA) with foliar spray of 2 per cent HA at 45 DAS along with RDF @ 20 and 30 kg ha-1 as basal, RDF + foliar spray of HA @ 1, 1.5 and recorded higher net returns (` 62,594 ha-1) and B:C (2.17) as 2 per cent at 45 days after sowing (DAS), interaction of above soil compared to RDF + FYM at 7.5 t ha-1 (` 47,769 ha-1 and 1.77, and foliar applications, tested against RDF + FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 and respectively). It can be concluded that combined application of HA RDF alone. Combined application of HA @ 30 kg ha-1 to soil as @ 30 kg ha-1 to soil as basal followed by foliar spray of 2 per cent basal followed by foliar spray of 2 per cent HA at 45 DAS along humic acid at 45 DAS along with RDF was found economical when with RDF recorded significantly higher pod (2802 kg ha-1), haulm compared to RDF alone. Productivity of groundnut genotypes under extended sowing windows during kharif in northern transition zone of Karnataka IRAYYA HIREMATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. YENAGI A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research (3,364 kg ha-1), kernel yield (2,360 kg ha-1), haulm yield (4,239 kg ha-1), Station, UAS, Dharwad during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid harvest index (30.9 %), net returns (` 75,993 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.21) out in split plot design consisting of four sowing window as main over JL-1085 and was on far with Dh-245 and GPBD-4. The plots (June 1st Fortnight, June 2nd Fortnight, July 1st Fortnight and July groundnut genotype, G2-52 sown during first fortnight of June 2nd Fortnight) and four groundnut genotypes as sub plots (GPBD-4, recorded higher number of pods (27.3 plant-1), pod weight (23.2 g G2-52, Dh-245 and JL-1085) with three replications. The groundnut plant-1), pod yield (3,841 kg ha-1), kernel yield (2,754 kg ha-1), haulm crop sown during first fortnight of June recorded significantly higher yield (4,840 kg ha-1), shelling percentage (71.7 %), harvest index number of pods (26.1 plant-1), pod weight (22.3 g plant-1), pod yield (31.7 %), net returns (` 95,701 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.52) compared to (3,551 kg ha-1), haulm yield (4,477 kg ha-1), kernel yield (2,509 kg ha-1), JL-1085 sown during second fortnight of July. Sowing of groundnut shelling percentage (70.7 %), harvest index (31.3 %), net returns with normal onset monsoon (first fortnight of June) was highly (` 83,714 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.33) compared to second fortnight of productive and remunerative. But under delayed onset of monsoon, July and was on par with first fortnight of July and second fortnight sowing could be extended up to second fortnight of July. The groundnut of June. Groundnut genotype, G2-52 recorded significantly higher genotype, G2-52 was superior and was on par with Dh-245 and number of pods (25.5 plant-1), pod weight (21.6 g plant-1), pod yield GPBD-4. Effect of growth retardants on performance of greengram genotypes SUSHMA N. VANTAMOORE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. P. HALAGALIMATH

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth thrice. The treatment consisted of two genotypes DGGV-2 and DGG-7, retardants on the performance of greengram genotypes at the Main three growth retardant dosages viz., cycocel @ 500 ppm, cycocel @ Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, 250 ppm, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm, salicylic acid @ 200 ppm, TIBA Dharwad during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in split @ 50 ppm and TIBA @ 100 ppm and water spray, growth retardants plot design with 14 treatments including water spray and replicated were sprayed at 25 and 40 DAS. With respect to genotypes,

28 DGG-7 significantly recorded higher growth, yield and quality genotype at 25 and 40 DAS as foliar spray recorded significantly parameters as compared to DGGV-2. Among the various growth higher number of trifoliate leaves (9.7) and total dry matter (28.67 g retardants, foliar spray of cycocel @ 500 ppm recorded significantly plant-1), number of pods (25.00) and seed weight (22.50 g), seed yield lower plant height (60.88 cm), higher number of branches (10.83), (1608 kg ha-1), net returns (` 38881) followed by cycocel @ 250 ppm total dry matter (22.77 g plant-1), number of pods (22.67 plant-1), + DGG-7 when compared to other treatments and water spray. Thus, seed yield (1503 kg ha-1), haulm yield (2741 kg ha-1), net returns foliar spray of cycocel @ 500 ppm + DGG-7 genotype recorded (` 34502 ha-1), BC ratio (2.20) followed by cycocel @ 250 ppm as higher yield of greengram followed by cycocel @ 250 ppm + DGG-7. compared to other plant growth retardants and water spray. Within The yield increase was to the extent of 19.70 and 16.40 per cent, the interaction foliar spray of cycocel @ 500 ppm with DGG-7 respectively over water spray. Productivity and profitability of maize with vegetable field bean intercropping under rainfed condition K. B. VINAYAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. T. CHANDRANATH A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 to study the intercropping treatments, maize (90 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:2) cv. productivity and profitability of maize with vegetable field bean Hebbal Avare 3 recorded significantly higher green pod yield (17.15 intercropping under rainfed condition at the Main Agricultural q ha-1) compared to other intercropping treatments and was on par Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. with maize (90 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:2) cv. Arka Jay (14.23 q ha-1). The experiment consisted of 11 treatments with two row proportion However, sole field bean cv. Hebbal Avare 3 recorded significantly (1:1 and 1:2), four planting geometry for maize and it was laid out in higher green pod yield (37.80 q ha-1). Higher intercropping indices RCBD with three replications. Among intercropping treatments, viz., MEY (66.79 q ha-1), LER (1.26), ATER (1.13), SPI (107.31) maize (60 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:1) cv. Arka Jay recorded and net returns (` 60.07 × 103 ha-1) were noticed with the maize significantly higher grain yield (53.09 q ha-1) and stover yield (67.44 (60 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:1) cv. Arka Jay followed by maize q ha-1) compared to other intercropping treatments and was on par (75 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:1) cv. Arka Jay compared to other with maize (75 × 20 cm) + field bean (1:1) cv. Arka Jay (48.93 q ha-1 intercropping treatments and sole maize. Additional net returns of and 63.38 q ha-1, respectively). Whereas, sole maize realized higher ` 13.51× 103 ha-1 was obtained in maize (60 × 20 cm) + field bean grain yield (56.04 q ha-1) and stover yield (70.50 q ha-1). Among (1:1) cv. Arka Jay as compared to sole maize.

Response of pearl millet to irrigation levels and row spacing under drip irrigation H. O. SWATHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. K. GUGGARI

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of Pearl noticed with irrigation scheduled at 40 mm Ep (12.95 kg ha-1 mm-1) millet to inigation levels and row spacing under drip irrigation” during which was closely followed by control (12.60 kg ha-1 mm-1). Among 2018 kharif in vertic• inseptisols at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. the row spacings, 90 cm recorded significantly higher grain yield There were 10 treatments, comprising of five drip irrigation levels (3698 kg ha-1 stover yield (5108 kg ha-1 net returns (` 35048 ha-1 BC (40, 30, 20 mm Ep, critical stages and control) and two row spacings ratio (2.40) and water use efficiency (11.75 Kg ha-1 mm-1) as compared (60 and 90 cm). The experiment was laid out in strip-plot design and to 60 cm row spacing (3390 kg ha-1, 4665 kg ha-1, ` 30066 ha-1, 2.19 replicated thrice. Among the different irrigation levels, irrigation and 10.63 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively). Among the treatment scheduled at 40 mm Ep recorded significantly higher grain yield (4287 combinations, irrigation scheduled at 40 mm Ep along with 90 cm row kg ha-1), stover yield (5718 kg ha-1), net returns (` 43318 ha-1) and BC spacing recorded significantly higher grain yield (4377 kg ha-1), straw ratio (2.70) of pearl millet over irrigation scheduled at 20 mm Ep, yield (5837 kg ha-1) and net returns (` 44749 ha-1) as compared to critical stages and control (rainfed crop). However, it was comparable other treatment combinations. However, it was comparable with with irrigation scheduled at 30 mm Ep (4170 kg ha-1, 5560 kg ha-1, irrigation scheduled at 30 mm Ep with 90 cm row spacing (4268 kg ` 41221 ha-1 and 2.61, respectively). Higher water use efficiency was ha-1, 5687 kg ha-1 and ` 42784 ha-1, respectively).

Response of soybean (Glycin max L.) to different sources and levels of sulphur SHARANABASAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. PATTAR

A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of water soluble sulphur @ 2% sprayed at flower and pod initiation Farm, Bagalkot during kharif 2018. The experiment consisted of 11 stage with seed and haulm yield of 3227 and 3446 kg ha-1, respectively. treatments with different sources and levels of sulphur. The experiment Application of sulphur @ 30 kg ha-1 through sulphur bentonite was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. recorded significantly higher uptake of N, P, K and S (173.2, 34.8, The results of the experiment showed that significantly higher pods 89.4 and 44.7 kg ha-1, respectively) and it was on par with foliar plant-1 (56), pod weight plant-1 (29.1 g) seed weight plant-1 (17.4 g) spray of water soluble sulphur @ 2 per cent sprayed during flower and test weight (16.4 g) were recorded in treatment soil application of and pod initiation stage (` 166.8, 33.5, 87.1 and 41.5 kg ha-1, sulphur @ 30 kg ha-1 through sulphur bentonite and it was on par respectively) over control. Significantly higher net return and BC with foliar application of water soluble sulphur @ 2% sprayed at ratio were realised (` 86812 ha-1 and 2.93, respectively) with the soil flower and pod initiation stage (52, 26.3, 16.4 and 16.5, respectively) application of sulphur @ 30 kg ha-1 through sulphur bentonite and it over control. Soil application of sulphur @ 30 kg ha-1 through sulphur was on par with foliar application of water soluble sulphur @ 2 per bentonite significantly increased the seed yield of 3296 kg ha-1 and cent sprayed at flower and pod initiation stage which registered a net haulm yield of 3536.7 kg ha-1 and it was on par with foliar application return of ` 81672 ha-1 and BC ratio of 2.72 over control.

29 Studies on productivity of blackgram during summer under organic production system RAVIKIRAN H. PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. GADDANAKERI

A field experiment entitled “Studies on productivity of blackgram plant-1 (49.03 g), 100 seed weight (5.35 g), total dry matter during summer under organic production system” was conducted production (11.90 g plant-1), leaf area index (1.77) and plant height during 2018 at Bio-resource farm (Certified organic field), Main (24.0 cm) over control. Significantly higher protein yield (347.37 kg Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, ha-1), number of nodules plant-1 (36.67) and dry weight of nodules Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 10 treatments plant-1 (0.88 g plant-1) was recorded with application of and replicated thrice. Treatments comprised of application of vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + rock different levels of vermicompost (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 t ha-1), rock phosphate @ 243.33 kg ha-1 over control. Significantly higher gross phosphate (243.33, 232.50 and 221.67 kg ha-1) and neem cake @ returns (` 85,960 ha-1), net returns (` 46,298 ha-1) and BC ratio 500 kg ha-1. Significantly higher seed yield (1,535 kg ha-1) and haulm (2.17) were recorded with application of vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + yield (2,378 kg ha-1) were recorded with application of vermicompost neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + rock phosphate @ 243.33 kg ha-1. It can @ 1.0 t ha-1 + neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + rock phosphate @ 243.33 be concluded that, application of vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + neem kg ha-1 over control. Application of vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 + cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + rock phosphate @ 243.33 kg ha-1 was found neem cake @ 500 kg ha-1 + rock phosphate @ 243.33 kg ha-1 recorded productive and remunerative for cultivation of blackgram during significantly higher number of filled pods plant-1 (56.0), seed weight summer under organic production system. Productivity of kharif sorghum to sulphur sources and levels PRASHANT S. KUMBARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. KUBSAD The field experiment entitled “Productivity of kharif sorghum to (212.87g plant-1), crude protein content (8.3 %) and sulphur uptake sulphur sources and levels” was conducted in clay loam soil during (20.73 kg ha-1) when compared to application of gypsum and single kharif, 2018 at the All India Co-ordinated Sorghum Improvement super phosphate. It also recorded significantly higher gross returns Project, MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in (` 84990 ha-1), net returns ( 42270 ha-1) and BC ratio (1.99). Among RCBD with factorial concept with three replications. Experiment levels of sulphur, application of 30 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly consisted of eleven treatment combinations involving different sulphur higher grain yield (44.91 q ha-1), dry fodder yield (9.29 t ha-1), plant sources (bentonite, gypsum and single super phosphate) and sulphur height (224.89 cm), number of leaves (12.4), leaf area (28.61 dm2 levels (10, 20 and 30 kg S ha-1) with two control (application of RDF plant-1), LAI (4.22), total dry matter production (211.60 g plant-1), alone and application of FYM alone). Among the sources of sulphur, crude protein content (8.3 %), sulphur uptake (20.14 kg ha-1). It also application of bentonite recorded significantly higher grain yield recorded significantly higher gross returns (` 85640 ha-1), net returns (44.67 q ha-1), dry fodder yield (9.06 t ha-1), ear weight (165.5 g plant-1), (43440 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.03) when compared to application of 10 ear length (21.3 cm), grain weight (127.7 g plant-1), test weight and 20 kg S ha-1. It can be concluded that, application of 30 kg sulphur (2.85 g), plant height (224.6 cm), number of leaves (12.2), leaf area through bentonite along with RDF found optimum to get higher yield, (28.08 dm2 plant-1), Leaf area index (4.14), total dry matter production net returns with better quality kharif sorghum. Studies on response of blackgram to levels of phosphorus and PSB formulations SUSHMITA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAJAXI MATH

-1 -1 Field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research significantly higher at 37.5 kg of P2O5 ha with PSB @ 4 ml kg seeds. -1 Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in Northern It was found that in the treatment receiving 37.5 kg ha P2O5 with Transition Zone of Karnataka on clay loam soil entitled “Studies on PSB @ 4 ml kg-1 seeds application of liquid based PSB resulted in response of blackgram to levels of phosphorus and PSB formulations”. increased values of phosphatase activity (72.31 µg PNP g-1 of soil hr-1), The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with three replications. which in turn resulted in higher phosphorus use efficiency (30.42 %) The treatments comprised of four main plots (No P - fertilizer to and there by the uptake of nitrogen (120.05 kg ha-1), phosphorus -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 crop, 25 kg of P2O5 ha , 37.5 kg of P2O5 ha and 50 kg of P2O5 ha ) (11.41 kg ha ) and potassium (37.51 kg ha ) in the plant was high. and four sub plots [(PSB @ 4 ml kg-1 seeds (Liquid formulation), PSB With the economic view it was clearly indicated that the liquid @ 8 ml kg-1 seeds (Liquid formulation) and PSB @ 500 g ha-1 seeds formulations are much more feasible and its pronounced effect (Carrier formulation)]. Morpho-phenological, growth and yield contributed in obtaining 24.3 per cent higher seed yield (1873 kg ha-1) parameters viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, leaf area that achieved profiting BC ratio (3.73) and net returns (` 56497 ha-1), -1 index, total dry matter, pods per plant at different phenological stages which was greater than the recommended treatment of 50 kg ha P2O5 and pod weight per plant and seed weight per plant were also with PSB @ 4 ml kg-1 seeds. Evaluation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) based intercropping system with millets at different row proportion under dry land condition SANDESHA ANISHETRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2018-19 at dry land condition. The experiment consisted of 13 treatments and 3 the Krishi Vigyana Kendra Farm College of Agriculture, Vijayapur replications viz., sesame intercropped with foxtail millet, little millet campus in shallow medium black soil with an average annual rainfall of and proso millet in 1:2, 2:4, 3:3 row proportions respectively and their 598.6 mm to evaluate sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) based respective sole crops. Certified seeds of sesame (DS-5) and millets viz., intercropping system with millets at different row proportions under foxtail millet (DHFT-109-3), little millet (DHLM-36-3) and proso millet 30 (DHP-2769) were selected for sowing. Both the crops were sown by observed in sesame + little millet in 3:3 row proportions (631 kg ha-1). providing recommended spacing as per treatments. Sole sesame recorded Significantly higher land equivalent ratio (LER) and Area Time Equivalent significantly higher grain yield (586 kg ha-1) than the other intercropped Ratio (ATER) were recorded in sesame + foxtail millet in 2:4 row sesame, while the lowest grain yield (214 kg ha-1) was recorded in proportions (1.33 and 1.28, respectively). Higher dry matter sesame + foxtail millet (1:2) intercropping system. Among the all accumulation was noticed in sole sesame (9.70 g plant-1) compared treatments sole foxtail millet recorded higher grain yield (1,435 kg ha- to other intercropped sesame. Significantly higher gross returns 1). Significantly higher sesame equivalent yield (SEY) was recorded in (` 50,228 ha-1), net returns (` 36,875 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio of sesame+ foxtail millet (703 kg ha-1) and was on par with sesame + little 3.76 were recorded in sesame + foxtail millet in 2:4 row proportions millet (667 kg ha-1) in 2:4 row proportions. While, the lowest SEY was and this intercropping system was more remunerative over sole crop.

Response of castor genotypes to planting geometry under dryland condition MADIWALAPPA GUMASHETTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI

The field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2018-19 recorded significantly higher seed yield (1462 kg ha-1) and net returns at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, located at altitude of 160 (` 27365 ha-1) due to higher growth, yield and yield attributing 55’ North, longitude of 750 58’ East and an altitude of 598.8 m characters. Among interactions, the treatment combination of castor above mean sea level. The average annual rainfall of experimental hybrid DCH- 519 under planting geometry of 120 x 60 cm recorded area was 598.6 mm and having medium deep block soils to study significantly higher seed yield (1688 kg ha-1) and net returns the response of castor genotypes to planting geometry under dryland (` 34336 ha-1) mainly due to higher yield parameters such as number condition. The experiment was carried out in split plot design and of racemes plant-1 (11.27), number of capsules plant-1 (329.0), replicated thrice. There were twelve treatments involving four capsule weight plant-1 (395.1 g plant-1) and test weight (26.77 g) and different castor genotypes {DCH-519, DCH-177 (hybrids), GC-3 growth parameters like number of primary and secondary branches and 48-1 (varieties)} and three planting geometry 90 x 60 cm, 120 x plant-1 (5.3 and 8.5, respectively), number of leaves plant-1 (27.7), 60 cm and 120 x 45 cm. Among the genotypes, castor hybrid DCH- leaf area (84.6 dm2 plant-1), LAI (1.18) and total dry matter 519 recorded significantly higher seed yield (1474 kg ha-1) and net productions (146.4, 249.0, 329.3 and 376.6 g plant-1 at 60, 90, 120 returns (` 27211 ha-1) mainly due to higher growth, yield and yield DAS and at harvest, respectively) as compared to all other treatment attributes. Among the sub plots, planting geometry of 120 × 60 cm combinations.

Studies on organic production of sweet corn BASAVARAJ TALAWAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL

The field experiment was conducted to study the organic production potassium (570.1 kg ha-1) after the harvest compared to other of sweet corn during kharif, 2018 at the College of Agriculture, treatments. However, it was on par with the application of compost Vijayapura to assess the influence of different organic manures on @ 50 % RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50 % RDN (at the time of growth, yield attributes and yield of sweet corn, soil organic carbon, sowing) + gliricidia incorporation @ 10 t ha-1 at 30 DAS coupled with available major nutrients and economics. The experiment was carried spraying jeevamruta on gliricidia mulch @ 500 litres ha-1 and application out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments of compost @ 50 % RDN (basal) + vermicompost @ 50 % RDN either replicated three times. Application of compost @ 50 % RDN (basal) at the time of sowing or as top dressing at 30 DAS + gliricidia and vermicompost @ 50 % RDN (top dressing at 30 DAS) with incorporation @ 10 t ha-1 at 30 DAS. Application of compost @ 50 % gliricidia incorporation @ 10 t ha-1 at 30 DAS and spraying jeevamruta RDN (basal) and vermicompost @ 50 % RDN (top dressing at 30 on gliricidia mulch @ 500 litres ha-1 was recorded significantly higher DAS) with gliricidia incorporation @ 10 t ha-1 at 30 DAS and jeevamruta fresh cob yield (18667 kg ha-1) and green fodder yield (27.44 t ha-1) spraying on gliricidia mulch @ 500 litres ha-1 was recorded significantly when compared to other treatments. It also recorded higher soil higher gross returns (` 212986 ha-1), net returns (` 146799 ha-1) and BC available nitrogen (289.7 kg ha-1), phosphorus (35.4 kg ha-1) and ratio (3.22) compared to other treatments.

Integrated nutrient management in popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) V. E. VISHWANATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. F. M. DURAGANNAVAR

The field experiment was conducted to study the integrated nutrient respectively) compared to other organic levels. Among fertilizer levels, management in popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) at the MARS, UAS, application of 125 % RDF recorded significantly higher total dry matter Dharwad during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in split - accumulation (207.20 g plant-1) at harvest, grain yield (3619 ha-1) and plot design with three replications consisting of four organic levels as net returns (` 80989 ha-1) over 75 and 100 % RDF. Interaction effect -1 -1 -1 main plot (O1: FYM @ 5 t ha , O2: FYM @ 7.5 t ha , O3 : VC @ 1.25 indicated that application of VC @ 2.5 t ha + 125 % RDF recorded -1 -1 -1 t ha and O4 : VC @ 2.5 t ha ) and three fertilizer levels as sub plot significantly higher total dry matter accumulation (219.20 g plant ) at -1 -1 (F1: 75 % RDF, F2: 100 % RDF and F3: 125 % RDF) along with one harvest, grain yield (4,003 kg ha ) and net returns (` 91824 ha ) and absolute control. The experimental results revealed that, application found at par with application of FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 + 125 % RDF of VC @ 2.5 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher total dry matter (216.63 g plant-1, 3983 kg ha-1 and ` 91676 ha-1, respectively). Absolute accumulation (205.91 g plant-1) at harvest, grain yield (3541 kg ha-1) control recorded significantly lowest total dry matter accumulation and net returns (` 76911 ha-1) and found at par with application of (144 g plant-1), grain yield (1378 kg ha-1) and net returns (` 21437 ha-1) FYM @ 7.5 t ha-1 (205.91 g plant-1, 3,494 kg ha-1 and ` 75 845 ha-1, compared to rest of the treatment combinations.

31 Precision nitrogen management in irrigated wheat (Triticum dicoccum L.) using optical sensor B. NIKHIL KUMAR 2019 MAJORADVISOR: Dr. T. SUDHA The field experiment was conducted to study the “Precision nitrogen guided N application (8 kg at 45 and 6 kg N at 65 DAS) treatment management in irrigated wheat (Triticum dicoccum L.) using optical recorded significantly higher grain yield (4345 kg ha-1), straw yield sensor” during rabi season 2018-19 at the MARS, UAS, Dharwad (7478 kg ha-1), yield attributing characters viz., productive tillers per (Karnataka). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete square meter (302), grain weight per spike (1.80 g), protein content block design having ten treatments with three replications. Treatment (12.51 %) and sedimentation value (21.3 ml).Significantly higher NPK comprised of one nitrogen rich plot, an absolute control, four uptake (111, 28, 88.97 kg ha-1N, P and K respectively), agronomic GreenSeeker guided treatments, four treatments of RDF applied in efficiency (34.09), recovery efficiency (106.06 %), gross return two and three different splits. Nitrogen rich treatment (50 kg N as (` 94371 ha-1), net return (` 52974 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.28) basal + 50 kg N at CRI) recorded highest yield and growth attributes. were recorded with application of 20 kg N as basal + 20 kg N at CRI However it was found on par with application of 90 kg N ha-1 in three + GS guided N application (8 kg at 47 and 6 kg N at 65 DAS). It also equal splits (30:30:30 kg N at basal, CRI and Tillering, respectively) recorded N fertilizer saving of 46 % over N rich treatment, 40 % over and GreenSeeker guided treatments. Among GreenSeeker (GS) guided 90 kg in three equal splits and 10 % over RDF (30 kg N basal + 30 kg treatments, application of 20 kg N as basal + 20 kg N at CRI + GS N at 30 DAS). Response of organic pigeonpea to drip irrigation, micronutrients and growth regulators in northern dry zone of Karnataka Y. H. PRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of organic (1695 kg ha-1). Among the treatment combination irrigation at 40 mm pigeonpea to drip irrigation, micronutrients and growth regulators in Ep along with foliar spray of (50 ppm) NAA + (0.2 %) boron + (0.5 %) -1 northern dry zone of Karnataka” in medium deep black soils at the ZnSO4 recorded significantly higher seed yield (2259 kg ha ) followed College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. The experiment was laid out under by irrigation at 40 mm Ep along with vermiwash 10 % (2023 kg ha-1) strip-split plot design with three replications, the treatment consisted and 30 mm Ep along with (50 ppm) NAA + (0.2 %) boron + (0.5 %) -1 of four drip irrigation levels viz., (40, 30, 20 mm Ep, critical stages ZnSO4 (1990 kg ha ). Control (rainfed and without spray) recorded and control) and three foliar sprays of growth regulators viz., (50 significantly lower seed yield (1033 kg ha-1). Among the treatment ppm) NAA + (0.2 %) boron + (0.5 %) ZnSO4, vermiwash 10 %, cow combinations scheduling of irrigation at 40 mm Ep along with the urine 10 %, and control (no spray). Scheduling of irrigation at 40 mm foliar spray of (50 ppm) NAA + (0.2 %) boron + (0.5 %) ZnSO4 Ep recorded significantly higher grain yield (1942 kg ha-1), followed recorded significantly higher net returns and BC ratio (` 81017 and by 30 mm Ep (1757 kg ha-1). Among the foliar sprays, (50 ppm) 2.50, respectively) and it was on par with scheduling irrigation at -1 NAA + (0.2 %) boron + (0.5 %) ZnSO4 recorded significantly higher 40 mm Ep along with foliar spray of vermiwash 10 % (` 62772 ha seed yield (1,851 kg ha-1), followed by vermiwash 10 % and 2.07, respectively). Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) and kharif pulses intercropping system under rainfed condition at different planting geometry H. S. SRIDHAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. SALAKINKOP A field experiment was conducted to study the “Performance of cm recorded significantly higher maize yield compared to wider maize (Zea mays L.) and kharif pulses intercropping system under spacing of 90 × 20 cm at 1:1 and 1:2 row ratio. Significantly lower rainfed condition at different planting geometry’’ at the Main kernel yield (36.7 q ha-1) of maize was observed in maize + cowpea Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka during 1:2 row ratio at wider spacing of 90 × 20 cm intercropping system. 2018. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with thirteen treatments Maize + kharif pulses in 90 × 20 cm at 1:2 row ratio recorded replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of maize intercropping significantly higher growth and yield attributes. Significantly higher with greengram, blackgram and cowpea at 1:1 row ratio of 75 × 20 maize equivalent yield (73.3 q ha-1), gross returns (` 144516 ha-1), cm spacing and 1:1, 1:2 row ratio in 90 × 20 cm spacings compared net returns (` 88668 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.59) were recorded in were with their sole cropping for their productivity and profitability. maize + blackgram in 1:1 row ratio at narrow spacing of 75 × 20 cm Sole maize (60 × 20 cm) recorded significantly higher kernel yield intercropping system. And it was on par with maize + greengram. (68.1 q ha-1) compared to intercropping systems. Among the Thus, maize + blackgram and maize + greengram in 1:1 row -1 intercropping system, maize + blackgram (59.4 q ha ) and maize + proportion at 75 × 20 cm spacing was found promising intercropping greengram (59.2 q ha-1) in 1:1 row ratio at narrow spacing of 75 × 20 in the northern transitional zone of Karnataka. Productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) as influenced by organics (Vermicompost and Neem cake) and natural phosphate during summer VEERESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LOKANATH H. MALLIGAWAD

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2018 to study the in sandy clay loam soil [32.3 % clay, neutral in pH (7.10); medium response of mungbean to the application of organics [vermicompost in available N, P2O5 and K2O (275, 46.24 and 252.50 kg/ha, (VC) and neem cake (NC)] and natural phosphate (rock phosphate) respectively); sufficient in available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu (15.64, (RP) at Certified Organic Bio-Resource Farm, MARS, UAS, Dharwad 12.95, 0.65 and 4.12 mg/kg, respectively); low in organic matter

32 (0.32 %) and normal in salt (0.20 dS/m)]. The experiment consisted TDMP and LAI; nodule number and nodule dry weight; yield of ten treatments [T1 : Control, T2 : VC @ 1.00 t/ha, T3 : VC @ components, seed yield, haulm yield and crude protein yield in 1.50 t/ha, T4 : VC @ 2.00 t/ha, T5 : VC @ 1.00 t/ha + NC @ 500 kg/ mungbean over control. Higher seed yield (1563 kg/ha) of mungbean ha, T6 : VC @ 1.50 t/ha + NC @ 500 kg/ha, T7 : VC @ 2.00 t/ha + and profitable net monetary returns (` 53418 /ha) was obtained

NC @ 500 kg/ha, T8 : VC @ 1.00 t/ha + NC @ 500 kg/ha + RP @ with the supply of 27.10 kg N, 6.20 kg P2O5 and 12.45 kg K2O/ha 243.33 kg/ha, T9 : VC @ 1.50 t/ha + NC @ 500 kg/ha + RP @ through the application of organics (VC @ 1.00 t/ha + NC @ 232.50 kg/ha and T10 : VC @ 2.00 t/ha + NC @ 500 kg/ha + RP @ 500 kg/ha). Application of rock phosphate in addition to the 221.67 kg/ha] and laid out in RCBD with three replications. Results application of vermicompost + neem cake did not exert significant indicated that application of VC alone (1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 t/ha) or influence on growth, yield components and seed yield of mungbean. VC (1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 t/ha) + NC (500 kg/ha) or VC (1.00, 1.50 Application of either VC or VC + NC or vermicompost + NC + RP and 2.00 t/ha) + NC (500 kg/ha) + RP (221.67, 232.50 and improved total N, P and K uptake at harvest by mungbean; and

243.33 kg/ha) improved plant height, number of branches/plant, increased available N, P2O5 and K2O status in soil over control.

Response of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata) to split application of nitrogen and potassium in kharif under protective irrigation SURAJ B. 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. SOMANGOUDA

-1 A field experiment was conducted during 2018 at the WALMI farm, (` 68883 ha ) as compared to application of 100:50:25 N:P2O5: -1 VAS, Dharwad to study the response of sweet com (Zea mays L. K2O kg ha . However, it was on par with 125:60:25 N:P2O5:K2O kg Saccharata) to split application of nitrogen and potassium in kharif ha-1. Similarly, three split application of N and K as basal, 30 and 45 under protective irrigation. The experiment was laid out in factorial DAS recorded significantly higher fresh cob yield (153 q ha-1), green RCBD with three replications. There were two factors viz., fertilizer fodder yield (247 q ha-1), total sugar (9.00 %), protein (6.74 %), -1 -1 levels (Ll: 100:50:25, L2: 125:60:25 and L3: 150:65:65) and split gross return (` 139669 ha ) and net return (` 73059 ha ) as compared application of nitrogen and potassium (S1: Two equal split as basal to application of P and K as basal and N was applied in 3 equal split and 30 DAS, S2: Three equal splits as basal, 30 and 45 DAS and doses (as basal, 30 and 45 DAS). However, it was on par with split

S3: P and K as basal and N in three equal splits as basal, 30 and application of N and K in two equal splits (as basal and 30 DAS). -1 45 DAS). Among the fertilizer levels, application of 150:65:65 Hence, application of 150:65:65 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha with three -1 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha recorded significantly higher fresh cob yield equal split application of N and K (as basal, 30 and 45 DAS) along (150 q ha-1), green fodder yield (245 q ha-1), total sugar (8.76%), with basal application entire dose of phosphorus enhance the growth protein (6.52 %), gross returns (` 137103 ha-1) and net returns and yield sweet com.

Identification of suitable land management units (LMUs) and nutrient management practices for optimizing chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yield in Aheri watershed area at Kavalagi village V. NAGESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. SURAKOD

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2018 in Aheri and seed weight per plant (6.63 g) of chickpea. Among the interactions watershed area at Kavalagi village Vijayapur, Karnataka to study the significantly higher seed yield (1267 kg/ha), higher number of pods “Identification of suitable land management units (LMUs) and per plant (42.2), pod weight per plant (9.54g) and seed weight per nutrient management practices for optimizing chickpea (Cicer plant (8.44g) were observed with the soil application of 37.5:75:0 N, -1 arietinum L.) yield. The experiment was laid out under split plot P2O5, K2O kg ha under LMU1 as compared to other interactions. design with three replications, comprising four land management units Significantly higher gross returns (` 47280 /ha), net returns (` 26572 (LMUs) (LMU1, LMU3, LMU5, LMU7) and three nutrient /ha) and BC ratio (2.3) were observed under land management unit 1 management practices (25:35:0, 25:50:0, 37.5:75:0 N P2O5 K2O as compared to other LMUs. Among the nutrient management -1 -1 kg ha ). With respect to different land management units, the land practices, application of 37.5:75:0 N P2O5 K2O kg ha recorded management unit 1 (LMU1) recorded significantly higher seed yield significantly higher gross returns (41936 Rs./ha), net returns (` 20043 (1050 kg/ha), higher number of pods per plant (34.5), pod weight per /ha) and BC ratio (1.9) as compared to other practices. With respect plant (8.32g) and seed weight per plant (7.03g) followed by LMU 3. to interactions, significantly higher gross returns (` 57045 /ha), net Among the nutrient management practices, application of 37.5:75:0 returns (` 26572 /ha) and BC ratio (2.3) were observed under LMU1 -1 -1 N P2O5 K2O kg ha recorded significantly higher seed yield (931 kg/ha), followed by soil application of 37.5:75:0 N P2O5 K2O kg ha under higher number of pods per plant (32.6), pod weight per plant (7.56 g) LMU 3.

Response of maize (Zea mays L.) to potassium silicate and silicic acid at different dates of sowing HANUMANT P. BEVINAKATTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. P. POTDAR A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of maize ha-1) and two levels of foliar application of silicic acid (0.25 and 0.50 to potassium silicate and silicic acid at different dates of sowing” %) as sub plots along with RDF and absolute control. Sowing of during kharif 2018 at the MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment maize at second fortnight of June recorded significantly higher yield was laid out in split plot design with three dates of sowing (second (7640 kg ha-1), gross returns (`143487 ha-1), net returns (` 69916 ha-1) fortnight of June, first and second fortnight of July) as main plots and and BC ratio (2.1) over other dates of sowing. Soil application of three levels of soil application of potassium silicate (20, 40 and 60 kg potassium silicate @ 60 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher yield

33 (6,674 kg), gross returns (` 1,33,864 ha-1), stomatal conductance (0.543 combinations, RDF (5,150 kg ha-1) and absolute control (3537 kg ha-1). µ mole m-2 s-1), silicon uptake in leaf, sheath, stem and grain (17.2, Foliar application of silicic acid at 0.50 per cent with sowing at second 37.6, 31.5 and 3.9 kg ha-1 respectively), TSS (21.9 mg g-1), starch (43.5 fortnight of June recorded significantly higher net returns (` 96162 ha-1) -1 -2 -1 mg g ) and lower transpiration rate (4.16 m mole of H2O m s ) than and BC ratio (2.8) than all other treatment combinations, RDF and other silicon nutrition. Soil application of potassium silicate @ 60 kg absolute control. Hence, sowing at second fortnight of June with ha-1 with sowing of maize at second fortnight of June recorded foliar application of silicic acid at 0.50 per cent to maize found to be significantly higher yield (7644 kg ha-1) over all other treatment promising for higher yield and net returns.

Dssat model based identification of sustainable and profitable cropping systems on vertisols in northern transition zone of Karnataka PARASHURAM KUMBAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. H. PATIL

Maize, greengram and soybean in kharif and sorghum, wheat and sorghum, maize-wheat and maize-chickpea) was run under actual chickpea in rabi are the major crops grown in northern transition conditions following recommended practices of UAS, Dharwad for zone of Karnataka (NTZ) under rainfed condition. However, rising 32 years (1985- 2016). The model output analysis was done using temperature and erratic rainfall patterns are threatening the yield, number of years crop failed during kharif, rabi and during productivity and profitability of these crops. Hence, study was both kharif and rabi seasons, and the BC ratio. Out of 32 years taken up to test and identify sustainable and profitable cropping number of years crop failed during kharif season was maximum sequences for current climates of NTZ in Karnataka using Decision with maize and soybean (each 3 years) and least with greengram Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model. (one year). During rabi season the highest number of years crop Experimental data required to calibrate, validate and run model were failed was noticed in wheat crop (9 years) followed by sorghum (8 collected for above six crops from All India Coordinated Research years) and chickpea (5 years). Among the nine cropping sequences, Project (AICRP) schemes during 2015-2018 under rainfed condition the maize-sorghum sequence (2.86) recorded the highest BC ratio on deep black soils at the Main Agricultural Research Station, followed by maize-chickpea sequence (2.82) and least in soybean- University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad. The Sequential wheat sequence (1.67). Considering number of years crop failed and Analysis Tool of DSSAT model for nine cropping sequences (i.e. BC ratio it was found that maize-chickpea sequence was the most greengram-sorghum, greengram-wheat, greengram-chickpea, consistent and remunerative sequence and under rainfed condition soybean-sorghum, soybean- wheat, soybean-chickpea, maize- of current climate in NTZ of Karnataka. Productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) As influenced by bio-fertilizers in northern transition zone of Karnataka SUNIL H. NAIK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2018 at SA of Azospirillum with PSB (control). The results indicated the Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad in split-plot design significantly higher grain yield was observed with interaction effect -1 with three replications. Main plot consisted of nutrient levels : of F1B3 (82.5 q ha ) when compared to any other interactions. -1 -1 F1-100 % Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (100:50:25 NPK However, it was on par with F2B3 (82.0 q ha ) and F1B5 (81.3 q ha ). -1 kg ha ) with P as DAP, F2-100 % RDF with P as SSP, F3-75 % RDF Similar trend was followed with respect to cob length, cob girth, with P as SSP and Bio-fertilizers as sub plots : B1- Soil application number of grains per row and number of rows per cob. Similarly

(SA) of Azospirillum with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) @ higher microbial activity was evidenced in F1B3 by urease and -1 -1 3 liters each ha , B2- SA of Azospirillum with PSB @ 5 liters each ha , phosphates activity recorded at 30, 60 DAS. However, significantly -1 B3-SA of Azospirillum with PSB @ 7 liters each ha , B4-Foliar lower grain yield was recorded with interaction effect of F3B6 (60.2 q -1 application of phyllosphere consortium and Azospirillum at 4 ml per ha ). Economic analysis indicated that F3B5 recorded significantly -1 liter at 30 and 60 DAS, B5- Seed treatment (ST) with lignite form of highest net returns (` 109005 ha ) and BC ratio (3.8) as compared to Azospirillum @ 4 g and PSB @ 2 g per kg of seeds and SA of lignite any other interactions had reduced the total cost of cultivation and -1 form of Azospirillum with PSB @ 12.5 kg ha , B6- without ST and saved the fertilizer level to the extent of 25 per cent.

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Phytoremediation of saline soils by halophytes P. MANOHARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. YELEDHALLI

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the during 2017-2018. The plant height, number of branches or leaves, “Phytoremediation of saline soils by halophytes” at the Main fresh biomass and dry biomass per plant or pot increased significantly Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, with increase in levels (0.90, 6.02, 11.52 and 16.90 dS m-1) Dharwad. The experiment consisted of six crop species viz. Salicornia in Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritima. No appreciable response brachiata, Suaeda maritima, Chloris gayana, Paspalum vaginatum, was observed in rest of the crops. Irrespective of crops, the tissue Na

Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris and Amaranthus cruentus with four and Cl content significantly increased while Ca, Mg, K and SO4 content different levels of soil salinity (0.90, 6.02, 11.52 and 16.90 dS m-1) decreased as the soil salinity increased from 0.90 to 16.90 dS m-1. The

34 concentration of Na and Cl was higher in shoots than roots except chloride) and exchangeable sodium content was recorded under Suaeda Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris and Amaranthus cruentus. Among the maritima followed by Salicornia brachiata compared to other tested crops, Salicornia brachiata accumulated higher amount of sodium in crops. Among the six studied species, Suaeda maritima was found their tissue and chloride in their tissue in all soil salinity levels. The most effective in the phytoremediation of saline soils, followed by K/Na ratio decreased significantly while proline content increased Salicornia brachiata and Chloris gayana, Paspalum vaginatum, Beta with increase in soil salinity in all the tested crops, the trace amount vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris and Amaranthus cruentus were less effective. of proline was detected in Salicornia brachiata in all soil salinity Hence species such as Suaeda maritima and Salicornia brachiata are levels. Significant reduction of ECe, ESP, soluble ions (sodium and recommended for phytoremediation of saline soils.

Effect of humic acid on soil fertility and productivity of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) in an alfisol R. NANDINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. K. MATH A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of humic in blackgram. The concentration of major nutrients in index leaf acid from poultry manure, FYM and sewage sludge on soil fertility analyzed at 60 DAS and the total uptake of major and micro nutrients and productivity of blackgram (DBGV-5) in an Alfisol during kharif were also significantly higher in the same treatment and was 2018 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad with statistically similar to soil and foliar application of humic acid at 15 thirteen treatments and three replications laid out in completely kg ha-1 and 0.2 per cent at 40 DAS. There was significant improvement randomized design. Application of humic acid from different sources in soil physical properties, organic carbon content, microbial biomass through soil and foliage significantly improved the growth, yield carbon and available nitrogen (258.00 kg ha-1), phosphorus (43.30 kg attributes, yield and seed protein content in blackgram when compared ha-1), potassium (284.50 kg ha-1) and sulphur (25.90 kg ha-1) and to control. Soil application of humic acid extracted from poultry DTPA extractable micronutrients namely Cu (1.44 mg kg-1), Fe (14.04 manure at 10 kg ha-1 with 0.2 per cent concentration foliar spray at 40 mg kg-1), Mn (4.81 mg kg-1) and Zn (0.86 mg kg-1) status in soil due to DAS significantly improved the growth parameters namely plant application of humic acid at 10 kg ha-1 with 0.2 per cent foliar spray. height, chlorophyll content and number of effective nodules compared Application of humic acid from poultry manure to soil at 10 kg ha-1 to control. The same treatment resulted in higher number of pods and 0.2 per cent foliar spray significantly increased seed yield and (32.10), seed yield (7.29 g plant-1) and seed protein (25.38 %) content protein content in blackgram. Response of Byadgi chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) to foliar spray of cow urine in a Vertisol K. L. SHAZIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. I. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 in the farmer’s Two foliar sprays of 15 per cent cow urine produced highest oleoresin field at Agadi village (Tq: Hubballi) in Dharwad district to study the content (20.23 %) at par with two foliar sprays of cow urine at “Response of Byadgi chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) to foliar spray of 10 per cent (19.56 %). Foliar spray of 15 per cent cow urine at 60 and cow urine in a Vertisol”. Experiment consisted of 12 treatments with 90 DAT recorded highest capsaicin (0.16 %) content while lowest three replications laid out in Completely Randomized Block Design. was recorded in control (0.04 %) that received water spray. There is Foliar application of 15 per cent cow urine at 60 and 90 DAT recorded no definite increase or decrease in pungency of fruits due to increased highest fruit yield (14.07 q ha -1) which was on par with two foliar concentrations and time of urine spray. Foliar spray of 15 per cent -1 applications at ten per cent (13.06 q ha ). Control (water spray) cow urine at 60 and 90 DAT recorded highest BC ratio (3.46) followed recorded lowest yield (9.68 q ha-1) while urea and NAA sprayed by two sprays of 10 per cent cow urine (3.21) while lowest value treatments recorded 10.30 and 9.90 q ha-1, respectively. Two foliar (1.97) was recorded due to water spray. Treatment involving two applications of 15 per cent cow urine recorded significantly highest foliar sprays of 15 per cent cow urine is superior in improving the colour value (201.65 ASTA units) which was on par with treatment yield and quality of Byadgi chillies compared to NAA (50 ppm) and having two sprays of cow urine at ten per cent (194.50 ASTA units). urea spray (1 %).

soil fertility constraints based nutrient management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea. L) at Kurthkoti-2 micro-watershed, Gadag MALATESH KAMBALI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GUNDLUR

The field experiment was conducted to study the soil fertility and 26.85 g) at different stages (30, 60 DAS and at harvest, constraints based nutrient management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea respectively) along with higher pod yield of 2898 kg ha-1 with an L.) at Kurthkoti-2 micro-watershed, Gadag. The randomized complete increase in the oil (44.67 %) and protein (22.20 %) contents in kernel. block design was imposed with ten treatments, replicated thrice. The Uptake of major (N, P, K and S) and micro (Zn and Fe) nutrients at 30 DAS, Typic Chromustert non-gravelly, clay textured black soils belong to 60 DAS and at harvest were higher in 175 % RD N and P2O5 + 75 % with moderately alkaline pH having low to medium fertility status K2O and on par with 150 % RD N and P2O5+ 75 % K2O. Nutrients -1 -1 (N, P2O5, K2O and S: 180, 20.5, 351 and 17.5 kg ha , respectively) status after the harvest was significantly higher (290.94 kg K2O ha , significantly responded in terms of groundnut yield during kharif 19.43 S kg ha-1, 0.46 mg Zn kg-1 and 5.28 mg Fe kg-1) in the control and

2018. Soil application of 175 % RD N and P2O5 + 75 % K2O treatment composed of 125 % RD N and P2O5 + 25 % K2O which left -1 -1 -1 -1 (43.75 kg N ha and 87.5 kg P2O5 ha + 18.75 kg K2O ha ) nutrients maximum residual N (144.25 kg ha ). The maximum residual P (24.56 kg -1 recorded significantly higher growth parameters i.e. plant height ha ) was recorded in 175 % RD N and P2O5 + 25 % K2O. Higher BC

(19.86, 35.00 and 45.80 cm) and dry matter per plant (6.78, 17.43 ratio (1: 2.72) was obtained with 175 % RD N and P2O5 + 25 % K2O.

35 studies on forms and distribution of C, N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn in the soils of east sub-watershed of Vijayapur district, Karnataka KARNAM VEERESHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. L. PATIL

A study on forms and distribution of different nutrients in the soils of soluble, organic matter bound and available iron and zinc content Babaleshwar East sub-watershed of Vijayapur district, Karnataka decreased with depth, whereas exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe- was undertaken during 2018-19. One representative soil profile for Mn oxides bound and total iron and zinc did not follow definite trend. each soil series was selected to represent thirteen soil series identified Correlation study revealed that most of the forms of C, N, P, K, S, Fe under Sujala-III project in the sub-watershed. Horizon-wise soil and Zn showed a significant and positive correlation with organic samples were collected and analysed for vertical distribution of forms carbon and significant and positive correlation among themselves, of nutrients. Organic, water soluble and active carbon forms decreased this suggested dynamic equilibrium among different forms. Hence, with depth, whereas inorganic and total carbon did not follow definite the soil organic matter should be managed properly to sustain soil trend. Exchangeable ammonical, nitrate, total and available nitrogen productivity. The lowest organic, inorganic and total carbon stock content decreased with depth. Saloid-P, Fe-P, Al-P, organic-P and observed in ARG soil series (very shallow) and the highest organic available-P decreased with depth, whereas reductant soluble-P, carbon stock observed in HNT soil series (very deep), whereas the occluded-P, Ca-P, total mineral-P and total-P did not follow definite highest total and inorganic carbon stocks observed in RMB soil series trend. All the forms of potassium did not show any definite trend (deep and calcareous). Inorganic carbon stock contribution was more with depth, whereas organic-S decreased with depth and all other to the total carbon stock compared to organic carbon stock as the forms of sulphur increased with depth. The distribution of water soils are under semi-arid region.

Impact of soil health card recommendation on soil properties and crop productivity in hobli of Dharwad taluka KARTEEKA ANANTA HEGDE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GUNDLUR

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil health content (2603 kg ha-1, 3504 kg ha-1, 46.25 %, 21.95 %, respectively) card recommendation on soil properties and crop productivity in of groundnut and seed yield, haulm yield, crude protein content (1238 hobli of Dharwad taluka during kharif, 2018. The soil kg ha-1, 4168 kg ha-1, 22.65 %, respectively) of greengram and total samples collected from two farmers each growing groundnut and mean uptake of nitrogen (140.95 kg ha-1, 78.00 kg ha-1), phosphorus greengram from 15 villages coming under Amminabhavi hobli of (24.73 kg ha-1, 15.99 kg ha-1), potassium (91.92 kg ha-1, 54.94 kg ha-1), Dharwad taluka were analysed and generated soil health cards (SHC). sulphur (21.02 kg ha-1, 13.63 kg ha-1), iron (898.52 g ha-1, 668.38 g ha-1) The SHC recommendations were imposed on fifteen farmers each and zinc (225.29 g ha-1, 172.30 g ha-1) by groundnut and greengram, growing groundnut and greengram and rest of the farmers were made respectively were significantly higher in SHC adopted farmers. There to follow their own practices. Between these farmers, comparison was no significant effect on physical (BD, pore space and MHWC) was made in terms of yield, quality and soil nutrient status. Initial and chemical (soil pH, EC, OC and free CaCO3) properties. SHC soils were alkaline in pH, low to medium in available nitrogen and recommendation recorded significant buildup of phosphorus (38.67 phosphorus, medium to high in available potassium and sulphur and kg ha-1, 35.62 kg ha-1), sulphur (28.86 kg ha-1, 29.22 kg ha-1), iron (4.32 most of the soils were deficient in zinc and iron, sufficient in copper kg ha-1, 3.92 kg ha-1) and zinc (0.48 kg ha-1, 0.36 kg ha-1) in groundnut and manganese. The pod yield, haulm yield, oil content, crude protein and greengram grown soil, respectively.

response of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to sources of phosphorus application in a Vertisol ANILKUMAR PAGAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. R. RAJAKUMAR

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of varied 117.23 and 17.54 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded in superior levels of P fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on cotton at the Main Agricultural treatment. Significantly lower plant height (125.00 cm), total dry Research Station, Dharwad, Karnataka during kharif 2018-19 with matter (311.10 g plant-1), number of bolls plant-1 (38.72) and seed ten treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized complete block cotton yield (1593.60 kg ha-1) were recorded with control (RPP). design. The results revealed that the treatment which received 125 Fibre quality of cotton did not differ much by varied levels of P per cent RDP with PSB (500 g ha-1) in combination of Vesicular fertilizer and bio-fertilizer. The maximum availability of nitrogen and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) (20 kg ha-1) and foliar spray of Mono sulphur (291.12 and 55.00 kg ha-1, respectively) after harvest of the crop was recorded in control treatment (RPP) and phosphorus and Potassium Phosphate (MKP) @ 1 per cent (T10) recorded significantly -1 -1 higher plant height (158.50 cm), total dry matter (325.37 g plant ), potassium (38.71 and 345.83 kg ha , respectively) in T10. The highest -1 -1 number of bolls plant (46.90) and seed cotton yield (2033.26 kg ha ) benefit cost ratio (2.07) was recorded in T6 and was on par with T10 and T and hence were best over the rest of the treatments. The over rest of the treatments and was on par with T3 and T6 which 3 received 100 per cent RDP and 75 per cent RDP with PSB in treatment which received 125 per cent RDP with PSB in combination combination of VAM and foliar spray of MKP. The maximum uptake of VAM and foliar spray of MKP recorded 27.58 per cent increase in of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulphur (124.04, 33.45, yield over control.

36 Effect of foliar application of different sources of potassium on yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in a Vertisol M. R. PADMINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. R. RAJAKUMAR A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research compared to all other treatments. The increase in yield was achieved Station, UAS, Dharwad, to know the effect of foliar application of through improvement in yield attributing characters like pod weight different sources (KNO3, K2SO4, KCl and KH2PO4 @ 0.5 and 1.0 %) (65.5 g/plant) and 100-seed weight (13.87 g) which were higher of potassium on yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) with the foliar application of potassium. Among the foliar sprays, in a Vertisol during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out with one per cent K through KNO3 recorded highest protein content nine treatments, replicated thrice in a randomized completely block (24.44 %) and also total dry matter production at harvest (36.00 g -1 design. Foliar spray of one per cent K through KNO3 had favorable plant ). Significantly higher nutrient (N, P, K and S) uptake and effect on growth of cowpea as evidenced by higher plant height also higher net returns (` 35168) and B C ratio (3.00) were recorded (78.33 and 86.73 cm), number of branches per plant (13.00 and in the treatment which received one per cent foliar spray of K

14.60) both at 60 and 75 DAS, respectively, total number of nodules through KNO3 along with RPP. The present investigation revealed per plant (70.33) and total dry matter yield at harvest (36.00 g/ that among the foliar treatments using different sources, application plant). The seed yield of cowpea was significantly highest in T7 of potassium through KNO3 at one per cent K concentration was (1150.00 kg ha-1) which received one per cent foliar spray of K found to be optimum and beneficial to increase the seed yield and -1 through KNO3 along with RPP (25:50:25 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha ) protein content in cowpea. Studies on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on quality and yield of linseed CHANNAVEERA REDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. M. The field experiment on “Studies on the effect of nitrogen and sulphur treatments, application of 50 kilograms N per hectare + 20 kilograms S on quality and yield of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” was per hectare resulted in significantly higher seed yield (955 kilograms conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur during rabi season per hectare) and straw (2126 kilograms per hectare) yield of crop. The 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block same treatment also resulted in higher uptake of major (N, P, K and S) design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments and micro (Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) nutrients. Similarly, application of 50 included application of nitrogen @ 40, 50 and 60 kilograms per hectare kilograms N per hectare + 20 kilograms S per hectare resulted in and sulphur @ 10, 20 and 30 kilograms per hectare and their significantly higher nitrogen and sulphur content in both seed and straw combinations along with recommended package of practice. The effect of linseed, higher crude protein content in seeds and higher available N of these treatments on growth, yield, quality and nutrient uptake of and S status in soil after harvest of crop. Thus, the combined application linseed was studied. The application of different levels of nitrogen of 50 kilograms N per hectare + 20 kilograms S per hectare (nitrogen and sulphur in combinations along with RPP (RDF @ 40:20:20:: N: and sulphur) along with RPP (RDF @ 40:20:20:: N: P2O5:K2O

P2O5:K2O kilograms per hectare) resulted in significant increase in kilograms per hectare) was found to be a better means of balanced growth and yield parameters of linseed crop. Among the different nutrition for linseed crop to ensure higher productivity. Influence of fertilizers and manures on soil fertility, growth and yield of mothbean (Vigna acontifolia) in shallow black soils of northern dry zone, Karnataka RUHEENTAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIDYAVATHI G. YADAHALLI

A field experiment entitled “Influence of fertilizers and manures on soil numbers per plant, length of pod, test weight, protein content, yield of fertility, growth and yield of mothbean (Vigna acontifolia) in shallow grain (625 kg ha-1), straw (2340 kg ha-1) and uptake of macro (N, P, K, black soils of northern dry zone, Karnataka” was conducted at the S, Ca and Mg) and micro (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) nutrients by mothbean. RARS, Vijayapur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during Similarly, higher available macro nutrients in soil at both flowering and kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated harvest was found with above said treatment and was comparable with -1 -1 thrice with four main plots (Organic manures) viz., no organics ; FYM @ 2.5 t ha + fertilizer @12.5 N: 25 P2O5: 0 K2O kg ha . vermicompost @ 0.5 t ha-1; vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha-1 and FYM @ Highest gross return was recorded with incorporation of vermicompost -1 -1 -1 ` -1 2.5 t ha and five sub plots (Fertilizer levels) viz., no inorganics ; 7.5:15:0 @ 1.0 t ha + fertilizer @ 12.5 N: 25 P2O5: 0 K2O kg ha ( 34760 ha ) -1 -1 ` -1 N: P2O5 : K2O kg ha ; 10:20:0 N: P2O5 : K2O kg ha ; 12.5:25:0 N: P2O5 but maximum net return ( 17418 ha ) and BC ratio (2.02) was recorded -1 -1 -1 : K2O kg ha ; 15:30:0 N: P2O5 : K2O kg ha . Combined incorporation with application of FYM @ 2.5 t ha + fertilizer @12.5 N: 25 P2O5: 0 -1 -1 -1 of vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha + fertilizer @ 12.5 N : 25 P2O5: 0 K2O kg K2O kg ha and was comparable with vermicompost @ 1.0 t ha + -1 -1 ha recorded highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, pod fertilizer @ 12.5: 25:0 N : P2O5: K2O kg ha . Potassium dynamics in intensively vegetable cultivated soils of selected talukas of Dharwad district PRAVEEN KAMMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. YELEDHALLI

Potassium is a major essential element required by plants in the vegetable growing and adjacent crop growing fields of Dharwad, enormous quantities. Vegetables are the major crops grown in Dharwad Hubballi and Kalaghatagi talukas of Dharwad district. The texture of district which particularly needs potassium. Dynamics of potassium the soils ranged from sandy clay to clay. BD, MWHC and percentage in soil is characterised by the equilibrium between various forms of porosity varied from 1.1 to 1.6 Mg m-3, 44.0 to 58.9 per cent and 41.5 potassium and releasing pattern along with soil properties were to 53.6 per cent, respectively. The soil pH ranged from neutral to studied. Fifty surface (0 to 20 cm) soil samples were collected from alkaline and electrical conductivity was well within the permissible

37 limit. The organic carbon content was low to medium and the soils are quantity, dominant fraction is non exchangeable K. Potassium releasing calcareous in nature. The cation exchange capacity of the soils varied capacity high in black soils compared to red soils. The forms of between 16.4 to 49.9 cmol (p+) kg-1. The exchangeable dominant cation potassium such as water soluble K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable was calcium followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium. Available K, lattice K and total K showed positive correlation with clay and nitrogen and phosphorous contents were low to medium and high in significant positive correlation with OC and CEC. All the forms of K available potassium. Potassium fractions followed the order total K in soils studied were positively correlated with each other suggested > lattice K > non-exchangeable K > exchangeable K > water soluble that dynamic equilibrium exists among K forms. All the forms of K

K. Among the forms of potassium water soluble K present in minor are negatively corelated with sand, pH and CaCO3. Effect of nutrient management practices and cropping systems on soil carbon sequestration and characterization in a Vertisol B. S. PARIMALA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJUNATHA HEBBARA

Soil properties, soil carbon sequestration potentials and characterization 100 per cent organic carbon (25.0 Mg ha-1) and greengram-safflower of soil organic matter as influenced by nutrient management practices sequence (24.0 Mg ha-1). In general, many soil properties were significantly and cropping systems practiced over a period of five years in a Vertisol enhanced due to 100 per cent organic farming in greengram-safflower was monitored during 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in strip- sequence cropping system. Significantly higher contents of water soluble plot design with nutrient management practices as the main factor and carbon, particulate organic carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and microbial cropping systems as the sub-factor with three replications. The study biomass carbon fractions at both 0-5 and 5-20 cm depths were recorded revealed that in general, nutrient management practices showed greater in 100 per cent organic farming and greengram-safflower sequence. These impact on soil parameters studied than cropping systems. The 100 per fractions tended to decrease with depth except microbial biomass carbon, cent organic farming practice significantly improved the soil physical which was found higher in 5-20 cm depth. Among different interactions, properties viz; bulk density, porosity, aggregate stability and moisture 100 per cent organic farming and greengram-safflower sequence recorded retention compared to 100 per cent inorganic farming. Total organic higher carbon fractions. Recovery per cent, E4/E6 ratio, total acidity and carbon at 0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm was significantly higher in 100 per cent elemental composition of humic acid and fulvic acid were found higher in organic farming (14.8, 14.5 and 13.6 mg kg-1, respectively) and greengram- 100 per cent organic farming when compared to other nutrient management safflower cropping system (14.4, 13.8 and 13.2 mg kg-1, respectively). practices. These parameters were not significantly influenced by cropping The soil organic carbon stock up to 50 cm soil depth was also higher in systems.

Response of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] to soil and foliar application of silicon in a vertisol SHRIDEVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. S.

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research (25 kg ha-1) + foliar (0.25%) application of silicon and the lowest seed Station, UAS, Dharwad, to study the response of soybean to soil and (12.86 q ha-1) and haulm(17.68 q ha-1) yields were recorded in the foliar application of silicon in a Vertisol during kharif 2018. Experiment control. The treatment composed of soil (25 kg ha-1) + foliar (0.25%) was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments silicon significantly increased uptake of nitrogen, potassium, replicated thrice. The treatments included were two soil (25 and sulphurand silicon. The highest phosphorus uptake and benefit cost 50 kg ha-1), two foliar (0.25 and 0.50 %) rates of silicon and their ratio (1.97) were recorded with foliar application of silicon (0.25 %). combinations with one control. The results revealed that soil Soil (50 kg ha-1) + foliar (0.50%)application of silicon recorded application of silicon (25 kg ha-1) + foliar(0.25%) improved the growth thehighest Si content (0.276%) in the index leaf at 50 DAS and also parameters viz., number of leaves (27.47), chlorophyll content (49.40) highest phosphorus and silicon content inpost harvest soil. Soil at 60 DAS and effective nodules (19.73) at 50 DASplant-1and yield application of silicon (25 kg ha-1) at the time of sowing and foliar parameters viz., number of pods(39.87)plant-1, pod weight (24.21 g) (0.25 %) at 30 DAS along with RPP recorded highest yield in a plant-1and 100-seed weight (14.97 g). A significant increase in seed Vertisol. But, considering net returns and benefit cost ratio, foliar (14.84 q ha-1) and haulm (19.72 q ha-1) yields were recorded with soil application of silicon (0.25 %) was equally beneficial to soybean.

Studies on forms and distribution of C, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B in soils of sub-watershed of Mundargi taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka K. S. HARSHITH GOWDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. JAGADEESH

A study on forms and distribution of different nutrient elements in pH and EC values ranged from neutral to strongly alkaline and normal the soils of Dambal sub-watershed of Mundargi taluk of Gadag to strongly saline respectively. Organic carbon content followed district, Karnataka was undertaken during 2018-19. One decreasing trend with depth and irregular distribution was observed representative soil profile for each soil series was selected to represent in free CaCO3. Cation exchange capacity of soil series was average twenty two soil series identified under Sujala-III project. Depth wise with Ca2+ found as dominant exchangeable cation followed by Mg2+, soil samples were collected and analysed for vertical distribution of Na+ and K+. Majority of soils possessed medium to high per cent different forms of nutrient elements. Soils were generally sandy clay base saturation. Organic, water soluble and active carbon forms loam to clay in texture, bulk density and particle density increased decreased with depth, whereas inorganic and total carbon did not with depth and on contrary porosity was decreased with depth. The follow a particular trend. The distribution of water soluble, organically

38 bound and available cationic micronutrients decreased with depth, trend. Correlation study revealed that most of the forms of C, Fe, Zn, whereas exchangeable, carbonate bound, Fe-Mn oxides bound and Cu, Mn and B showed a significant and positive correlation with total cationic micronutrients did not follow a definite trend. In case of organic carbon and significant and positive correlation among boron distribution, readily soluble and organically bound form themselves, this suggested dynamic equilibrium among different forms. decreased with depth, whereas specifically adsorbed, oxide bound, Hence, the proper assessment of soil organic matter helps to sustained total and available boron was didn’t showed any consistency in their soil productivity.

CROP PHYSIOLOGY

Evaluation of maize hybrids under moisture stress condition M. R. VIVEK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. B. CHANNAPP AGOUDAR Field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, and harvest index were significantly higher in DKC-9178, GH16305, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi/summer season SEED TEC-2324, GH-16318, LC-8071 R, GH-16319. Considering the 2017-18 to evaluate maize hybrids for moisture stress condition (early performance of all the hybrids under early stress condition, the hybrids, stress, milky stage stress and irrigated condition). The experiment was SEED-TEC-2324, LC-8087, 900-M, and P-3401 were realized better laid out with factorial RCBD with two replications including of 30 maize with higher plant height, total chlorophyll content, SPAD values, RWC, hybrids consisting CIMMYT Hybrids (06), AICRP hybrids (13), IARI photosynthetic rate, proline content, ASI and yield performance while hybrids (5), Private hybrids (6). Among all the hybrid (in all the condition), hybrids like CAH-1574 and CAH-1525 registered lower values for DKC-9178 and SEED TEC-2324 recorded maximum plant height, leaf these traits and were categorized as early stress tolerant and susceptible area, photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation in leaf, stem and hybrids, respectively. Considering the performance of all the hybrids cob at all the stages. The various biochemical parameters viz., total under milky stage stress condition, the hybrids DKC-9178, CAH- chlorophyll, proline, wax content were higher in DKC-9178, SEED TEC- 1441, GH-16318, LC-8071R were realized better with higher plant 2324, GH-16318, GH-16305. Anthesis silking interval was less in DKC- height, total chlorophyll content, SPAD values, RWC, photosynthetic 9178, SEED- TEC-2324 and GH-16318. Growth paramters viz., BM, rate, proline content, ASI and yield performance while hybrids like CGR, NAR, LAI higher in DKC-9178 and SEED TEC-2324, 900 M, GH-16260 and GH-16251 registered lower values for these traits and GH•16305. The yield and yield components viz., cob weight, cob length, were categorized as terminal stress tolerant and susceptible hybrids, cob girth, test weight, number of kernels per cob, grain yield, cob height respectively.

Characterization of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes for yield related physiological traits SHASHIKALA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. PATIL

The present study was conducted at the RARS, Vijayapur during weight and translocation from leaves and stem. In the present study rabi 2018 by using 16 genotypes collected from ICRISAT Hyderabad the influence nutrients and growth regulators showed that application and one local cultivar (CSV-29R) derived from M 35-1. These of Potassium @ 45 kg ha-1 recorded highest grain yield, test weight genotypes were evaluated for source-sink capacity and contribution and harvest index. The treatment receiving highest potassium of stem and leaf reserves to grain yield through translocation. The application (67.5 kg/ha) recorded highest translocation from stem effect of variability of source on sink was also studied by varying the and leaves followed by lihosin @ 400 ppm. The least grain yield was factors such as nutrients, growth promoter and growth retardant on recorded by application of 90:45:45 kg NPK/ ha and this treatment yield. The leaf area index was maximum in BJV-362 followed by recorded the least translocation rate. The application of nitrogen at a Phule Suchitra and M35-1. Phule Anuradha was the earliest to flower higher dose (50% more) did not affect the rate of stem and leaf and maturity while BJV-125 was late flowering and maturity. The translocation .The leaf reserve contribution to grain yield was more genotype Phule Suchitra and BJV-362 recorded highest grain yield, than the stem reserve contribution, both contributing 60 per cent of test weight and translocation form stem and leaves. The least yield the total grain weight. The study concluded that application of was recorded by RSV-1910, BJV-125 and CRS-68 and these genotypes potassium at 67.5 kg per ha increased the stem and leaf translocation were characterized by low to medium harvest index, grain yield, test by 5.2 and 3.4 per cent, respectively over normal.

Physiological investigation on drought tolerance mechanisms in released and pre-released genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) POOJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. Y. PATIL The field experiment was conducted during the post–rainy season, of released (GPBD-4, G2-52, Dh-86 and TMV-2) and pre-released 2018-19 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of (Dh-245, Dh-232, Dh-256 and Dh-257) groundnut genotypes. Drought Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, to evaluate the selected groundnut stress at both the stages reduced yield and yield components but higher genotypes to water stress at two different stages with split plot design. effect was observed under 80 DAS to harvest stressed plants compared Main plots consisted of two moisture stress levels (40 to 80 DAS and to stress at 40 to 80 DAS. Genotypes, GPBD-4, Dh-257 and Dh-256 80 DAS to harvest) with one control. The drought was imposed by recorded higher per cent increase in epicuticular wax deposition (191.9, with-holding irrigation during these stages. While, subplots consisted 207.33 and 164.4 mg cm-2) at all the stages. Increase was higher in 80

39 DAS to harvest in stressed plants than 40 to 80 DAS stressed plants in 2 were poor performers to tolerant mechanisms and adaptations. Hence, tolerant genotypes. These genotypes also recorded lesser cell shrinkage, are regarded as susceptible genotypes. With these adaptations lower membrane injury (33.27, 27.60 and 20.72 %, respectively). genotypes GPBD-4, Dh-257 and Dh-256 recorded lesser reduction in Similarly, maintained significantly higher relative water content, SPAD yield (8.69 , 7.54 and 7.22 %, respectively) and drought susceptibility values, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic index (DSI) values of 0.80, 0.73, 0.95 and 0.75, respectively at both the rate, leaf soluble protein, leaf proline (acts as osmo-protectant), moisture stress levels and regarded as relatively drought tolerant peroxidase enzyme activity (scavenges reactive oxygen species), number genotypes. Hence, it is necessary to provide life saving of pods per plant and harvest index. Whereas, G2-52, Dh-86 and TMV- during these critical stages.

Physiological evaluationof F3 groundnut population for iron chlorosis tolerance in calcareous soils M. V. CHETHANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR:Dr. R. V. KOTI

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2018 at the College more number of pods per plant, total dry matter and pod weight compared to tolerant variety, ICGV 86031 and their susceptible of Agriculture, Vijayapur to evaluate F3 groundnut population obtained from the two crosses,TMV 2 × ICGV 86031 (TIP) and JL 24 × parents, TMV 2 and JL 24. The iron chlorosis parameter VCR had ICGV 86031 (JIP) for iron chlorosis tolerance in calcareous soils. significant negative correlation with SCMR and pod yield. This showed The experiment was laid out in an augmented design consisting of six the effect of iron chlorosis in reducing the groundnut pod yield. The equal blocks for progenies of each cross. The progenies were compared path analysis of different traits indicated that SCMR, plant height, number of primary branches, number of pods, total dry matter and with their respective parents (checks). Among F3 populations, the progenies TIP 6, TIP 16 of TMV 2 × ICGV 86031(TIP) and the pod weight had direct contribution for pod yield. The chlorosis progenies JIP 27 and JIP 29 of JL 24 × ICGV 86031(JIP) were found tolerance in the selected progenies TIP 6, TIP 16, JIP 27 and JIP 29 superior as compared to susceptible parents TMV 2 and JL 24, is attributed to higher acquisition of iron in calcareous soils indicated respectively for visual chlorotic ratings (VCR), SPAD chlorophyll by higher root ferric reductase activity, root protonation, leaf ferrous meter readings (SCMR) and morphological traits. The estimates of iron and chlorophyll contents leading to chlorosis tolerance.The variance components revealed predominance of additive component chlorosis tolerance has also increased growth and pod yield in the of variance forthe characters studied. These progenies also recorded groundnut.

Effect of nutrients and plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes in soybean (Glycine max L.) NOORAHMED H. BALIGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. DODDAMANI

In the present investigation an attempt was made to ascertain the use leaf nitrogen(4.37%), boron (27.66 mg kg-1), zinc were also higher of nutrients and growth regulators on soybean, which is considered with foliar spray of Pulse Magic @ 10 g L-l. Similar observations were throughout the world as a cheap source of proteins and fiber for the also recorded fornumber of pods, number of seeds per plant, seed -1 -1 poor. Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) @ 10 gL (T1), weight per plant, yield (36.72 qha ), harvest index, 100 seed weight, -1 Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) @ 0.5 % (T2), Boron @ 1 gL (T3), seed oil (29.40%) and seed protein (39.52%) content.The rust disease

6-benzylamnopurine (BA6) @ 20 ppm (T4), Salicylic acid @100 scoring was highest in T11 (control) and lowest in T6. The activity of -1 ppm (T5), Pulse Magic @ 10 g L (T6) were applied separately and in nitrate reductase and glutathione reductase found more with T9 various combinations at pre bloom stage during kharif 2018. The (mixture) and T6, respectively. Gene expression found more with T4 effect of the foliar application was assessed for morpho-physiological (BA6) and T9 (mixture) compared to control. Foliar spray with mixture traits, yield and quality of soybean. The plant height (71.94 cm), of all nutrients and growth regulators did not differ significantly number of branches per plant, leaf area (64.85 dm2), total dry matter compared with the spray of Pulse Magic @ 10 g L-l. However, foliar -1 (47.24 g plant ) and net photosynthetic rate (32.41 µ mol of CO2 spray with mixture of nutrients and growth regulators differed m-2s-1) were higher with the foliar spray of Pulse Magic @ 10 g L-l. significantly compared to control. Hence, commercial use of pulse Relative chlorophyll content, total chlorophyll, total soluble sugar, magic may be explored further.

Physiological and biochemical basis of PGR’s induced insect resistance in cotton PRASHANT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. V.

The experiment on physiological and biochemical basis of PGRs sprayed only for treatments of protected condition. Periodical, induced insect resistance in cotton was conducted during kharif 2018 morphological, biochemical and pest load parameters were recorded at the ARS, Hebballi farm, UAS, Dharwad. The experiment consisted along with yield and yield attributes. Significant differences were of seven sub plot treatments (T1: Control T2: CCC 50 ppm, T3: CCC observed in all the parameters studied. Foliar application of MC at

100 ppm, T4: SA 50 ppm, T5: SA 100 ppm, T6: MC 50 ppm and T7: 100 ppm recorded significantly lower pest load (Thrips-23.87,

MC 100 ppm) maintained at two main plot treatments (M1: Sucking Aphids-7.3, Jassids-24.5), height to node ratio (3.64), higher pest protected and M2: Sucking pest unprotected) laid in split plot chlorophyll content (42.95), higher RWC (85.75), lower reducing design with three replications. The sucking pest susceptible non-Bt sugar (4.51 mg /g fr.wt), lower protein content (8.04 mg /g fr.wt), cotton genotype Suraj was grown with recommended package and higher phenol (3.96 mg /g fr.wt) and gossypol content (33.83 µg /g PGRs are sprayed at 60 DAS. Pesticides for sucking pests were fr.wt) under protected condition over other treatments. Further, foliar

40 spray of PGRs resulted in increased biochemical constituents main stem nodes (24.24), TDM (333.41 g/pl.) compared to other measured at 7th and 15th day of spray under insect unprotected treatments. However, foliar spray of SA at 100 ppm recorded condition over protected leading to induced insect resistance in cotton. significantly more boll numbers (45.38), boll weight (4.79 g), seed Application of SA at 100 ppm in insect protected condition recorded cotton yield (19.16 q ha-1) and harvest index (42.44) compared to significantly higher plant height (122.10 cm), leaf area (830.94 cm2), other treatments including control.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Present status of insect pests on curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) and their management A. ASHWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr M. G. HEGE

Studies on the seasonal incidence of major insect pests on curry leaf nymphs. However, psyllid nymphs had a significant and negative and their management were undertaken at the University of relation with maximum temperature. The leaf roller had a significant Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during January to December, 2018. and positive correlation with minimum temperature, morning and Studies on the seasonal incidence revealed that the psyllid population evening relative humidity and that of with maximum temperature prevailed throughout the year on curry leaf. The peak nymphal and was negative. Leaf roller larval parasitoids Dolichogenidea sp. and adult population was recorded during the 2nd week (47.80/4 terminal Pristomerus sp. have been recorded during August and September shoots) and 3rd week (26.20/4 terminal shoots) of September, 2018 and psyllid nymphal parasitoid, Diaphorencyrtus sp. has been respectively. The population of leaf roller was noticed from 18th recorded during September, 2018. Predators viz., coccinellids, SMW (May) up to 52nd SMW (December) with a peak of 23.60 spiders, green lacewing, syrphids and assassin bug have been recorded larvae/plant prevailed during the 1st week of September. The low to during January to December, 2018. Studies conducted to test the a moderate population of common mormon, scales and thrips of efficacy of biorationals against psyllid adults and leaf roller larvae 0.20-14.80 caterpillar/plant, 0.40-45.00 per 4 terminal shoots and revealed that spinosad 45SC @ 0.25 ml/l was effective against both 0.80-12.40 per 4 terminal shoots were recorded respectively during the insect pests under laboratory and field conditions. Buprofezin 16th-50th SMW, 6th-22nd SMW and 1st-13th SMW. The correlation 25SC @ 1.0 ml/l was effective against psyllid nymphs under field analysis indicated that morning and evening relative humidity had a conditions. Among the biorationals azadirachtin 1000 ppm @ significant and positive relation with citrus psylla adults and 1.5 ml/l was safer to predatory coccinellids and spiders.

Species complex and eco-biology of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in mango K. S. ASHOKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAVAREGOWDA

The investigation on “Species complex and eco-biology of oriental fruit Trichorpia sp. and S.manii. Copterabharatvarshus constituted only fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) in mango” was carried out at Pala 7.62 per cent. Among the mango genotypes, the per cent fruit infestation, village in mundagod taluk of Uttara Kannada district during mango mean no. of adults emergence and oviposition punctures were maximum fruiting season (April to August 2018). Species complex studies revealed in Alphonso followed by Benishan and that was minimum in Neelun the incidence of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Bactrocera correcta followed by Dhasharito B. dorsalis in No-choice and choice test. There (Bezzi), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and Bactrocera careyae (Kapoor). was a negative and significant correlation between per cent fruit Among them, B. dorsalis was recorded most dominant with 49.79 per cent infestation and rind thikness. Similarly, TSS and acidity content of followed by 26.87 and 18.51 per cent represented by B. correcta and fruits were significant and positively correlated with per cent fruit B. zonata, B. caryeae constituted only 4.80 per cent.The four species infestation. The highest fecundity with minimum incubation, maggot, of parasitoids belonging to four genera of Hymenopteran order viz., pupal and total developmental period of B. dorsalis were recorded in Diachasmimor phalongicaudata species complex, Trichorpia sp., Benishan and Alphonso among eight mango genotypes. Significantly Spilomicrusmanii (Rajmohana and Narendran), Copterabharatvarshus highest number of fruit flies were trapped in bottle trap followed by (Sharma) were noticed with 62.78 per cent contributed by Agri pheromone dispenser trap with the mean trap catches of 738.13 D.longicaudata while, 20.17 and 9.41 per cent were represented by and 542.41 fruit flies / trap / week, respectively.

Biology, host range and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) TIPPANNANAVARA PRA VEENA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P.

Investigations on the biology, host range and pathogeneicity of were 37-51 and 43-56 days, respectively. The morphometry of the egg entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda measured 0.52 mm in length and 0.51 in width and the head capsule were undertaken at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad width of larva from I to VI instars were recorded at 0.31, 0.81, 0.1.89, during 2018-19 under laboratory conditions. A single gravid female laid 2.65, 2.82 and 3.02 mm, respectively. The larval instars from 1 to 6 762 eggs. The incubation, larval and pupal period were recorded at attained body length of 2.26, 7.95, 16.32, 21.69, 24.77 and 28.90 mm, 2.5-4.5, 19.8-28.0 and 11- 16 days, respectively. The longevity of respectively. The pupal length and width were 16.2 mm and 4.74 mm, adult ranged from 12 to 14 days with an average of 13 days in female respectively. The length and width of adult moth were recorded at 15 and 5 to 7 days in case of male. The total life cycle of male and female mm and 6.42 mm, respectively with forewing measuring 14.23 mm

41 length, 7.04 mm width and the hindwing measured 11.24 mm in length preferred host followed by wheat and sorghum whereas, cabbage, and 9.0 mm in width. All the seven tested crops (sorghum, maize, groundnut and cotton were less preferred for growth and development. wheat, napier grass, groundnut, cotton and cabbage) served as hosts Dharwad strain of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana for the fall armyworm. The pest completed its life cycle on all the did not possess any pathogenicity against fall armyworm. However, seven crops from hatching till adult emergence. However, no egg laying Metarhizium rileyi (2 g/l)was found highly effective against was observed on cabbage, cotton and groundnut. Maize was the most S. frugiperda while, endophytes proved to be inferior.

Studies on population dynamics and management of pests of tomato C. M. KARTHIK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. BIRADAR

Studies on population dynamics and management of tomato pests damage) for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and highest per cent were carried out at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur during 2018- reduction in mites (72.00 %) for Tetranychus urticae (Koch). The 2019. Seasonal incidence studies indicated that, incidence of borer next best treatments were chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 0.15 ml/ insect pests was very less in seedling stage, incidence gradually l followed by fenazaquin 10 % EC @ 2 ml/l and chlorantraniliprole increased during vegetative stage and attained peak incidence at 18.5 % SC @ 0.15 ml/l followed by propergite 57 % EC @ 3 ml/l. reproductive stage. Incidence of sucking pests was very low during Among insecticides, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 0.15 ml/l alone seedling stage, attained peak in vegetative stage and become less at was superior in management of borer insect pests followed by reproductive stage. The population of coccinellids was more during flubendiamide 39.35 % SC @ 0.075 ml/l and emamectin benzoate seedling stage followed by reproductive and vegetative stage of crop. 5 % SG @ 0.20g/l and among acaricides, spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ Among different treatments used for the management of tomato 0.5 ml/l was most effective in management of followed by fenazaquin pests, combined spray of both insecticides and acaricides showed 10 % EC @ 2 ml/l, propergite 57 % EC @ 3 ml/l and dicofol 18.5 % superior results against borer and sucking pests. Chlorantraniliprole EC @ 2.5 ml/l. Among all treatments, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 18.5 % SC @ 0.15 ml/l followed by spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 0.5 @ 0.15 ml/l followed by spiromesifen 22.9 % SC @ 0.5 ml/l recorded ml/l recorded lowest larvae (1.60/ plant), (2.02 % fruit damage) for highest BC ratio (2.70) and lowest (1.05) in untreated check Tuta absoluta (Myrick) and (1.07 larvae/ plant), (2.06 % fruit compared to remaining treatments. Evaluation of rabi sorghum advanced breeding lines to major insect pests in northern dry zone of Karnataka R. CHINNI PRAKASH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. KARABHANTANAL

The present studies were under taken at the All India Coordinated genotypes were collected from field at three different stages viz., Sorghum Improvement Project, Regional Agricultural Research Station, seedling, vegetative and reproductive stage were subjected to biochemical Vijayapur, Karanataka during rabi 2018-19 to evaluate 37 advanced analysis. The genotypes viz., SLV -145-3, SPV•2547 and C6-C41-28- breeding lines, 13 stay green QTL introgressed lines and three speciality 52-13 which showed least incidences of shoot fly and sucking pest. grain type rabi sorghum varieties along with nine checks for resistance The lower reducing sugar, total sugar and higher phenol content during to major insect pests in northern dry zone of Karnataka. The advanced seedling stage are conferring resistance to shoot fly and stem borer. breeding lines viz., SL V-145-3, SPV-2548, SPV-2553 and SPV•2555, Whereas, these biochemical content during vegetative and reproductive stay green QTL introgressed lines viz., Rl-R37-13- 30-15, 16, C6-C41- stage are conferring resistance to sucking pest viz., shoot bug and aphids 28-52-13, R5-R37-13-30-20, 37 and Cl-C41-28-49-14 and speciality The association studies indicated the importance of the biophysical grain type variety, SMJ 1 recorded lower incidence of sorghum insect characters and biochemical character viz., highest trichome density, pests (shoot fly, stem borer, shoot bug and aphids) which showed more seedling vigour, more leaf glossiness, less relative water content, highest trichome density on lower surface of leaves, more seedling low chlorophyll content, less leaf area index, lower total sugar, lower vigour, more leaf glossiness, less relative water content, low chlorophyll reducing sugar and higher phenol in determining the resistance to sorghum content and less leaf area index. Leaf samples of selected twenty four insect pests.

Studies on insect pests of drumstick with special reference to biology and management of leaf eating caterpillar, Noorda blitealis walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) RACHANA BADAGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. JAG GINAVAR

Studies on population dynamics of insect pests, biology and infestation was observed throughout the year and maximum management of leaf eating caterpillar, Noorda blitealis Walker were population (16.40 thrips 15 branches) was recorded during 20th conducted on drumstick at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur SMW and it had highly significant and significantly positive during 2018-19. The population dynamics of insect pests on correlation with maximum and minimum temperature, respectively drumstick field revealed that, N. blitealis larvae found throughout whereas, highly significant and non•significantly negative correlation the year. Maximum population (10.24 larvae /5 branches) and per with maximum, minimum relative humidity and rainfall, respectively. cent defoliation (95.03) were recorded during 51st SMW and it had Other insect pests viz., cetonid beetle (Oxycetonia versicolor), blister highly significant negative correlation with maximum and minimum beetle, ash weevil, coccinellids, praying mantid (Mantis religiosa temperature, positive with maximum and minimum relative humidity religiosa), different species of spiders and parasitoid Braconid sp. and non-significantly negative correlation with rainfall. Thrips were recorded. A study on the biology of N. blitealis revealed that

42 incubation period was 2.8 ± 0.79 days. Total larval period was 12.9 conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of insecticides and botanicals ± 1.85 days, while pre-pupal period 2.2 ± 0.42 days and pupal against leaf eating caterpillar on drumstick. Among the insecticides period was 8.1 ± 1.37 days. The fecundity was 96.7 ± 5.65 eggs. evaluated chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.15 ml/l was found superior Longevity of male was 6.3 ± 1.06 and 2.3 ± 0.48 days with and with least larval population followed by spinosad 45 SC @ 0.1 ml/l without honey solution while, female 6.6 ± 1.17 and 3.0 ± 0.82 and botanicals like Prosopis juliflora leaf extract @ 5% followed by days with and without honey solution. Field experiment was NSKE @ 5%.

Eco-friendly management of white grub, Holotrichia serrata (Fab.) in sugarcane D. S. LAVANYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. POORNIMA MATTI

Investigations were conducted on eco-friendly management of white upto 14th MSW (April). Among the entomopathogens evaluated against grub, Holotrichia serrata using different entomopathogens during 2018-19 white grub, Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2 × 108 conidia/g and in farmer’s field at Bellad , Belagavi district and College of M. anisopliae @ 2 × 108 conidia/g + Beauveria bassiana @ 2 × 108 Agriculture, Dharwad. Among the eight sugarcane genotypes screened conidia/g are proved to be promising by recording highest larval mortality against H. serrata grub. CoM 265 and CoSnk 09293 recorded lower and resulted in higher cane yield of 92.74 t/ha and 89.15 t/ha, number of eggs and grub load coupled with higher number of roots, respectively. The In vitro compatibility of M. anisopliae with pesticides maximum root length and high root biomass. The biochemical contents revealed that fipronil 5% SC showed highly compatible with least per viz., sucrose and proline concentration were highest in root system of cent growth inhibition with highest spore yield of M. anisopliae followed both CoM 265 and CoSnk 09293. Peak adult emergence of H. serrata by chlorantraniliprole 0.4% G. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC, hexaconazole commenced from February 7th meterological standard week (MSW) 5 % SC and propiconazole 25% EC showed cent per cent inhibition and reached peak adult emergence during 11th MSW and continued and were most detrimental to the entomopathogen, M. anisopliae.

Incidence and management of gall weevil, Alcidodes collaris (Pascoe) on pigeonpea T. N. RAKSHITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUBHASH KANDAKOOR

Studies on incidence and management of gall weevil Alcidodes collaris (155.3cm, 6.33 branches/plant, 24 q/ha, respectively) and damaged (Pascoe) on pigeonpea were conducted at the Main Agricultural plant (128.5cm, 3.3 branches/plant, 14.7 q/ha, respectively). In late Research Station, Dharwad during kharif 2018-19. The pigeonpea sown crop, growth parameters were highly affected in galled plants gall weevil was noticed during the study from July to August and compared to healthy plants and grain yield also less in late sown observed the damage in 15 days old plant. The different dates of crop. The cultural management practices viz., redgram intercropped sowing influenced on the pest incidence with lower infestation in with cowpea, soybean reduced the gall weevil incidence and recorded early sown crop (1st week of July, 23 % at 20 DAS and 30% at 30 higher yield. But an exception was the transplanted redgram which DAS), whereas in late sown crop (last week of August) higher incidence yielded higher even after the attack of gall weevil. Evaluation on various of 73.33 per cent at 30 DAS was recorded. The abiotic factors like methods of chemical management practices indicated that seed treatment maximum temperature and relative humidity positively influences on with imidacloprid 600 FS followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC spray gall weevil population, whereas minimum temperature and rainfall at 20 days after the crop emergence recorded higher yield and net return. has negative effect on activity of the pest. Plant height, number of The next best treatment was imidacloprid 600 FS seed treatment followed branches and yield were higher in early sown crop both in healthy by profenophos 50 EC drenching after 20 days of crop emergence.

Surveillance of insect and mite pests of rainfed chilli and their management R. NAYANASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. RAFEE

Among the two districts surveyed, maximum number of thrips (3.35 thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 5g/kg – diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.5 g/l - to 4.54/leaf) and mites (2.84 to 5.28/leaf) were recorded in Gadag fenazaquin 10 EC @ 2.0 ml/l - fipronil 5 SC @ 1.0 ml/l - district. Whereas, highest incidence of fruit borers (0.06 to 0.39 larvae/ chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l) which recorded 2.69 thrips plant) and per cent damage due to fruit borers (6.02 %) and gall per leaf, 3.00 mites per leaf and 0.51 fruit borer per plant. The midges (4.92 %) were noticed in Dharwad district. Likewise, maximum highest yield of 8.50 q per ha and net returns of ` 74,856 per ha was number of natural enemies viz., coccinellids (0.26 to 0.45/plant), registered in T1. Significantly minimum mean number of thrips (0.98/ spiders (0.16 to 0.30/plant) and chrysopids (0.22 to 0.35/plant) and leaf), mites (0.93/leaf), aphids (0.66/leaf) and fruit borers (0.37/plant) predatory mites (0.31 to 0.45/leaf) were encountered in Gadag district. were registered in Module-II (Marigold trap crop, maize as border Considerably less number of thrips (2.60/leaf), mites (2.96/leaf) and crop, ST with thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 5 g/kg, vermicompost @ 1 t/ fruit borers (0.47/plant) were registered in T1 (ST with imidacloprid ha, diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1g/l @ 5, 7 and 11 WAT, spirotetramat 600 FS @ 10 ml/kg – diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.5 g/l - fenazaquin 10 150 OD @ 1g/l @ 7 and 11, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.20 ml EC @ 2.0 ml/l - fipronil 5 SC @ 1.0 ml/l - chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (need based). Further, the Module-II with highest yield of 8.33 q per

@ 0.2 ml/l) which excelled over all the treatments except T4 (ST with ha and net returns of Rs 81,463 per ha has excelled over Module-I.

43 Studies on pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) and its management MANJUNATH BADIGER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. PRABHU

Studies on pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) and protected plots. In all the varieties the highest damage by pod fly its management were carried out at the Main Agricultural Research noticed at the time of harvest. Relative humidity had significant Station, College of Agriculture, Dharwad during 2018-19. The roving positive influence on maggot population whereas pupa and seed survey conducted in Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts revealed damage had significant negative impact. Effectiveness of yellow, white, that highest maggot (1.80) and pupal (4.66) population per 25 pods blue and red coloured sticky traps in trapping the flies were evaluated. with highest seed (8.54%) and pod damage (18.90%) observed in White sticky trap found superior over other traps by recording 3.10 Haveri district. During the survey Euderus sp. (Eulophidae) and other numbers of flies per trap per week. Bioefficacy of newer chemicals Eulophids were found as larval parasitoids. Ormyrus orientalis Walker were evaluated against pod fly. Among various chemicals evaluated, (Ormyridae) and Pseudotorymus sp. Masi (Torymidae) were found chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC + 1 % jaggery recording lowest mean as pupal parasitoids. Population dynamics studies conducted in three population of pod fly with highest per cent reduction over control, varieties indicated that highest pod fly population and damage noticed followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC and emamectin benzoate 5 in long duration variety (BSMR 736) followed by medium (TS 3R) SG + 1% jaggery. Least effective treatment in reducing pod fly and short duration variety (ICPL 87). Irrespective of the varieties the population and damage was novaluron 10 EC over standard check highest population and damage noticed in unprotected plots than in thimethoxam 25 WG +1% jaggery.

Survey and management of defoliators in sunflower with special reference to bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilarctia obliqua walker (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) PANDIT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. VEERANNA

The biology of Spilarctia obliqua, survey and management of 12 days. The longevity of adult ranged from 8 to 9 days with an defoliators on sunflower were carried out during 2018-19 at Main average of 8.47 days in female and 4.50 to 5.50 days, with an average Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. The studies indicated of 5.20 days in case of male. Efficacy of newer insecticide molecules that, defoliator insect pest population such as Spilarctia obliqua, against defoliators indicated that the chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ Thysanoplusia orichalcea and Spodoptera litura were very low during 0.2 ml/l, cyantranaliprole 10.26 OD @ 0.3 ml/l and spinetoram 11.7 seedling stage, gradually increased during vegetative stage and reached SC @ 0.5 ml/l were found effective in managing S. obliqua by recording a peak during reproductive stage of the crop. Predators such as least larval population. Cyantranaliprole 10.26 OD @ 0.3 ml/l and coccinellids and spiders were in maximum number at vegetative stage chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l were found effective against of the crop. Biology of S. obliqua indicated that, the total life cycle of T. orichalcea and S. litura by registering least larval population among the pest recorded 43.25 days in male and 46.72 days in female during the different molecules. Higher grain yield (22.96 and 21.44 q/ha, August-September. The incubation period ranged from 4.00 to 6.50 respectively) and benefit cost ratio of 2.69 and 2.49 were recorded in days. The total larval period ranged from 22 days to 25 days. The chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l and cyantranaliprole 10.26 duration of the pupa varied from 10 to 12.50 days with an average of OD @ 0.3 ml/l, respectively.

Tritrophic interaction in mulberry ecosystem SHWETA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHAVAN

Studies on tritrophic interaction in mulberry ecosystem was carried related to their prey population. A negative correlation was observed out during 2018-19 at the village of Basavana Bagewadi taluk, between the pest infestation, total phenol, total protein and amino acid Vijayapur district of northern dry zone of Karnataka and the results are content. Whereas, positive correlation was observed between pest summarized here below. An investigation was conducted to study the infestations, total sugar, reducing sugar and chlorophyll content of the different pest complex in mulberry ecosystem. During this study, Bihar mulberry leaves. Trichome present on the young and unopened mulberry Hairy Caterpillar (S. obliqua) and some important sucking pests viz., leaves were positively correlated with population of Bihar hairy mulberry thrips (P. mori) and papaya mealy bug (P. marginatus) were caterpillar, negatively correlated with incidence of sucking pests. The observed to be associated with mulberry varieties (M5, V1 and Vishal) variety V-1 was less preferred by insect pests because of its biochemical at the experimental site during the year 2018-19. The crop was factors viz., high phenol, total protein, amino acid and chlorophyll experienced with activity of some important natural enemies viz., content. Low total sugar and reducing sugar content in the leaves of coccinellids, predatory thrips (F. vespiformis) and spiders during the V-1 variety makes it less palatable. Hence, the varieties which are less crop growth. Incidence of these insect pests and their natural enemies preferred by insect pests, such as V-1 should be planted in endemic were significantly highest on M5 followed by Vishal. Whereas the least area and it suggests that important biological control agents can be was recorded on V-1. All the recorded predator are known to be directly exploited in the management of the major insect pests of mulberry.

44 Seasonal abundance and management of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) using behaviour modifying chemicals on Bt cotton GANGAPPA NAYAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The present study revealed that, peak moth activity of 421.50 moths compared to 47.13 and 85.82 in mass trapping and RPP block per trap per week was observed during first week of December (46th respectively. The SPLAT PBW treated block registered significantly MSW). The rosetted flowers ranged from 2.61 to 19.54 per cent with lowest per cent of rosetted flower (2.17%), green boll damage seasonal mean of 10.18 per cent. While, peak PBW incidence in green (4.70 %), number of larvae (5.80), larval parasitization (19.70 %), bolls was noticed during first fortnight of December (47th MSW) and open boll damage (7.53 %) and locule damage (8.75 %) as compared the larval incidence ranged from 5.00 to 81.00 larvae per 50 bolls with to mass trapping block (4.40 %, 9.90 %, 12.90, 18.28 %, 10.88 % and a mean of 44.61 larvae per 50 bolls and the green boll damage ranged 13.38 % correspondingly) and RPP block (7.69 %, 21.20%, 26.70, from 6.00 to 54.00 per cent with mean of 28.25 per cent. Further, 7.79 %, 18.44 % and 19.13 % correspondingly) respectively and open boll damage ranged from 33.58 to 41.27 per cent with a mean of SPLAT could register seed cotton yield of 28.85 q per hectare that 36.53 per cent during cropping season. Similarly, locule damage ranged was higher than RPP (19.50 q/ha) and mass trapping technique (23.00 from 24.50 to 48.50 per cent with a mean of 35.87 per cent. Among q/ha). Similar trend with respect to net returns was noticed in SPLAT the management practices evaluated the SPLAT @ 500 g per acre treated block which realized ` 97,750 as compared to ` 74600 and registered lowest moth catches with a seasonal mean of 5.20 as 55400 per ha, respectively in mass trapping and RPP blocks.

Varietal reaction and management of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus (Olivier) in storage D. HARSHITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. TIPPANNAVAR

The studies on reaction of different groundnut genotypes against bag treatment, deltamethrin 2.5 SC @ 0.5 ml/l was found to be superior Caryedon serratus, evaluation of gunny bag treatment with insecticides recording least population development, pod damage and weight loss and different packaging materials against C. serratus in stored due to C. serratus and also recorded lowest germination loss during groundnut were carried out in the Department of Agricultural six months of storage period with superimposition of insecticidal Entomology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad during 2018-19. spray at 90 days after treatment.chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ Upon categorising the genotypes, none of the genotypes were found 0.3 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/l and malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l as highly resistant.The genotypes, Dh 256 and TG 37A were grouped were next in the order of efficacy. Amongst the different packaging as less susceptible genotypes whereas, the genotypes Dh 101, TAG materials used, triple layered PICS and HDPE bags recorded zero 24, Dh 86, ICGV 06189, Dh 245, GPBD 4, GPBD 5, Dh 257, Dh bruchid infestation under both bruchid released and unreleased 232, TGLPS 3, JL 24 were grouped as moderately susceptible conditions. Polyethene layered gunny bags did not prove to be genotypes. G 2-52 and TMV 2 were grouped as highly susceptible effective in avoiding bruchid penetration which resulted in population genotypes. There was a negative andsignificant correlation between build up and storage loss. Natural infestation among all the bruchid egg layingby C. serratus and reticulation and thickness of groundnut unreleased bags was maximum in gunny bag storage, followed by pods of test genotypes. Amongst all the insecticides used as gunny fertilizer bag and polyethene layered bag.

Biophysical and biochemical resistance mechanisms of sorghum genotypes against shoot fly IRFAN MULLA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. SHAILA

Studies on biophysical and biochemical resistance mechanisms of compared to susceptible genotypes viz., DJ 6514, SPV 2405 and sorghum genotypes against shoot fly were conducted during rabi SPV 2539. With respect to biophysical parameters, the genotypes season of 2018-2019 at the All India Coordinated Sorghum BJV 44 and SPV 2541 recorded higher leaf glossiness, seedling vigour Improvement Project, Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad and trichome density which were negatively correlated with shoot fly (Karnataka). Amongst the seven genotypes, BJV 44, SPV 2541 and infestation. These entries had lower leaf surface wetness and resistant check, IS 18551 recorded minimum number of eggs per plant chlorophyll content compared to other genotypes which had significant and per cent dead hearts at 21 and 28 days after emergence (DAE) positive correlation with shoot fly infestation. Among the various compared to other genotypes. There was significant and positive biochemical parameters, the genotypes BJV 44 and SPV 2541 recorded correlation of number of eggs per plant with shoot fly infestation and lower amount of moisture content, soluble protein and total sugars the above genotypes also recorded high recovery resistance compared which were positively correlated to shoot fly infestation. Additionally, to susceptible ones. There was significant difference between both the same genotypes recorded high enzymatic activity such as protected and unprotected conditions with respect to the score of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase which were negatively correlated recovery resistance. Due to the spray of insecticide in protected with shoot fly infestation. The yield (grain and fodder yield) was condition, it showed lesser recovery resistance compared to negatively correlated with shoot fly infestation. The genotypes BJV unprotected condition. In both the conditions, the genotypes 44 and SPV 2541 recorded higher grain and fodder yield compared to BJV 44, SPV 2541 and IS 18551 recorded higher recovery resistance all other tested genotypes.

45 Studies on varietal preferences and fungal association of grape stem borer, Celosterna scabrator Fab. (Cerambycidae: Coleoptera) BASAVARAJ S. AWAJI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. D. SUNITHA

Investigation were carried out during 2018-19 to know the varietal Thompson seedless recorded highest total mean per cent incidence preference, fungal association and yield losses caused by the grape (86.30) followed by Manik chaman (64.40) and Sonaka (56.60). The stem borer, C. scabrator. The fixed plot and roving surveys were infected samples collected from live holes of the Thomson seedless conducted during 2018-19 in three districts viz., Vjayapur, Bagalkote variety showed the fungal association. Fusarium oxysporum, and Belagavi. Studies carried out on three grape varieties viz., Fusarium spp, Colletotrichum gleosporioiedes and Colletotrichum Thompson seedless, Manik chaman and Sonaka revealed that the spp were isolated from the infected samples collected from Vijayapura highest mean number of C. scabrator beetles per vine was recorded taluk. Aspergillus spp and Curvularia spp. were isolated from the on Thomson seedless variety (0.88) followed by Manik chaman (0.45) infected samples collected from Indi taluk. Highest mean yield loss of and lowest number was recorded on Sonaka (0.25) variety. The highest 7.99 kg per vine was recorded from C. scabrator affected vines of mean number of twigs damaged per vine was recorded on Thomson Thomson seedless as compared to 7.30 kg per vine and 6.83 kg per seedless variety (1.08) followed by Manik chaman (0.41) and lowest vine from Manik chaman and Sonaka varieties respectively. The mean number of twigs damaged per vine was recorded on Sonaka highest monitory loss was observed to the extent of ` 111860 per (0.40) variety. The mean tunnel length was highest in Thompson acre in Thomson seedless variety. Similarly, monitory loss of ` 102200 seedless (101.11 cm) followed by Manik chaman (80.28 cm) and per acre and ` 97860 per acre were recorded in Manik chaman and lowest tunnel length was observed in Sonaka variety (74.11 cm). Sonaka variety, respectively.

Studies on pest complex of grain amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) K. G. THARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. A. S. VASTRAD

The present investigation revealed 31 insects on grain amaranth belonging incidence of leaf webber, gall weevil and seed bug which drastically to 21 families and 8 orders comprising of 25 insect pests, 5 predators reduced the yield in both the genotypes. Preliminary screening of 200 and 1 parasitoid. Among 31 insects recorded leaf webber (Spoladea germplasm accessions of grain amaranth belonging to three species recurvalis F.), seed bug (Nysius sp.) and gall weevil (Hypolixus revealed Amaranthus caudatus L. harbored less seed bug (2.58 bugs truncatulus F.) were major pests. The effect of sowing date and per inflorescence) incidence followed by A. hypocondriacus (3.67) and genotypes viz, Annapurna and Suvarna on pest complex of grain A. cruentus (4.10). A. hypocondriacus recorded less (33.86 per cent) amaranth indicated that plants sown during first week of July showed gall weevil incidence than A. cruentus (34.29) and A. caudatus (38.03). less infestation of leaf webber and gall weevil, mid sown crop recorded Screening of 38 grain amaranth genotypes against different insect pests high seed bug incidence while late sown crop recorded high thrips revealed 6 genotypes were found tolerant and 15 genotypes were infestation. The genotype Annapurna harbored more seed bug, leaf moderately tolerant to leaf webber damage. Five genotypes were found webber and thrips population whereas Suvarna recorded maximum gall tolerant and 13 genotypes were found moderately tolerant to gall weevil weevil incidence. Plant height, panicle length, stem circumference and damage. KBGA-7 and Durga were better performing multiple insect grain yield were high on early sown crop than mid and late sown crop. (leaf webber, seed bug and gall weevil) tolerant genotypes which also The present study revealed that delayed sowing resulted in higher recorded highest grain yield than Annapurna and Suvarna.

Survey for major pests of jasmine and management of eriophyid mite P. D. VINAYKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. P. GUNDANNAVAR

The investigation on various aspects viz., Survey for major pests of insect pests of jasmine. The ladybird beetle,Stithorus sp. and predatory jasmine in Gadag, Ballari and Haveri districts and management of thrips,Franklinothrips vespiformis is known to feed on mites in field eriophyid mite were undertaken in farmers field at Yalavigi village condition.Five species of predatory mites found to predate on Haveri district during 2018. The present study revealed taxonomic phytophagous mites of jasmine. Three different parasitoids were emerge identification and confirmation of crimson spider mite, Tetranychus from midge maggots. Evaluation of newer acaricides and biorationals lombardinii infesting all three Jasminum species. Bud worm was against jasmine eriophyid mite revealed the lowest mean per cent infested found to infest all three species of jasmine, but maximum damage leaves were noticed in spiromesifen 22.90 SC @ 0.50 ml/l followed by noticed on J. auriculatum followed by J. multiflorum and J. sambac. hexathiozax 5.45 EC @ 1.50 ml/l and fenpyroximate 5 EC @ 1.00 ml. Blossom midge infestation found only on J. sambac and it was Effect of newer acaricides and biorationals onpredatory mite revealed maximum during October. Comparably, maximum population of dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.50 ml/l followed by propargite 57 EC @ 2.00 ml/ crimson spider mite was recorded on J. sambac. Incidence of eriophyid werefound very harmful to predatory mites. Among the acaricidesdia mite noticed only to J. auriculatum and J. multiflorum. This is the fenthiuron 50 WP @ 1.00 g/l and hexathiozax 5.45 EC @ 1.50 ml/l were first report of thirteen species of spiderswerefound to predate on found safe topredatory mites.

46 Studies on insect fauna associated with groundnut in coastal area with special reference to groundnut leaf miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) M. U. ANUSHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ROOPA S. PATIL

Survey was conducted in four coastal taluks of Uttara Kannada district Holangadde of Kumta taluk revealed maximum moth catch of of Karnataka to know the population dynamics of insect pests on groundnut leaf miner during 7th MSW with 70 moths per trap which groundnut and associated natural enemies during rabi/summer 2018-19. inturn revealed significant positive correlation with minimum Among the taluks surveyed, maximum number of aphids (1.15/ top 3 temperature. Mass trapping of moths with varied trapping density leaves) and coccinellids (0.71/ plant) were recorded at Kumta, whereas, revealed maximum moth catch in trapping density of 16 traps per highest population of thrips (1.77/ top 3 leaves), leaf hoppers acre (2,819) which was on par with treatment of 12 traps per acre (1.16/ top 3 leaves) was recorded at Bhatkal. Among the defoliators, (2,255). Treatment with 12 and 16 traps were superior with respect maximum defoliation due to leaf miner (1.57 %) and Spodoptera to yield (33.12 and 34.53 q/ha) and lower defoliation (8.56 and 14.07 %). (13.09 %) was recorded at Bhatkal and Ankola, respectively. Maximum Hence, 12 traps per acre is ideal with lower trap density, higher moth insect pest population irrespective of individual pest was recorded catch and yield. Experiment conducted on evaluation of new insecticide from 4th to 7th MSW during surveillance studies conducted at ARS, molecules against leaf miner at ARS Kumta recorded minimum leaf Kumta. Correlation of pest population with weather parameters miner larval population in chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l revealed negative correlation with temperature, wind speed and treated plot with highest net return of ` 71144 per ha followed by morning relative humidity. Monitoring studies conducted at spinosad 45 SC @ 0.12 ml / l with net return of ` 62127 per ha.

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY Biochemical investigation of stress response of rice cultivars to Magnaporthe oryzae infection M. D. SHWETHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KIRAN K. MIRAJKAR Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most important staple food crop throughout (35.88%), peroxidase (48.57%), glutathione reductase (27.38%) PAL the world, feeding more than 50% of the world’s population. Rice blast (152.2%), activity in resistant genotype (BR•2655) than susceptible is the most devastating fungal disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae genotype (HR-12). There was also hike in the primary and secondary which largely widespread in rice growing fields causing significant metabolites such as total phenols, lignin and reducing sugars in resistant reduction in grain yield and quality. This investigation was conducted genotype compared to susceptible. Increase in the PAL and POX content to evaluate the defensive mechanism against the rice blast (Magnaporthe leads to high production of phenolic compounds, lignin content and oryzae) disease in BR•2655 and HR-12 rice genotypes. Sowing was antifungal role by cell wall strengthening to enhance resistance against done in pots and maintained in green house. Inoculation was done after pathogen. Chlorophyll content also decrease due to M. oryzae infection, 45 days of sowing, control and inoculated leaves were collected after 48 percent decrease was higher in susceptible genotype (HR-12) than hours of inoculation. The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as (BR-2655). The study revealed that the higher activity of antioxidant superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia enzymes and higher amount of total phenols, lignin, reducing sugar and lyase, nitrate and nitrite reductase and the amounts of total phenol, chlorophyll content play an important role in defense mechanism of lignin, reducing sugar and leaf chlorophyll content were analyzed under plants against M. oryzae infection in case of resistant varieties can be infection. Fungal pathogen inoculation induced significantly higher level used as novel tool that can determined as biochemical marker for selection of antioxidative enzymes catalase (31.84%), superoxide dismutase of resistant line against rice blast disease.

Biochemical investigation on antioxidative enzymes and phytochemical response to drought stress in rice MAHADEV 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KIRAN K. MIRAJKAR

Pot experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, catalase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and phenol University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2018-2019. The content were also found to be different among the rice cultivars. experiment was conducted in factorial CRD with six replications. Moreover, phenol content and activity of superoxide dismutase, Drought stress can lead to increase in the generation of reactive oxygen catalase and glutathione reducmse were increased significantly under species (ROS) such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl drought stress in Rashi compared to Swarna. Total chlorophyll content radical and oxygen. Plant possess complex antioxidative defense was decreased in Swarna under drought stress. Nitrogen assimilatory mechanism comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components enzymes such as nitrate and nitrite reductase were sensitive to drought to scavenge excess ROS. In this study, the effect of drought stress at stress and both the genotype showed decreased activity at reproductive vegetative and reproductive stages on the activity of the defensive stage. A decrease in reducing sugar content in both the genotypes i.e. enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), percentage decreases was higher in Swarna compared to Rashi at glutathione reductase (GR), nitrogen assimilatory enzymes such as reproductive stage and photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and the amounts of total phenol, ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll was observed in the leaves reducing sugar and chlorophyll content in leaves were analyzed in of rice genotypes under drought stress. The improved performance two Dharwad local rice cultivars (Rashi and Swarna). Results of of drought tolerant genotype (Rashi) was associated with more variance analysis indicated that there were significant differences efficient antioxidant system response under conditions of stress between rice cultivars in most phytochemical traits. Activity of compare to drought sensitive genotype (Swarna).

47 Characterization of protease inhibitors from cotton and chillies against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) G. M. ARUNAKUMARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARATNA S. OLEKAR

The present investigation was aimed to characterize the potent bioassays indicated that, CPPI and BPPI extracts showed significant protease inhibitors (PIs) from cotton and chilli against cotton reduction in the larval weight gain, mortality (%) and gut proteases bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Eight genotypes of cotton (trypsin and chymotrypsin). At 1.5 µg, about 44% and 51% of (DDhc11, DLSa 17, Sahana, Suvin, DCH-32, DHH-263, G. rainmodii weight gain was affected, respectively, in CPPI and BPPI fed larvae, and G. anamolum) and two cultivars of chilli (Byadgi chilli and Bell and 40 % mortality was observed in both the extracts. The PIs from pepper) were screened for the presence of PIs using X-ray film CPPI and BPPI inhibited 58 % and 52 % of gut trypsin activity, while detection method. Between cotton and chilli, only chilli cultivars 50 % and 43 % of chymotrypsin activity, respectively, in vivo. The exhibited the PI activity which were further characterized for the SDS-PAGE profile indicated that there were two PIs of molecular insecticidal activity against H. armigera. The PIs from both the chilli weight 48 and 72 kDa in CPPI extract and one PI band of 52 kDa in cultivars inhibited the bovine trypsin activity in dose-dependent BPPI extract. The results indicated that PIs from the both the cultivars manner. The chilli pepper protease inhibitor (CPPI) and bell pepper of chilli significantly inhibited the gut serine proteases thereby inhibiting protease inhibitor (BPPI) exhibited optimum inhibitory activity at the growth and development of H. armigera. The inhibitors can thus pH 8 and temperature of 30-40°C against trypsin. The feeding be used in deployment in transgenics for sustainable agriculture.

Charecterization of gut digestive enzymes and receptor proteins of Bt toxins in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Spodoptera litura (Hubner) P. I. SALMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARATNA S. OLEKAR

To gain an understanding of the response of digestive enzymes in and 25.90 U) was also significantly reduced when compared to the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and cutworm, Spodoptera larvae fed on non-Bt genotypes, DCH -32 and DHH-263 (30.81 and litura, to Cry toxins in Bt events, larvae were fed on Bt genotypes 30.67 U) respectively, with an exception in larvae fed on MRC- and their midguts were collected by dissecting them and the digestive 7918 (30.11 U), whereas the activity of the chymotrypsin was enzymes were assayed along with the receptor proteins of Bt toxin unaffected with respect to Cry toxin. Activities of receptor enzymes and antioxidant enzymes. Results indicated that the activities of of Bt, antioxidant enzymes were altered and weight gain was trypsin and chymotrypsin in H. armigera larvae fed on Bt cotton significantly affected in both the insects fed on Bt genotypes genotypes, PAU-1 (4.56, 8.84 U) and EVEREST (9.45, 9.70U) was compared to the larvae fed on non-Bt genotypes which was correlated significantly reduced when compared to the larvae fed on non-Bt and discussed in relation to Cry toxin concentration estimated in the genotypes, DCH -32 (19.45, 19.60 U) and DHH- 263 (16.52,16.0 U) same genotypes. The study therefore indicate that the inhibition of respectively. with an exception in larvae fed on MRC-7918 digestive enzymes is also a contributing factor to reduced larval (15.56, 23.42 U). Activity of trypsin in the midgut extract of growth in both the insects apart from the septicemia already reported S. litura larvae fed on Bt genotypes, PAU-1, and EVEREST (17.44 by the earlier studies.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Studies on perpetuation of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. causing soybean rust and its management through nanoformulations M. L. SUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. ASHTAPUTRE

Soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. is one of the nanoparticles (PA-SNPs) and pomegranate aril based silver major constraints in the production of soybean. In kharif 2018, the nanoparticles (PA-AgNPs) were synthesised, characterised and highest disease severity was observed in Kundgol (97.04 PDI) evaluated under in vitro and glasshouse conditions. The maximum followed by Dharwad (95.56 PDI) on JS335 whereasthe disease per cent spore inhibition of 70.25, 74.70 and 86.68 per cent over was not noticed on DSb21 and DSb23. In summer 2019, the severity control was recorded in Ch-ZnONPs (1250 ppm), PA-SNPs (2000 was high in Malkankoppa locality (91.11 PDI) of Dharwad district ppm) and PA-AgNPs (500 ppm) respectively. Among synthesised on JS335which served as source of inoculum during off season. The nanoparticles, the PA-AgNPs recorded lowest disease severity (6.67 Phakopsora pachyrhizi did not infect any pulse and weed species PDI) at 250 ppm followed by PA-SNPs (12.59 PDI) at 1000 ppm under glasshouse condition. The viability of uredospores was up to and Ch-ZnONPs (21.48 PDI) at 1250 ppm over untreated control 90 days when stored in deep freeze (-20 oC) and 30-40 days when (43.70 PDI) in glasshouse condition. The highest seedling vigour placed under tree shade, room temperature and field conditions. index of 3373 was observed in PA-AgNPs at 100 ppm. The zinc and The rust disease can be forecasted with lead time of three days (R2= silver nanoparticles did not show any phytotoxicity symptoms up 0.95). Out of 147 genotypes screened only DSb 21 and DSb 23 to 2000 and 500 ppm, respectively. The SNPs, sodium thiosulphate varieties were highly resistant. The chitosan basedzinc oxide at 2000 ppm and silver nitrate at 500 ppm showed phytotoxicity nanoparticles (Ch-ZnONPs), pomegranate aril based sulphur symptoms of scorching, tip burning and necrosis.

48 Studies on fungal endophytes for management of foot rot of sunflower caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. N. KEERTHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y ASHODA R. HEGDE

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the most important oil against Sclerotium rolfsii indicated that the endophytes like LE-7, seed crops in the world. Crop yield is often drastically reduced because SE-7, SE-lO, SE-ll, SE-12, SE-14, SE-18, RE-5, RE-ll, RE•12, RE-13 of infection by a variety of pathogens. The major soil borne fungal recorded the maximum mycelial inhibition by dual culture techinique pathogen is Sclerotium rolfsii Sacco causing foot rot of sunflower. and endophytes SE-ll and RE-12 recorded the maximum inhibition by Endophytes are microorganisms which colonize and grow volatile method. Based on cultural, morphological and molecular asymptomatically within healthy plant. They benefit plant by identification, the efficacient fungal endophytes were identified as promoting growth and improving resistance to diseases and multiple Alternaria tenuissima (LE-7), Macrophomina phaseolina (SE-7), stresses. Considering the side effects of fungicide, biological control Trichoderma sp, (SE-I0), Trichoderma harzianum (SE-ll), Curvularia is a possible management strategy to overcome foot rot of sunflower. lunata (SE-12), Curvularia sp. (SE-14), Fusarium solani (SE-18), Sampling was done during 2017-18 to collect apparently healthy Macrophomina phaseolina (RE-5), Fusarium solani (RE-ll), sunflower plant samples which were present in and around Dharwad Trichoderma harzianum (RE-12) and Trichoderma harzianum area. Totally 76 fungal endophytes (30 from leaf, 22 from stem, 24 (RE-13). In vivo evaluation of fungal endophytes against S. rolfsii from root) were isolated from different parts of apparently healthy indicated that endophyte RE-13 (Trichoderma harzianum) recorded sunflower plant. Among the different parts and genotype used for least foot rot incidence (25.00 %) at 30 days after pathogen inoculation isolation, more number of fungal endophytes were obtained from leaf and highest plant growth parameters like root length, shoot length tissue and DSH-l, respectively. In vitro evaluation of fungal endophytes and seedling vigour index. Epidemiology and management of blast of rice caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Couch and Kohn D. VIDYASHANKAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. KAMANNA

The experiment on blast of rice (Magnaporthe oryzae) was carried influenced by minimum temperature. Among eighteen in the in vitro out during 2018-19 in the Department of Plant Pathology, University study, eleven fungicides viz.,propineb 70 % WP, propiconazole 25 % of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Field experiment was carried out EC, carbendazim 50 %WP, Thiophanate methyl 70 % WP, at the Agricultural Research Station, in Randomized Block tebuconazole 25 % EC, isoprothiolane 5 % EC, tricyclazole 75 % Design during kharif 2018 on Intan variety. Survey was conducted in WP, tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %, hexaconazole 4 % + major rice growing districts of northern Karnataka viz., Belagavi, zineb 68 %, carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % and captan 70 % + Dharwad, Uttara Kannada and Haveri for the prevalence of blast. hexaconazole 5 % in all three concentration recorded cent per cent During survey, maximum leaf blast severity (52.90 %) and neck blast mycelia growth inhibition. In vivo study indicated that, spraying of incidence (39.11%) recorded in Uttara Kannada district on IR-1010 tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % (0.5 g/l) was significantly variety. The prevailing race of the pathogen identified as IC-23 in the reduced the disease and increased the yield to a maximum extent with locality of Mugad. Epidemiological studies revealed that, less leaf highest BC ratio (1.91). Screening of genotypes showed that, none of blast severity and less AUDPC values were recorded in crop sown the genotypes were highly resistant to leaf blast, only CR Dhan 201, during first fortnight of June compared to late sown crop. Minimum RNR 11718, CRR 484-2-1-1-1-1, PHI-17101, RCPR 22-IR4899-B- temperature and morning relative humidity have shown significant 183-20-1-1-1, Tetep and MTU 1255 were found resistant. KMP-223, negative and positive correlation with leaf blast severity, respectively. JGL 25960, NDR 40520, OR 2420-3, Tetep, IBTR1, IBTR4 and Regression analysis showed that, disease development significantly Improved Samba Mahsuri were found highly resistant to neck blast.

Variability and integrated management of foot rot of wheat caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. M. M. SINDHU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. PATIL

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the Department pathogenicity, isolates were grouped into three different pathotypes. of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Main Agricultural Research Under in vitro studies, tebuconazole at 0.1 % (78.99 %), (hexaconazole Station, Dharwad to study the variability and integrated management 5 % + captan 70 %) WP, (carboxin 37.5 % + thiram 37.5 %) WP, (zineb of foot rot of wheat caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Roving survey 68 % + hexaconazole 4 %) WP and (tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxistrobin conducted in Dharwad, Gadag and Belagavi districts indicated low 25 %) WG at 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 % (100%), Trichoderma harzianum incidence of foot rot disease. Ten isolates of S. rolfsii showed variability Dharwad isolate at 10 g/kg seeds (75.59 %) and herbicide 2, 4 - D (100 %) with respect to morphological and cultural characters, toxin production followed by pendimethalin (80.78 %) recorded maximum inhibition of and pathogenic ability. Colony margin varied from irregular to regular mycelial growth. Pongemia oil and cow urine at 10 per cent recorded and mycelial growth from flat to raised. Colour of sclerotia varied from 97.22 and 100 per cent inhibition of sclerotial germination, respectively. light brown to dark brown, diameter from 0.68 to 1.05 mm, test weight Seed treatment with (carboxin 37.5 % + thiram 37.5 %) WP @ 1g/kg + from 56.8 to 160.2 mg, number of sclerotial bodies per cm2 from 3.33 to T. harzianum @ 10 g/kg of seeds recorded least mean per cent disease 9.45, number of days taken to form sclerotial bodies from 9 to 15 and incidence (25.60 %) with higher grain yield (24.66 q/ha) and BC ratio oxalic acid production from 1.17 to 2.23 mg/ml. On the basis of (3.02) was most effective in managing the disease.

49 Evaluation of fungicidal spray schedules and management modules against turcicum leaf blight of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. MEGHANA S. PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. HARLAPUR

An investigation was undertaken on disease survey, screening of germplasm viz., GPM 340, GPM 03, GPM 737, SBS 67, SBS 5, germplasm and hybrids, assessment of fungicide spray schedules and DQL 2299, SBS 148, CM 500, INDIMYT 100, BML 7, LM 13, evaluation of management modules against turcicum leaf blight of BGS 24 and CI 4 (RC) recorded resistant reaction. The least AUDPC maize (Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs.) at Main value recorded in BGS 24 (137.25). Five hybrids viz., DKC 7074, Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. Roving survey was DKC 7173, DKC 8174, DKC 9145, DKC 9157 and CI 4 (RC) carried out during kharif 2018 in Bagalkote, Belagavi, Dharwad, Haveri recorded resistant reaction. The least AUDPC value recorded in DKC and Uttara Kannada districts. Results revealed that maximum disease 9145 (137.25). Evaluation of different management modules indicated severity (52.84 PDI) was noticed in Sanavalli village of Uttara Kannada that IDM module comprised of seed treatment with carboxin 37.5 % district and maximum district wise mean disease severity recorded in + thiram 37.5 % @ 3 g/kg seed followed by Trichoderma harzianum Haveri district (50.61 PDI). Assessment of fungicide spray schedules @ 10 g/kg seed, foliar application of nimbicidine @ 5 ml/l at 35 DAS revealed that the spray at the onset of the disease and spray before and tebuconazole 250 EC @ 1 ml/l at 50 DAS found significantly tasseling found effective in reducing the disease severity (28.52 per cent) superior in controlling blight severity (27.86 per cent) and least and AUDPC value (915.75) with maximum grain yield (66.31 q/ha), AUDPC value (944.78) with maximum grain yield (65.35 q/ha), fodder fodder yield (13.53 t/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.19). Twelve yield (12.08 t/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.14).

Bio control of charcoal rot of sorghum with special reference to rhizobacteria VINAYAKA A BANNUR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. CHATTANNAVAR

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the Department yield (1924.90 kg/ha) in CSV 8R genotype whereas in CSV 29R seed of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and Main Agricultural treatment with AUDP 801+AUDP 139 @ 3 g/kg of seeds recorded Research Station, Dharwad to study bio control of charcoal rot of least disease incidence (14.23 %) with highest yield (2210.87 kg/ha). sorghum with special reference to rhizobacteria. Roving survey during In pooled analysis, seed soaking in supernatants of AUDP 139 for rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 revealed, maximum disease incidence in two hours recorded least charcoal rot incidence (28.21 %) compared Dharwad district (8.13 %) followed by Belagavi (5.22 %) and least to control. Plant growth promoting traits of rhizobacteria were tested disease incidence in Haveri district (3.23%). Among seven rhizobacteria by qualitative tests. AUDP 139 had good ammonia production, IAA and one reference culture of Trichoderma harzianum screened against production, P solubilization, HCN production and positive for M.phaseolina, the mean per cent inhibition of AUDP 139 was siderophore production compared to AUDT 240 and AUDT 801. significantly superior (56.50 %) compared to control. Effect of Among seventy-eight genotypes screened against M. phaseolina in rhizobacteria on plant growth parameters were tested by soaking sick plot, none of the genotypes showed highly resistant reaction, seeds in rhizobacterial supernatants for a period of two hours. AUDT one genotype E 36-1 showed resistant reaction, twenty-one genotypes 801 inoculated treatments showed superior plant growth promotional showed moderately resistant reaction, fifty-six genotypes showed activities. In field studies, seed soaking in supernatants of AUDP 139 susceptible reaction and SPV 86 showed highly susceptible reaction for two hours recorded least disease incidence (40.58 %) with highest for charcoal rot.

Eco-friendly management of fungal foliar diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under protected cultivation D. R. SINDUSHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURUDATT M. HEGDE

The investigations on the fungal foliar diseases of tomato were carried Trichoderma harzianum (IOF Dharwad) and Pseudomonas out both in the laboratory and polyhouse conditions during kharif fluorescens (IOF Dharwad) were effective in inhibiting the growth 2018. The results from survey indicated that, the severity of early A. solani and S. lycopersici. Evaluation of botanicals, bioagents and blight, Septoria leaf spot, gray leaf spot and powdery mildew was to Indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs) against fungal foliar diseases the extent of 26.87 per cent, 16.30 per cent, 15.36 per cent and 20.00 under polyhouse conditions reveled that, sequential sprays of garlic per cent respectively. Maximum disease severity of early blight and @ 15 %- P. fluorescens @ 1 %- cow urine @ 15 % - wettable sulphur Septoria leaf spot was reported in Haveri district and minimum was @ 0.3 % was found superior over other treatments and untreated reported in Bagalkote district whereas, maximum severity of gray control with minimum disease severity, highest yield (49.40 q), net leaf spot and powdery mildew was recorded in Bagalkote district and returns (` 60906.53) and BC ratio (2.61) per 506 m2 which was on minimum was noticed in Belagavi district. Studies conducted on par with P. fluorescens @ 1 %- garlic @ 15 %- wettable sulphur @ molecular characterization revealed that, the Dharwad isolate of 0.3 %- cow urine @ 15 % treated plots. All the plant growth (plant Alternaria solani, Septoria lycopersici and Stemphylium solani has height and internodal length) and yield parameters (number of fruits 99 per cent sequence homology with reported isolates in NCBI gene per cluster and number of pickings) were positively influenced in all bank. Under in vitro studies, garlic extract (15 %), cow urine (15 %), the treatments when compared to the untreated control.

50 Studies on target leaf spot of soybean caused by Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. and Curt.) Wei G. ISHWARI HIREMATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHALINI N. HUILGOL

Among the various foliar diseases of soybean, target leaf spot is gaining highest mycelial inhibition (89.80 %). Among the fungicides tested, importance now a days. The survey results revealed that the maximum carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, combiproduct fungicides like disease severity was in Haveri district (41.46 %) whereas, the least (pyraclostrobin 5 % + thiophanate methyl 45 %) and (tebuconazole severity was recorded in Bagalkote (18.97 %). The pathogen was grown 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %) recorded cent per cent mycelial inhibition. on different solid media, among which oat meal agar was found best for A field experiment for management of the disease with eight different growth. Whereas, good sporulation was observed in potato dextrose treatments revealed that seed treatment with (pyraclostrobin 5 % + agar. There was considerable variation with respect to colony colour, thiophanate methyl 45 %) @ 2 ml/kg seed followed by two sprays texture and margin of colony, growth nature and sporulation. Molecular with (tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %) @ 0.05 per cent at confirmation of the pathogen showed 99.21 per cent similarity with 55 and 75 days after sowing was found best with lowest disease severity Corynespora cassiicola isolate FXSB-1. Studies on in vitro evaluation of (2.23 %) and highest yield (17.20 q/ha) as compared to control (Per botanicals revealed that, maximum mycelial inhibition was recorded in cent disease index - 27.50 per cent and yield - 9.04 q/ha). Among fifty garlic clove extract (73.72 %). However, among the commercial botanicals one genotypes screened against the disease, none of the varieties were tested, Perfekt was very effective (100 %). In vitro evaluation of highly resistant, resistant and highly susceptible, twenty five were bioagents revealed that Trichoderma viride (Multiplex Nisarga) recorded moderately resistant and nine were susceptible.

Studies on stem and root rot of sesame caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. KASHINATH KULLALLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PALAKSHAPPA

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at the Department screened, none of the lines showed resistant reaction to disease. ES of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture and AICRP on Sesame 370934 and RT 223 recorded moderately resistant reaction and SI and Niger, MARS, UAS Dharwad to study the stem and root rot of 44 and NIC 7921 recorded highly susceptible reaction. In vitro sesame caused by M. phaseolina. The survey results revealed that, efficacy of botanicals revealed that, complete mycelial inhibition the highest incidence of disease was recorded in Hullur village (25.36 %) was in garlic (100 %). Among the commercial botanicals tested, of Gadag district and lowest was recorded from village Perfekt (100 %) found best. Among the bioagents tested, (4.75 %) of Dharwad district. Among the media tested, Richard’s Trichoderma viride (Kalpavruksha biosystem company) recorded agar and malt extract agar recorded maximum radial growth. highest mycelial inhibition(80.74 %). Among the fungicides tested, Microsclerotia were good to moderate in all media tested except mancozeb, propineb, carbendazim and most of the combi products V-8 juice agar. Molecular identification of pathogen revealed that recorded complete mycelial inhibition. Management of M. phaseolina M. phaseolina of sesame was amplified at 530 bp with 99.45 per under artificially inoculated field condition revealed that, seed cent similarity with Macrophomina phaseolina isolate MPKS004. treatment with (carboxin 37.5 % + thiram 37.5 %) @ 2 g/kg - spray Soil temperature of 35-36 °C and moisture of 37.71-39.01 per cent of carbendazim @ 1 g/l recorded lowest per cent disease incidence was most congenial for disease outbreak and recorded maximum (PDI) of 15.24 per cent with maximum yield of 8.52 q/ha as compared disease incidence of 36.67- 44.15 per cent. Among thegenotypes to control (PDI - 44.15 % and yield - 3.91 q/ha).

Investigations on variability and management of Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. causing turcicum leaf blight of sorghum M. R. VINAY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ARUN R. SATARADDI

Sorghum is one of the important cereal crops in Poaceae family. The for promotion of growth and sporulation of E. turcicum. Twenty crop is affected by number of fungal diseases of which turcicum leaf isolates shown three types of conidial shapes viz., curved, spindle and blight is one of the important diseases which causes 28 to 91 per cent elongated. The size of the conidia averaged 93.97 ìm in length and yield losses. The mean TLB incidence in the surveyed districts ranged 13.11 ìm in width. The number of septa varied from 3 to 11. Among between 12.0 per cent (Kalaghatagi) and 52.28 per cent (Nuggikeri). contact fungicides, mancozeb followed by captan and among systemic Per cent disease index ranged from 14.07 per cent in and combi-fungicides Carbendazim 12 % + Mancozeb 63 % followed (Bagalkote) to 47.77 per cent Arakeri (Vijayapur). The highest mean by Propiconazole were found effective for control of E. turcicum of PDI (35.09 %) was recorded in Belagavi district followed by Vijayapur, sorghum under in-vitro conditions. Trichoderma harzianum was Dharwad and Bagalkote which had 32.07, 28.96 and 21.60 per cent, emerged as the best bio agent followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens. respectively. A total of twenty isolates of E. turcicum from sorghum Hundred germplasm lines (belongs to IAHT, IAVT and IAVHT trails) were chosen for variability studies. All the 20 isolates of E. turcicum of sorghum were screened under field conditions for their resistance to showed variability in cultural and morphological characters. Among leaf blight caused by E. turcicum 14 lines were immune 1 line found carbon sources dextrose and sucrose were found to be efficient and highly resistant 3 resistant, 71 were moderately susceptible 7 were among nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate was found to be efficient susceptible and 4 were highly susceptible.

51 Studies on major fungal foliar diseases of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] with special refernce to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.) K. SUSHMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. K. KALAPP ANA V AR

The present investigations on powdery mildew (Erysiphe commercial botanicals nimbicidine (60.74 %) found effective for cichoracearum DC.) and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora abelmoschi E. cichoracearum. Against C. abelmoschi, neem leaf extract (37.01 %) Ellis and Everhart) of okra was carried out at the Department of Plant was superior among natural botanicals and in commercial botanicals Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad and Main Agricultural perfekt (68.31 %) found effective. Among ITKs, cow urine (54.09 %) Research Station, Dharwad during the year 2018. The survey during was superior against E. cichoracearum and ginger rhizome extract kharif 2018 revealed that, the maximum disease severity was noticed (53.14%) against C. abelmoschi. In 10 M, three sprays of in Haveri (60.80 POI) and least was noticed in Gadag districts (46.86 azoxystrobin (0.1 %) showed least disease severity with maximum POI). In vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated that, azoxystrobin yield and BC ratio of 92.42 q/ha and 4.54, respectively. Among 65 (92.35 %) and nativo (90.74 %) found effective against okra genotypes screened against powdery mildew, none of the E. cichoracearum. For C. abelmoschi, tebuconazole, propiconazole genotype showed immune and resistant reaction and only eight and carbendazim were found highly effective and among combi product genotypes showed moderately resistant reaction for powdery mildew. fungicides, saaf and ICF-110 were found effective with cent per cent Among 10 primers tested, OPA-9 showed distinction between resistant inhibition of mycelial growth at all concentrations tested. Among the and susceptible genotypes in which, the monomorphic band was natural botanicals, neem leaf extract (44.01 %) was superior and among seen only in resistant genotypes at 500 bp region.

Variability and management of collar rot of chickpea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. SANGEET A NEVANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VIRUPAKSHA PRABHU

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), is the most important oldest pulse 700 bp, sequence analysis and their comparison with NCBI isolates crop grown under conserved soil moisture especially in rabi season. indicated the 80-97 per cent identity. Similarity, index among the The experiment on collar rot of chickpea caused by Sclerotium rolfsii isolates ranged from 67 to 94 per cent which indirectly indicated the was carried out during 2018-19 in the Department of Plant Pathology, existence of variability. In vitro evaluation of bioagents, botanicals University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. A roving survey was and fungicides and their consortia against Sclerotium rolfsii was resulted conducted in major chickpea growing six districts of northern that, among the different bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum showed Karnataka viz., Dharwad, Belagavi, Gadag, Haveri, Bagalkote and highest inhibition (62.79 %), in botanicals tested Agave (at 10 %) Vijayapur for the incidence of collar rot complex. During survey, recorded highest inhibition (68.89 %) and commercially available ones maximum incidence (5.84 %) was noticed in Gadag district because of showed cent per cent inhibition (Multineemore and perfekt) and among high moisture during sowing and higher temperature at later conditions. the fungicides tested combi products were found to be effective Variability of different isolates of Sclerotium rolfsii were studied. (Hexaconazole 4 % + Zineb 68 % at 0.05 %) in inhibiting the pathogen Various parameters were studied for all the fifteen isolates with respect and were tested under pot trials. A total of twenty chickpea genotypes to cultural and morphological variability (i. e., colony morphology were screened under glasshouse conditions, among these only two and sclerotial characteristics). Molecular identification and variability (BG 256 and ICC 4951) showed resistant reaction compared to study was also done, ITS region of all the isolates were amplified at susceptible check Annigeri 1.

Plant parasitic nematodes associated with capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt.) and gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Hook) and their management in protected cultivation SUNIL AWATI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. LINGARAJU

Detailed investigations for pathogenic nematode species associated like PPN on capsicum and gerbera. Among them M. incognita was with gerbera and capsicum grown in polyhouses of Dharwad, Belagavi, found to be the most predominant nematode in both these crops with Bagalkote and Haveri districts of north Karnataka were undertaken. a prominence value of 24.22 and 81.41, respectively. Molecular The studies comprised a survey for the incidence of different plant identification using 18S rDNA for the predominant nematode pathogenic nematodes (by collection of root and rhizosphere soil confirmed the species as M. incognita with the PCR amplicon showing samples from both the crops grown in polyhouses); morphological the band of ~900 bp size. An initial inoculum density of 100 or above and molecular identification of the predominant nematodes; proving 100 M. incognita was found to be pathogenic causing the reduction of the pathogenicity of the predominant nematode pathogen discovered the different growth parameters of capsicum. Management options in capsicum, i.e., Meloidogyne incognita; management of the nematode involving forementioned nematicides, organic amendments and disease using different treatments like organic amendments (neem bioagents enhancedcapsicum and gerbera growth. P. fluorescens powder, poultry manure, farmyard manure), biaogents (Pseudomonas improved the plant growth parameters of capsicum and gerbera fluorescens and Purpureocillium lilacinum) and nematicides appreciably while suppressing the disease. Chemicals and bioagents (Carbofuran and Dazomet); and screening of capsicum genotypes generally suppressed the rootknot disease. Evaluation of eleven against the root knot nematode, M. incognita. Survey and identification capsicum cultivars for their reaction against M. incognita showed that of the nematodes showed the presence of different plant parasitic Atlante F1, Bungi F1, Yalavigi, Nemalite, Massilia RZ were moderately nematodes like Helicotylenchus dihystera, Hirschmanniella sp., resistant. Remaining genotypes were found to be either susceptible Rotylenchulusreniformis, Pratylenchus sp., M. incognita, Tylenchus- or highly susceptible.

52 Studies on seed-borne fungal infections and their management in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) G. DARSHINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. L. RAO

The current study on seed-borne fungal infections and their sp. and Curvularia sp. was proved in seedling symptom test and management in pearl millet was carried out during 2018-19 which transmission study. Component plating technique revealed the external includes assessment of pearl millet seed samples for seed-borne fungi, and internal seed-borne nature of Exserohilum sp. and Curvularia evaluation of different seed health testing methods, transmission and sp., whereas Aspergillus spp. was confined to pericarp. Seed dressing management. Seed health testing of pearl millet seed samples collected fungicides viz., Thiophanate methyl + Pyraclostrobin at 0.2 % from different places of northern Karnataka exposed the predominance (Xelora50 FS) and Carboxin + Thiram (Vitavax Power), bioagents of Exserohilum sp., Curvularia sp. and Aspergillus spp. Among the Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 0.6 % and various seed health testing methods, potato dextrose agar method biopriming with Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.6 % + Jelly and was found to be effective for detecting the seed-borne fungal infections Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 0.6 % + Jelly were found most effective of pearl millet. Among all seed health testing methods Pyricularia in managing seed-borne infections of pearl millet. In pot culture penisetti was absent which was further confirmed by molecular experiment also seed treatment with Thiophanate methyl + diagnosis by PCR with specific primers for Pyricularia penisetti. Pyraclostrobin at 0.2 % (Xelora 50 FS), Carboxin + Thiram at 0.2 % Seed washing technique revealed the presence of oospores of (Vitavax Power) and bioagent Trichoderma harzianum at 0.6 % were Sclerospora graminicola, ergot sclerotia of Claviceps sp. and smut found to be most effective in managing seed-borne fungal infections teliospores in traces. The pathogenic ability of seed-borne Exserohilum of pearl millet.

Pod rot complex of groundnut and its management HANAMANT TOLAMARDI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. NAGARAJU

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is rich source of oil and protein of mycelium (100 %) was recorded in propineb, hexaconazole and and considered as king of oilseeds, wonder nut and poor men’s tebuconazole, thiophanate methyl 45 % + pyraclostrobin 5 % and cashew nut. Pod rot is considered to be a complex etiology caused tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 % under in vitro study by Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.), Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) and against F. oxysporum. For molecular characterization of pathogens Fusarium oxysporum (Mart.) are major constraints in groundnut associated with pod rot viz., S. rolfsii (98.47 %), R. bataticola production areas. Roving survey was carried out during kharif 2018 (98.54 %) and F. oxysporum (96.07 %) identified maximum similarity in northern parts of Karnataka, maximum incidence of pod rot was as Athelia rolfsii isolate FZ0816, Rhizoctonia bataticola isolate recorded in Khanagav (54.42 %) village of taluk whereas FMS323081 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolate minimum incidence of pod rot was recorded in (16.66 %) CPH1969, respectively using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Lowest village of Bailhongal taluk. In vitro studies revealed that maximum incidence of pod rot with maximum pod yield (27.09 q/ha), haulm inhibition of mycelium (100 %) was recorded in mancozeb, propineb, yield (2.69 t/ha) and test weight (41.83 g) were recorded in treatment hexaconazole, fluopyram 17.7 % + tebuconazole 17.7 % against combination of seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum at 10 S. rolfsii. Maximum inhibition of mycelium (100 %) was recorded gram per kg of seeds, soil drenching with propineb at 30 DAS and in propineb, carbendazim and fluopyram 17.7 % + tebuconazole 17.7 % fluopyram 17.7 % + tebuconozole 17.7 % at 60 DAS as compared against R. bataticola under in vitro condition. Maximum inhibition to untreated check under field condition.

Epidemiology and management of major fungal foliar diseases of Bt cotton (Gossypium spp.) SOMASHEKHAR N. METI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESH R. KULKARNI

Cotton is a premier cash crop of most countries with an enormous rust. Out of these, 9 genotypes were moderately resistant to Alternaria potential of employment generation both in rural and urban sectors. blight, 45 genotypes were moderately resistant to grey mildew and 8 A fixed plot survey conducted during kharif 2018 revealed the genotypes were moderately resistant to rust. The per cent mean maximum severity of Alternaria blight (38.36 %), grey mildew (26.87 %), reducing, non-reducing, total sugars and total protein content bacterial blight (23.94 %) and rust (35.66 %) in parts of Bagalkote, decreased whereas, the per cent mean gossypol content increased at Belagavi, Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts of northern Karnataka. diseased condition compared to healthy condition. Among 16 The influence of weather parameters on progress of fungal foliar fungicides evaluated in vitro against Alternaria macrospora, two diseases were studied on four cotton genotypes (Abhadita, Jayadhar, systemic fungicides, hexaconazole and propiconazole and one combi Bunny Bt and Dr. Brent Bt) and results revealed significant negative product fungicide (tebuconazole 50 % + trifloxystrobin 25 %) recorded correlation for minimum temperature, morning and evening relative cent per cent inhibition of mycelial growth at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 % humidity in all genotypes with per cent disease index of Alternaria and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % concentrations, respectively. In field blight, grey mildew and rust. Whereas, significant positive correlation management of Alternaria blight and grey mildew, (trifloxystrobin was observed for maximum temperature in all genotypes with per 25 % + tebuconazole 50 %) recorded low PDI of 12.55 and cent disease index of Alternaria blight and grey mildew. A total of 55 5.07, respectively at 0.1 per cent concentration with highest yield genotypes were screened against Alternaria blight, grey mildew and of 13.24 q/ha.

53 Investigations on the variability and management of Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea [Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum (Butler)] in northern Karnataka R. ASHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M.M. JAMADAR

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is most important pulse (moderate to good) and sporulation (good to excellent) presence of crop in India grown in almost all states. Disease are the major macro and micro conidia with septation and variation in size of constraints in realizing the high yield potential. Among the disease chlamydospores was observed. The optimum temperature and pH pigeon pea Fusarium wilt plays a major role which cause 93.28 % for growth of pathogen was 25 °C and 6.0, respectively. Variation in yield losses was evident from survey conducted during 2018-19. case of growth pattern and also virulence nature was found in Fu17. Among districts surveyed maximum disease incidence was recorded The ITS rDNA sequence of 12 isolates separate them into two in Vijayapur district (50.24%) and least was observed in Bagalkot clusters. The similarity coefficient was upto 0.06 and Fu17 district (43.06 %). The experiments were carried out at the (Achanur) isolate was separate within the clusters and again separate Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur into sub clusters which could be the reason for its virulence nature. as well as at the Department of Plant Biotechnology, UAS, Dharwad, In vitro evaluation revealed that among non systemic fungicides, during the year 2018-19. Among different media tested, potato copper oxychloridesignificantly inhibited mycelial growth (92.48%), dextrose agar found to be best media and Richards’ medium was in case of systemic fungicidescarbendazimeffectively inhibited found to be best liquid medium. Pathogenicity, cultural (95.60%) mycelial growth and combi- product carbendazim 12 % + morphological and physiologicalvariability were observed among mancozeb 63 % significantly inhibited mycelial growth (97.20%) at 20 isolates for colony diameter (72.80-89.50 mm), pigmentation different concentrations. The bioagent Trichoderma harzianum was (whitish to whitish brown), colony colour (whitish), mycelial growth effective in inhibiting against pathogen (80.14%).

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Studies on developing liquid formulations of native isolate of Gluconacetobacter PRAKASH ATTIGERI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL A study was conducted to develop liquid formulations of native isolate ammonium sulphate per litre (w/v) was ideal for mass production of of Gluconacetobacter at the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, native isolate G1. Further, different concentrations of amendments such University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. A total of five native as additives (polyethylene glycol, trehalose and glycerol), adjuvant isolates of Gluconacetobacter namely; G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 and a (gum arabica) and antioxidant (L-ascorbic acid) were amended to the reference strain Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus PAL-5 (ATCC optimized LGI medium to obtain a total of 32 combinations of 49037) were used in this experiment. These isolates were screened formulations. All the 32 formulations were found to support higher based on their functional properties and their inoculation effect on growth than the un-amended control up to 168th h after inoculation. Six seedling vigour of sugarcane in a nursery. The results indicated that the promising formulations based on the population they supported at th native isolate of Gluconacetobacter G1 was found to be the most efficient 168 h were selected for furthered studies on shelf life over a period of from both laboratory and nursery experiments and was selected for 150 days. The viable population in all these promising six formulations developing liquid formulations using LGI medium. The levels of carbon declined continuously up to 150 days. The highest population of 2.6 × and nitrogen sources in the LGI medium were optimized to obtain 106 CFU ml-1 recorded in formulation 28 containing 1 % polyethylene maximum population of native isolate G1 using growth studies.The glycol + 10 % glycerol + 5 mM trehalose + 0.3 % gum arabica + 0.04 % LGI medium supplemented with 10 per cent sucrose (w/v) and 2 g ascorbic acid at 150th day after inoculation. Screening for efficient plant growth promoting actinobacteria and their effect on soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) H. G. HEMALATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA G. SHIRNALLI A study was conducted to characterize and select efficient and yield parameters of soybean. Soybean seeds were treated with actinobacetrial isolates from the depository of AICRP on lignite based actinobacterial culture containing 106 cfu/g @ 20 g per kg Bioconversion Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences, seeds along with soil application of actinobacterial isolates (106 cfu/g) Dharwad. All the 52 actinobacterial isolates were subjected for their @ 20 g per pot at 30 DAS. The highest plant height, relative chlorophyll morphological, biochemical and functional characterization. The content, enzymatic activity (recorded at flowering and at harvest), isolates PSA-5, PSA-7 and Streptomyces sp. were used as reference microbiological parameters in the rhizosphere soil, nodulation, root strains in this study. The biochemical tests viz., gelatin hydrolysis, parameters (at flowering), antioxidant activity viz., peroxidase, nitrate reduction, citrate utilization, catalase test and utilization of phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL), ACC deaminase activity and different carbon sources were performed under in vitro inorder to yield parameters of soybean was observed in the treatment characterize actinobacterial isolates. Isolates A-27, A-49, A-20, containing package of practice and A-20 as compared to that of A-56, A-14 exhibited multifunctional activities viz., zinc solubilization, control. However, this treatment was on par with the treatment hydrolysis of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, chitin, casein and PGPR containing package of practice and reference plant growth promoting activities viz., analysis of IAA by High Performance Liquid rhizobacterial (PGPR) strain Pseudomonas striata (JK-16). The Chromatography (HPLC), GA production, siderophore production isolate A-20 increased the yield and growth of soybean. Hence, it and antagonistic activity. The five efficient actinobacterial isolates was concluded that the treatment POP + A-20 can be used as were tested under pot experiment for their performance on growth bioinoculant in soybean.

54 Exploring potentials of lactic acid bacteria in augmenting nodulation of Bradyrhizobium daqingense and growth promotion in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) NAKUL KALE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ASHWINI

An investigation was conducted to isolate Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) results for plant growth promoting traits like P and Zn solubilisation, from soybean rhizosphere and to study its influence on nodulation HCN and siderophore production. LAB isolate AL-59 showed highest enhancement of Bradyrhizobium daqingense in soybean. For isolation zone of P as well as Zn solubilisation (14 and 15 mm, respectively). of LAB, thirty soil samples were collected from different taluks of The pot culture evaluation of six efficient LAB isolates was carried in Belagavi district with varying soil characters. Screening of these isolates green house condition. The treatment which received consortium of all was based on production of IAA in vitro. Forty one isolates which six LAB isolates had significant impact on plant growth characters viz. showed positive results for IAA production ranging from 4.42 ìg/ml to plant height, root length, number of branches and chlorophyll content 15.75 ìg/ml, were rapidly screened for efficient nodulation by co- at 30 and 60 DAS. The LAB consortia also showed significantly high inoculating with B. daqingense. Six isolates viz. AL-44, AL-45, AL-48, nodule number (47.67), nodule dry weight (117 mg plant-1) and leg AL-58 and AL-59 recorded higher number of nodules (ranging from haemoglobin content (6.27 mg g-1 fresh nodule) at 30 DAS. The yield 12.3 to 14.7), nodule dry weight, dry root biomass, root length, dry and yield related traits was also highest in consortium treated plants. shoot biomass and shoot length, than control which was devoid of The property of plant to produce more nodules and healthy root growth LAB as co-inoculant. Further, all six LAB isolates showed positive can be attributed to IAA producing ability of inoculated LAB isolates.

Selection of AM fungus for management of wilt caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and its influence on growth and yield of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) JAYASHREE TEGGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. M. N. SREENIVASA

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a major tropical vegetable grown with S. rolfsii showed highest per cent disease incidence where as all over the world and commonly called as “Eggplant”. The crop yield plants inoculated with Glomus macrocarpum + Sclerotium rolfsii is often drastically reduced because of infection by variety of did not show any disease incidence as compared to other AM fungi. pathogens. The major soil borne fungal pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii These AM fungal cultures were screened for phenyl alanine ammonia Sacc., is causing wilt in brinjal. Considering the side effects of lyase (PAL) and peroxidase activities at 45 days after transplantation. fungicides, biological control is low cost and ecofriendly possible The plants inoculated with Glomus macrocarpum + Sclerotium rolfsii management strategy is gaining importance to overcome wilt of brinjal. had significantly highest PAL and peroxidase activities, per cent root Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is one which colonizes the colonization and spore count as compared to other AM fungi. plant roots, protect the plants against pathogen attack and in turn Similarly plants inoculated with Glomus macrocarpum + Scleorotium manage the disease. A total of five AM fungal cultures (Glomus rolfsii had significantly highest root length, plant height, plant dry macrocarpum, Glomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora margarita, weight, nutrients content (NPK and Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) and fruit Acaulospora laevis and Glomus mosseae) were inoculated separately yield as compared to other AMF as well as uninoculated control. with S. rolfsii during sowing as well as at transplanting. S. rolfsii Thus Glomus macrocarpum was found to be an efficient AM fungus infection was observed 45 days after tranplantation (DAT) as white for management of wilt, promotion of growth and yield in brinjal. colored mycelial growth at stem region of plant. The plants inoculated

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the management of Orobanche: A parasitic weed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) ASIF WARATADAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATH

An investigation was carried out to evaluate the methods of application significantly reduced the population of Orobanche with the treatment of AM fungal cultures in the management of Orobanche viz., planting received planting of pre colonized seedling along with soil application of pre colonized tobacco seedling; soil application and the combination of UASDAMFT, UASDAMFS and STD AMF recorded zero of both. The experiment was carried out in an Orobanche infested emergences of Orobanche at 60 DAP. However, the highest numbers soils of tobacco growing areas of Nipani in Belagavi district. The of weeds were recorded in the treatment received zero application of results of the present investigations have revealed that the treatment AMF cultures (68.67 plot-1). Further, more plant height, physiological, received STD AMF had reduced the emergence of Orobanche soil enzyme activity, mycorrhizal parameters and nutrient uptake (1.33 plot-1) compared to UASDAMFT (1.67 plot-1) and were found to be the highest in the plots received mycorrhization in UASDAMFS (2.89 plot-1). The results with respect different methods the form of pre colonization and soil application with STD AMF at of applications of AMF on Orobanche numbers revealed that, planting the time of transplanting in the main field compared to uninoculated of pre colonized tobacco seedling plus soil application at the time of control. Similarly, the highest tobacco yield was recorded in the plots planting suppressed the Orobanche emergence (0.00 plot-1) compared received pre colonized seedlings as well as soil application with STD to planting of pre colonized seedlings (1.67 plot-1) and direct soil AMF compared to non mycorrhizal plots at 150 days after planting application of AMF cultures at the time of planting (4.22 plot-1). The (2.52 and 1.73 kg/plot, respectively). Hence, the present investigation results pertaining to the interactive effect between mycorrhizal cultures will form a basis for the development of bio herbicide against in conjunction with the methods of application of AMF cultures Orobanche in tobacco.

55 Studies on cyanobacteria from saline soils of Athani taluk G. VEDASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA G SHIRNALLI

A study was conducted to isolate cyanobacterial strains from saline growth and physiological activities of paddy (Oryza sativa) using soils of Athani (pH ranging from 7.02 to 8.33 and EC from 0.32 dS m-1 the variety Samba mahsuri, under pot experiment. The efficiency of to 9.10 dS m-1). Accordingly, 15 strains were isolated and identified isolates in promoting growth of paddy was measured in terms of based on morphological observations. They belonged to the genera growth parameters like leaf height, length of leaf, shoot weight, root Anabaena, Lyngbya, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria. Further, the native biomass (dry weight), and relative chlorophyll content using isolates were screened at various levels of salinity. The isolates BGA-A5, spadmeter at 45 DAS. There was a significant difference among the BGA-N15 and BGA-A22 were tolerant to saline conditions of EC treatments, where BGA-A5 inoculated treatment recorded the highest levels 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 dS m-1, as they have resulted in the highest growth followed by BGA-A22 and BGA-N15. Similar results were biomass and chlorophyll ‘a’ content. The BGA-A5 recorded the observed in the soil enzymes like dehydrogenase, phosphatase and highest phycocyanin content (24.40 µg ml-1) whereas BGA-N15 urease activities. The nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus content recorded the maximum allophycocyanin (23.48 µg ml-1) and BGA- in the plants were found maximum in the treatment inoculated with A9 recorded the highest carotenoid content (19.20 µg ml-1). The BGA-A5 which exhibited an increased growth and physiological maximum amount of total nitrogen (0.63%) was recorded in the isolate activities of paddy followed by treatment inoculated with BGA-A5. The isolates were tested for their potential to promote BGA-A22 and BGA-N15.

Studies on multifunctional activity of selected actinobacteria against plant pathogens and insect pest M. VRUSHAB SADALAGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL

An investigation was carried out to study the functional diversity of plant pathogenwas not related to either HCN or siderophore five actinobacterial isolates and their antagonistic activity against production. Metabolic extracts of all five actinobacterial isolates plant pathogens and insect pest at the Agricultural Microbilogy showed insecticidal activity against Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Methanol laboratory, IOF, UAS, Dharwad. A total of five actinobacterial extracts of isolate BRSJ-1, AVC-48 and UPM-3 each at 1600 ppm isolatesnamely; BRSJ-1, BRSJ-2, SRS, AVC-48 and UPM-3 were showed significantly the highest mortality of 100 per cent after 48 h explored in this experiment. From the functional diversity studies it of treatment. Methanol extracts of other twoactinobacterial isolates was observed that isolates SRS and UPM-3fixed, respectively 3.68 BRSJ-2 and SRS showed significantly the highest mortality of 100 -1 and 3.61 mg N2 g of carbon. None of the actinobacterial isolates per cent at1600 ppm after 72 h of treatment and were not as effective exhibited P, K and Zn solubilization. Isolate SRS recorded the as the three isolates viz.,BRSJ-1, AVC-48 and UPM-3. Similarly, maximum amount of IAA (5.31 µg/ml) and GA (7.02 µg/25 ml) ethyl acetate extract of isolate AVC- 48 at 1600 ppmand its methanol produced in vitro. All the five actinobacterial isolates inhibited three extract at 800 ppm showed 100 per cent mortality at 48 h.It was fungal plant pathogens (Fusariumoxysporum, Colletotrichum capsisi observed that the recommended chemical malathion at 400 ppm caused and Sclerotium rolfsii), while none of the actinobacterial isolates 100 per cent mortality of S. oryzae (L.) after 24 h and no metabolite inhibited the two bacterial plant pathogens (Xanthomona saxonopodis extract of actinobacteria was as effective as this in insecticidal property and Ralstoniaso lanacearum). The mechanism of inhibition of fungal at their lowest concentration.

Isolation, characterization and screening of native Azospirillum strains and their effect on maize (Zea mays L.) DHAREPPA BYAKOD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VITHAL NAVI

A survey was conducted on isolation of native Azospirillum from 25 isolates, isolate UASDM-21 fixed significantly higher amount of different maize feilds of Dharwad, Belagavi and Haveri district of nitrogen of 21.23 mg N/g of malate used and produced significantly northern Karnataka. Azospirillum sp. were isolated from twenty higher IAA of 13.18 µg/ml and GA of 3.12 µg/ml. Based on in vitro five maize roots samples by using NFB semi-solid medium. All the screening for nitrogen fixation potential, IAA and GA production, isolates were subjected for morphological and biological eight Azospirillum isolates were selected for pot culture experiments characterisation. These strains formed a very homogeneous group on growth of maize. Maize seeds were treated with eight selected Azospirillum isolates and Azospirillum sp. ACD-15 as local check of N2-fixing, microaerobic, motile, vibrioid, Gram-negative organisms which formed a veil-like pellicle in semisolid medium. The repeated and seeds were sown into different pots. Among the eight isolates sub culturing was done to confirm the Azospirillum isolates by UASDM-9 showed. significantly increased plant total dry weight streaking on potato infusion agar or BMS agar medium formed (96.54 g per plant) and N content of maize over the uninoculated transparent, white, flat with raised margin colonies. Out of 25 control at 60 DAS followed by ACD-15. Further, experiments need isolates, 24 isolates were tentatively identified as Azospirillum to be conducted under field condition to investigate inoculation amazonense and remaining one as Azospirillum lipoferum. Among effect of UASDM-09 on growth and yield of maize.

56 SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Effect of seed treatment on seed yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] RAJESHWARI M. CHANNAPPAGOUDAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect Carboxin + Thiram @ 3 g/kg (T2) recorded significantly higher seed of seed treatment on seed yield and quality in soybean at 'H' block, germination (88.33 %), root length (14.32 cm), shoot length (9.90 cm), Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, Seed Quality and seedling dry weight (95.82 mg), SV I (2138), SV II (8464), lower EC Research Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. (0.59 dS m-1) and seed infection (11.00 %) at the end of nine months of The seed samples collected from major soybean growing areas were storage and seed moisture was non-significant during the storage period. tested for seed quality parameters and mycoflora associated with the Seeds treated with Bacillus subtilis @ 10 g/kg (T6) recorded significantly seed. There is no significant variation in seed quality parameters higher plant height (57.64 cm), number of branches per plant (5.93), between JS 335 and DSb 21, the samples of Bidar region recorded number of leaves per plant (96.33), LAI (5.13), number of pods per significantly higher seed germination (84.87 %), root length plant (94.93), seed yield (2168 kg/ha) under field condition. Higher (20.51 cm), shoot length (14.67 cm), seedling dry weight (112.5 mg) germination percentage (96.33 %), root length (20.43 cm), shoot length SV I (2986) SV II (9547) lower EC (0.275 dS m-1) and seed infection (18.66 cm), seedling dry weight (103.97 mg), seedling vigour index I (14.00 %). The major fungi associated with soybean were Cercospora (3766) seedling vigour index II (9949) lower EC (0.32 dS m-1) and kikuchii (8.42 %) Colletotrichum truncatum (8.32%), Rhizoctonia seed infection (3.67 %) were recorded in T2 which was on par with solani (7.36 %) and the saprophytic fungi were Aspergills niger seed treatment of Penflufen @ 1 g/kg (96.00 %, 20.40 cm, 18.51 cm, (2.05%), A. flavus (1.63 %). In storage study seed treatment of 103.47 mg, 3707, 9932 and 0.36 dS m-1 and 4.33 %).

Prediction of storability of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds through vigour tests MANJUNATH V BALlKAI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. BlRADARPATIL

Laboratory experiments were conducted to find out suitable vigour germination time was 0.872. At the end of storage period higher tests and to predict the storability of onion seed lots through vigour correlation with germination was noticed with field emergence and tests in Seed Quality Research Laboratory, University of Agricultural electrical conductivity with r = 0.945 and -0.945, respectively. The Sciences, Dharwad. Fifteen seed lots with varied germination were highest correlation was exhibited between field emergence and electrical used for the study. The data was analysed through completely conductivity with r = -0.953. The regression analysis showed that randomized design for laboratory tests and randomized completely germination contributed higher variation to germination after accelerated block design for field emergence along with correlation and regression ageing (R2 = 0.922), field emergence (R2 = 0.911), electrical conductivity analysis. Vigour tests were conducted and significant differences were (R2 = 0.768) and mean germination time (R2 = 0.726). General decline found among the different lots. Initially higher correlation with in seed quality parameters was observed with increased storage period. germination was observed with seedling vigour index (r = 0.988) followed Among the vigour tests, electrical conductivity test was able to provide by field emergence (r = 0.949), accelerated ageing (r = 0.923), electrical consistent variation among the lots with similar germination percentage. conductivity (r = -0.866), and mean germination time (r = -0.852). Thus, it could used as vigour test for onion and also could be used to When compared with field emergence, the correlation was higher with predict the storability. Similarly, the radical emergence test which is electrical conductivity (r = -0.906) followed by mean germination time recently recommended for estimation of vigour in some crops was (r = -0.960). The correlation between electrical conductivity and mean useful in assessing the vigour levels.

Effect of threshing methods and nanoparticles on seed quality and storability of onion (Allium cepa L.) POORNIMA KORADHANYAMATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE

Study was conducted to know the effect of threshing methods and (93.00 %), speed of germination (40.00), seedling vigour index nanoparticles on seed quality and storability of onion, in Seed (1909), seedling dry weight (24.77 mg/10 seedlings) and lower per Quality Research Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, cent abnormal seedlings (1.75) as compared to rest of the threshing Dharwad. The data was analysed through completely randomized methods except seed separation by hand. As seed separation by design. In the present investigation, umbels were threshed with hand requires more time and labour seems to be commercially different methods viz., hand separation, stick beating, machine impracticable. So, IIHR model successfully helps to achieve better thresher (UAS Dharwad), machine thresher (IIHR model), light separation of seeds from umbels for huge quantities of seed lots and vehicle passing, foot trampling and tractor treading. The experimental also maintains seed quality during storage. In the second experiment, results influenced by seven threshing methods revealed that the the seeds treated with Zinc oxide @ 1000 mg per kg registered the mechanical damage was caused by machine thresher (IIHR, model) higher seed germination (95.50 %), seedling dry weight (27.53 mg) lower (2.75 %) and was on par with seed separation by hand seedling vigour index-I (1982) and seedling vigour index-II (2617) (2.5 %). Higher seed recovery (58.75 %) and threshing efficiency and lower electrical conductivity (0.625 dS m-1) followed by Silver (17.64 kg/h.) was exhibited by IIHR model against 54.50 per cent @ 1000 mg per kg, Silver (Ag) at 750 mg/kg, Zinc oxide (ZnO) at seed recovery and 2.72 kg/h threshing efficiency by hand seed 750 mg/kg, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) at 1000 mg/kg and Titanium separation. IIHR machine also registered higher seed germination dioxide (TiO2) at 750 mg/kg as compared to untreated seeds. 57 Green synthesis of silver nanop articles, its shelf life and its efficacy on seed quality of soybean (Glycine max L.) B. SAHANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR

The present work was carried out at Green Nano Technology Seed priming with silver nanoparticles showed significant variation Laboratory and Department of Seed Science and Technology, on seed quality parameters of soybean seeds. Among the treatments

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2018•2019. Green AgNP’s (citrus leaf based AgNP’s) at 1000 ppm (T4-AgNP’s) recorded synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done by using Citrus limon higher seed germination (86.88 %) and seedling vigour index-l (3046) (leaf, rind and seed) extract as reducing and capping agent. compared to control. Among the different source of citrus extract, Characterization was done through UV-Vis, PSA, AFM, SEM and Citrus limon seed extract based silver nanoparticles recorded higher

EDAX. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done through sunlight germination at 1000 ppm [T4-AgNP’s (90.88 %)] and seedling vigour exposure method. Exposed to sunlight for a period of. one hour which index-I (3452) as compared to the citrus rind and citrus leaf based leads to change in colour from colourless to dark brown for citrus leaf AgNP’s. Shelf life of nanoparticles treatment showed significant and citrus rind based AgNP’s and brown colour for citrus seed based variation on the seed quality of soybean cv. DSb 21. Smaller the size AgNP’s which confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles. Silver of nanoparticles higher was the seed germination and seedling vigour nanoparticles showed absorption peak (citrus leaf, rind, seed extract index-I. The rate of reduction in quality parameters was much higher based AgNP’s) 420-440 nm, average particles size 52-96 nm (citrus in the AgNO3 treatment compared to control. The seed priming with leaf, rind, seed extract based AgNP’ s) in UV -Vis and PSA, respectively. silver nanoparticles reduced the rate of deterioration of seeds during EDAX confirmed the silver ions present in the synthesized sample. storage.

Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on plant growth, seed yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) K. NAGARAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. HILLI

The experiment was conducted on new variety of chilli cv. DC1007 in (68.5 cm), shoot length (5.3 cm), root length (6.3 cm), seedling vigour Randomized Block Design (RBD) with factorial concept of three index (972) and lower electrical conductivity of seed leachate replications having ten treatments viz., Zinc sulphate @ 0.75 per cent (1.552 dS/m). Spray of magnesium sulphate (0.2 %) at both flower bud

(M1), Borax @ 0.6 per cent (M2), Magnesium sulphate @ 0.2 per cent and fruit initiation stage recorded more number of secondary branches

(M3) and control (untreated). The foliar spray was given at three stages per plant (12.9) and higher rate of germination (29.5) followed by viz. flower bud initiation stage (S1), fruit initiation (S2) and at both treatment T2 (zinc sulphate @ 0.75% spray at flower budinitiation flower bud and fruit initiation stage (S3). Spraying borax (0.6%) at both stage) recorded highest germination percent (88.0) over the control flower bud and fruit initiation stage was found best for most of the (85.0). Therefore, seed yield per plant, per plot and per hectare were characters viz. number of fruits per cluster (2.4), fruit yield per plant significantly enhanced by foliar spray of micronutrients. However,the

(460.6 g), fruit yield per plot (8.7 kg/plot) and fruit yield per hectare foliar application of Borax 0.6 per cent (M2), Zinc sulphate @

(48.4 q/ha) etc. followed by foliar application of zinc sulphate (0.75%) 0.75 per cent (M1) and magnesium sulphate @ 0.2 per cent (M3) at both flower bud and fruit initiation stage, which was found highest produced 9 per cent, 6 per cent and 3 per cent higher seed yield per for the characters viz. plant height at 120 days after transplanting hectare over control, respectively.

Standardization of hybrid seed production techniques in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrid VPMH-7 VINODKUMAR NAGAYYA GANACHARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAGADISH HOSAMANI

The present investigation carried out to study the effect of date of different techniques to achieve synchronization of flowering, sowing sowing on flowering behaviour of parental lines of VPMH-7 pearl of male parent (CPRT-112) by six days earlier to female along with millet hybrid revealed that sowing dates influenced the flowering additional nitrogen dose of 10 kg/ha at 25 DAS to male parent resulted behaviour of the parental lines. Sowing of male parent (CPRT-112) by in better synchronization of flowering (0.53 days) and resulted in six days earlier to female parent (ICMA-94555) of pearl millet hybrid significantly highest seed yield (2702 kg/ha) over simultaneous sowing VPMH-7 during second fortnight of July was found to get closer along with additional nitrogen dose of 10 kg/ha at 20 DAS to male synchrony with early panicle initiation, stigma emergence and anthesis parent (401 kg/ha). This treatment also hastened the days to 50 per in female and male parents, respectively and 50 per cent flowering. cent flowering in male parent (52.75 days) and increased earhead weight None of the sowing did give cent per cent synchrony and the 50 per (34.27 g), number of seeds per ear head (1830.00), seed weight per ear cent flowering difference ranged from 4.67 to 7.33 days during 15th head (18.38 g), seed set percentage (88.13) and 1000 seed weight June to 30th December, 2018 under condition. The results of (11.2 g) as compared to other treatments. Finally it is concluded that another field experiment conducted during 2017-18 to identify suitable staggered sowing of male parent by six days earlier to female parent synchronization techniques showed that the male parent flowered late along with additional 10 kg/ha nitrogen at 25 days after sowing helped by 6.41days than female with simultaneous sowing. Among the to achieve proper synchronization in pearlmillet hybrid VPMH-7.

58 Effect of seed enhancement techniques on seed quality, shelf life and field performance of onion (Allium cepa L.) REKHA PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE

The field experiments were conducted at Farm, Hi -Tech (24.00 t). Among the seed pelleting treatments, Trichoderma harzianum horticulture unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during gave highest seed quality parameter and pelleting with ZnSO4 recorded rabi, 2018-19 and laboratory experiments were conducted in the National the highest yield parameters. There was significant effect of interaction Seed Project, Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to on bulb yield per ha were highest in fresh seed lot with pelleting of study the effect of seed enhancement techniques on seed quality and ZnSO4 (L1P1:33.90 t) and lowest in old seed lot control. In storage field performance of onion. Among two seed lots, fresh seed lot recorded experiment results showed that seed quality parameters were superior the highest germination percentage (89.56 %), seedling vigour index-I in fresh seed lot throughout the storage period. Among seed pelleting (1773) and field parameter like bulb yield/ha (24.00 t). Among seed treatments, Trichoderma harzianum gave good results up to third month enhancement techniques, encrusting with Thiram : Genius coat recorded and could extent up to ninth month by pelleting with ZnSO4. Among highest germination percentage (91.50 %) and bulb yield per ha (23.61 t). interactions, seed quality parameter like germination were highest in

Among the interaction fresh seed lot encrusting with Thiram :Genius fresh seed lot pelleting of Trichoderma harzianum (L1T4) at the end of third month of storage period and L P fresh seed lot combined with coat (L1T4) recorded highest bulb yield per ha (24.35t). Among two seed 1 1 lots, fresh seed lot recorded the highest germination percentage (89.56%), pelleting of ZnSO4 showed highest seed quality parameters from fourth seedling vigour index-I (1773) and field parameter like bulb yield/ha to ninth months of storage and lowest was recorded in control.

Effect of foliar organic nutrient application on seed yield and quality in foxtail millet (Seteria italica L.) ATISH 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. BHARAMARAJ BADIGER

A laboratory investigation was conducted to assess the effect of organic foxtail millet. Foliar application of vermiwash (5 %) recorded higher seed priming on seed quality of foxtail millet at the Seed Research plant height (117.43 cm) and number of leaves (13.05) and panchagavya Laboratory, National Seed Project, UAS, Dharwad during 2018, (3 %) recorded higher chlorophyll content at 60 DAS (47.44) whereas, consisted ten treatments and laid out in RCBD with three replication. foliar spray of panchagavya (3 %) recorded higher ear head length Seed priming with panchagavya (3 %) recorded higher seed germination (20.70 cm), ear head weight (6.49 g), seed yield per plant (5.98 g) and (86.7 %), root length (9.09 cm), shoot length (10.57 cm), seedling test weight (4.89 g), seed yield (22.11 q/ha) compared to control. length (19.66 cm), seedling dry weight (2.57 g), seedling vigour index-I Among the different stage, 50 per cent flowering stage recorded (1704), seedling vigour index-II (223), EC (0.46) and pH (7.55) significantly higher plant height (116.29 cm), number of leaves (10.12) compared to control and other treatments. A field experiment was and chlorophyll content (45.48) and seed yield parameters like seed carried out to know the effect of foliar organic nutrient application on yield (21.24 q/ha), ear head length (19.63 cm), ear head weight (6.12 g), seed yield and quality in foxtail millet at ARS, Hanumanmatti, UAS, seed yield per plant (5.59 g) and thousand seed weight (4.64 g) compared Dharwad during kharif 2018. The field trial was laid out in Factorial to panicle initiation stage. Hence, it can be concluded that foliar RCBD. Foliar application of organic nutrients showed significant application of organic nutrient at 50 per cent flowering stage helped in variation on growth parameters, seed yield and yield components of obtaining higher seed yield compared to normally grown crop.

Investigation on maximization of seed yield and quality in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) LOKESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. SAJJAN

The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018-19 at the Seed effect of seed priming and seed treatment on seed yield and quality in Farm, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur to study the effect of different foxtail millet. The results of the investigation indicated that higher sources of organic and inorganic fertilizers on seed yield and quality in seed yield (19.47 q/ha), seed germination (95.75 %) with seed priming foxtail millet. The field experiment consisted of three replication and of 2 per cent CaCh followed by hydro priming for 8 hrs. The seed eight treatments. Among treatments, combined application of 50 per yield and quality parameters was varied significantly with the seed cent inorganic and 50 per cent organic sources (vermicompost) showed treatments. The higher seed yield (18.23 q/ha), seed germination (93.53 significantly higher seed yield (18.52 q/ha) and observed 24.46 per cent %) was obtained with seed treatment of Thiamethaxam 25 WG @ increased over control (13.99 q/ha). However, it is at par with other 2g1kg of seeds followed by Imidacloprid 70 WG @ 5 g/kg of seeds. treatments (combined application of 50 per cent FYM and 50 per cent The interaction effect due to seed priming and seed treatment did not organic sources (vermicompost). Similarly, the higher seed germination varied significantly. However, the higher seed yield (20.10 q/ha), of 6.59 per cent over control was observed. The higher gross return (` gross returns (` 41391), net returns (` 30677) and BC ratio (3.44) 41837), net return (` 22185) and BC ratio (2.13) was also recorded with was recorded with seed priming of 2 per cent CaCh along with the application of 50 per cent inorganic and 50 per cent organic fertilizer Thiamethaxam 25 WG @ 2 g/kg of seeds followed by Imidacloprid 70 (vermicompost). The second experiment was carried out to study the WG 5 g/kg of seeds.

59 Effect of peg and mannitol induced drought stress on seed quality and field performance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes VIDYASHREE S. NADUVINAMANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

An experiment was conducted to screen wheat genotypes for drought parameters were recorded in the genotypes DBW-14, DBW-88 and tolerance under laboratory condition during 2018 in Department of HD-2733. Increase in the concentration of PEG 6000 and mannitol, Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. The resulted in decrease of seed quality parameters. The genotype experiment was carried out in a factorial complete randomized block C-306, BRW-3806, DBW-110, DBW-166, HI-1620, GW-477, design with seven treatments. Twenty six wheat genotypes were NIAW-3212, NI-5439 and RW-5 were showed better germination screened for drought tolerance using control (0), 15, 30, 60 per cent percentage even at higher concentration of PEG 6000 and mannitol. PEG 6000 and 1, 2, 5 per cent mannitol. The genotype DBW-110 The second experiment was carried on validation of molecular markers (98.70 %) and C-306 (92.50 %) were found to be the best genotypes for drought tolerance in wheat genotypes. Total five (Xbarc124, based on germination percentage at 15 per cent PEG 6000 and 5 per Xbarc75, Xgwm408, Xgwm39, Xgwm165) SSR markers were used, cent mannitol. The genotype HI-1620 (6.7 cm) and NIAW-3212 (4.5 among them two primers showed polymorphism. The primer cm) produced maximum root length at higher concentrations of PEG Xgwm408 and Xbarc75 amplified at 199 bp and 205 bp, respectively. 6000 and mannitol. The genotype HI-1620 (6.4 cm @ 15 % PEG The correlation between phenotype and genotype was observed for 6000; 5.4 cm @ 5 % mannitol) showed maximum shoot length. The all 14 genotypes. These two primers can be utilized to validate the genotype HI-1620 (39 @ 15 % PEG 6000; 35 @ 5 % mannitol) drought tolerance and susceptible genotypes in wheat and further for showed highest seedling vigour index, whereas the lowest seed quality marker assisted selection (MAS).

Effect of seed pelleting and antioxidants spray on growth, seed yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) RAMAGOND BAJANTRI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. HILLI

A field experiment was conducted at Saidapur farm, UAS, Dharwad seed yield (9.38 g plant-1 and 317.52 kg ha-1). Whereas, salicylic acid @ during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in factorial RBD 50 ppm spray (A2) observed significantly higher germination consisting of two factors viz., factor one as seed pelleting (3) and factor (89.28 %), speed of germination (23.44), root length (11.2 cm), shoot two as foliar spray of antioxidants (4) with three replications. The length (10.5 cm), vigour index (1945), seedling dry weight (22.50 mg) -1 results revealed that seeds pelleted with (P1) DAP (5 g kg ) + and 1000 seed weight (3.01 g). Interaction effect of seed pelleting and -1 -1 Carbendazim (2 g kg )+ ZnS04 (3 g kg ) + GA3 (10 ppm) + Gum foliar spray with antioxidants (P1A3) recorded significantly higher arabic a + Vermicompost recorded significantly higher number of fruits number of fruits (34.7 plant-1) and fruit yield (2.4 kg plant-1 and (31.42 plant-1), fruit yield (2.23 kg plant-1 and 53.92 t ha-1) and seeds 56.9 t ha-1). However, interaction effect of seed pelleting and foliar -1 -1 -1 -1 pelleted with (P2) DAP (5 g kg ) + Carboxin (2 g kg ) + Borax (3 g kg ) spray (P2A3) found with higher seed yield (13.3 g plant ). Seed pelleting -1 -1 -1 + GA3 (10 ppm) + Gum arabica + Vermicompost observed higher seed with DAP (5 g kg ) + Carbendazim (2 g kg ) + ZnSO4 (3 g kg ) + GA3 yield (9.38 g plant-1 and 317.52 kg ha-1). Among antioxidants sprays, (10 ppm) + Gum arabica + Vermicompost and antioxidant ascorbic ascorbic acid @ 200 ppm (A3) recorded significantly higher number of acid @ 200 ppm reported the best results for growth, yield and quality fruits (31.44 plant-1), fruit yield (2.16 kg plant and 54.73 t ha-1) and parameters.

Effect of planting ratio and nutrients on seed yield and quality in single cross maize hybrid (GH-0727) GAIBUSAB RAJAPALE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. A. MALABASARI

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of maize height at 60 DAS and at harvest (180.08 and 202 cm, respectively), hybrid (GH-0727) to planting ratio and nutrient application effect seed yield parameters like cob length (16.47 cm), cob girth (4.68 cm), on seed yield and quality. Experiment was laid out in RBD with three cob weight per plant (180.53 g), seed yield (33.45 q/ha), and seed replications at Agriculture Research Station, during kharif quality parameters like hundred seed weight (27.98 g), germination 2018. The experiment with planting ratio of 4:2 consisting of 8 (96.23 %), seedling vigour index-I (3960) and seedling vigour index -II nutrient combinations and another experiment consisting of same 8 (15.4). Treatment combination of planting ratio and nutrient nutrients with a planting ratio of 6:2 and laid out in separate blocks application recorded non-significant differences in growth, yield and by maintaining minimum isolation distance of 400 meters to avoid quality parameters. Among planting ratio, P2 (female: male,6:2) is cross pollination. The results revealed that the seeds produced in suitable for seed production of single cross of maize hybrid because planting ratio of 4:2 exhibited significantly increased yield parameters of more number of female lines. Application of RDF (150:65:65 like cob weight per plant (174.73 g), number of seeds per row (36.31), NPK kg/ha + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha + FeSO4 @ 25 kg/ha) along with whereas seed yield (33.51 q/ha) was highest in planting ratio of 6:2. foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.2 % during 30 and

Significantly higher effect was recorded with the nutrient (N3) RDF 60 DAS significantly recorded higher plant growth, yield and quality

+ Foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2% + FeSO4 @ 0.2% on plant parameters.

60 Morphological characterization and seed priming on seed yield and quality in finger millet genotypes M. PAVITHRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GURUMURTHY

The cultivated finger millet is an annual herbaceous plant widely chloride (P2•) took significantly less number of days to flowering (79 grown as a cereal crop. The investigation entitled “Morphological days), 50 per cent flowering (85 days), maturity (111 days), higher characterization and seed priming on seed yield and quality in finger plant stand (80.53), seed yield per plot and hecatre (2.27 and 4218.76 millet genotypes” was carried out for assessing morphological kgs) and test weight (3.19 g) as compared to untreated control. Among characterization and seed priming on seed yield and quality in finger the genotypes, DHFM-112 (V4) recorded significantly higher value millet genotypes during kharif 2018 at the Agricultural Research for plant height at harvest (102.42 cm) and test weight (3.38 g), Station (ARS), Mugad. Among 26 morphological characters studied further GPU- 67 recorded significantly less number of days to flowering in fifteen finger millet genotypes, variation was observed for 18 (73 days), 50 per cent flowering (80 days), maturity (108 days), higher characters. In lab experiment, among hydropriming treatments, hydro value for plant stand (86.42), seed yield per plot and per hectare (2.32 kg priming for five hours was found to be optimum as it recorded and 4308.16 kg). Irrespective of genotypes seeds primed with 0.5% significantly the higher values for germination (88.50 %), vigour index calcium chloride (P2) recorded significantly higher value for germination I and II (1393 and 2267) and other seedling parameters as compared (81.00 %), seedling vigour index I and II (1282 and 2260, respectively), to other higher soaking periods. In field experiment, hydro priming field emergence (76.50 %) and lower electrical conductivity (0.53 dS/m). Among the genotypes, DHFM -112 (V ) recorded significantly (P1) for five hours found to be significantly superior higher plant 4 height at harvest (99.65 cm). While, seed priming with 0.5% Calcium higher values for seed quality parameters.

Effect of foliar spray of plant growth regulators on seed yield, quality and storability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] genotypes SIDDARAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. JOLLI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at Agricultural number of seeds per pod (2.67), test weight (13.15 g), seed yield per Research Station, Arabhavi consisting of six different soybean plant (17.27 g) and seed yield (21.21 q/ha) but plant height decreased genotypes viz., DSb 21, DSb 23, DSb 31, JS 335, JS 93-05 and significantly (42.24 cm) when compared to control (47.38 cm). Same Kalitur and plant growth regulators viz., Cycocel @ 250 ppm and seeds were further carried to storage studies to investigate the influence Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm along with control to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on seed quality and storability of soybean of foliar spray of plant growth regulators on seed yield, quality and genotypes. Initial seed quality parameters viz., seed germination storability of soybean genotypes. Among the six genotypes, DSb 21 (93.82 %), total seedling length (29.63 cm) and seedling vigour index- recorded significantly highest plant height (56.06 cm), number of II (112.60) were maximum in salicylic acid spray. Similar trend was branches per plant (4.91), number of pods per plant (78.34), seed noticed up to six months of storage for seed quality parameters. yield per plant (25.73 g) and seed yield (27.95 q/ha), whereas DSb 31 Kalitur genotype recorded higher proportion of lignin (16.50 %) in recorded significantly highest pod length (3.36 cm), number of seeds its seed coat followed by DSb 21 (10.26 %). Kalitur and DSb 21 per pod (3.42) and test weight (14.21 g). Foliar application of cycocel sustained higher periods of accelerated ageing and recorded seed @ 250 ppm recorded significantly higher number of branches per germination (83.22 and 81.01 %, respectively) which was nearly plant (4.46), number of pods per plant (54.82), pod length (2.67 cm), equal to six months of storage (83.49 and 81.49 %, respectively).

Effect of seed pelleting and fortification on seed yield and quality of guinea grass (Panicum maximumL.) VIKAS 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VINOD KUMAR

The present investigation was carried out in IGFRI, Southern Regional compared to all other treatments. Significantly higher germination Research Station, Dharwad during kharif, 2018. Experiment-I included percentage (85 %) and number of seedlings per pellet (5.20) was eight indigenously available base materials such as soil, FYM, observed in 1:1 ratio of clay + sand pellet. Similarly the pellets made vermicompost, neem leaf powder, pongemia leaf powder, sweet flag of 1:1 ratio of clay + sand dissolved easily in water and helped in powder, saw dust, and 1:1 ratio of clay + sand. Seeds of guinea grass early germination of seeds. On the contrary the sweet flag leaf powder were pelleted with the base material using gum arabica (25 %) as pellets recorded nil germination. Using 1:1 ratio of clay + sand as a adhesive material and filler quantity were standardized. The pellets base material for seed pelleting, experiment-II was conducted to were evaluated for its diameter, hardness, mould growth, weight, evaluate the impact of chemical sources, growth promoters and number of seeds per pellet and germination percentage. The results bioinoculants on growth, seed yield and quality. Among the different revealed that seed pelleting with 1:1 ratio of clay + sand proved to be treatments, 1:1 ratio of clay + sand + DAP @ 60 g kg-1 performed the best among the base materials for different parameters studied. better for growth parameters studied. While, highest field emergence Pellets made of 1:1 ratio of clay + sand recorded the maximum pellet per cent and yield parameters were recorded by seed pelleting with -1 diameter (8 mm) and individual pellet weight (0.77 g). The same ZnSO4 @ 300 mg kg . Non significant difference were observed for treatment also obtained maximum number of seeds (25) per pellet seed quality parameters.

61 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS An economic analysis of production, consumption and marketing of fish in north Karnataka H. R. HARISH KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. JAMAKHANDI

Fish plays a major role in human diet as they are rich in omega-3 lowest in channel-I (producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer) for fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins and trace elements. Consumption banguda (` 47.50/kg) surmai (` 58/kg) and pomfert (` 58/kg). For of fish provides many health benefits such as increase intelligence, catla three marketing channels are exist out of which in channel-III healthy development of brain tissues and retina in children; lowers (producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer) price spread is low blood pressure, reduces blood clots etc., The study examined the (` 36/kg). Majority (30%) of the consumers visits occasionally to the costs and returns of fish production, marketing channels and price fish market. Large proportion (33.33%) of the consumers purchase spread in fish marketing, consumer behavior, factors influencing 0.5-1.0 kg of fish per visit. majority (66.67%) of the consumers preferred consumption of fish; production, consumption and marketing to purchase fish in cut pieces. Greater proportion (68.33%) of the problems in fish in Dharwad and Belagavi districts of north consumers were purchased fresh fish. Majority (63.33%) of the Karnataka. Data collected were analyzed by using budgeting consumers were comfortable with price ranges between ` 100-200 per technique, descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression and kg. Family size of the consumer was mainly influenced the quantity of garrett’s ranking technique. The result showed that fish production fish consumption. Lack of training facility for fish production was the was profitable as indicated by BC ratio 1.46. There are two major problem faced by the farmers in fish production; market distance prominent marketing channels for Banguda, surmai and pomfert is the main problem for consumers; stiff competition is the major fish prevalent in the study area out of which price spread was problem in fish marketing.

Value chain analysis of Byadgi chilli in Karnataka: Qualitative and quantitative approaches H. A. BINDU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHANTESH NAYAK

The study was conducted in Byadgi and Hubballi regulated markets Analysis of value addition revealed that an amount of ` 784.51 is of Karnataka during 2018-19. The primary data was collected from the processing cost involved in processing of one quintal of Byadgi 60 farmers, 56 market intermediaries, six processors, four cold dry chilli into powder. Among the constraints, low or inadequate storages and 30 consumers from two markets with sample size rainfall (Garrett’s score: 67) and unremunerative price (Garrett’s amounting to 156 and the secondary data was collected from score: 74.97) are the major constraints faced by farmers in production Directorate of Horticulture, Govt of Karnataka. The data collected and marketing of Byadgi dry chilli, respectively. Market for the year 2017-18, analysed by employing descriptive statistics, intermediaries expressed poor quality of the produce (Garrett’s score: CGR analysis, marketing efficiency index and Garrett’s ranking 74.28) as the major constraint, whereas both processors and cold technique. The results revealed that Bellary district registered highest storage proprietors opined lack of skilled labour (Garrett’s score: positive and significant growth rate in area (10.52) and production 74 and 73.50) as the major constraint. The study revealed the (18.45). The growth rate in productivity was positively significant existence of potential opportunities in value chain of Byadgi dry in Yadgiri (12.25) district. There were five marketing channels chilli. It also revealed that among all the respondents, market identified in the study area. Price spread was lower ( ` 2794.59/q) intermediaries, processors and cold storagers received all or most of and the marketing efficiency was higher (3.80) in channel-IV, so the benefits from the institutions and farmers were deprived of channel-IV was found to be the most efficient channel among five. some of the benefits provided by the institutions.

Income, investment and savings pattern in irrigated and rainfed areas of Dharwad district: A comparitive economic analysis KAVITA HURAKADLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. BASAVARAJA

The study was conducted to compare income, investment and savings two times greater than rainfed farmers and investment increased with pattern in irrigated and rainfed areas of Dharwad district. Both primary increase in land holding. The investment on farm machinery and land and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data was development activity was more by medium and large farmers in both generated from 180 sample farmers comprising 60 small, medium and areas. Whereas small farmers made investment mainly on the dairy, large farmers each spread over six villages of two taluks in Dharwad sheep and goat enterprises. Out of the total investment made, the district. Secondary data was collected from lead bank of the district investment on tractors was more than 30 per cent. It was observed (Vijaya Bank, Hubballi). The result indicated that the income of sample that investment and expenditure were negatively related. However farmers in irrigated area (` 114304.15) was more than that in rainfed the impact of expenditure on investment was non-significant. area (` 79297.89). Crop enterprise (nearly 50 %) was the major Investment in both areas was positively influenced by size of holding source of income for all category of farmers in both areas except for and income level and negatively influenced by Family size and age. small farmers. The small farmers received income mainly from About 80 per cent of total credit flow was towards the agriculture subsidiary activities like sheep and goat, dairy enterprise and non- and allied sector (crops and investment loan)s. The farm mechanization farm activities like wage earnings. Savings of irrigated farmers and land development activities were major investment activities. (` 72848.62) was found to be almost twice that of the farmers in Non availability of finance and over dues of credit were the major rainfed area (` 34790.04). Total investment by irrigated farmers was constraints in the investment activity in both areas.

62 Production and marketing of safflower in Dharwad and Vijayapur districts of Karnataka- An economic analysis P. ARUNKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. T. SHARMA

Safflower is an important minor edible oilseed crop in India and it is The share of variable cost was seen high in Vijayapur district (72.70 %) well known for its high quality edible oil. Multistage random sampling as compared to Dharwad district (71.34 %). Increasing returns to technique was employed for the selection of study area with total scale was observed in Vijayapur district (1.13) while it was decreasing sample size of 150 (120 safflower growers and 30 market in Dharwad district (0.76). MVP to MFC ratios indicated that inputs intermediaries). The results indicated that in Dharwad district, the like seeds and fertilizers were under-utilized in both the districts. The growth rate in area was -0.05 per cent per annum associated with marketing analysis revealed that producer’s share in consumer’s rupee significant decline in production (-22.09 % per annum) and and index of marketing efficiency were seen higher in Channel-II productivity (-21.63 % per annum). Similarly, in Vijayapur district, (` 94.02/q and 15.72) followed by Channel-III (` 90.67/q and 9.71) the area under safflower declined at the rate of -23.90 per cent per and Channel-I (` 89.46/ q and 8.48). Non-availability of HYVs and annum contributed to significant decline in production (-29.89 % per thorny nature of crop were observed as major safflower production annum). The productivity was declined at the rate of -7.86 per cent constraints in both the districts. Less price for produce, lack of per annum. Similar observations were seen in Karnataka state and procurement programme by Government at Minimum Support Price India as well. The cost of cultivation of safflower was ` 29746 and (MSP) and limited market information were the major marketing ` 26980 per hectare in Dharwad and Vijayapur districts, respectively. constraints faced by the respondents in the study area.

Economic impact of Shiggaon lift irrigation project on farm economy in Haveri district, Karnataka ASHOK M. BHOSALE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. KULKARNI

Agriculture occupies central position in the Indian economy because ranking techniques were employed to draw useful conclusions. It was of its contribution to overall economic development of the country. evident that SLIP helped in increasing the area under cultivation Irrigation acts as a key input for optimizing agricultural production. (4.01 %), crop yields (10-42 %) and also gross income from livestock Huge investments have been made by the central and state governments enterprises (21-46 %) in the command area with adoption of sprinkler to create irrigation potential in the country. One such project to expand and drip methods of irrigation over their counterparts with traditional irrigated area under micro-irrigation system was implemented by irrigation and rainfed farming approaches as resources were used Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL), Government of efficiently in command area compared to non-command area. The per Karnataka in Haveri district. The project named as “Shiggaon Lift acre net returns in the command area for hybrid cotton, groundnut, Irrigation Project (SLIP)” implemented with a command area of maize and soybean were higher at ` 42278, ` 37786, ` 20572 and 9900 ha of dry lands spread across 30 villages of Shiggaon, Savanur ` 21543, respectively. Investment made on SLIP was feasible (BCR= and Hanagaltaluks in the district. To analyse the impact of lift irrigation 2.96 and IRR= 33.27%). Among the major constraints faced by project project on the farm economy, 180 sample farmers were selected from beneficiaries was improper maintenance of irrigation system materials three taluks constituting beneficiaries, who adopted sprinkler and (GS: 82) while, major constraints faced by project implementing agency drip irrigation methods, traditional irrigation farmers and rainfed was frequent farmer’s complaints for repair of outlets and pipelines farmers. Budgeting technique, production function approach, Garrett in the project command area (GS: 77.60).

Supply response of chickpea and pigeonpea in north Karnataka - An econometric analysis B. M. CHETHAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GULEDAGUDDA

Chickpea and pigeonpea are the important pulse crop of the nation as production decision of chickpea and pigeonpea growing farmers. well as the Karnataka state. An attempt has been made to study the Chickpea seasonal price indices were high from July to December in supply response of chickpea and pigeonpea in Vijayapur and Kalaburagi selected markets and pigeonpea seasonal price indices was highest on districts of north Karnataka. The performance of chickpea and December (105.88) and October (109.02) in Vijayapur and Kalaburagi pigeonpea in terms of growth rate of area and production was an markets respectively. The chickpea price forecast for June to November impressive in the post-NFSM period than the pre-NFSM period in of 2019 would be in the range of ` 4129 to 4638 per quintal in the study area. In the overall period, area (9.67 %) and production (8.05 %) Vijayapur market and ` 4297 to 5484 per quintal in Kalaburagi market, of chickpea in Vijayapur district and production and productivity of while for pigeonpea, ` 4890 to 5534 per quintal in Vijayapur market pigeonpea across study area registered a positive and significant growth and ` 5635 to 6106 per quintal in Kalaburagi market. Lack of rainfall rate. Parameter estimates of lagged price of chickpea were positive and followed by pest incidence constraints in the production of chickpea significant in Vijayapur (1.63), Kalaburagi districts (2.98) and state and pigeonpea were ranked first and second respectively by the sample (0.82) as a whole, indicating that the lagged price was an important respondents across the study area. In case of marketing constraints of factor influencing the farmer decision on allocating area under these chickpea and pigeonpea, un-remunerative price stood as the major pulses and rainfall was found to be an important factor influencing the constraint across the study area.

63 Trade performance of sugar in India: An econometric analysis R. SHRINATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.S. GULEDAGUDDA

The study was conducted to know the trade performance of sugar in as reflected in the probability retention of 0.3299 and Pakistan (1.55%) India. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The was least stable market. Two months lagged prices of Kolkata market data collected were analyzed by using compound annual growth rate, had a significant and positive influence of 36.59 per cent on its current Nominal protection coefficient, Markov chain analysis, Co-integration sugar prices. Besides it also had a positive influence on current sugar technique and Garrett ranking method. The results revealed that Tamil prices of Chennai (36.11%), Delhi (48.57 %) and Mumbai (54.36 %) Nadu recorded negative growth rates of -1.03, -1.17 and -0.14 per markets respectively. The results of Garrett ranking revealed that cent per annum in area, production and productivity of sugarcane short crushing season was the major constraint for both private (93.00 respectively. Both quantity and value of sugar production in India garret score) and co-operative (88.67 garret score) sugar mill owners. exhibited a positive and significant growth rate of 3.18 and 8.16 per In case of farmers the difference in sugarcane prices (84.87garret cent/annum respectively, while, 8.06 and -0.39 per cent/annum of score) and delay in payments (83.10 garret score) were the prominent growth rates were observed in quantity and value of sugar exports. problemsfaced during selling their produce through private and The average NPC value was found more than unity (1.14) and hence co-operative sugar mills, respectively. So the government can make the Indian sugar is not export competitive. Markov chain analysis effective policy for sugar mills to clear-off the due payments within indicated that, Sri Lanka is one of the major importers of Indian sugar short period of time without affecting the farmers’ interests.

Crop diversification in Bagalkote district: An exploratory analysis K. SUKANYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. TEGGI

Agricultural diversification referred to a subsistence kind of farming wheat, green gram, sunflower, grapes, and sapota. With respect to wherein farmers were cultivating different crops on a piece of land productivity, almost crops recorded positive trend except jowar and and undertaking several enterprises in their farming. The study was sunflower. Hungund was the most diversified taluk, based on analysed based on both primary (2018) and secondary data (2008-09 to results of transitional probability matrix. In Badami taluk, the average 2017-18). A sample size of 144 farmers were selected through stratified cost of cultivationof per acre of green gram, groundnut and red gram was random sampling procedurefrom Badami, Bagalkote, Hungund and ` 18334, 22174 and 21803, respectively. Farmers of Bagalkote taluk Jamkhandi taluks of Bagalkote district, Where crop diversification cultivated red gram with the average cost of cultivation of ` 20,124. In was concentrated. Compound annual growth rate, Markov chain Hungund taluk, farmers cultivated green gram, bengal gram and red gram analysis, Garrett ranking technique and descriptive analyticaltools with average cost of cultivation of ` 18889, 16375 and 20660, respectively. were used to fulfill specific objectives. Compound annual growth In Jamkhandi taluk, average cost of cultivation of wheat, bengal gram and rate of area for major crops in Bagalkote district was negative for red gram was ` 20367, 16665 and 20919, respectively. Inadequate supply almost crops i.e. jowar, maize, wheat, green gram, sunflower, onion, and high cost of labour were expressed as the major production brinjal, banana, grapes, except groundnut, bengal gram, and sapota. constraints. Among marketing constraints, price fluctuation was the major Production had mixed trend of positive growth for groundnut, onion, problem in Badami and Jamkhandi taluks and high marketing costs in brinjal, bengal gram banana and negative growth rate for jowar, maize, Bagalkote and Hungund taluks.

An economic analysis of integrated farming systems in northern dry zone of Karnataka R. N. NALINASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MUNDINAMANI

An economic analysis of Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) was carried were considered for detailed analysis. The cost and returns analysis out in three districts, viz., Vijayapur, Bagalkote and Ballari of northern revealed that, net returns realized by the farmers was found to be dry zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. Primary data required for the study maximum in IFS-III in Vijayapur (` 117589), IFS-I in Bagalkote was collected from120 sample farmers in the study districts for the (` 88608) and IFS-III in Ballari (` 157220) district. Inadequate water year 2017-18 at the rate of 40 from each district. Tabular and budgeting availability, scarcity of labour and high cost during peak seasons, lack techniques were used for data analysis. Results of the study revealed of remunerative price for the product, price fluctuations and scarcity that sample farmers in the study area are practicing four IFS (IFS-I: of own funds were the major constraints in practicing IFS. On the Crop + Dairy, IFS-II: Crop + Small ruminants, IFS-III: Crop + Dairy other hand, inadequate irrigation facilities, need of heavy investment + Small ruminants, IFS-IV: Crop + Dairy + Horticulture) and one and scarcity of own funds were the major constraints expressed by Non-IFS (Only crop) systems. The major crops grown by farmers of Non-IFS farmers for not adopting IFS. Providing remunerative price Vijayapur district were tur, bengal gram, jowar, bajra and maize, for the products and quality inputs at subsidised prices by the whereas in Bagalkote district maize, bengal gram, jowar, cotton, government and timely credit availability support by financial groundnut, sugarcane and guava, and in Ballari district paddy, cotton institutions were the major suggestions openied by IFS famers for and dry chilli were major crops. Two major IFS and one Non-IFS increasing the farm income in the study area.

64 AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Management of stall fed and grazing methods of sheep and goat rearing in Dharwad district: A comparative analysis B. PRIYANKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURTHY

The present study was conducted in Dharwad district. The multistage goat rearing is decreasing because of shrinkage of grazing land. The random sampling technique was adopted for the study. In Dharwad grazing method of rearing farmers still found to follow traditional district 2 taluks namely, Dharwad and Navalgund taluk were purposively management practices due to lack of financial support and lack of selected to throw light on the study. These 2 taluks have highest number awareness. Hence, there is a need to arrange regular training by the of sheep and goat population and stall fed units in the study area. From government, to create awareness about scientific management practices each taluk, 8 villages with highest population of sheep and goat and 3 of sheep and goat rearing to rearing farmers. The main objective of stall stall fed units and from each village, 5 sheep and goat rearing farmers fed method of sheep and goat rearing is to increase the weight of animal were selected randomly for the study. For obtaining information related and quality of the meat. This was fulfilled by feeding the green and dry to marketing of sheep and goat, 5 village merchant, 5 wholesalers and 5 fodder as well as concentrates. Thus, the feed cost was the major cost retailers (butchers) were selected. Thus, the total sample size was 116. incurred in stall fed method of sheep and goat rearing. The cost of stall The stall fed method of sheep and goat rearing in the study area has fed method of rearing was highest when compared to grazing method increased over the time. The reason behind this might be that rearing of sheep and goat rearing. Hence, the government should fix the price farmers are getting more awareness about the productivity of stall fed according to the live weight of the sheep and goat in all the cattle method of sheep and goat rearing. But grazing method of sheep and markets.

Production and marketing of honey in Uttara Kannada district: A management appraisal K. ANIL KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. H. MITRANNAVAR

Beekeeping enterprise is highly profitable but less aware enterprise indicates that the either methods of honey production found to be among Indian farmers. The present study was focused to investigate financially feasible and migratory method was much more feasible than the management appraisal of beekeeping in Uttara Kannada district. stationary method. The four major marketing channels were identified The 120 sample beekeepers and 20 market intermediaries were selected in marketing of honey in study area. The producer’s share in consumer’s in multistage random sampling method as sample beekeepers for the rupee was found to be in channel-I, II, III, IV were 70.00 per cent, study. The results revealed that the production in India and Karnataka 77.77 per cent, 63.63 per cent and 100 per cent, respectively. The was increasing with 17.57 and 7.86 per cent CAGR, respectively. The price spread was highest in channel III (` 200/kg). Brood pests and two methods was found in commercial honey production in study area unavailability of skilled labor were the major constraints in production namely, Stationary and migratory honey production andthe TFC was of honey in study area and transportation, lack of organized markets, ` 5722.26 and ` 6274.12, with TVC of ` 1371.18 and ` 1559.77, marketing information and less remunerative price were major respectively.The financial analysis revealed that the NPV was constraints in marketing of honey. The technical support centers, skill ` 20712.58 and ` 42363.03, BCR of 3.61 and 6.75, IRR of 62 per cent development institutes and development of organized marketing and 112 per cent and PBP of 11 months and 7 months and 10 days infrastructure were recommended to develop for further enhancement respectively at 12 per cent discount rate for 10 years of time period. It of honey production in resource poor farmers.

Management appraisal of women dairy cooperative societies (WDCS) in Belagavi district PRAVEEN PATTAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. H. MITRANNAVAR

The present study was conducted on management appraisal of women in case of non-members. The average expenditure of members is dairy cooperative societies (WDCS) in Belagavi district. and ` 47870 and 43820 in case of non-members, similarly saving made by Gokak taluks were purposively selected based on the highest number of the respondents in the study area indicates that also higher among the women dairy cooperative societies in the district. Samples of five societies members ` 67565 and non-members ` 57440. Among the variable costs, in each taluk were identified in which 50 members and 50 non-members the maximum cost was incurred on fodder with in members and non- were chosen from each taluk in the study area. The primary data were members, followed by concentrates as members feed quality concentrates obtained from selected members and non-members by personal interview to enrich cow milk production. Most of the members and non-members method through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, vaccinated their animals once in a year. Non remunerative price for the correlation coefficient and Garret’s ranking techniques were employed milk was the major problem faced by the members. Where as high cost of to analyse the collected data. The age was found to be negatively correlated first aid material and medicines are the major problem faced by the non- among both members and non-members. Regarding milk testing, majority members. The result of the study concluded that there is a significant of cooperative societies milk testing is done through Electronic Milk difference in performance of members and non-members due to benefits Testing. Majority of the cooperative societies stored milk in tanks and such as subsidizing tranings and working motivation from society received the rest in cans. The average income of members is `115435 and 101260 by the members.

65 Dynamics of potato economy: A management perspective M. K. KOUSHIK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. YELEDHALLI

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) popularly known as “The king of and Belagavi with ` 161642.33, 145682.91 and 120902.75, respectively. vegetables” is grown in more than 100 countries in the world. Karnataka The returns to rupee of investment was 2.14 which found to be highest is one of the important potato growing state in the country. In Karnataka in case of Belagavi district. Mainly two major marketing channels were it is mainly grown in the districts. Kolar, Hassan, Belagavi, identified in the study area. That is Channel. I (producer- commission Chikkaballapura, Chikkamagaluru and Dharwad. For the study two agent- wholesaler- retailer- consumer) and channel. II (producer- village districts from north and two districts in south Karnataka were selected. level trader- wholesaler- retailer- consumer). Between two channel II viz., Kolar, Hassan, Dharwad and Belagavi. The study was conducted to was most used because in these channel, village level traders itself borne analyse production, marketing and forecasting the prices of potato in the the risk of marketing of the produce. For price forecasting four major study area. The study revealed in Karnataka there was a negative trend markets were selected based on the arrivals, viz., Bengaluru, Hassan, in area (-4.16 %) followed by positive trend in production and Hubballi and Belagavi markets. The prices were highest in the Belagavi productivity with 0.48 and 5.35 per cent per annum. Production cost of market that is 1195/q during the August month compared to other markets. potato in the study area, indicated that Kolar district accounted for The incidence of pests and diseases, fluctuating weather and high highest cost of ` 174545.88 per hectare followed by Hassan, Dharwad marketing cost were found to be major problems.

Production and marketing management of cole crops in Karnataka N. JAYANTH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS S. KULKARNI

The present study was conducted at VAS, Dharwad on production and of cabbage, cauliflower and knol-khol in the study area was found to be marketing management of cole crops in Karnataka. Belagavi, Kolar and profitable as supported by the magnitude of the BC ratio of 2.62, 2.26 Chamarajanagar districts were purposively selected based on the highest and 2.08, respectively. Majority of the cabbage and cauliflower produce area and production in cole crops. A sample of 60 farmers for each crop, (53.33 %) was sold through channel-II (Fanners-village trader-wholesaler i.e., a total of 180 farmers and five market intermediaries were selected cum commission agent-retailers-consumer). Whereas, highest quantity from each district; information was gathered by personal interview method (46.67 %) of knol-khol was sold in channel-III (Farmers-wholesaler cum through a well•structured questionnaire during the 2017-18 and collected commission agent-retailers-consumer). The channel-I (Farmers- data were analysed through Annual Compound Growth Rate, Descriptive consumers) is more efficient over channel-II and channel-III because of Statistics and Rank Based Quotient Techniques. The growth in area, high producer’s share in consumers’ rupee and less price spread due to production and productivity of cabbage in Karnataka recorded 2.75, no market intermediaries in channel-I. Severe incidence of pest and 2.98 and 0.23 per cent per annum, respectively; of cauliflower 3.86, diseases, high cost of plant protection chemicals and scarcity of labour 4.78, and 0.89 per cent per annum, respectively increasing significantly are the major problems associated with the cultivation of cole crops, and in case of knol-khol area (3.27%), production (1.88%) and were whereas high fluctuation in price, improper market price, lack of awareness found significantly increasing but productivity (-0.25%) of the same about market information and intelligence were the major marketing was declined over the study period (2001-02 to 2017-2018). Cultivation constraints faced by the cole crop growers.

Production and marketing management of banana in Bellary district SUNIL BADIGER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. KERUR

The study was conducted to assess the production and marketing of producer in the consumer rupee for yelakki banana was higher management of banana in Bellary district. The primary data were (69.13 %) in Channel-II compared to Channel-I (58.16%). The share obtained from 120 banana growers and 25 market intermediaries of producer in the consumer rupee for sugandhi banana was higher (pre-harvest contractor, wholesalers and retailers). The secondary (61.41 %) in Channel-II compared to Channel-I (46.30%) Farmers data were collected from the Directorate of Horticulture and concerned preferred Channel-I, because they received cash immediately after officers of the respective district. The profitability of banana in Bellary the sale of the produce to Pre-harvest contractor at the farm level district was computed. The study revealed that the returns per rupee itself and to avoid the risk of violent price fluctuation in open market. of expenditure of yelakki banana was 1.87 for main crop and 3.36 for The major constraints in production of banana were: inadequate ratoon crop and per rupee of expenditure of sugandhi was 1.99 for irrigation water during summer season, destruction of crop due to main cop and 3.25 for ratoon crop banana reflecting the profitability high wind, non availability of labour. In the marketing of banana, of the venture in the study area. Two important marketing channels farmers were facing the problems such as dependence on middle man were identified in the study area. The main players in Channel- I were for disposal of produce, price fluctuation, less number of purchasers Producer, Pre-harvest contractor, Wholesaler, Retailer and Consumer. available in the local market, high cost of transportation, lack of market Channel-II: Producer, Wholesaler, Retailer and Consumer. The share information.

66 A study on portfolio management and feasibility analysis of cold storages in Haveri district FAKKEERESH KUSANUR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. YELEDHALLI

Though, India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables, the per has been selected purposively for the study. The study revealed that capita availability of fruits and vegetables is quite low because of mostly commercial crops with high value like dry chilli, tamarind, post-harvest losses which account for 25-30 per cent of production. ginger, chilli powder, turmeric, dhaniya, chilli seeds and vegetable A sizable quantity of produce also gets deteriorated by the time it seeds were stored in the cold storages. Cold storage units required reaches the consumer. Most of the problems are related to their heavy investment for land, building, machinery and equipment. The perishability. Perishability is responsible for high marketing cost, financial feasibility analysis indicated that, the net present value (NPV) market gluts, price fluctuations etc. Such problems can be considerably at 14 per cent was 1.71 crores, BC ratio was 1.28 and internal rate of reduced and shelf life could be increased through cold storage return (IRR) shows 19.34 per cent and pay back period was 2 years infrastructure. Realising the importance an in-depth study was made 1 month 11 days. Which indicates that the establishment of cold to analyse the cold storages in Haveri District. The primary and storage units are feasible in that region. The study also revealed that secondary data pertaining to the cold storages in Haveri District were the owners of the cold storages faced problems such as heavy initial utilised to investigate in these objectives of the study. The preliminary investment, high rate of interest, high cost of electricity, heavy survey on the status of cold storages in Karnataka revealed that Bellary competition and fire risk are the major problems faced during their and Haveri districts occupied the top positions. Hence, Haveri district operation and maintenance of the cold storage units in the study area.

Performance of crop loan scheme in north Karnataka A. POOJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MAHAJANASHETTI

Agriculture credit is a critical input to assist and sustain crop regional rural banks in the total crop loan advances was 49.16, 31.27 production. The present study pertains to performance of crop loan and 19.56 per cent, respectively; and the overall growth rate of crop scheme in north Karnataka. The analysis of trend in crop loan advances loan advances from these institutes recorded 21.32 per cent per annum. and its share from different financial institutions in north Karnataka The scale of finance for all crops was significantly increased over the restricted to UAS, Dharwad jurisdiction; Belagavi and Vijayapur period from 2009 to 2018. The loan requirement based on paid out districts were selected for accomplishing the remaining objectives cost of cultivation of sugarcane and pigeonpea was higher than loan related to credit gap, management of interest free crop loan, crop loan amount decided on scale of finance with RBI guidelines. The average waiver and difficulties experienced by the stakeholders in the operation number of farmers applied and amount demanded for crop loan was of crop loan scheme. The study was based on both primary and higher when loan become interest free and the recovery was more. secondary data. In these two districts, primary data was collected The number of accounts eligible for loan waiver was 60.52 and 65.51 from 120 farmers through personal interview method with the aid of per cent in Belagavi and Vijayapur districts, respectively and the questionnaire and collected data were analysed through Compound total amount of loan that was waived off was 23.00 and 18.05 per Annual Growth Rate, Descriptive Statistics and Rank Based Quotient cent of the loan amount eligible for waiver in Belagavi and Vijayapur techniques. The average annual share of commercial, cooperative and districts as on April 30, 2019.

Business performance of warehouses in Karnataka: A comparative management perspective NINGAMMA A. BASAVANNAVAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BANAKAR

Warehousing is the activity involved in storage of different also conducted to know the reasons and problems faced by user commodities in large scale manner which in turn creates time utility groups and administrative staff and warehouses. Growth rate analysis for depositors and overcome the price fluctuations during peak season. showed the negative growth during study period of (2003-2015) The present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing the different commodities stored in CWC, KSWC and private warehouses progress and performance of CWC, KSWC in comparison with private of Gulbarga and Dharwad districts. The major investment was on warehousing activities, analyzing the management of different land and buildings by above warehouses and these warehouses were commodities stored, investment pattern and financial feasibility, financially and economically feasible at 12 per cent rate of interest. capacity utilization and problems faced by stake holders in managing The total capacity unutilized was higher in private warehouses. The and functioning of warehouses in Gulbarga and Dharwad districts. benefits accrued from storage of commodities were mainly short Mainly, secondary data were collected from CWC, KSWC and the duration crops like Green gram, maize, Bengal gram in availing the private warehouses. Growth rate analysis was used to determine the loan. The major problems faced by farmers and traders was high price commodities stored during study period, simple tabular analysis was fluctuations and immediate need of cash in CWC and KSWC and high used wherever the analysis involved the straight forward determination storage cost in case of private warehouses. Whereas in case of of percentages or proportion. The financial feasibility was worked warehouse officials it was high rate of handling charges in CWC and out through discounted cash flow technique. An opinion survey was KSWC and requirement of large capital in private warehouses.

67 AGICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION Swoc analysis of Sericulture entrepreneurs of north Karnataka ASHA N. KATTIMANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. MANJULA

The study was conducted during the year 2017-18 in Gadag and orientation category. Majority (60.00 %) of the sericulture farmers Haveri districts of north Karnataka. and Haveri taluks had medium organizational participation. Majority (61.25 %) of the were selected from Gadag and Haveri districts, respectively. sericulture farmers belonged to medium mass media participation Purposive random sampling technique was employed to select four category. Further, it was observed that cent per cent of the sericulture villages from each taluk, ten sericulture farmers from each village farmers had expressed their needs for training about application of contributing to 80 sericulture farmers. A pre-tested and well manure and fertilizers to mulberry crop, cleaning and brushing of structured interview schedule was used to collect the data through silkworms, silkworm pests and diseases and their control. Majority personal interview method. The study revealed that 45.00 per cent of the sericulture farmers had expressed their training needs about of the sericulture farmers were middle aged. More than one fourth intercultivation practices for mulberry crop (80.00 %). Further, high (28.75 %) of the sericulture farmers studied upto primary. More cost of planting material, lack of information about bio-fertilizers, than one third (38.75 %) of them belonged to medium market high initial establishment cost, lack of subsidies were the major orientation category. Majority (67.50 %), (58.75 %) and (56.25 %) constraints faced by the sericulture farmers. Intensive training of the sericulture farmers had medium innovativeness, risk orientation programmes need to be conducted by government and non government and economic motivation, respectively. As high as 45.00 per cent of agencies which would enable sericulture entrepreneurs for efficient the sericulture farmers had high achievement motivation. Majority utilization of their potential. Issues related to availability, accessibility (63.75 %) of the sericulture farmers belonged to medium management and affordability of facilities should be addressed. e-Readiness of extension personnel of developmental departments in Vijayapur district S. N. PREM KISHOR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. A. JAHAGIRDAR

The present study was conducted in the year 2018-19 in Vijayapur utilization level of e-tools. There was positive and significant district of Karnataka state with a sample size of 135 extension relationship between education, extension contact, mass media personnel. Purposive sampling procedure was used to select the participation, innovative proneness, organizational participation and sample. The data was collected through the structured interview scientific orientation. With knowledge level and extent of utilization, schedule. The profile characteristics of the extension personnel revealed whereas, age and experience were negatively correlated with that 50.37 per cent of extension personnel were belonged to old age knowledge level. Majority of the respondents (72.59 %) had high and 28.15 per cent of extension personnel were post-Graduates. With knowledge about ‘Whats App group’, ‘Video conferencing’ (71.85 %), respect to job experience (48.15 %), mass media participation (40.00 %), ‘Agromet Advisory Services’ (60.00 %) and ‘Raitamitra’ (62.96 %), cosmopoliteness (59.26 %) and organizational participation (34.81 respectively. Overall utilisation of e-tools by the extension personnel in %), the respondents were belonged to high category. The respondents Vijayapur district indicated that 31.11 per cent of them belong to high belonged to low category with respect to extension contact (41.48 %) utilisation category. Training was positively related with knowledge level and scientific orientation (45.19 %). About half (49.63 %) of extension of extension personnel. Major constraints faced by extension personnel personnel received training on e-tools for 1-3 days. About 42.96 per in using e-tools were lack of training opportunities to improve the skills cent of extension personnel belonged to high knowledge level about in use of e-tools (57.77 %), followed by slow internet speed (57.03 %) e-tools and 36.56 per cent of extension personnel had medium and lack of infrastructure facilities for accessing e-tools (55.56 %).

Knowledge and consumption pattern of underutilized leafy vegetables among rural and urban women in Shivamogga and Dharwad districts N. S. SUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA V. YENAGI

The present research was conducted in the University of Agricultural positive and significant relationship between family size and knowledge Sciences, Dharwad during 2018-2019 to study the knowledge and level of rural women (r=0.25) while, innovativeness (r=0.45) had consumption pattern of underutilized leafy vegetables among rural and significant relationship with knowledge level of urban women. There urban women in Shivamogga and Dharwad districts of Karnataka state. was positive and significant relationship of age (r=0.22), land holding ULVs are lesser known plant species in terms of marketing and research, (r=0.21) and decision making pattern (0.18) with consumption pattern but well adapted to different agroclimatic conditions. Two hundred and of rural women. Among urban women, there was positive and significant forty respondents formed sample for the study. An exploratory design relationship of innovativeness (r=0.24) and social participation (r=0.21). was employed for the study and the data was elicited through personal Significant association was observed between health consciousness of interview method. The responses were subjected to ‘t’ test, correlation urban women and their knowledge level of ULVs (χ²=10.93) whereas, and chi-square analysis. The results indicated that both rural and urban health consciousness of rural women had no significant association women differed significantly (t=2.08*) on knowledge level of with the knowledge level of ULVs. Non-availability of ULVs, changed Underutilized leafy vegetables (ULVs). Urban women had better food habits due to urbanization and modernization were indicated as knowledge (mean=6.39) than rural women (mean=5.94). Significant major constraints in the usage of ULVs by the women. Since, ULVs are difference was noticed between rural and urban women on consumption hardy and resistant to stress conditions, they can be cultivated on pattern (t=3.91) wherein, consumption of ULVs among rural women degraded and barren lands thereby providing resilience to unpredictable was higher (mean=12.63) than urban women (mean=10.53). There was climates.

68 Analysis of services availed by dairy farmers from organizations B. N. JYOTHSNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. PATIL

Dairy farming, an integral part of Indian economy, forms an important Department, whereas dairy farmers availed incentive on sale of milk secondary and major livelihood source of income for over 80-90 million (78.12 %), inputs like feed additives (65.00 %) and mineral mixtures rural households in India and also a significant contributor to the (59.37 %) from the Milk Producers Cooperative Society. Further, it country’s agricultural economy. With continual efforts from the public, was also observed that education level, land holding, experience in cooperative and private sector, along with prudent policy intervention dairy farming, dairy herd size and mass media participation exhibited by the government, India has been transformed from being a milk scarce positive and significant relationship with services availed by dairy nation to the largest producer. The present investigation was farmers from Veterinary Department and Milk Producers Cooperative purposively undertaken in Dharwad district during 2018-19. A sample Society. Regression analysis revealed that, all the independent variables of 160 dairy farmers were selected based on simple random sampling taken together explained 40.10 per cent of variation in the services procedure. The data were collected by personal interview method with availed by the dairy farmers from different organizations. Lack of the help of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The awareness about services (66.87 %), inadequate staff to give information important findings of the study were, majority of dairy farmers availed (58.75 %), non-availability of inputs in time (46.25 %), delayed payment services like vaccination for FMD (100.00 %), artificial insemination of subsidy amount (46.25 %), poor quality of semen (40.62 %) were (99.37 %), veterinary medicines (98.75 %), information on disease the major constraints faced by the dairy farmers in availing services (73.12 %) and subsidy for rubber mats (48.12 %) from the Veterinary from organizations.

Analysis of extension services of Department of Agriculture availed by the farmers P. V. SACHIN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. PATIL

The study was purposively undertaken in Haveri district of Karnataka level of extension services availed (28.57 %). Further, it was observed during the year 2018-19. As district gains popularity in agriculture, that education, land holding, extension participation, extension contact, agriculture based enterprises, seed production and it comes under the mass media exposure, innovativeness, scientific orientation, economic jurisdiction of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. motivation and social participation expressed positive and significant “Ex-post facto” research design was employed in the present study. relationship with extension services availed by the farmers. Regression All the seven taluks of Haveri district were selected for the study. analysis revealed that, all the independent variables taken together From each selected taluk one RSK was selected randomly and from for the study explained 60.00 per cent of variation in the level of each selected RSK two villages were selected randomly to make up a extension services availed by the farmers. Extension participation total of 14 villages and from each selected village 15 respondents and extension contact contributed significantly towards variation in were selected randomly. Thus, the total sample size was 210 farmers. the extension services availed by the farmers. Non availability of The data was collected by personal interview method with the help extension workers in office, lack of time to participate in extension of well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The important activities, non availability of required inputs, RSKs are located away findings of the study were, more than one third (38.57 %) of the from the village and not constructing krishi-honda in-time were the farmers belonged to low level of extension services availed, followed major constraints faced by the farmers in availing extension services by medium level of extension services availed (32.85 %) and high of Department of Agriculture.

Study on information management behaviour of grape growers of Vijayapur district MANJULA KALABHANVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The present study was conducted in the year 2018-19 in Vijayapur (38.33%), mass media participation (40.83%), extension participation district. The study was conducted in selected taluks of Vijayapur (42.50%) and decision making ability (42.50%) were found to be district of Karnataka in order to fulfill the objectives of the study. medium level among grape growers. Information management behaviour Two taluks Vijayapur and Indi were selected from the district based grape growers showed that majority of grape growers (52.50 %) on highest area under the crop. From each selected taluks 6 villages belonged to medium level information management behaviour, seeking were selected at random from amongst the list of villages growing behaviour (37.50 %), evaluation (55.00 %) and storage behaviour grapes. From each selected villages, 10 farmers were selected randomly. (46.66 %) were found to be medium level. Independent variables such Thus, a total sample size of the study was 120. Samples were selected as education, size of land holding, annual income, mass media by following Random Sampling procedure. The socio-economic profile participation, extension participation, organizational participation and of the grape growers showed that majority of grape growers (53.40 %) decision making ability found positive and significant relationship. belonged to middle age, education up to middle school (29.16 %), Whereas age, family size and occupation showed non significant 67.50 per cent belonged to medium family size, 29.17 per cent of relationship with information management behaviour. The major grape growers belonged to medium land holding, 62.50 per cent depend constraints expressed by the grape growers were unfavourable weather on agriculture as their main occupation and 63.33 per cent had medium condition (75.95 %) and non availability of labour during season annual income. Other variable such as organizational participation (68.54 %) and lack of market facility (67.65 %).

69 Knowledge and adoption of safe use pesticides by vegetable growers of Belegavi district JAGADEESH S. PATTAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.V. HALAKATTI

The present study was purposively undertaken in Belagavi district by high (31.25 %) and low (21.87%) adoption category. None of the of Karnataka during the year 2018-19. To measure the knowledge and vegetable growers had adopted wearing of the masks and protective adoption of safe use of pesticides by the vegetable growers of Belagavi clothes while spraying pesticides. Most of the vegetable growers district. A sample of 160 vegetable growers were randomly selected (95.00%) have adopted checking the sprayer before put to use. Not from Belagavi and Bailhongal taluks of Belagavi district. The data to store pesticides along with food, fodder and feed has been adopted was collected by personal interview method with help of well by 91.87 per cent of the vegetable growers. All the vegetable growers structured interview schedule. The results revealed that nearly half expressed the constraint of personal protective clothes are (46.87 %) of the vegetable growers had medium knowledge about safe uncomfortable. Correlation between independent variables and use of pesticides, followed by high (31.25 %) and low (21.87 %) dependent variables of vegetable growers regarding safe use of knowledge category. All the vegetable growers had the knowledge pesticides, land holding, annual income, farming experience and about not to store pesticides along with food, fodder and feed. All extension contact exhibited positive and significant relationship with most all (99.37 %) of the vegetable growers had knowledge regarding knowledge and adoption of vegetable growers. There is a immediate avoid children, animals or anybody at the place of preparing solution need to improve the adoption behavior of vegetable growers by and pesticide spraying area. Nearly half (46.87 %) of the vegetable organizing trainings, demonstration, campaigns on safe handling of growers had medium adoption about safe use of pesticides, followed pesticides by concerned departments.

A comparative study on awardee and non-awardee farmers of northern Karnataka JYOTI LAMANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. GOTYAL

The present study was conducted during 2018-19 in Vijayapur and high ‘farming experience’, medium ‘land holding’ and low ‘annual Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka. Total sample size was 100. income’, ’extension contact’, ‘extension participation’ and ‘economic Out of 100 farmers, 50 were awardee farmers, who received awards motivation’ category. The productivity of awardee farmers with respect during year 2013 to 2018 from UAS, Dharwad and UHS, Bagalkot and to sugarcane (45.50 tonnes/acre) and various crops in general like 50 were non-awardee farmers. Awardee and non-awardee farmers were sorghum, maize and bajra was higher than non-awardee farmers. Majority selected randomly. The selected non-awardee farmers were from the of the awardee farmers had adopted more number of enterprises same village as of awardee farmers. The profile characteristics of awardee compared to non-awardee farmers. The most preferable enterprises farmers revealed that, relatively high number of awardee farmers adopted by both awardee and non-awardee farmers were; agriculture, belonged to middle age and were educated upto pre-university level. horticulture and dairy enterprises. Agriculture + Horticulture were the Majority of the awardee farmers had medium ‘family size’, ‘farming most preferred combination of enterprises. Regarding constraints and experience’, ‘land holdings’ and annual income and had high ‘mass suggestions offered by awardee and non- awardee farmers, majority of media utilization’, ‘extension contact’, ’extension participation’ and both the farmers faced the problems of high price fluctuations and high ‘economic motivation’ category. In case of non- awardee farmers nearly labour costs. The major suggestions offered by the respondents were half of them belonged to middle ‘age’ and were educated upto middle uninterrupted power supply and irrigation supply followed by covering school. Majority of the non-awardee farmers had big family size and more number of crops under MSP (Minimum support price).

Usefulness of ‘DAESI’ programme as perceived by trained input dealers RIYAZ UR RAHMAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. DEVENDRAPPA

The present study was conducted in the University of Agricultural information seeking behavior, innovativeness exhibited positive and Sciences, Dharwad during 2018-19 to study the usefulness of DAESI significant relationship with usefulness of DAESI programme by (Diploma in Agricultural Extension Services for Input Dealers) input dealers. Large majority of input dealers perceived that overall programme as perceived by trained input dealers at Dharwad and knowledge and skill gained in DAESI programme is sufficient to give Belgavi districts of Karnataka. The data was collected from the input suitable advice to the field level problems of farmers (MS-2.95). dealers who had participated in the DAESI programme. In total 70 Majority of input dealers has a perception that they have fully (67.14 %) input dealers from Dharwad district and 70 input dealers from Belagavi gained knowledge and skill in soil health management. Diploma district were selected by using purposive random sampling to form awarded dealers don’t have any encouragement from the government, the total sample size of 140. The result indicated that, 45.00 per cent new pesticide and varieties are not involved in the course curriculum of input dealers found DAESI programme as more useful, followed and lack of need based training are the major constraints expressed by by less useful (35.72%) and moderately useful (19.28%). Further, it trained dealers. Major suggestions expressed by trained inputs dealers was also noticed that 37.86 per cent of input dealers had most are to include more method demonstration, to increase the number of favourable perception towards DAESI programme, followed by practical classes and to include more of emerging technologies on favourable (33.57 %) and less favourable (28.57 %) perception. It agriculture to make DAESI programme more useful to input dealers was observed that education, extension contact, mass media exposure, and make learning more effective.

70 Impact of farmer to farmer training in northern Karnataka KAVITA ANGADI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. BELLI

A study was conducted during 2017-19 under the jurisdiction of organic farming, dairy farming and vermicomposting, respectively. KVKs and AEECs of Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts of northern Majority of trained famers (71.25 %) have determined the impact Karnataka with 160 samples. Samples were selected by following towards four different component of training. Whereas in case of Random Sampling procedure. The profile characteristics of the farmers untrained farmers it revealed that 63.34 per cent of them belonged to showed that 50.00 per cent of trained famers belonged to middle age middle age group, 31.66 per cent of untrained farmers educated up to group, 35.00 per cent of trained farmers belonged to middle school, middle school, 45.00 per cent of farmer belonged to semi-medium 50.00 per cent of farmer belonged to semi-medium land holding, land holding, 48.34 per cent of farmers had medium farming experience 56.66 per cent of farmers belonged medium farming experience and and 40.00 per cent of farmers belonged to low level mass media 51.66 per cent of trained farmers were found medium level of annual exposure. The variables like annual income (58.34 %) and extension income. The variable like extension participation (40.00 %), mass participation (51.66 %) were found low level among untrained farmers. media exposure (41.66 %) and cossmopoliteness (41.66 %) were Majority of untrained farmers (45.00, 51.66, 56.66 and 51.66 %) had found medium level among trained farmers. Majority of trained farmers low level of knowledge and low level of adoption (48.34, 46.66, (56.66, 53.34, 68.34 and 60.00 %) belonged medium knowledge level 48.34 and 51.66 %) in IFS, organic farming, dairy farming and and medium adoption (43.34, 41.67, 53.34 and 58.34 %) level in IFS, vermicomposting, respectively.

A study on knowledge, adoption and marketing behaviour of sweet potato growers in Belagavi district CHANDRAKANTH V. MARADI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. MANJULA

The study was carried out in Belagavi district of Karnataka state the recommended planting method and irrigation interval. While during the year 2018-19. Following the random sampling, 120 farmer none of the respondents had knowledge and none adopted the respondents were selected from 6 villages of two taluks in the district. recommended variety. Knowledge is positively and significantly The data was elicited through personal interview method. The correlated with adoption of recommended cultivation practices at important findings of the study were, more than half of the one percent level of probability. Half of the respondents (50.00 %) respondents (63.33 %) belonged to middle age, nearly half of the gathered market information from others who visited the market. respondents (48.33 %) distributed under medium farming experience, Cent per cent of the respondents sold their produce immediately followed by medium economic motivation (47.50 %) and medium after harvest at APMC and got delayed payment. Majority (88.33 %) risk orientation (42.50 %). Considerable respondents (46.67 %) of respondents sold their produce to commission agents. Problems had fallen in medium knowledge category while 30.83 percent and faced by the farmers in production were of non availability of labour 22.50 per cent comes under high and low knowledge category. In ranked I, high cost of fertilizers and lack of finance ranked II and III, case of adoption, 46.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to respectively. while in marketing, price fluctuation ranked I, distant medium category followed by 30.00 percent and 23.33 per cent of market and middlemen exploitation ranked II and III, respectively. them belonged to high and low adoption category, respectively. In Greater majority (95.80 %) of farmers suggested for fixing minimum case of individual knowledge and adoption of recommended support price followed by fixing minimum labour charge (95.83 %) cultivation practices, cent percent had knowledge and fully adopted and procurement at nearby places (80.83 %).

Effectiveness of Krishi Yantradhare scheme in Belagavi district MALLIKARJUN BIRADAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. G. ANGADI The present study was conducted in the University of Agricultural all the crops. Major crops like bengalgram, rabi sorghum, cotton, Sciences, Dharwad during 2018-19 to study the effectiveness of kharif sorghum, greengram, maize, groundnut, cabbage, soybean, Krishi Yantradhare Scheme in Belagavi district of Karnataka. The chilli, sugarcane and redgrm had shown 20.91, 19.75, 19.69, 19.20, sample for the study was 150 farmers. The primary data about cost 18.97, 18.60, 18.16, 17.53, 16.83, 15.55, 12.14 and 9.83 per cent of cultivation and productivity of crops before and after hiring of increase in the productivity, respectively. Paired ‘t’ test showed farm machineries and equipments from Krishi Yantradhare centre positive and significant difference in cost of land preparation, sowing, was collected by using the schedule developed for the study. The intercultivation, harvesting and productivity before and after hiring results indicated that cent per cent of the centres equipped with of farm machineries in almost all the crops. Forty three per cent of hydraulic MB plough, 6ft, 5ft, and 4ft rotavator, five tyned seed farmers had favourable opinion towards Krishi Yantradhare Scheme cum fertilizer drill, sugarcane stubble shaver, sugarcane trash cutter, followed by more favourable opinion and less favourable opinion brush cutter, paddy reaper, 60hp, 55hp, 45hp and 35hp tractor and among 26.00 and 31.00 per cent farmers respectively. “Create more power tiller were found not only suitable for hiring but also supplied awareness about pre booking and pre booking cancellation services” in adequate quantity. Reduction in cost by 15.00 per cent with (72.66 %) and “keep modern, crop specific, and labour saving respect to land preparation, 13.00 per cent with respect to sowing machineries at the centres” (65.33 %) were the major suggestions and 20.00 per cent with respect to harvesting was observed in almost given by the farmers.

71 An analysis of entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners in northern Karnataka N. RASHMI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. K. V. NATIKAR

The present study was conducted in Bagalkot, Belagavi and Dharwad entrepreneurial behaviour category. Further, entrepreneurial behavioural districts of northern Karnataka during 2018-19 with a sample size of characteristics such as innovativeness was high (40.00 %), achievement 75 nursery owners. The data was collected through personal interview motivation was medium (41.33 %), 54.67 per cent of them belonged- method and ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. The to- geed decision making ability category, economic motivation was socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that, majority medium (38.67 %), risk orientation was high (49.34 %), leadership (42.67 %) of the nursery owners belonged to middle age category, ability was high (37.33 %), management orientation was high (40.00 %), 26.67 per cent were graduates, 48.00 per cent belonged to semi- self confidence was high (70.67 %) and information seeking behaviour medium land holding category, 50.67 per cent belonged to low income was high (36.00 %). A positive and significant relationship was category, 6). 33 per cent practiced nursery along with subsidiary observed between entrepreneurial behaviour and their personal, socio- occupation, 54.67 per cent belonged to medium family size category, economic and psychological characteristics such as education, annual 50.67 per cent had low experience in nursery raising. Whereas, income, mass media utilization, extension contact and extension 41.33 per cent belonged to high mass media utilization category, participation. Major constraints faced by the nursery owners were lack 37.33 per cent had medium extension contact and 60.00 per cent of sales throughout the year, lack of initial investment, poor credit facilities, belonged to low extension participation category. The important etc. The major suggestions was to introduce crop insurance scheme for findings were 45.33 per cent of nursery owners belonged to medium nursery seedlings and loans from the banks at lower interest rate.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS A statistical evaluation of cropping systems under organic production VIJAYALAXMI S. BADIGER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.V. ASHALATHA

The study was conducted to estimate the performance, stability and showed highest instability in groundnut-sorghum and soybean-wheat impact of weather parameters on selected sequence cropping systems equivalent yields, followed by integrated and inorganic production viz., groundnut-sorghum, soybean-wheat and potato-chickpea under system. In case of potato-chickpea equivalent yield integrated different production systems. Comparative analysis of different farming production showed highest instability followed by organic and inorganic systems (organic, integrated and inorganic) was also done. Secondary production. In case of multiple linear regressions, among weather data from the year 2003-2013 was collected from the Institute of parameters, maximum temperature contributed significantly and Organic Farming, UAS, Dharwad. Meteorological data (on maximum positively to the yield of organic groundnut, sorghum and soybean. temperature, minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, evening Minimum temperature contributed significantly and positively to the relative humidity and rainfall) were collected from Main Agricultural yield of organic wheat. Organic potato was negatively and significantly Research Station, UAS, Dharwad. The statistical tools used for the affected by rainfall whereas organic chickpea was positively and analysis of data were coppock’s instability index, compound annual significantly affected by rainfall. Through correlation and path analysis growth rate, multiple regression analysis, path analysis and two way it was clear that there was a significant relation, direct and indirect ANOVA. Compound annual growth rate revealed that organic effect between yield of crops and weather parameters. ANOVA revealed production has the highest growth rate as compared to other production that, in all the three sequence cropping system, organic and integrated systems in all the selected sequence cropping systems i.e., groundnut production systems were on par in terms of yield and significantly - sorghum, soybean - wheat and potato - chickpea. Organic production differ from inorganic production.

Statistical survey of production, distribution and utilization pattern of Bio-inputs P.YASHASWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT

The study was attempted to analyze the growth, distribution of bio- Raichur (55.30 %), UAHS, Shivamogga (36.71 %) and UAS, Dharwad inputs over the seasons and estimate the impact on yield using secondary (35.96 %), with respect to State Agriculture Departments Gangavathi and primary data. Secondary data was collected from various State stands first (88.66 %) followed by Dharwad (60.51 %), Kalburgi (46.34 Agricultural Universities of Karnataka like UAS, Dharwad, UAS, %) and Davangere (41.93 %). The overall growth of bio-inputs was high Bengaluru, UAHS, Shivamogga, UAS, Raichur, UHS, Bagalkote and in period - I (1999-2008) i.e. 9.49 per cent. Coppock’s instability index State Agriculture Departments production laboratories like Dharwad, revealed that, in period - II (2009-18) 75.55 per cent which was high. Kalburgi, Davangere and Gangavathi was considered. Growth and Multistage purposive random sampling was employed where two instability analysis of production of bio-inputs for a period of 18 years districts viz., Dharwad and Tumakuru were selected with sample size of (1999-2018) was carried out. The estimated growth rate using semi log 25 from each districts were taken. Chi-square analysis revealed that, function revealed that there was non-significant growth found in all State stronger association between seasons and extent of usage of bio-inputs Agricultural Universities. In State Agriculture Department significant by number of farmers in both the districts and correlation between highest growth rate of 21.37 per cent in Gangavathi was noticed followed quantity of bio-inputs on yield of sugarcane and coconut crops were by Davangere (20.31 %), Kalburagi (10.59 %) and Dharwad (6.84 %). analyzed and in Dharwad between sugarcane and quantity of bio-inputs Coefficient of variation revealed that instability was high in UHS, found significant. The Paired t- test indicated significant impact of bio- Bagalkote (62.01 %) followed by UAS, Bengaluru (60.08 %), UAS, inputs on yield of both the crop.

72 Statistical evaluation of stable intercropping row ratios of soybean-pigeonpea R. RAKSHITH 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 to 2008 years and can be adapted to the unfavourable environment, soybean- under a rainfed situation of a transitional tract of Dharwad. The study pigeonpea (2:1) is found to be specifically adapted to the favourable based on secondary data obtained from field trials conducted under AICRP environment and sole soybean is specifically adapted to unfavourable on Soybean considering different sole and intercropping treatment environments. SustainabilityYield Index (SYI) is one of the biological combination of rows in the present investigation. Three years of data index to find out the yield sustainability over the years. SYI values with five treatment in each year was used and each treatment was (0.6709) observed to be more in four rows of soybean with two rows of replicated thrice. Data generated in three data sets (years) were subjected pigeonpea (4:2) compare to other row ratios (0.4529 and 0.4463 for 1:1 to different methods of statistical analysis. Among the various statistical and 2:1), indicating this row ratio is sustainable for providing high tools, Stability analysis, Sustainable Yield Index (SYI) and Crop productivity. CPR is one of the biological indexes to find out the efficiency Performance Ratio (CPR) were applied to the intercropping experimental of the intercropping system. The CPR values were tested for assumptions data were presented separately in order of objectives of the investigation. of ANOVA. Soybean with Pigeonpea in 4:2 row ratio found to be having The evaluation was carried out for the identification of the feasible higher CPR (2.522) value compared to others. From this study, it could intercropping row ratio patterns. The stability analysis showed that be inferred that intercropping of soybean with pigeonpea in 4:2 row soybean-pigeonpea (1:1) and soybean-pigeonpea (4:2) are stable over ratio is efficient in soybean-based intercropping system. Statistical impact of soil health card recommendation on crop production G. RAVIKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. ASHALATHA

The study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka. Out of 5 Whereas in Navalgund taluk, the highest SHC distribution was noticed taluks, two taluks namely Dharwad and Navalgund were purposively in (502) and the lowest was in Ibrahimpur (1). The NPK usage selected and from each taluk, three villages were selected based on the pattern in Dharwad district had negative growth rate (-3.168 %) maximum number of soil health cards (SHC) distributed to the farmers over the years (2004-2018). Among all the three major nutrients, under soil health card scheme. The total soil health card distribution usage of phosphorous fertilizer showed the highest negative growth in Dharwad district is 32,361. Among the different taluks of Dharwad, (-7.522 %) followed by potassium fertilizers (-6.872 %) and nitrogen Navalgund (8695) recorded highest SHC distribution followed by fertilizer showed positive growth (6.562 %). Total NPK consumption Dharwad (7453), Kalghatgi (6781), Kundagol (5136) and Hubballi also showed a decreasing trend with the negative growth rate of - (4296). In Dharwad taluk, the highest SHC distribution was observed 3.168 per cent. Paired ‘t’ test was used to know the impact of soil in Amminbhavi (422) and the lowest in (1). In Hubballi health card on productivity of crops and cropping pattern. The results taluk, the highest SHC distribution is in (536) and the lowest revealed that significant increase in productivity of cotton, soybean in Devaragudihal (1). In Khalaghatgi taluk, the highest SHC and chickpea crops after soil health card distribution in Dharwad distribution was noticed in Tabakadhonnihalli (277) and the lowest taluk. Similarly significant increase in productivity of cotton, green was in Hatakinhal (2). In Kundgol taluk, the highest SHC distribution gram and maize crops were observed after soil health card distribution was noticed in (480) and lowest was in Sankalipur (1). in Navalgund taluk.

B. HORTICULTURE

Influence of raised bed system, mulching and planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) BASAVARAJ VIJAY KOPPAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MALLIKARJUN S. BIRADAR

An experiment was carried out to study the influence of raised bed and yield per hectare (46.04 t) were recorded in treatment combination system, mulching and planting geometry on growth, yield and quality of B2M1S2. Whereas, cut flower yield having maximum number of of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) using variety “Prajwal” at Hi- spikes per plant (7.47), number of spikes per square meter (165.87) Tech Horticulture Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and spikes per hectare (10.78 lakh) were recorded in the same during the year 2017-18. The experiment was carried out with four treatment combination. Regarding the bulb yield attributes, raised bed systems having varied bed and path width ratio [100:50 significantly maximum bulb yield per plant (219.97 g), yield per meter square (4.74 kg) and yield per hectare (27.29 t) were observed (B1), 100:30 (B2), 70:50 (B3), 70:30 cm (B4)], two spacing [30×30 in the treatment combination of B M S B M S and B M S , (S1) and 30×15 cm (S2)], with mulch (M1) and without mulch (M2) 3 1 2, 1 1 2 2 1 2 beds in a randomized block design with factorial concept, which respectively. From the present study it was concluded that 100 cm includes 16 treatment combinations and a farmer’s practice. The bed with 30 cm path size with mulching at spacing 30 × 15 cm results indicated a significant difference in growth, yield and quality exhibited higher yield (46.03 t/ha), net returns (` 1568440) and higher parameters studied. The yield characters such as maximum loose BC ratio (4.38) ratio for cultivation of tuberose variety Prajwal in flower yield per plant (318.74 g), yield per square meter (7.08 kg) Dharwad condition.

73 Evaluation of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars for dehydration T. S. MANJUNATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. BABU The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of fig (Ficus carica L.) sugar (49.65%), crude protein (4.71%), crude fibre (3.71%) and fat cultivars for dehydration” was conducted to study the suitability of (1.04%) content with lower bacterial count (2.33 No x 103 cfu/g), and variety and osmotic agent for osmo-dehydration of fig fruits. The dried also scored maximum for flavour (7.76), texture (7.92) and overall figs were prepared from these cultivars by dipping in pre - treatment of acceptability (7.78). However, Ballari figs immersed in 50 ºBrix of invert sucrose for 24 hours, honey for 12 hours, date syrup for 12 hours and sugar for 24 hours registered higher total sugar (55.23%) and lower invert sugar for 24 hoursat 50 ºBrix and tray-dried at 55 ± 4 ºC for 46-52 titratable acidity (0.07 mg/100 g) with higher sensory score for appearance hours to the moisture level of 18-20 per cent. The fresh fruits of cultivar (7.86) and taste (7.70). While Ballari figs pre-treated with 50 ºBrix of Bellary and Poona subjected to proximate analysis of physico-chemical date syrup for 12 hours recorded low moulds count (0.41 No x 103 cfu/ characteristics. After dehydration, the dried figs were evaluated for g), Poona figs with the same treatment recorded less yeast count (0.48 nutritional, organoleptic and microbial qualities. Ballari fig fruits pre- No x 103 cfu/g). From the above-summarized facts, Ballari fig is best treated with 50 ºBrix of honey for 12 hours had maximum dry recovery suitable variety for processing in to dry figs and honey is the best (29.54 %) and retained higher ascorbic acid (2.09 mg/100 g), reducing osmotic agent that may be used to pre-treat fig fruits. Genetic diversity and variability studies in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes SHRUTI ANNIGERI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. HIREMATH The experiment entitled “Genetic diversity and variability studies in C-18 (cluster VII), may be utilized as parents in breeding programme for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes” was conducted at UAS, obtaining superior recombinants. Studies on correlation coefficient Dharwad during kharif 2018-19. Thirty genotypes of potato were showed that total tuber yield was positively correlated with tubers evaluated with four replications. Data recorded on various growth, yield plant-1 and harvest index. Path coefficient analysis reported that tubers and quality components were subjected for analysis of variability, genetic plant-1 and harvest index had high positive and direct effect on tuber divergence, correlation coefficient and path analysis. The analysis of yield plant-1, indicating that increase in these characteristics would result variance revealed significant differences for all the characters indicating in higher tuber yield. The suitability of potato genotypes for quality ample variability among the genotypes. High heritability estimates reveals that, genotype C-11 recorded highest dry matter content, C-15 coupled with high genetic advance recorded for total tuber yield ha-1, for higher starch, genotype RH-1 possess higher TSS, C-14 for yield of tubers plant-1 and marketable tuber yield ha-1,revealed the presence of chips, PH-3 produced chips of excellent quality and P-7 for lower tuber additive gene action in expression of these characters. The D2 analysis moisture content. The storage studies revealed that, genotype P-42 reveals that thirty genotypes showed significant diversity and are grouped possessed a good storage capacity with minimum weight loss and into eight clusters. The highest inter cluster distance between the cluster sprouting percentage, whereas minimum rotting percentage was observed VI and cluster VII was recorded by Mahalanobis’s method of clustering. in C-20 genotype. Among the genotypes studied, genotype C-20 had Therefore, genotypes from these clusters viz., P-41 (cluster VI) and good growth, yield and storage capacity.

Response of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague) cultivars to different dates of sowing SUSHMA PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. V. HEGDE The investigations on ajwain were undertaken during kharif and rabi in (4.07 %). Among the interactions of date of sowing and varieties, the 2018-19 at Spice Unit, MARS, UAS, Dharwad to study the response of highest yield was recorded in July sown with AA-1 (7.24 q ha-1) which ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) cultivars to different dates of sowing. was on par with combination of August sown and Lam Sel-1 (6.84 q ha-1). Among different dates of sowing, crop sown during the month of July The lowest disease incidence of Alternaria leaf blight was recorded in recorded the highest yield and essential oil content of 6.24 q ha-1 and November sown with Lam Sel-1 (10.67 %). Among the seven genotypes 4.67 per cent, respectively, which was on par with August sown crop in investigated for growth, yield and oil content LTa-26 recorded the highest terms of yield (6.02 q ha-1). The highest number of branches (14.44) and yield (7.47 q ha-1) which is on par with AA-1 (6.96 q ha-1). The essential umbels per plant (208.42) was recorded in July sown crop. Among the oil content (4.92 %) was highest in Lam Sel-1 and the minimum diseases varieties, AA-1 recorded the highest yield (4.88 q ha-1) and it was on par incidence was observed in AA-93 (12.33 %). July sowing with AA-1 with Lam Sel-1 (4.64 q ha-1). The highest number of branches (11.41) and Lam Sel-1 genotype found superior in terms of yield and essential oil and umbels per plant (167.52) was recorded in AA-1. With respect to content, respectively. Among the seven genotypes evaluated, LTa-26 essential oil content, Lam Sel -1 recorded the highest oil content was superior in terms of yield and found suitable for this region.

Growth and yield of patchouli [Pogostemon patchouli (Blanco) Benth.] as influenced by zinc SIDDARTH S. SHIVAYAGOL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. K.VENUGOPAL A research was conducted on influence of zinc (as soil and foliar as soil application and along with these different levels of zinc as soil application) on growth and yield of patchouli [Pogostemon patchouli application 0.5 per cent of zinc as foliar application at 45 and 90 (Blanco) Benth.] during kharif 2018-19 at the Medicinal and Aromatic days after transplanting was taken. Significant differences were found Plants Unit, Saidapur Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of among different doses and methods of zinc application to crop on Agriculture, UAS, Dharwad. The Experiment was conducted in RBD both growth and yield parameters. Among nine treatments, treatment -1 (Randomized Block Design) with nine treatments and were replicated with application of RDF + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha + ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per three times, in which different levels of zinc (10, 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1) cent recorded higher values in growth parameters, which includes like

74 plant height (93.93 cm), number of primary branches (15.20), number Among the different methods of application, soil application along of secondary branches (43.47), number of leaves (528.13), leaf area with foliar spray was found more advantageous over the soil (48.24 dm2/plant) and leaf area index (1.79) at the time of harvest. application alone both in terms of growth and yield parameters. For The same treatment also recorded the higher values with the yield the higher production of patchouli, application of zinc as both soil parameters like fresh herbage yield (520.33 g/plant), dry herbage (25 kg/ha) and foliar application (0.5 % at 45 and 90 days after yield (144.00 g/plant), fresh herbage yield (10.12 t/ha), dry herbage transplanting) along with recommended dose of fertilizer helps in yield (2.63 t/ha), oil content (1.53%) and oil yield (40.17 kg/ha). realizing higher yield. Effect of varieties, mulching and spacing on growth and yield of crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) LAXMI PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATISH S. PATIL

The present field experiment was performed to study the effect of recorded highest plant height (57.73 cm), minimum number of days mulching and spacing on growth and yield of different crossandra taken for 50 per cent flowering (83.47 days) and flower yield varieties at Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural (5.81 t ha-1) over without mulching. Maximum plant spread Sciences, Dharwad during 2018-19. The experiment was laid out in (EW-43.51 and NS-42.35 cm) and flower yield per plant (136.09 g)

Factorial Randomized Block Design comprised of four different were noticed at S1 whereas, plant height (55.71 cm) and flower yield varieties [Arka Kanaka (V1), Arka Shravya (V2), Arka Shreeya (V3) per square meter were found highest at S2 (642.33 g). Flower yield -1 and Arka Ambara (V4)] along with black polyethylene mulch (M1) was estimated to be highest (7.39 t ha ) in T10 (Arka Shravya with and without mulch (M2) at two spacings [60 × 45 cm (S1) and 60 × mulch at spacing 60 × 30 cm). Regarding economy of cultivation, ` -1 30 cm (S2)]. The results indicated significant difference in all growth highest gross returns ( 13,31,011 ha ) and BC ratio (2.29) were and yield parameters studied. Among varieties, Arka shravya found obtained from Arka Shravya with mulch at spacing 60 × 30 cm superior with respect to plant height (59.59 cm), plant spread (T10). The cultivation of crossandra variety Arka Shravya with mulch (EW- 46.11 and NS-44.98 cm), number of spikes per plant (85.50) at spacing 60 × 30 cm recorded highest yield, gross returns in and number of flowers per spike (45.13). Mulching treatment transitional zone of Karnataka.

Influence of source and levels of fertilizers for fertigation in chrysanthemum variety marigold A. S. SAHANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. BIRADAR

An experiment was carried out to study the influence of source and yield per plant (798.40 g), per square meter (2.79 kg) and per hectare levels of fertilizers for fertigation in chrysanthemum variety ‘Marigold’ (27.94 t), cut flower yield per plant (11.44), per square meter (57.22) at Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, and per hectare (5.65 lakh) and flower quality parameters like maximum Dharwad during the year 2018 - 2019. The experiment was laid out in flower diameter (5.61cm), maximum shelf life of loose flowers a randomized block design with thirteen treatments and three (6.70 days) and cut flowers (11.50 days) were recorded in same T2 replications. The results indicated a significant difference on growth, treatment and yield per hectare is on par with T8 treatment contain yield and quality parameters in chrysanthemum. The growth 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer in the form of conventional parameters such as maximum plant height (42.64 cm), plant spread fertilizer (urea, phosphoric acid and white grade MOP) along with (38.68 cm) and number of suckers per plant (4.67) and least days liquid biofertilizer through fertigation. From the present study, even taken for first flowering (81 days), longest duration of flowering (125 though maximum yield and quality flowers recorded in T2 treatment, days) were recorded in100 per cent of RDF (100:150:100 kg NPK the on par yield and flower quality with highest benefit cost ratio per hectare) in the form of water soluble fertilizer (19:19:19, 12:61:00 (2.79) was recorded in T8 treatment contain 100 per cent of RDF in and 00:00:50) along with liquid biofertilizer (rhizosphere) through the form of conventional fertilizer along with liquid biofertilizer fertigation (T2). The yield parameters like maximum loose flower through fertigation. Training systems and spacing on productivity and quality of parthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under shade house SAROJINI S. HUGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. N. BAGALI

Field experiment was conducted to study the effects of training the training systems, T1 recorded significantly longer vine (267.47 systems and spacing on growth, yield and quality of parthenocarpic cm), more branches (13.39/vine), least number of days to first cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under shade house at College of flowering (32.06 ), 50 per cent flowering (33.04), first harvesting Agriculture Vijayapura, during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid (38.49), number of fruits (24.46/vine), fruit weight (126.72 g), length out in randomized block design under factorial concept with nine (16.63 cm), diameter (3.44 cm), moisture content (97.07 %), TSS treatment combinations comprising of three levels of spacing (S1: 60 (1.97 °Brix), specific gravity (1.44 g/cc) and fruit yield (3.22 kg/vine, 2 × 30 cm, S2: 60 × 45 cm and S3: 60 × 60 cm) and three training 17.64 kg/m , 116.59 kg/plot and 176.82 t/ha). The treatment systems (T1: Removal of all branches up to 45 cm stem height, T2: combination of 60 × 30 cm spacing with removal of all branches up to

Removal of all branches up to 90 cm stem height and T3: Removal of 45 cm stem height (S1T1) recorded significantly higher fruit yield of all branches up to 135 cm stem height) and replicated thrice. Among 199 t/ha and higher gross (` 1990000/ha) and net returns the spacing levels, S1 recorded significantly higher TSS (2.17 °Brix), (` 1102013/ha, respectively) which can be recommended for fruit yield (19.62 kg/ m2, 129.49 kg/ plot and 196.28 t/ ha), whereas, commercial cultivation of parthenocarpic cucumber under shade house

S3 recorded significantly higher fruit yield of 3.93 kg per vine. Among in northern dry zone of Karnataka.

75 Standardization of production technology for elite clones of garlic (Allium sativum L.) M. GANESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. ANGADI

The present investigation entitled “Standardization of production plant height (46.00 cm), leaf length (37.75 cm), yield per plot technology for elite clones of garlic (Allium sativum L.)” was (2.45 kg), yield per hectare (8.17 tons), gross returns (` 310154 ha-1), conducted at Horticulture unit of Department of Horticulture, net returns (` 408333 ha-1) and BC ratio (4.16) was recorded in

College of Agriculture, Vijayapur during rabi season, 2018-19 and G2N2S1 (DWDG-2 + 156.25: 78.12: 78.12: 56.25 kg N: P2O5: -1 the soil type is medium black. The experiment was laid out in a K2O: S ha + 15 × 5 cm). The treatment G2N4S3 (DWDG-2 + 93.75: -1 Factorial Randomized Block Design with twenty four treatments 46.87: 46.87: 33.75 N: P2O5: K2O: S kg ha + 15 × 10 cm), G2N3S3 -1 involving different combination of nutrients, plant spacing and (DWDG-2 + 125: 62.5: 62.5: 45 N: P2O5: K2O: S kg ha + 15 × genotypes with two replications. The maximum number of leaves 10 cm), G2N4S2 (DWDG-2 + 93.75: 46.87: 46.87: 33.75 N: P2O5: -1 (8.00), width of leaf (1.18 cm), neck thickness (9.00 mm), bulb K2O: S kg ha + 15 × 7.5 cm), G2N1S3 (DWDG-2 + 125: 62.5: 62.5 -1 weight (13.00 g), diameter of bulb (35.25 mm), number of cloves N: P2O5: K2O kg ha + 15 × 10 cm) and G2N2S3 (DWDG-2 + 156.25: -1 per bulb (19.00) and hundred clove weight (113.00 g) were recorded 78.12: 78.12: 56.25 N: P2O5: K2O: S kg ha + 15 × 10 cm) were significantly higher in G2N2S3 (DWDG-2 + 156.25: 78.12: 78.12: found tolerant to important insect pest such as thrips and purple -1 56.25 kg N: P2O5: K2O: S ha + 15 × 10 cm). Significantly higher blotch disease.

Evaluation of onion genotypes for late kharif season under northern plains of Karnataka M. TAHASEEN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. R. SHASHIDHAR

Evaluation of onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes for late kharif under and genotypic association with total bulb yield, average bulb weight northern plains of Karnataka was conducted during late kharif and plant height. Path coefficient analysis revealed that total yield (2018-19) season at UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in exhibited positive direct effects via average bulb weight, TSS, non- RBD with thirty genotypes replicated thrice and the observations marketable yield and polar diameter on marketable yield of bulbs. recorded were computed to study the performance of genotypes, The lowest physiological loss in weight was noticed in DO-2 genetic variation, correlation studies and storage behaviour. The results (1.2, 6.4 and 10.4 %), DO-8 (0.4, 7.2, 12.4 %) and DO-19 (4.8, 15.2 revealed that genotypes DO-10 (35.61 t ha-1 and 27.63 t ha-1), DO-12 and 12.8 %), respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after storage. The (34.95 t ha-1 and 30.97 t ha-1) and DO-20 (35.22 t ha-1 and 25.49 t ha-1) lowest rotting percentage was recorded in genotypes Bhima Super recorded high mean for total and marketable bulb yield, respectively. (0.0, 0.0 and 3.06 %), DO-28 (0.0, 0.0 and 3.26 %) and DO-21 (0.0, All the genotypes recorded high PCV than GCV. High heritability 0.0 and 4.0 %), respectively at 30, 60 and 90 days after storage. The coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed lowest sprouting percentage (0.0 %) was recorded in all the genotypes for marketable yield, total yield, non-marketable yield and neck except in DO-14 (2.17 %), DO-19 (1.2 %), DO-23 (1.35 %), DO-26 thickness of bulbs. Marketable yield had highly significant phenotypic (1.06 %) and in Bhima Super (1.02 %).

Wine making in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) M. H. KRUTHIKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. BABU

An investigation on wine making in pomegranate (Punica granatum (1.63) and total score (16.46/ 20). In another experiment, pomegranate L.) was carried out during 2018-2019 in the Post-graduate laboratory was blended with different fruits like grape, strawberry, plum and at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, watermelon in 75:25 and 50:50 ratios and allowed for fermentation University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. To find out best using the best strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus suitable strain for preparation of pomegranate wine and also to selected from previous experiment. Blending pomegranate and understand quality enhancement of pomegranate wine prepared strawberry in 75:25 ratios contain alcohol of 6.40 per cent at 90 blending with different fruits in various proportionsthe investigation days of storage. Whereas, wine recovery (70.07%) and BC ratio was carried out in CRD with three replications. Among the strains, (3.73) was highest with blending pomegranate and watermelon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus recorded highest alcohol equal proportion. Sensory analysis revealed that, blending content (5.67 %) at the end of fermentation and higher wine yield pomegranate and plum in 75:25 scored maximum for appearance (65.29 %). Wine from Saccharomyces fermentati retained greater (1.89) and overall quality (3.78) followed by pomegranate and plum levels of total and reducing sugars and thus suitable for making in equal proportion with overall quality score of 3.72 and were the sweet dessert wine. With minimum residual sugars in the wine, most acceptable proportions to produce wine of superior quality. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus found suitable for making However, pomegranate with strawberry in 50:50 ratio rated good dry wine, besides highest sensory score for body (1.69), flavor for pleasant flavourand was most liked by the consumer test.

76 C. FORESTRY PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY Effect of integrated nutrient management on initial growth of boundary planted teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) plantation T. R. AMRUTHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PATIL

India is one of the major teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) growing and respectively. This might be due to immediate release of nutrients by utilizing country in the world and is producing quality teak timber inorganic fertilizers at the initial stages and slow release of nutrients having good specific gravity, strength and durability (Tewari, 1992). by organic and bio-fertilizers which showed increase in soil chemical In order to enhance the initial growth of teak experiment was properties. This treatment also showed increase in available N P K conducted at Koppa village (Harihara taluk of Davanagere district, by 278.66, 25.90, 168.46 kg/ha, respectively and decreased in pH Karnataka) during the year 2015-16, through application of integrated and EC to 6.58 and 0.29 dS/m. The results were due to the release of nutrient consisting of both organic and inorganic sources. The organic acids by the microbial decomposition of organic manures experiment consisted of 10 treatments comprising of different levels like FYM and Vermicompost. Study on effect of integrated nutrient and combination of FYM, Vermicompost, VAM, PSB, chemical management on initial growth of teak has greater importance to fertilizers like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Among the understand the establishment of successful planting. It helps in treatments studied the one consisting of FYM 5 kg/plant + sustaining desired level of productivity and scientific management Vermicompost 2.5 kg/plant + VAM 100 g/plant + PSB 100 g/plant for optimum growth, yield and quality of trees. INM is ecologically, + NPK 30:15:30 g/plant showed maximum tree height, collar diameter, socially and economically viable and environment friendly which crown spread, total number of leaves, leaf area and increment percent can be practiced to derive higher growth with simultaneously by 5.73m, 49.53mm, 89.23cm, 36.33, 598.30cm2 and 60.64 per cent maintaining soil fertility.

D. HOME SCIENCE FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION Development of dehydrated acid lime pickle RAJESHWARI F. KURBETT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KASHIBAI KHYADAGI

Present study was undertaken in Department of Food Science and 15 % salt, 1g turmeric powder, 5g chilli powder, 1g mustard dhal Nutrition, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Six acid and 1 % fenugreek powder. The standardized temperature for lime varieties at ripe stage were subjected to study physico-chemical dehydration of pickle was 60 ºC for 10 hours and rehydrating the content and varietal suitability for development of dehydrated pickle dehydrated pickle with 1:1 (pickle: water) ratio for 24 hours was with different pre-treatments (Traditional pickling, traditional suitable. Pramalini variety found highly acceptable for dehydrated pickling with boiling pre-treatment, brine salting and pickling, dry pickle preparation with all pre-treatments with acceptability index salting and pickling, salting and pickling and partial dehydration and of 87.04 followed by Balaji (82.93), Kagzi lime (81.96), Sai sharabatti pickling). Among all varieties, Pule sharabatti had significantly (80.07), Pule sharabatti (78.81) and Vikram (78.64). Among all pre- maximum length, breadth, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit peel, albedo, treatments except partial dehydration and pickling method, all were flavedo and juice content. Significantly higher ascorbic acid content acceptable (81.25 to 87.24 mean acceptability index). Shelf life study was found in Vikram (39.68 mg/100 ml) and lowest in Pule sharbatti indicated decrease in pH content and increase in total soluble solids (25.14 mg/100 ml). Proximate composition such as moisture (82.05 and titrable acidity throughout storage period in dehydrated pickle. to 85.45 g %), fat (1.07 to 2.17 g %), crude fibre (8.66 to 10.13 g %) Microbial analysis showed increase in total plate count for bacteria and ash (6.99 to 7.75 g %) content varied significantly between with increase in storage period, however all products were safe for varieties. Optimized dehydrated acid lime pickle recipe included consumption.

Composition and utilization of buckwheat in food products R. LATHA RANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA N. KULKARNI

Buck wheat varieties PRB-1, Nelagiri along with bread wheat variety was observed in all the physical and functional properties of as control were procured from wheat scheme, MARS, Agricultural buckwheat varieties when compared to bread wheat. Analysis of University, Dharwad during kharif 2018. The buckwheat varieties the proximate principles revealed significant (p<0.01) difference were analyzed for milling quality, physico-chemical composition, among the varieties. Nelagiri variety had highest fat (1.87 g %), cooking quality, acceptability and utilization in food products viz., protein (18.78 g %) and ash (3.66 g %) contents compared to PRB-1 chapathi, upma, vermicelli upma and cookies. Bread wheat was variety and bread wheat. The carbohydrate and crude fiber contents used as control. Soaking Nelagiri and PRB-1 for 12 hour followed of buckwheat varieties ranged between 58.58 to 68.65 g and 0.45 to by shade drying for 24 hour had better recovery of de-husked whole 1.37 g per 100 g, respectively. Nelagiri variety noted highest sodium grain yield (32 %). The physicochemical properties did not vary (2.13 mg), potassium (444 mg) and zinc (4.05 mg) per 100 g compared much among buckwheat varieties. However significant difference to PRB-1 and bread wheat. PRB-1 variety reported significantly

77 Formulation and evaluation of minor tuber based foods for fasting MOUNIKA PATIBALLA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA BHARATI

Fasting is a religious practice followed by different religions. As minor and Jains. Five minor tubers were selected and processed to flour and tubers are rich in starch and mucilage, helps for slow liberation and used for development of roti, holige, nachos, halwa, vermicelli, absorption of glucose, which provides satiety. The present study vermicelli upma and kheer. Significant difference was found among was undertaken to document food practices during fasting, develop the products prepared from different tubers. Products prepared from minor tuber based products and to estimate glycemic index. Survey lesser yam (roti - 96.87, vermicelli upma - 96.50, vermicelli kheer - conducted in Hubli•Dharwad and Raichur (N=150) indicated that 93.16) and colocasia (nachos - 93.18) received higher acceptability maximum of respondents practiced phalahar (73.33%). About indices. All tuber products contained energy (93 – 891 kcal), protein 62 per cent of respondents consumed roots and tubers during fasting. (2.50-14.47 g/100 g) and fiber (3.04 -15.27 g/100 g). The in vitro The Hindus residing in Dharwad consume fruits and usali, those of digestibility of starch was higher in lesser yam roti at 30 (20.45 ± Raichur eat pulihogare, payasa, moongdal rice and usali. While all 0.17), 60 (21.05 ± 0.18), 90 (25.93 ± 0.15) and 120 min (28.04 ± Christians consume rice ganji, usali, fruits, uppusaru, roti, chapatti 0.15). However lower digestibility was recorded for lesser yam and milk, Muslims allow dates, surkurma, fruit custard, vermicelli vermicelli upma. Glycemic index of tuber vermicelli upma (52.34) kheer and samosa as fasting foods. Whereas Jain allow dhokla, and wheat vermicelli upma (69.26) differed significantly. Tuber makhani roti, chapatti, rice and sambar. Animal foods were forbidden products having low GI and satiety are suitable for management of by majority; garlic, ginger and salt by Hindus, junk foods by Christians metabolic disorders and can be recommended as fasting foods.

Screening of linseed varieties for physico-chemical composition, antioxidant content and activity S. SWETHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI

A study was undertaken during 2017-19 with an objective to analyse in MUFA with mean of 24.06 per cent. The variety DLV 8 had thecomposition, antioxidant content and activity, effect of highest total dietary fibre (26.15 g), insoluble (17.45 g) and soluble processing on the antioxidant content and activityof the seven linseed fibre (8.70 g), and it was found to be best in nutrient composition varieties and utilisation of linseed in food products. The length (protein, dietary fibre, antioxidant activity, linolenic acid and MUFA (4.50-4.89 mm), width (2.27-2.52 mm), thickness (0.71-0.96 mm), / PUFA ratio).The variety NL 115 had highest polyphenol hundred seed weight(0.55-0.73 g), hundred seed volume (0.46-0.93 content(3.12 mg GAE / g) and antioxidant activity (86.53 %), it was ml) and bulk density (0.76-1.31 g / ml) of the linseed varieties varied utilised further for preparation of value added products. Polyphenols significantly. The moisture (3.30-4.90 g), protein (20.43-22.90 g),fat and protein content of the varieties positively correlated to (32.6-40.80 g), ash (3.3-3.7 g),crude fibre (7.47-12.04 g),total antioxidant activity. Roasting of linseeds significantly decreased carbohydrate (22.78-25.80 g) and energy(481-541 Kcal) content the phenol content and antioxidant activity whereas, germination invarietiesvaried significantly. The calcium, magnesium, zinc and increased polyphenol content and antioxidant activity.The laddu iron content of linseed varieties ranged from 99-152, 959-1519, and chikki prepared with incorporation of 30 per cent linseed were 0.92-2.60 and 1.35-4.73 mg, respectively. Highest á- linolenic acid found to be rich in linolenic acid and dietary fibre and acceptable content was noticed in Indira alsi (53.79 %). All varieties were good with good sensory attributes.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES

Social maturity and negtive consequences of mobile phone usage among undergraduates B. H. ASHWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. YADAV The present investigation was undertaken in the University of phone usage. Significant gender difference was found among rural Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during 2017-18. Around 360 students undergraduates on social maturity, negative consequences of mobile (180 rural and 180 urban) of 2 randomly selected degree colleges of phone usage. Urban undergraduates of different degree Dharwad city were considered for the study. Participants were programmesdiffered significantly on negative consequences of mobile selected based on two criteria first, those who were willing to phone usage. Irrespective of locality there was no significant difference participate, second, who were having mobile phone. A sample of 180 found among undergraduates of different degree programme on social undergraduates comprised of 60 arts, 60 science and 60 commerce maturity. There was positive non-significant relationship found from each urban and rural background. Mobile phone usage schedule, between time spent on mobile phone usage with social maturity, negative consequences of mobile phone usage scale, social maturity negative consequences of mobile phone usage. There was no association scale and socio-economic scales were used to collect data. The data found between social maturity and negative consequences of mobile were subjected to t-test, chi-square, correlation and one-way ANOVA. phone usage among both urban and rural undergraduates. Type of The results revealed that, majority of urban and rural undergraduates family, size of family, socio-economic status, father and mother found to have high level of social maturity and medium level of negative education, father and mother occupation found to have non significant consequences of mobile phone usage. Significant difference was not association with social maturity and negative consequences of mobile found between rural and urban undergraduates on time spent on mobile phone usage both among urban and rural undergraduates.

78 Home environment, study habits and socio-emotional behavior among academically backward and academically superior school children K. A. BHAGYASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARASWATI HUNSHAL

A study on home environment, study habits and socio-emotional parents had a significant influence on their study habits whereas behavior of academically backward and superior children was gender of children, mother education and socio-economic status had a conducted on 288 urban and rural children of Dharwad district during significant influence on their socio-emotional behavior. Among 2016-18. Among them, 144 children were academically backward and academically superior children, majority of them perceived their home 144 were academically superior. Ravens progressive matrices and environment as moderately favorable and were in normal level of previous year academic performance were used to select the children. socio-emotional behavior. Nearly 31.9 per cent of academically Background information of selected children was collected using the superior children had average study habits. Age, gender, ordinal self-structured questionnaire. Information on home environment, position and nutritional status of children, education and occupation study habits and socio-emotional behavior was collected by using of parents, family type, family size and socio-economic status had a Akhtar (2013), Palsane (1989) and Achenbach (2011) scales significant influence on study habits whereas age and gender of children, respectively. The results revealed that, majority of academically mother’s education and socio-economic status had a significant backward children perceived their home environment as extremely influence on the socio-emotional behavior of these children. The results unfavorable and were in clinical level of socio-emotional behavior. also revealed positive and significant relationship between study habits About 34 per cent of academically backward children had and home environment in both academically backward and superior unsatisfactory study habits. Age and gender of children, home children whereas negative relationship was observed between socio- environment, socio-economic status, education and occupation of emotional behavior and study habits of these children.

Home environment and motor and language development and of preschool children MAMATA F. JANGLEPPANAVAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI

Motor and language development of preschool children (30-42 month) type and family size did not influence on motor and language and their home environment studied during the year 2010-11. Children development.Age had no significant influence on motor development, were drawn from private nurseries and anganawadi centres of but it found to be significant factor in language development. Father’s Dharwad taluk. Twoeach nurseries and anganawadi centres were and mother’s occupation had significant influence on motorand randomly selected. From each center 15 each boys and girls i.e. 60 language development. Birth order and mother’s education did not children from urban and rural area were selected. Home environment influence motor development but had significant influence on inventory developed by AICRP-CD 2007 and Bayley scale of infant language development. Majority of urban children had medium level and toddler development (2006)-III were used. Results revealed (71.90 %) of home environment while more number of rural children that 90-100 % of children attained all gross motor and fine motor had poor level (61.70 %) and it was significantly associated with skills, and majority of children had average level (72.50 %) and motor and language development of preschool children. Also found 12.50 per cent were above average level of motor development. significant difference in home environment components such as Inreceptive and expressive languageskills majority of children had involved acceptance of child’s behavior, proper organization of average level (50.83 %), 30 per cent were above average level. There child’s environment, provision of appropriate play materials, greater were no significant differences between rural and urban children in parental involvement with child and more of father’s active motor and language development. Gender, father’s education, family involvement.

Functional status among elderly in Ranebennur taluk AISHWARYA KOPPAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VINUTHA U. MUKTAMATH

The present study was conducted to assess functional status of elderly rural (72.20 %) and more than half of the urban (55.60 %) elderly had aged 60 years and above from Ranebennur taluk, Haveri district. The normal nutritional status and 22.20 per cent and 40 per cent were at sample size was 180 elderly, where in 90 from rural and 90 from risk of malnutrition in rural and urban area, respectively. Majority of urban area. A differential and correlation design were used. Structured rural (44.45 %) and urban (51.11 %) elderly had normal cognitive general information schedule, Katz index of independence in activities status and 31.11 per cent of rural and 30 per cent of urban elderly had of daily living, the Lawton instrumental activities of daily living, severe cognitive impairment. More than fifty per cent of them geriatric depression scale-short form, mini mental state examination, experienced mild to severe level of depression. Older age, presence of mini nutritional assessment and socio-economic status scale were 3 to 4 health problems and poor nutritional status were the risk used. The results revealed that majority of the rural (96.70 %) and factors for normal activities of daily living functioning. Older age, urban (93.33 %) elderly functioned normally and very few were widowhood, depression, cognitive impairment, presence of health dependent on activities of daily living. Majority of rural (67.80 %) problems, poor nutritional status, illiteracy, non-working condition, and urban (52.20 %) elderly had high functioning in instrumental urban locality, medium and large family size, living only with spouse/ activities of daily living, remaining 32.20 per cent of rural and children and living with others were found to be the risk factors for 47.80 per cent of urban elderly were low functioning. Majority of the normal instrumental activities of daily living functioning.

79 Emotional intelligence and self-esteem among hearing impaired and normal hearing children SHILPA PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR

The study was conducted to assess and know the influence of selected intelligence. Hearing impaired children were low on stress management variable on emotional intelligence and self-esteem among hearing impaired (57.10 %) and adaptability (49.40 %) dimensions of emotional and normal hearing children. Sample consisted of 142 school children intelligence than their counterparts. Majority of both group had moderate (77 hearing impaired and 65 normal hearing) selected from 8th, 9th, and level of self-esteem, however hearing impaired children showed 10th standard in the age range of 13-18 years. Hearing impaired children significantly low self-esteem in the dimension of performance were drawn purposively from residential deaf and dumb and normal (49.40 %), social (61 %) and appearance (71.40 %) than normal hearing hearing sample was selected randomly from regular schools of Dharwad children. There was significant difference and positive correlation found and Belagavi district during 2018-19. Bar-On emotional intelligence, between emotional intelligence and self-esteem of hearing impaired and state self-esteem scale and socio-economic scale were used for the normal hearing children. Age, ordinal position, academic achievement study. Modified chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression and SES had significant influence on emotional intelligence and academic analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that, higher achievement, SES and fathers occupation had significant influence on percentages of children were congenitally (89.60 %) deaf, had severe self-esteem of hearing impaired children. Ordinal position and academic (55.80 %) hearing loss and use sign language (74.02 %) as mode achievement were the significant predictors and child, parental, familial of communication. Majority of hearing impaired children had low and audiological factors together accounted for 29.9 per cent of variance (75.30 %) level of emotional intelligence, whereas normal hearing children in emotional intelligence and 25.7 per cent of variance in self-esteem of had moderate (35.40 %) and high (16.90 %) level of emotional hearing impaired children.

Job involvement and job satisfaction of early childhood care and education (ECCE) teachers ASHWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR

A study was conducted to assess and know the influence of selected involvement and highly satisfied than below graduate teachers. variables on job involvement and job satisfaction of ECCE teachers. Government teachers with more than 26 years of experience and Sample consisted of 60 Anganawadi teachers from government who attended more than two training were mostly involved in job preschools and 60 ECCE teachers from private preschools of urban than private ECCE teachers. Teachers with high stress had moderate area of Dharwad during 2018-19. Job involvement, job satisfaction, involvement and average job satisfaction when compared to teachers job stress and socio economic status scales were used for the study. who had medium job stress. Education, length of service, number of Modified chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression trainings and job stress were significant predictors and combined analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that, effect of personal, familial and occupational factors together brought half of (50.85 %) ECCE teachers were most of the time involved in about 56 per cent variance among government ECCE teachers and their job and were highly satisfied (55 %). Among both government 26 per cent of variance among private ECCE in job involvement. and private ECCE teachers in the age group of 31- 47 years were Whereas, 73 per cent variance among government ECCE teachers most of the time involved in their job and highly satisfied from their and 35 per cent variance among private ECCE teachers with regard job. Government preschool teachers with SSLC passed had more to job satisfaction. So there is need to provide guidance and trainings involvement and high job satisfaction as compared to graduate related to occupational stress to reduce the job stress among ECCE teachers. Whereas private teachers with graduation had more job teachers.

Mental health and stress among destitute and normal women in Dharwad L. SHRUTHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA ITAGI

The study was conducted to assess the influence of individual and than non-institutional destitute women. It was noted that 63-68 per familial factors on mental health and stress among destitute and normal cent of destitute women had poor mental health and 55-75 per cent of women. Sample consisted of 130 women (30 non-institutional, 40 them suffered from high level of stress. It was noticed that 37 per cent institutional and 60 normal women) selected from destitute homes of destitute women faced moderate to high level of social readjustment. and rural areas of Dharwad with age ranging from 18-45 years. Mental Destitute women had lower mental health, higher stress compared to health questionnaire (2002) by Sharma, stress scale (2013) by normal women and significant difference was observed. Education and International Stress Management Association and social readjustment occupation significantly influenced mental health status. Socio-economic rating scale (1967) was used to assess the mental health, stress and status significantly influenced by the stress level of non-institutional life event stress respectively. The result highlighted that, poverty women. Individual and familial factors contributed up to 47 and 29 per (56.67 %) and widowhood (26.67 %) were prominent causes for cent of variance to mental health of non-institutional and institutional destitution in non-institutional women. Among institutional women, women respectively. Mental health of destitute and normal women domestic violence (47.50 %) and lack of family support as well as was negatively and significantly related to stress. Positive and significant marital adjustment problems (45 %) were the major causes for women interrelationship was found between stress and social readjustment to become destitute. Social, physical, psychological and financial whereas negative significant association was found between mental problems were experienced more in institutional destitute women health and social readjustment of destitute women.

80 Obesity among early adolescents: prevalence, associated factors and body image perception SAJANI MALLIKARJUNA NAINEGALI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI Prevalence of overweight among early adolescents (10-16 years) and their parent’s education and occupation was significantly and was 5.36 per cent and obesity was 1.89 per cent were obese. positively associated with obesity/overweight adolescents. Girls However 49.11 per cent were underweight and 43.63 per cent were were more worried about their body image than boys and as age normal. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among increased the worry also increased. Adolescents were drawn from urban than rural, higher among girls than boys and higher among eight schools with 4 out of 98 schools (5%) from urban Dharwad adolescents studying in private schools than government schools. city and 4 out of 188 schools (3%) from rural areas of Dharwad The prevalence of overweight was highest among 13-14 yrs, while taluks. From the selected school, adolescents studying in one section obesity was highest among 15-16 yrs. Factors associated with of 5th to 10th standards constituted the sample with a total size of overweight/ obesity were age of adolescents, their dietary practises 3596. Anthropometry was used to compute Body Mass Index and and recreational activities. The dietary practises were type of meal classified based on Centre for Disease Control (2007). Further all and food, outside eating, consumption of bakery items daily basis overweight and obese adolescents were selected for the in-depth and as breakfast. The recreational activities were watching T.V, study. The information on dietary practices and recreational activities playing mobile games, using internet, and reading for more than 2 was elicited using developed questionnaires. Kowalski et al. (1997) hours/day. Urban adolescents were in significantly higher percentages physical activity tool and Cooper et al. (1987) body shape obese/overweight than rural group. Physical activity of adolescents questionnaire developed for adolescents were administered. Peer victimization – prevalence and psycho-social problems among high school children DRAKSHAYINI T. TIPPANAGOUDRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA PATIL

The present study was conducted in University of Agricultural property followed by social form, verbal form and least victimization Sciences Dharwad to know the prevalence, types of peer was found in physical form of victimization. Majority of rural victimization and psycho-social problems among high school children (67.37 %) and urban (58.87 %) children had borderline of psycho- from Dharwad taluk, Dharwad district. A differential and correlation social problems. Among children of 8th class, boys and poorer C and research design was used. Self structured questionnaire, C+ grade were more victimized and had more psycho-social multidimensional peer victimization scale, child behavior checklist problems. Children of parents with less than primary but attended and socio economic status scales were used to elicit required school at least one year were found to be more victimized and had information from children. Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA and more psycho-social problems. Children from nuclear, large family correlation were used to analyze the data. The results related to size and lower middle socio economic status were found more prevalence indicated that, out of total sample of 1150, 265 children victimized and had more psychosocial problems. Physical, verbal, were found to be victimized. These children were considered for social and attack on property form of victimization are positively further analysis. About 53.21 per cent of children were from rural and significantly correlated with internalizing and externalizing area and 46.79 per cent were from urban area. Majority of rural problems. Hence there is need to educate children not to become the (68.08 %) and urban (58.87 %) children were found in moderate victim of peer group. Ill effects of victimization are rectified through level of victimization. Most of rural (29.42 %) and urban (32.56 %) establishment of counseling centers and there by promoting healthy children were found to be victimized with respect to attack on behavior and optimizing psycho-social wellbeing among children.

EXTENSION COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT Profilistic study of young awardee farm women (Yuva Shreshta Krishi Mahile) of University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad SUMA BALAMBEED 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA P. CHANNAL

The profilistic study of young awardee farm women of University of income (78.33%), with medium livestock possession (58.33 %), Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad was undertaken during the year 2018- medium extension contact (71.67%), medium extension participation 2019 in Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri districts of north Karnataka. (55.00%) and medium risk orientation (51.67%). Nearly half of the Women who have received the Yuva Shreshta Krishi Mahile award young awardee farm women (46.67%) attended training programmes, during 2014-2017 were selected for the study. A total of 60 young had high level of innovative proneness (58.34%) and management awardee farm women from 17 talukas who were awarded by UAS, orientation (63.34%). Most of the young awardee farm women Dharwad were formed as a sample. Data were collected by personal adopted integrated organic farming system. The calculated indices for interview method with the help of pre-structured interview schedule. empowerment showed that women were empowered to the extent of Suitable statistical tools like frequency, percentage, indices and 50.21 and quality of life was to the extent of 71.67. Age, annual correlation were used for analysis of the data. The important findings income and management orientation were significantly and positively of the study revealed that, cent per cent of the awardee farm women correlated with empowerment. While extension contact and innovative belonged to young age group, 63.33 per cent had high school education. proneness were significantly and positively correlated with quality They were from big family size (43.33%) and belonged to joint families of life. Some of the major constraints expressed by the respondents (51.67%), had medium farming experience (60.00%), and had large were: high cost of seeds & fertilizers, price fluctuation and non land holdings (38.33%). A majority of the respondents had low annual availability of labour during peak period.

81 Effectiveness of SAMETI (N) on extension functionaries POORNIMA TORAGAL RAJSHEKHAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUREKHA SANKANGOUDAR

The State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute indices, correlation and stepwise regression were used to analyse the (SAMETI) as a part of Agricultural Technology Management Agency data. The findings of the study revealed that, nearly 2/3rd of the (ATMA) programme organises Human Resource Development extension functionaries (62.23 %) had high level of knowledge and (HRD) activities to the extension functionaries. SAMETI (N) one third (33.33 %) had medium level of knowledge. A majority of the conducts HRD activities in thirteen northern districts of Karnataka extension functionaries (87.78 %) were in high level of job performance and is operated by UAS, Dharwad. To know the effectiveness of category and 12.22 per cent were in medium level category. Three SAMETI (N) on extension functionaries the present study was carried fourth of the extension functionaries (76.67 %) were in high level of out during 2018-19 in Dharwad district. Ninety extension perceived usefulness category and 21.11 per cent were in medium functionaries, who were trained under SAMETI (N) in the last three level category. The dependent variables were positively and years (2015, 2016 and 2018) were considered for the sample. The significantly correlated to mass media participation, training data was collected from respondents using self-structured, pre-tested programmes attended, innovative proneness, education qualification, questionnaire. An ex-post-facto research design was adopted for the work experience and achievement motivation. The effectiveness as study. To study the effectiveness, perceived gain in knowledge, measured by perceived gain in knowledge, perceived job performance perceived job performance and perceived usefulness were considered and perceived usefulness had indices ranging from 75-85. It indicates as dependent variables. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, that the effectiveness was to the extent of 75-85 per cent.

Rural-agri tourism: A perspective study SHWETA A. 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHOBHA

Tourism is contributing nine per cent to the country’s GDP and India Most of the tourists were from within the state and first time visitors. is ranked as the seventh largest tourism economy in the world. Tourism Tourists got information about the tourist centers through friends/ contributes to the economy by way of employment generation, relatives. Leisure and recreation was the purpose of their visit. enterprise promotion and for the overall economic development of Regarding the opinion of the tourists it could be seen that, most of the country. In recent times rural-agri tourism is an emerging segment the tourists belonged to favorable and highly favorable opinion of the Indian tourism industry. This industry shows cases the rural (98.44%) and 92.50 per cent felt that their experiences matched and life, art, culture and heritage at rural location. The present study on even exceeded their expectations and 92.50 per cent tourists were “Rural-agri Tourism: A perspective study” has been conducted in the satisfied to highly satisfied. Tourists expressed that the most three purposively selected rural- agri tourism centers i.e. Agadi thota, important criteria for choosing to visit the tourist centre was Eco-Village and Dharwad adventure base. From each center 40 tourists experiencing nature, rural life/ agricultural activities. Cost and were selected, making a sample of 120. The personal interview method availability of healthy and good food are some other criteria. Phone was used to collect the data and suitable statistical tools were used network, lack of safety and security in the dress changing room and for analyzing the same. The study revealed that most tourists were transportation were the problems faced by tourists. The study aged between 35-50 years, were graduates, job holders, from nuclear revealed that education had a positive significantly correlated with medium sized families. The income ranged between ` 132000 - 572000. opinion and expectation of tourists.

Sericulture as a sustainable livelihood system for farm households SHIVALEELA P. PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANNAPURANA KALAL

Sericulture providing sustainable livelihoods to many rural and semi- more compared to Haveri and Belagavi. Most of the men (88.33%) urban areas. The farm and non-farm activities of this enterprise create and women (81 %) belonged to high knowledge category. Significant sixty lakh man-days of employment every year in the rural sector. difference was found between the knowledge of men and women Hence, a study was conducted in Bagalkot, Belagavi and Haveri among selected districts with C.D. of 2.46. The mean value of Bagalkot districts of north Karnataka during the year 2018-2019. Results district was found to be highest followed by Haveri and Belagavi. revealed majority of the respondents (97.33%) expressed that Women from Bagalkot had highest mean score (61.63) followed by sericulture gives income throughout the year and through this economic Belagavi (59.35) and Haveri (51.45).Majority of families adopted status will be increased (95 %). All men of three districts belonged to improved technologies in mulberry cultivation (77.00 %) and silk worm high participation category in all sericulture production activities. rearing (70.67 %). The significant difference was observed among Women of Bagalkot district belonged to high category with respect to three districts in adoption with C.D. value of 2.49. The mean score of garden establishment and maintenance (93 and 95 %, respectively) as adoption in Bagalkot district was found to be highest (32.57) followed compared to Belagavi (77.00 and 83.00 %) and Haveri districts (64 by Haveri (26.60) and Belagavi (25.85). With respect to problems, and 69 %). Significant difference was seen between men and women majority of the respondents expressed fluctuation in price of cocoon participation in all the three districts with C.D. value of 3.17 and (97 %) as economic and high transportation cost as the marketing 7.16, respectively. Men and women of Bagalkot involvement was problems (90.33 %).

82 FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Evaluation of drying methods practiced by the chilli growers in northern Karnataka S. NAVEEN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEENA S. JADHAV

A study on evaluation of drying methods practiced by the chilli under 2.50-5 acres, earned income of above ` 50000/- per annum and growers in northern Karnataka of Dharwad and Haveri districts is belonged to upper middle socio-economic status. The knowledge about conducted during the year 2016-17 with the aim to study the socio- chilli cultivation practices were positively correlated with independent economic status of the chilli growers, to study the methods of drying variables. The majority of them practicing open sun drying method, and storage techniques practiced by chilli growers and to evaluate the packing chilli with polyethylene bag and stored inside the house and different drying methods for chilli and suggest the best method. The selling chilli to APMC. The initial moisture content was found to be total sample of 100 chilli growers of Dharwad and Haveri districts 401.00 per cent (db) in all four methods of drying chilli and maximum were selected through purposive random sampling technique. The temperature was recorded at 12 PM to 2 PM. The maximum self-structured questionnaire was used to collect required information. temperature was 55 °C in solar cabinet dryer and the minimum 30 °C Appropriate statistical techniques used for analysis. The results in open sun drying. Final moisture content was recorded 7 per cent revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (db) in open sun drying, 6.25 per cent (db) in solar tunnel drying, group, primary school education, small land holding, large size family 5.11 per cent (db) in solar cabinet drying and 9.75 per cent (db) in and were living in joint families. Most of the respondents had 14-21 microwave oven drying for chilli drying. Among all the methods solar years in farming and chilli cultivation experience and cultivating chilli cabinet was found to be the best drying method.

Ergonomic assessment of task performance of women workers in brick industry MALLAMMA DUDDAGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEENA S. JADHAV

The research study on “Ergonomic Assessment of Task Performance (53.30 %). Majority (53.33 %) of the respondents earned income of of Women Workers in Brick Industry” was executed during the year 10,000 to 19,999/- rupees per month and belonged to upper middle of 2018-19 with the objectives, to study the socio-economic status, class of socio economic status (44.44 %). Cent per cent of the to assess the task performance, environmental conditions of the work respondents performed carrying clay and making bricks activity. station, working posture and musculoskeletal discomforts of the Majority (97.80 %) of the respondents were using full sleeves shirts women workers in brick industry. The total of 90 samples from three and cloth piece for coving face. Cent per cent of the women workers villages of Gulbarga taluk were selected through purposive random had general health problems such as cold, fever, headache and fatigue. sampling method and sub sample of 30 respondents having more than Majority of women workers were experiencing eye related problems five years of experience were selected to analyze the postural with respect to occupational problem. Pertaining to musculoskeletal discomfort by using REBA tool. The body map was used to identify pain, majority (78.90 %) of the respondents experienced pain in the musculoskeletal pain among the women workers in brick industry. palm/finger followed by pain in neck. Musculoskeletal pains were The self-structured schedule was used to collect required information. positively correlated with age, year of experience, weight of load and Appropriate statistical techniques like, frequency and percentage and distance travelled. Regarding postural analysis, most of the women correlation were used. Result revealed that majority (54.50 %) of the workers belonged to very high and high risk category with above 11 respondents belonged to age group of 25-50 years and illiterates and 8-10 REBA score, respectively.

FOOD TECHNOLOGY Production of beer from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) PRAJA K. MALAGANVE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA G. SHIRNALLI

The buckwheat varieties PRB-1 and Niligiri local were screened for (118.84 mg/g) than other treatments. Three strains of yeast were their suitability for beer production based on the amylase activity and screened for fermentation of the above hydrolysate and the optimization reducing sugars of malted grains. The optimum parameters for malting of the inoculum level and fermentation period were carried out. Among were, soaking was 16 h, germination for 3 days, incubation period of the yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3073 performed mashing was 16 h, temperature of 65 °C and enzyme concentration of best when inoculated at 2 % inoculum level for a fermentation period of 1 %. The fermentation parameters for good quality beer production ten days. Among the inoculum levels used (1, 1.5 and 2 %) residual were also studied. The variety PRB-1 showed the highest amylase reducing sugars of beer decreased significantly upto 2 per cent inoculum. activity (987.74 µg protein/mg/min) and reducing sugars (17.05 mg/g) The alcohol content increased as inoculum level increased. Similarly, in for a soaking period of 16 h and germination period of 3 days followed case of the different fermentation period (5 days, 7 days and 10 days), by Niligiri local variety. The ‘PRB-1’ variety was further used to significant decrease in the pH, tannin content and residual reducing optimize other parameters such as yeast strain, inoculum levels and sugars was observed upto tenth day and alcohol content increased period of fermentation. The commercial á-amylase used during mashing significantly. These parameters were adopted for bench scale production. process at various levels indicated that, 1 per cent at 65 °C for Beer was evaluated organoleptically. It scored 11.25 points as compared an incubation period of 16 h released maximum reducing sugars to commercial beer which was 14.75.

83 Development and evaluation of millets based extruded ready to eat products KASHINATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. HEMALATHA

Food extrusion technology is a type of processing method which effects on functional and physical properties. Increase in moisture uses single screw or a set of screws to force food materials through a content, feed composition and temperature resulted in increase in small orifice. When the food is forced, they get cooked due to high expansion ratio, overall acceptability, texture and decrease in bulk pressure, high shear and high temperature. This thermal process which density, hardness and weight. The optimized parameters for RTE permits large number of food applications was employed for the snack were barrel temperature 100 °C, feed moisture content 17.46 % present study which aimed at development of ready to eat extruded and feed composition (finger millet: foxtail millet: product from composite flour blend of finger millet, foxtail millet and peas: 36.70:36.80:26.30) with expansion ratio 3.55, bulk density peas. The process was carried out using twin screw extruder at different 0.069 g/cc, hardness 3.34 N, overall acceptability 7.72, weight 1.28 g, temperature , feed moisture content and with three different feed texture 7.9. The product had WAI 5.44 g/g, WSI 14.8%, true density composition blends of selected grains based on starch and protein 0.25 g/m3, protein 15.72 g/100 g, fat 0.85 g/100 g, crude fiber 0.27 g/ content, at constant screw speed 412 rpm, cutter speed 18 rpm and 100 g, ash 2.33 g/100 g and carbohydrates 75.38 g/100 g and had a feeder speed 24 rpm. A Box- Behnken experiment design and Response shelf life of two months. The extruded product when seasoned had Surface Methodology was used to evaluate the influence of protein 15.81 g/100 g, fat 9.34 g/100g , crude fiber 0.42 g/100 g, ash independent variables and interaction effects on extrusion process 3.53 g/100 g and carbohydrates 64.84 g/100 g with an overall variables. It showed that the independent variables had significant acceptability of 8.40.

Modified atmospheric conditions for the storage of green leafy vegetables CHAITRA P. UTHAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATISH R. DESAI

Green leafy vegetables are an excellent source of essential vitamins CO2, 5 % O2 + 5 % CO2 and stored at 7±1 °C with 80±5 % RH for 7 and widely used in Indian culinary. They have a higher rate of days. A significant change was observed among the control and MAP respiration, transpiration and undergo deplorable physiological treated samples during storage. The overall quality parameters of changes after a day of harvest. The shelf life of green leafy vegetables control sample were significantly affected with a poor acceptability is found to be poor even under refrigerated storage. It can be enhanced index. Among the treatments, 3 % O2 + 5 % CO2 in LDPE bag has by an atmosphere low in O2 and high in CO2 i.e., by means of modified recorded lower rate of respiration for both coriander and spinach. It atmosphere packaging (MAP) that slows respiration rate and other has also recorded relatively higher retention of moisture, chlorophyll biochemical changes associated therein. Therefore, an investigation content with lesser changes in the overall colour and maximum retention was carried out to study the influence of MAP with a suitable of vitamin C content for up to 7 days. Visible decaying with water- packaging material on the storage life of coriander and spinach. Fresh soaked appearance was observed after 7 days of storage for both and matured coriander and spinach leaves were pretreated with coriander and spinach. Therefore, the combination of 3 % O2+ 5 %

100 ppm ClO2 and packed in LDPE, HDPE and PP containing three CO2 in LDPE bag presented a better shelf life of 7 days than different ratios of MAP gases i.e., 3 % O2 + 5 % CO2, 4 % O2 + 5 % refrigerated storage alone.

84 Theses Abstracts of UAS Raichur ABSTRACTS OF THESES

Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees by the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2019 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Marker - trait association studies for yield components in sunflower interspecific cross Helianthus annuus L. and Helianthus argophyllus Torr. & A. Gray SHIVALEELA S. KUKANUR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. SHANKERGOUD Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a cross pollinated crop originated were found diverse for all the traits studied. At morphological level, the from north America and is the second largest hybrid crop next to maize interspecific hybrid plants were observed with characters approximating and fifth largest oilseed crop after soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed and the characters of either parent, individuals with variation and also similar groundnut in the world. It belongs to the family Asteraceae and genus to either of the parents. This large genetic variability provides the basic Helianthus with the basic chromosome number x =17 consisting of necessary for successful plant breeding. At cytological level, meiosis diploids (2n=2x=34), tetraploids (2n=4x=68) and hexaploids was normal in both the parents but in interspecific cross some variability (2n=6x=102) with 51 species and 19 subspecies with 14 annual and 37 was observed with the percentage of univalent (4.78%), trivalents perennial species. This abundance and diversity of species offers (1.12%), quadrivalents (7.27%), chromosomal bridges (6%) and laggards numerous and rewarding possibilities to create variability in sunflower. (5%). The occurrence of meiotic irregularities in the cross indicates that In the present investigation interspecific hybridization has been done H. annuus and H. argophyllus differ in genome constitution. At molecular between cultivated annual diploid H. annuus CMS 38B and wild annual level the true F1s were confirmed by polymorphic SSR markers. Marker diploid H. argophyllus Torr. & A. Gray HEL 153/83 and characterized trait association analysis provided a total of 14 SSR markers significantly the interspecific crosses at morphological, cytological and molecular associated with at least one of the eight yield component traits. These level and associated the SSR markers to yield component traits using markers may be further validated for marker assisted breeding programme. BC1F1 and BC1F2 population derived from the cross. The two parents Phenotypic and genotypic changes over a period of time in landraces of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] SUVARNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. SALIMATH

The 152 landraces of the northern districts of Karnataka conserved respectively during rabi 2016 and five PCs each for both GBAs and at ICRISAT, Patancheru Gene Bank Accessions (GBAs) since 1993 FVAs during rabi 2017. To assess the phenotypic changes, the 35 and 140 landraces maintained by the farmers of the same villages of GBAs with corresponding 35 FVAs common by name and place the above sampled districts (Farmers Variety Accessions) collected along with seven check varieties were studied during rabi 2017 at during 2016 by UAS, Raichur were evaluated along with seven College of Agriculture, Raichur, Agricultural Research Stations, check varieties during rabi 2016 and 2017 at College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, Kalaburagi and Ballari. The GBAs showed less plant Raichur. The more number of GBAs and FVAs were collected from height and SCMR than FVAs at Raichur. For remaining characters, the Vijayapur (42 and 52) followed by Kalaburagi (34 and 38) district. GBAs and FVAs pairs showed non-significant differences. IS 37317, Majority of the GBAs and FVAs had semi loose erect primary IS 37345, IS 37214, IS 37269, IS 37257, RSL 85, RSL 138, RSL branches, yellow glume and seed colour, circular seed shape, easy to 136 and RSL 17 were identified as post flowering drought tolerant thresh and 50 per cent grain coverage by glume. Among quantitative landraces from the experiment conducted at ICRISAT, Patancheru. characters, panicle and seed weight per plant (g) and grain yield per SNPs obtained from Genotyping-By-Sequencing analysis (GBS) row (g) showed more variability. Two clusters were obtained for revealed that each GBAs and FVAs were structured separately into GBAs and FVAs separately during both the seasons. Five and four two sub populations. Majority of the pairs of GBAs-FVAs shared Principal components (PCs) obtained for GBAs and FVAs less percentage of common SNPs between them.

Phenotypic and molecular based prediction of heterosis in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) A. ANUSHA HUGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. M

With the prescience of the negative association of characteristics of quality. The present study was devised to harness the positive cotton yield and fibre quality traits with each fibre trait being multigenic combinations of yield and fibre quality along with their stable and each parent of a population carrying different genes probably performance at different environments. Eleven Gossypium hirsutum giving rise to varied blend of associations between yield and fibre genotypes were carefully chosen based on their consistent performance

85 with respect to seed cotton yield and fibre strength and the same The markers BNL3590, BNL1395, NAU3308, JESPR204 and were crossed in a diallel fashion to generate 55 hybrids which were BNL1672 showed specific band size for lint yield in most of the evaluated over seven diverse environments. Among the 55 hybrids, parental genotypes. The markers linked with fibre quality parameters the crosses SCS-PL-01 × SCS-PL-18, SCS-PL-01 × SCS-PL-60 and showed specific integration and were validated in the parental SCS-PL-02 × SCS-PL-03 were identified as most potential crosses genotypes. The genetic diversity and cluster diagram depicted the with respect to seed cotton yield, higher boll weight, higher fibre heterotic pools in parental genotypes and validated the heterosis that length and strength. In terms of stability, the hybrids RAHH 1702, was realized after executing the crosses from diverse parents. The RAHH 1712, RAHH1710 were identified as high yielding and most intricate fingerprints generated by seven SSR markers through capillary stable genotypes across seven test environments. SSR markers were gel electrophoresis for all the parental genotypes can be used for used in the experiment owing to their reproducibility, multiallelic specific identification of the parental cultivars in the further nature, codominant, relative abundance and good genomic coverage. assessments. AGRONOMY Sustainable intensification of rice- fallows in Tungabhadra command area MALLAREDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI A field experiment was conducted on medium black soil during kharif grain yield of fieldbean (1895 and 1912 kg ha-1, respectively) was and rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at farmer's field near Agricultural recorded in rice-fieldbean cropping system and lower crop yield was Research Station, Sirguppa. The results revealed that among rice varieties, noticed with sesame (500 and 523 kg ha-1, respectively) in rice-sesame Kaverisona recorded higher grain yield during kharif season of 2016-17 cropping system during rabi season of 2016-17 and 2017-18. Higher and 2017-18 (5788 and 5773 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to net returns was noticed with rice-fieldbean system (163742 and 156153 BPT-5204 (5320 and 5241 kg ha-1, respectively). During rabi seasons ha-1, respectively) as compared to rice-fallow (68216 and 63809 ha-1, of 2016-17 and 2017-18, significantly higher grain yield of maize (6929 respectively). Among improved production technologies of maize, -1 and 6878 kg ha , respectively) was recorded in rice-maize cropping higher grain yield was noticed with improved method-4 (T5: 7681 kg -1 -1 system and lower crop yield was noticed with wheat (3135 and 3830 ha ) over farmer method of cultivation (T1:5840 kg ha ). The magnitude kg ha-1, respectively) in rice-wheat cropping system. Kaverisona of improvement in grain yield of maize by improved method-4 recorded higher net returns (`110537 and 106205 ha-1, respectively) as (Minimum tillage, herbicide and 100 per cent fertilizers application) compared to BPT-5204 (107659 and 102393 ha-1, respectively). Among was to the tune of 31.52 per cent over farmer's method of cultivation. different cropping systems, higher net returns was noticed with rice- Improved production technology showed lower penetration resistance rice (136256 and 131054 ha-1, respectively) as compared to rice-fallow and higher soil moisture content as compared to existing rice-maize (68878 and 64297 ha-1, respectively). Among pulses and oilseeds, higher cropping system. Agronomic investigations on nutrient management practices in DSR in north eastern dry zone of Karnataka SANGEETA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B.G. KOPPALKAR A field experiment on response of rice varieties to levels of fertilizers ha-1) with nitrogen split application of 50 per cent N and entire P and K and split applications of nitrogen was conducted at the Agricultural as basal and remaining 50 per cent N in two equal splits at 30 and 60 College Farm, UAS, Raichur during kharif season for two consecutive DAS is a better option in direct seeded rice to obtain higher net returns years (2016-17 and 2017-18). Between two varieties, Gangavathi sona and B C ratio under north eastern dry zone of Karnataka. The results of recorded significantly higher grain yield (4562 kg ha-1) due to higher experiment on the effect of integrated nutrient management the treatment, -1 yield parameters such as number of grains (173.45 panicle ), panicle T2 (100% NPK + recommended FYM @ 10 t/ha) recorded significantly length (20.44 cm), panicle weight (3.36 g) and test weight (24.62 g) as higher grain yield (4813 kg ha-1) than rest of the treatments and was on -1 compared to BPT-5204. Among the fertilizer levels, F3 (200: 100: par with T1 (100% NPK) (4674 kg ha ) and T10 (50% of recommended 100 NPK kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher grain yield (4661 kg ha-1) N through composted poultry manure + 50% of recommended N than rest of the fertilizer levels. The higher grain yield was due to higher through inorganic fertilizers) (4533 kg ha-1). The higher grain yield was yield components viz., number of panicles m-2 (360.99), number of due to higher yield components viz., number of panicles m-2 (390.1), grains panicle-1 (182.30) and test weight (27.39 g). Among the nitrogen number of grains panicle-1 (412.77), panicle length (21.77 cm), panicle split applications, N3 (50% N and entire P and K as basal and remaining weight (3.36 g) and test weight (25.38 g). However, the treatment T10 50% N in two equal splits at 30 and 60 DAS) recorded significantly i.e., 50 per cent of recommended N through composted poultry manure higher grain yield (4441 kg ha-1) due to higher yield attributes viz., + 50 per cent of recommended N through inorganic fertilizers recorded number of panicles m-2 (351.15), panicle weight (3.52 g) and test weight significantly higher net returns and benefit cost ratio (` 62914 ha-1 and (25.01 g). Gangavathi sona with fertilizer level i.e., 150:75:75 NPK (kg 2.51). Optimizing trait combinations of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for improved establishment in direct seeded condition RAGHUVEER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI

A field experiment was conducted on medium black soil during kharif GNV-10-89 recorded significantly higher grain yield and it was on 2017 and 2018 at the Agricultural Research Station, Siruguppa. The par with GGV-05-01 but superior over RPBio-226 and RNR-15048 pooled results revealed that among the different rice genotypes the in both the experiments. With respect to nutrient management

86 practices, application 50 % N and K and full dose of P as basal + 25 parameters. Among weed management practices, three hand weedings % N and K at tillering + 25 % N at panicle initiation + 25 % K at at 20, 40 and 60 DAS recorded significantly lower weed density, dry dough stage recorded significantly higher grain yield (5449 kg ha-1), weight of weeds but higher weed control efficiency and grain yield straw yield (6178 kg ha-1), nutrient use efficiency of nitrogen (5268 kg ha-1). Similar trend was also followed in growth, yield (36.33 %), phosphorus (72.65 %), potassium (72.65 %), net returns parameters and nutrient uptake. Whereas, higher net returns and BC (` 56546 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.32) and lower grain yield (4922 kg ha-1) ratio recorded with Pendimethalin (PE) 38.7 % CS @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 fb was recorded with split application of nitrogen alone (25 % N and Bispyribac sodium (POE) 10 % SL @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 (` 56132 ha-1 and full dose of P and K as basal + each 25 % N at tillering, panicle 2.60) and it was at par with Pyrazosulfuron ethyl (PE) 10 % WP @ initiation and flowering stage, respectively). Similar trend was followed 20 g a.i. ha-1 followed by Bispyribac sodium (POE) 10 % SL @ 25 g in nutrient uptake, root parameters, yield attributes and growth a.i. ha-1 (` 53273 ha-1 and 2.55).

Studies on nutrient and weed management practices in direct seeded rice under organic production system ROHINI NAGANAGOUDA METI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, significantly higher net returns and was comparable with RDF Dhadesugur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during kharif (` 55,581 ha-1). Among the organic manurial treatments, higher net season for two consecutive years (2017 and 2018) to study nutrient returns were obtained in compost (50 %) + poultry manure (50 %) and weed management practices in direct seeded rice under organic equivalent to 125% RDN + foliar spray of panchagavya at 3 per cent production system. In an experiment with nutrient management (` 45,574 ha-1). All organic manurial treatments recorded higher through organics, pooled data revealed that both application of RDF microbial population. The results of weed management practices under + FYM (4757 kg ha-1) and RDF (4624 kg ha-1) were on par with each organic production system, 25 % higher population with the seed other and RDF recorded significantly higher grain yield compared to rate of 25 kg ha-1 (4104 kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher grain rest of the organic nutrient treatments except with compost (1/3rd) + yield over normal population with the seed rate of 20 kg ha-1 (3937 kg vermicompost (1/3rd) + poultry manure (1/3rd) equivalent to 125 % ha-1). Among different weed management practices, one IC at 20 DAS RDN + foliar spray of panchagavya at 3 per cent (4480 kg ha-1) and and two HW at 25 and 50 DAS (4735 kg ha-1) and rice bran at 2 t ha- compost (50 %) + poultry manure (50 %) equivalent to 125 % RDN 1 + HW (4692 kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher grain yield over + foliar spray of panchagavya at 3 per cent (4451 kg ha-1). Similar unweeded check (2220 kg ha-1). The 25 % higher population with the trends were observed during 2018. These treatments also resulted in seed rate of 25 kg ha-1 with one IC and two HW (4907 kg ha-1) higher growth and yield components and similar trend was also observe improved the productivity of rice and was on par with 25 % higher with respect to nutrient uptake and soil fertility status. Whereas population with the seed rate of 25 kg ha-1 with rice bran at 2 t ha-1 + during 2017, RDF + FYM (4664 kg ha-1) and RDF (4550 kg ha-1) HW (4810 kg ha-1). These treatments also recorded higher weed control recorded significantly higher grain yield than all other organic manurial efficiency, growth and yield components. Higher net returns were treatments. In pooled data, RDF + FYM (` 55,594 ha-1) recorded also recorded in these treatments.

Investigation on micro irrigation and fertigation in dry direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)

KEERTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR : Dr. B. G. MASTAN REDDY Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, returns and BC ratio was registered in case of 100 % RDN application Gangavathi, Karnataka on medium deep black clay texture during as conventional fertilizer through drip (` 44,857 ha-1 and 1.97) and kharif 2017 and 2018 to know the effect of irrigation and fertigation was on par with 75 % RDN as water soluble fertilizers through drip levels on the performance of direct seeded rice under drip irrigation. as compared to soil application of 100 % NPK through conventional Result indicated that irrigation scheduled at 1.6 ET registered fertilizer. In another field experiment results indicated that, drip significantly higher grain yield (5747 kg ha-1), straw yield (6337 kg fertigation with WSNF in eight splits at 10 days interval recorded 23 ha-1), nitrogen use efficiency (40.8 kg kg-1) and net return (` 37,474 per cent higher grain (5197 kg ha-1), NUE (34.6 kg of grains kg-1 N ha-1) compared to irrigation scheduled at 1 ET and 1.2 ET and was on applied), gross returns (` 1,06,509 ha-1) and was on par with drip par with 1.4 ET. Among fertigation levels 100 % RDN as water fertigation with WSNF in six splits. Among genotypes GNV-10-89 soluble fertilizers through drip registered higher grain yield (5913 kg recorded higher grain yield (5244 kg ha-1), higher gross returns ha-1), straw yield (6413 kg ha-1) and water use efficiency (8.69 kg ha-1 (` 1,04,133 ha-1), net returns (` 33,461 ha-1) and BC ratio (1.53) than mm) as compared to all other fertigation levels. Whereas higher net BPT-5204. SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Studies on nutrient management approaches in conjugation with zinc and iron for sustainable production of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping system DARAVATH RAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. RAVI

Field experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of conjugation with zinc and iron for sustainable production of foxtail 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Krishi Vigyana Kendra Farm, University of millet (Setaria italica L.)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cropping Agricultural Sciences, Raichur on nutrient management approaches in system. Application of nutrients through SSNM approach for targeted

87 -1 -1 yield of 20 q ha along with ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O each @ 20 each @ 10 kg ha in foxtail millet-chickpea sequence. The maximum -1 -1 kg ha for foxtail millet and its residual effect on chickpea registered net gain of N, P2O5 and K2O (26.05, 11.07 & 29.30 kg ha ) were significantly higher growth, yield attributes, yield, quality parameters noticed with application of nutrients through SSNM for targeted -1 and total uptake of nutrients favourably and was on par with yield of 20 q ha and maximum net loss of N, P2O5 and K2O (-50.67, application of nutrients through SSNM approach for targeted yield -15.60 & -41.08 kg ha-1) were recorded with absolute control during -1 of 20 q ha along with ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O each @ 10 kg 2017-18. The higher foxtail millet-equivalent yield, gross returns and ha-1. Application of nutrients through SSNM approach for targeted net returns (54.87 q ha-1, ` 1,59,114 ha-1 and 1,17,382 ha-1, -1 yield of 20 q ha along with ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O each @ 20 respectively) were recorded with SSNM approach for targeted yield -1 -1 -1 kg ha for foxtail millet and its residual effect on chickpea registered of 20 q ha along with ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O each 20 kg ha . significantly higher grain and seed yield (20.30 q ha-1 and 24.65 q ha-1, Whereas, higher the BC ratio (3.84) was recorded with nutrients respectively) and available S, Zn and Fe (23.54 kg ha-1, 0.67 and 4.15 applied through SSNM approach for targeted yield of 20 q ha-1 along -1 -1 mg kg , respectively) where available N, P2O5 and K2O (271.46, with ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O each @ 10 kg ha followed by 50.65 and 367.54 kg ha-1) were significantly higher with SSNM nutrients applied through SSNM approach for targeted yield of 20 q -1 -1 -1 approach for targeted yield of 20 q ha and was on par with SSNM ha along with 20 kg ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O ha (3.81) as -1 approach for targeted yield of 20 q ha + ZnSO47H2O and FeSO47H2O compared to rest of the treatments.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Population dynamics of thrips and GBNV disease interaction studies in tomato B. JAMUNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. BHEEMANNA

Investigations were carried out on the population dynamics of thrips thrips population was recorded during first week of December, later in tomato ecosystem alongwith transmission efficiency of thrips started declining. Whereas, GBNV disease incidence varied from 4.90 species in tomato, screening of selected tomato cultivars against thrips to 43.80 per cent, during October 2015 to February 2017. Weather and associated GBNV disease and toxicity variation of selected parameters (Rainfall and evening relative humidity) and N. tenuis insecticides against tomato thrips. The population dynamics of thrips population exhibited significant negative correlation with thrips and in tomato ecosystem and screening of selected tomato cultivars was disease incidence. Virus transmission studies indicated that, T. palmi undertaken at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of was found to be an efficient transmitter of GBNV than S. dorsalis. Agriculture, and Main Agricultural Research Station, University of However, screening of tomato cultivars revealed that, among the 40 Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. Whereas the transmission efficiency of cultivars screened, none of the cultivars were found immune and thrips species in tomato and toxicity variation of selected insecticides resistant. Based on disease scale, eight cultivars were found moderately against tomato thrips was carried out at the Division of Entomology susceptible, 10 cultivars were found susceptible and remaining 22 IARI, New Delhi. Population dynamics study revealed that, two thrips cultivars were grouped under highly susceptible category. Bean dip species (Thrips palmi Karny and Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) occurred bioassay with insecticides indicated that, spinotoram, spinosad and together and the Zoophytophagous miridbug, Nesidiocoris tenuis was chlorphenpyr recorded as more toxic insecticides against thrips with associated with the thrips throughout the cropping period. Maximum lower LC50 values. Identification and functional analysis of genes involved in insecticide resistance in Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) B. KARIYANNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ Brinjal is an important vegetable crop in India, China and Bangladesh. different field populations, compared to Lo-S. Among four major

The important setback for brinjal productivity is Leucinodes esterase bands (E1 to E4), the high molecular weight E1 and E2 bands orbonalis causing up-to 90 per cent damage in many brinjal growing were prominent in Bhubaneswar, Dharmapuri and Raichur regions of the world. The present study conducted at ICAR-NBAIR, populations, faint in Varanasi and entirely absent in Lo-S population. Bengaluru, critically examined the population dynamics of For normalization of RT-qPCR data of L. orbonalis, the 28SR3 and L. orbonalis on different cultivars and adaptation of five field- GAPDH were found highly stable and most suitable across various collected L. orbonalis population to insecticides at biological, experimental conditions. Mining of the de novo draft-genome and biochemical and molecular level furnished below. The population transcriptome of L. orbonalis identified, 72, 34 and 94 full-length dynamics of L. orbonalis on seven brinjal cultivars revealed, putative unigenes with 34, 25 and 16 resistance homologous putative minimum fruit damage on Eeranagere (23.02%) in two-seasons. genes, coding for CYP, GST and CE respectively. Studies on Temperature, wind and RH influenced the L. orbonalis infestation. expression pattern of resistant genes from five field-population Concentration-mortality bioassays revealed very high levels of indicated significant variation in relative expression of four, nine resistance to phosalone (534.6 fold) by Bhubaneswar population and two gens of CYP, GST and CE respectively over Lo-S. Silencing and low resistance to emamectin benzoate (1.3 fold) by Pune larval of CYP genes (CYP324F1 and CYP306A1) by oral-feeding of dsRNA populations compared to susceptible iso-female population (Lo- resulted in 53.4-85.0 per cent down-regulation of the transcripts S). The larval midgut metabolic enzyme activities indicated with 20.28-33.41 per cent larval-mortality at 1 ìg/ìL dsRNA. The enhanced-activity of O-demethylase of cytochrome P450- differential concentration of metabolic enzyme and gene expression monooxygenase (CYP) (5.4 - 18.5 fold), glutathione S-transferase study indicated the evolution of multiple mechanisms for insecticide (GST) (4.1 - 8.9 fold) and carboxylesterases (CE) (1.5 - 3.1 fold) in resistance in resistant populations of L. orbonalis.

88 Studies on mating disruption techniques for the management of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in paddy ecosystem P. R. BADARIPRASAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A.G. SREENIVAS The investigations on mating disruption technique for the 4 g per acre applied in 400 source points. Hence, SPLAT-YSB applied management of yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) at 4 g in 400 source points was found to be significantly superior in paddy ecosystem was carried out in the farmers’ field at Kadlur over rest of the lower dose of the SPLAT treatments with less mean villege of Raichur taluk during kharif season 2017-18 and 2018-19. per cent dead heart of 0.35 and white ear of 0.68 per cent with Different formulations of pheromone viz., powder, wax based highest yield of 60.97 q in kharif and 61.12 q per ha in rabi. SPLAT and talc based dust formulations were evaluated for their Dissipation studies of SPLAT-YSB pheromone revealed long lasting efficacy in reducing the stem borer incidence at various dosages. effect of pheromone upto 14 weeks. Incorporation of SPLAT-YSB Higher dose of SPLAT-YSB viz., 5, 6 and 7 g per acre recorded zero at 4 g per acre in 400 source points in IPM was found to be per cent damage of yellow stem borer but found to be on par with significantly superior over existing IPM module. PLANT PATHOLOGY Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. and Bacillus spp. against wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri B. G. ANUSHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. NAIK

The present study was designed to find out a potential biocontrol Results of the greenhouse studies indicated that, all of these isolates agent against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (FOC) causative of reduced disease severity (ranging from 39 to 56%). Among them the chickpea wilt. In this study, about 40 isolates (20 isolates of isolate Bacillus sp. BS-20 significantly enhanced the nodule number, actinomycetes and 20 isolates of bacteria) were isolated from chickpea nodule weight, root and shoot weight and stover and grain yield over rhizospheric soils. Among them, 10 isolates (five actinomycetes and the un-inoculated control. In addition, the biomass of chickpea plants five bacteria) showed strong inhibitory effects against chickpea wilt (plant height and dry weight) significantly increased in plants treated caused by FOC in vitro were selected for further studies. All bacterial with BS-20 strains compared to non-bacterized which might be due strains inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen ranging from 26 to to production of plant growth promoting factors such as siderophore, 44 per cent in dual culture assay. The selected strains were identified hydrocyanic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, lipase and protease. This study as Streptomyces sp. and Bacillus sp. based on morphological and concluded that, BS-20 has the potential for biocontrol of FOC and biochemical characterization as well as 16S rDNA sequences analysis. plant growth promotion in chickpea. Survey, diagnostics, diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) and exploitation of PGPR for management of wilt of chickpea H. DEEPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world’s second most important primers, ITS-1 and ITS-4 produced amplified product size of pulse crop after common bean. Among the economically important 500- 550 bp in all the 11 isolates indicating that isolates belong to F. fungal diseases of chickpea, wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. All the isolates varied greatly with respect oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the most serious disease. The four different SSR primers. Out of 11 isolates, all the isolates were survey data indicated that Kalaburagi recorded highest chickpea wilt distinct from one another in the cluster but identical to each other in (32.08%) followed by Bidar (23.25%) and Vijayapur (22.45%). homology and divergence with different nodes. The treatment However, Belagavi showed lowest wilt incidence of 6.33 per cent. combination, viz., seed treatment of mancozeb 50% + carbendazim The study indicated that there is a lot of diversity with respect to 25% WS @ 3.5 g/kg followed by soil drenching of mancozeb 50% + cultural characters viz., colony characters colony diameter, growth carbendazim 25% WS @ 3 g/l water to infected and surrounding pattern, shape, margin, mycelial colour, pigmentation and sectoring. plants was highly effective by recording lowest disease incidence in The morphological characters such as size and septation of macro the pot culture as well as in field. The next best treatment was seed and micro conidia, mycelial width, dry mycelia weight, shape of micro treatment with TR-9 @ 5 g/kg seed + PF-5 @ 5 g/kg seed followed and microconidia, chlamydospores type and colour of the conidia by soil drenching of carbendazim + mancozeb (sprint) @ 3 g/l water also varied greatly in the isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. The and foliar application TR-9 + PF-5 @ 5g/ l at 30 DAS.

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Study on alleviation of salt stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and black gram (Vigna mungo L.) by inoculation with native halophilic bacteria YALAVARTHI NAGARAJU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R.C. GUNDAPPAGOL

Soil salinity poses a great challenge for growing crops at high salinity the saline soils of Gangavathi, Koppal. In vitro studies for nutrient affected areas and it has a substantial impact on growth and yield of solubilization showed remarkable results. Maximum zinc carbonate crops. In the Present study 50 halophilic bacteria were isolated from (ZnCO3) solubilization was recorded at 3 per cent NaCl and increase

89 in solubilization was evidenced up to nine days of inoculation. At 0 16S rRNA characterization of eight productive isolates showed per cent NaCl concentration HB-13 showed maximum solubilization similarity with Bacillus albus strain FS1 (100 % identity), Bacillus of 15.13 mm, at 3 per cent NaCl concentration HB-5 showed 23.16 safensis strain Lewis_Bac_3 (100 % identity), Pseudomonas stutzeri mm, at 6 per cent NaCl concentration HB-18 was recorded with 13.5 strain MN1 (100 % identity), Lysinibacillus sphaericus strain mm, and at 10 per cent NaCl, HB-15 was observed with 11.7 mm SADAAB_31 (100 % identity), Staphylococcus xylosus strain C5 solubilization. Zinc oxide solubilization at 3 per cent NaCl was (100 % identity), Bacillus cereus strain Xpq-15 (100 % identity), remarkably high or at par with the 6 per cent NaCl concentration. Pseudomonas stutzeri strain SIITMB7 (99.93 % identity), and Bacillus Maximum solubilization zones were observed at different levels of cereus strain PMS1 (100 % identity), respectively. Filed evaluation salt concentration viz., at 0, 3, 6 and 10 per cent NaCl concentrations with co-inoculation showed remarkable increase in the biomass and HB-36 (12.4 mm), HB-20 (13.3 mm), HB-30 (13.2), and HB-15 yield in black gram. Among all the treatments HB-5 (Bacillus safensis), (7.8), respectively showed maximum solubilization zones. Tri-calcium HB-13 (Pseudomonas stutzeri) and HB-18 (Staphylococcus xylosus) phosphate was competitively solubilized by halophilic bacteria at showed maximum plant height (48.87 cm), root length (25 cm), different levels of salt concentration namely HB-1, solubilized 6.03, branches (29.3), fresh weight (16.1 g/plant), dry weight (4 g/plant), 11.9, 13.3, and 9.8 mm at 0, 3, 6 and 10 per cent NaCl, respectively. flowers (29.6) and pods (38.3).

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Economics of minor millets in north eastern Karnataka AMBANA GOUDA DURGAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTHA T. JOSHI

Minor millets are one among the traditional crops and are cultivated regulated markets and 19 FPOs through which millets were marketed in areas where they produce a more dependable harvest compared in the study area. Value additions in millets by SHGs were mainly to any other crops. The present study is an effort in this direction carried out in south Karnataka than the northern part. Urban to study all aspects of production, marketing, value addition and consumers consumed more types of millets when compared to rural consumption of foxtail and little millets. The per hectare total cost consumers even at a higher price. Likewise rural consumers depended of cultivation of foxtail millet and little millet was worked out to be more on locally available or millets produced on their own farm. ` 20055 and ` 22278, respectively. Gross returns realized from The major problems faced by producers were threshing loss due to one hectare of foxtail and little millet by the sample farmers were small size of grain in production and lower price in marketing and ` 32171 and ` 33784, respectively. Marketing efficiency index was problems like longer cooking time and costly to buy faced by highest in channel V where ROFAF (regional organic and millets consumers. The study suggested that the farmers can better utilize farmers association and federation) was involved which was 35.58 their lands by cultivating little millet and foxtail millet; and the per cent for foxtail millet and 46.47 per cent for little millet. Producer establishment of a “Millet Board” affiliating all the ROFAFs so that share in consumer rupee in foxtail and little millet respectively was the efforts for production, marketing and consumption of millets in 72.34 per cent and 68.25 per cent. There were seven identified the state are harmonized.

Decision making behaviour and its influence on social and economic performance of farm households in Hyderabad-Karnataka region N. S. NAGESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTHA T. JOSHI

Farmers in developing countries are frequently exposed to the agricultural income increased by ` 9231.28.Irrigated rainfed dummy, uncertainties of weather, prices and disease. Thus decision making number of years of schooling, achievement motivation, risk behaviour plays a crucial role every day, affecting farming operations. orientation and mass media participation were found to be The study was carried out in Raichur, Kalaburagi and Koppal significantly influencing the institutional participation. In irrigated districts. From each district, two taluks were selected and from situation, as evident from the experiment, there were 38 per cent of each taluk, two gram panchayats were selected randomly and from the respondents in the risk averse category. In the case of rainfed each panchayat a village was selected randomly. From each selected situation, it is alarming to note that as high as 52 per cent of the village, 15 farmers were randomly selected and the total sample size respondents were in the risk averse group on loss of toss. The constituted 180 respondents. The attitude of farmers towards farming irrigated farmers were more likely to take up loan in comparison to in irrigated situation was better than the attitude of farmers in rainfed rainfed farmers. Number of family members had a positive influence situation. The overall decision making behaviour was better in on migration while, the decision making behaviour score had a irrigated situation compared to rainfed situation. Achievement negative influence on migration. There is evidence of framing bias motivation and decision making behaviour were found to be and anchoring bias among the sample respondents. The farmers significantly influencing the annual agricultural income. As the were willing to pay more for weather information compared to decision making behaviour score increased by one unit, the annual market and plant protection information.

90 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION A study on knowledge, adoption and attitude of organic and inorganic paddy growers about cultivation practices in TBP command area SIDRAMAYYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: DR. S. K. METI

The present study was conducted in TBP command area comprising adoption category with respect to transplanting method of paddy Raichur, Ballari and Koppal districts during the year 2017-18. A cultivation practices. While, little over half (54.44 %) of the growers sample of 270 respondents was selected purposively from the selected had high level of knowledge about DSR method of paddy cultivation three districts. The major findings of the study revealed that, little practices. The overall attitude of organic paddy and inorganic paddy over half (52.22 %) of the organic paddy growers belonged to medium growers towards organic cultivation practices revealed that, major level of knowledge with respect to organic paddy cultivation practices. proportion (54.44 %) of the organic paddy growers expressed more Whereas, 53.33 per cent of the inorganic paddy growers belonged to favourable attitude towards organic cultivation practices. Over two medium level of knowledge category with respect to transplanting fifth (44.45 %) of the inorganic (transplanted) paddy growers had method of paddy cultivation practices. While, 46.67 per cent of the favourable attitude towards organic cultivation practices. While, in inorganic paddy growers had high knowledge about DSR method of case of DRS method little over half (51.11 %) of the inorganic paddy paddy cultivation practices. About 47.78 per cent of organic paddy growers expressed favourable attitude towards organic cultivation growers belonged to medium level of adoption with respect to organic practices. The return per rupee of investment was higher in organic paddy cultivation practices. Whereas, in case of inorganic paddy paddy (1.79) cultivation compared to inorganic (transplanting and growers, 62.22 per cent of the growers belonged to medium level of DSR method) paddy cultivation (1.30 and 1.46). B. HORTICULTURE Studies on morphological, biochemical, nutritional and molecular characterization of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) varieties UTPAL DAS 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK HUGAR The investigation entitled “Studies on morphological, biochemical, for dehydration, followed by Seb and Gola. Molecular nutritional and molecular characterization of Indian jujube (Ziziphus characterization of 12 varieties by using 30 RAPD markers was mauritiana Lam.) varieties” was made during 2017-18 and 2018-19 grouped into five major clusters. Cluster I comprised of only Dandan in the new orchard, Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, variety, while Jogia and Manuki varieties were found close to each Raichur. Twelve commercial varieties were included in the experiment other forming cluster II. Cluster III comprised of only Illaichi variety, which was laid out in randomized block design with three while the cluster IV comprised of Seb, Sanaur-6, Mehrun, Sanaur-2, replications. Observations were recorded on 48 morphological Chhuhara and Kadaka varieties. The Umran and Gola varieties were characters which included 7 tree characters, 3 thorn characters, 10 also found close to each other forming cluster V. The maximum leaf characters, 3 flowering characters, 5 fruiting characters, 14 fruit genetic similarity between the ber varieties observed in Seb and characters, 4 stone characters, 2 yield characters, 13 biochemical Sanaur-6, followed by Jogia and Manuki. The set of two markers, characters (fresh) and 5 dehydrated fruit and organoleptic evaluation FBF-12 (680 bp) and FBO-02 (690 bp), could successfully detect of fresh and dehydrated fruit. Out of 48 characters, 19 characters on and fingerprint Mehrun variety. The markers FBC-01 (390 bp), phenotypic variation were high for fruit yield per plant. Variety FBA-01 (430 bp) and FBBH-03 (550 bp) detected polymorphism Mehrun (49.44 kg) was the best followed by Manuki (45.48 kg), for Illaichi, Seb and Manuki varieties, respectively. The genetic Umran (34.59 kg) and Gola (26.30 kg) with respect to yield. In variability study prevailing in ber would helpful for further breeding organoleptic evaluation, Kadaka stood first owing to high ascorbic programme. The DNA fingerprints of accessions could be used for acid content even after dehydration. Kadaka seems to be best variety registration process and eventually for their protection.

C. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

Design development and evaluation of automatic groundnut crop thresher SIDDESH MARIHONNAPPANAVARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA An automatic groundnut crop thresher was developed to mechanize clearances (25, 30 and 35 mm) and belt conveyor speeds (0.95, 1.19 the threshing of freshly harvested groundnut crop. The design of and 1.48 ms-1) to study the effect of crop, machine and operational functional components of automatic groundnut crop thresher has parameters. Statistical analysis was carried out by using the Stat- been carried out using Solid Works software. The automatic feeding Ease version 7.0.0 of Design-Expert software to study the effect of mechanism was intended to convey the groundnut crop evenly from operational parameters. The optimized parameters for evaluating the feeding hopper to the threshing cylinder using a belt conveyor. The thresher under field conditions viz., threshing cylinder speed of 9 ms-1 groundnut crop (R-8808 and KADARI-9 varieties) was used for with concave clearance of 25 mm and a belt conveyor speed of testing and evaluation of the developed thresher. Thresher was operated 1.19 ms-1. The threshing and cleaning efficiencies of the machine were at three different threshing cylinder speeds (8, 9 and 10 ms-1), concave found to be 98.33 and 95.02 per cent, respectively with total loss of

91 5.06 per cent. Whereas, germination percentage and seed coat damages The breakeven point and payback period of thresher was 370 hours were 98.11 and 3.47 per cent, respectively. The cost of operation of per annum and 2.88 years, respectively. The savings in cost and time the thresher was found to be ` 703 per hour as against ` 1,158 per were found to be 39.29 and 96.22 per cent, respectively as compared hour required for stripping of groundnut by conventional method. to conventional method. Development and stability analysis of high clearance small tractor operated sprayer and weeder SUNIL SHIRWAL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA Tractor mechanization is limited to the extent of seed bed preparation, the development of weeder, weeding tool geometry was optimized in sowing and harvesting. The unexplored area is spraying and inter- soilbin and V- blades were selected. In field condition, soil moisture, cultivation. Labour shortage is significantly affecting the agriculture forward speed and depth of operation were optimized based on weeder sector which also increases the cost of production. The study was performance parameters. It was determined that the critical slope taken up to develop a stable high clearance tractor suitable for inter- angle for longitudinal stability of the tractor on up slope were 31° to culture and spraying operations in cotton crop. Stability analysis 38° for 0 to 150 kg ballasting. Operating pressure of 785 kPa, 2.15 was carried out on the stability test bench to determine the critical mm nozzle size and 0.66 m height of side nozzle was optimized. The stability angles by simulating the ground conditions. As an attachment optimum values of tool geometry were found to be apex angle of a high clearance sprayer and weeder unit was also developed and its 114.95°, rake angle of 30.37° and lift angle of 9.99°. At forward performance was evaluated in laboratory and field conditions. In speed of 2.21 km h-1, soil moisture of 14.58 per cent and depth of laboratory condition three nozzles were studied and hollow cone operation of 4.42 cm. Weeding efficiency of 82.24 per cent, plant nozzle was selected based on performance, also operating pressure, damage of 1.75 per cent, draft was 1432.16 N, power requirement side nozzle height and orifice size were optimized. In the field study was 0.93 kW, performance index of 3.64 and fuel consumption of forward speed and nozzle height was optimized for cotton crop. For 1.62 l h-1 with a desirability of 0.88. Investigation on evaluation and characterization of cotton stalks for cellulosic ethanol production PREMKUMARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA

Cotton stalk is one of the important by•products of cotton crop, of pretreated samples hydrolyzed. The maximum rate of saccharification the 23 million tonnes of cotton plant stalks generated in India annually. (26.58 mg/g/h) was attained at 12 h for sample pretreated at 120 °C, The cotton stalk contains approximate 45.5 per cent of holocelluloses, 1 h, 2% KOH loaded with 30% enzyme. A total maximum yield of which can be broken down into glucose for use in ethanol production. saccharification (518.9 mg/g) was achieved after 72 h of incubation, Hence, an investigation was conducted to study the cellulosic ethanol with a saccharification rate of 7.2 mg/g/h. The maximum carbohydrate production from cotton stalk. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) conversion of 88.45 per cent was recorded for the sample pretreated pretreatment of cotton stalk was explored in this research at different at optimal conditions (120 °C, 1 h, 2% KOH) loaded with 30% elevated temperatures of 50, 70 and 120 °C with various combinations enzyme. Batch fermentations of enzymatic hydrolyzates were carried of residence times (6, 12, and 24 h for 50 and 70 °C) and (0.25, 0.5, out with 5 g/l Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 30 °C. Fermentation of and 1 h for 120 °C) and KOH concentrations (1, 2 and 3 %). The cellulosic hydrolyzate containing 39.98 g sugar/l sample gave maximum desirability index of solids recovery, acid insoluble lignin, acid soluble ethanol of 19.67 g/l with a yield of 0.49 g/g sugar (0.25 g/g dry biomass) lignin carbohydrates (total sugar) content, cellulose and hemicellulose and productivity (0.82 g/l/h) after 24 h of fermentation. The various were found to be 0.4442, 0.6504, 0.7237, 0.7576, 0.5933, 0.7929 and properties of pure ethanol and cellulosic ethanol obtained from cotton 0.6487, respectively for pretreatment combination of 2% KOH, 1 h stalks viz., calorific value, flash and fire points, cloud and pour points, at 120 °C which has highest combined desirability of 0.649. kinematic viscosity and specific gravity, were determined. The calorific Hydrolysis was carried out with CTec2 Cellulase enzyme at different value, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash and fire point, cloud loading levels (0, 15 and 30%) on the untreated and selected pretreated and pour point, of cellulosic ethanol obtained from cotton stalk were samples for fermentable sugar production. As the enzyme loading 21.26 MJ/kg, 3.15 cSt, 1.05 g cc-1, 33 °C and 35 °C, -13 °C and -18 °C, level increased, the sugar yield also increased for all the untreated and respectively. PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Development and evaluation of nanoadsorbent filter system for dairy plant effluent treatment B. L. DINESHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR

Physico-chemical properties of dairy plant effluents were determined model was found best fitted model compared to RSM model. and found to be more than the EPR standards permissible limits. Nanoadsorbents coated sand filter beds of CZOCS, IOCS and GOCS Effect of sampling points on heavy metals, sodium adsorption ratio were characterized by using SEM-EDS, XRD and TGA. The maximum and microbial TPC in effluent samples were determined. CZnO, CS- per cent reduction efficiency of BOD, COD, phosphate, sulphate,

TiO2, ZVI, GO, Fe2O3 and Ni nanoadsorbents were synthesized and nitrate using CZOCS, GOCS and IOCS filter bed were found at found an average particle size diameter of <100 nm. Characterization optimized dosages of 1.5, 1.5, 0.2, 0.6 and 0.6 M. The production of the synthesized nanoadsorbents were done by using SEM-EDS, cost of CZnO, IOCS and GOCS filter bed were found to be ` 4435/ XRD, AFM, FT-IR and DSC. CZnO was found optimized kg, ` 6220/kg and ` 3235/kg. Break through points, exhaustion point, nanoadsorbent for adsorption of BOD and COD. GO was found break through capacity, exhaustion capacity and degree of column optimized nanoadsorbent for adsorption of phosphate. IO was found utilization were determined for optimized nanoadsorbents coated sand optimized nanoadsorbent for adsorption of sulphate and nitrate. ANN filer bed depth. Model parameters of KTh, q0, KYN, T, KAB and N0 were 92 determined. Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models were found to be best up to 35 days for BOD reduction, 50 days for COD reduction, 37 fitted models for adsorption of BOD, COD, phosphate and sulpahte. days for phosphate reduction, 38 days for sulphate reduction and 48 Adams-Bohart model was found to be best fitted model for adsorption days for amoniacal nitrogen reduction. Filtration cost of developed of nitrate. Developed nanoadsorbent filter system works efficiently filter system was found to be ` 0.79 per litre.

Development of process technology for production of donkey milk powder and its sorption behaviour studies for shelf-life prediction C. MADHUSUDAN NAYAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. T. RAMACHANDRA

Characterization of donkey milk of two breeds namely dwarf grey per cent and 60 °C were found to be optimum. The adsorption and large white was carried out and dwarf grey breed donkey milk behaviour studies were carried out by determining the equilibrium was selected for powder production based on its higher amount of moisture content (EMC) of donkey milk powder at selected physico-chemical (particle size, protein) and nutritional composition temperatures namely, 20, 25 and 30 °C. The experimental data of (lysozyme, Ca, B3, cystine, omega 3). Spray drying was carried out sorption were fitted into four standard models namely, GAB, Oswin, for production of donkey milk powder at different combinations of Peleg and Smith. Results showed that the Oswin model was more concentration and inlet air temperature ranging from 20 to 30 per appropriate for predicting EMC of donkey milk powder. The net cent and 160 to 180 °C, respectively. Optimization of spray dried isosteric heat of sorption ranged from 0.74 to 98.55 kJ.mol-1. The donkey milk powder for good physico-chemical, handling and shelf-life of donkey milk powder packed in two different packaging reconstitutional properties was performed by FCRD. The optimum materials viz., AFLP and PET under accelerated storage condition values of concentration and inlet air temperature were 30 per cent (38±2 °C, 90±1% RH) was observed to be 21 and 7 days which and 170 °C, respectively. Agglomeration process for spray dried were equivalent to about 390 and 252 days, respectively under donkey milk powder was carried out at different combinations of normal temperature and pressure (NTP). The total cost of lecithin concentration and temperature ranging from 0 to 0.8 per production of 1 kg of donkey milk powder was estimated to be cent and 50 to 70 °C, respectively and the results revealed that 0.4 ` 21,750/- and BC ratio was 1.30. Development of fortified rice analogues using by-products of rice and dhal mills Er. AMBRISH GANACHARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UDAYKUMAR

India is one of the largest producers of rice in the world and plays a composition of rice analogues recorded12.70±0.03 per cent of protein, vital role in national food security. Milling of paddy is an important 71.72 ± 0.82 per cent of carbohydrate and0.99±0.02 per cent ash. criterion for obtaining whole rice but an issue during milling is breakage The colour values L*, a* and b* were 68.30±0.76, 4.62±0.10 and of kernels.Brokens are generally not preferred by consumers and 25.91±0.22, respectively. Two FSSAI approved nutrient ready mixes used as feed or brewing resulting in low economic returns. Pigeonpea namely, N-I and N-IIwere selectedand mixed with optimised composite is another important food crop occupies important place in food and flour to further enrich into fortified rice analogueswhich is mixed with nutrition security due to its higher protein and minerals. Pigeonpea is raw rice at 1:50 ratio. The sensory evaluation of cooked rice (mixed mainly consumed in the form of dhal and processing into dhal is with fortified rice analogues) was performed for its consumer coupled with losses in terms of brokens and wastages. However, acceptability. The cooking properties viz., cooking time, elongation there is a considerable potential for value-addition of these relatively ratio and solid loss were observed to be non-significant except water cheaperby-products of both milling industries. In this context, uptake ratio. The results revealed that the N-II @ 125 per cent retained development of process technology for production of fortified rice 82.4 per cent of iron and 92.2 per cent of zinc after cooking with a analogues was undertaken by utilising the milling by-productsusing desirability factor of 0.87.The folic acid, Vitamin A,thiamine, riboflavin, extrusion technology. A diewith holes’dimensions of 6.0×1.5 mmwas niacin and pyridoxine being sensitive to thermal processing were found designed and fabricated to produce rice analogues. The composite to be 55.2, 11.0, 7.0, 73.9, 33.3 and 20.1 per cent, respectively. The flour withbase material as rice flour was optimised for different levels colour values (L*, a* and b*) were 66.60±0.07, 4.72±0.07 and of moisture contentand pigeonpea dhal flour. The optimised composite 33.07±0.22, respectively. The production cost of fortified rice analogues flour contained 30 per cent moisture content and 30 per cent of was computed as ` 53.50 /kg and an increase in cost after blending at broken dhal flour with a desirability factor of 0.85. The proximate 1:50 was ` 1.00 /kg. The BC ratio was estimated to be 1.22.

SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING Performance evaluation of pigeonpea under drip irrigation and plastic mulch under Raichur agroclimatic condition NAGARAJ MALAPPANAVAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. MAHESHWARA BABU

The study was conducted during 2016-17 and 2017-18 at research 60 % ET), I2 (Irrigation at 80 % ET), I3 (Irrigation at 100 % ET) field, CAE, UAS, Raichur, to evaluate the effect of different levels and four sub sub treatments viz., M1 (White over black plastic of fertigation, irrigation and colour plastic mulches for pigeonpea. mulch), M2 (Silver over black plastic mulch), M3 (Complete black

The present study was laid out in a split-split plot design with plastic mulch) and M4 (Control). The results revealed that, the three replications. There were two main treatments viz., F1 (75 % maximum monthly water requirement was as 146.20 mm at 100%

RDF), F2 (100 % RDF), three sub treatments viz., I1 (Irrigation at ET in December 2016 and 141.36 mm at 100 per cent ET in

93 December 2017. The response of plants with respect to plant plastic mulch produced significantly maximum yield (2384 kg ha-1), height, number of branches, dry matter production and yield (kg while minimum yield (1664 kg ha-1) was recorded in control ha-1) was found better in the treatment where 100 % RDF, irrigation treatment. White mulching resulted in higher benefit cost ratio of at 100% ET and white colour mulch were imposed. The highest 2.74 on pooled basis, while, in control lowest benefit cost ratio of water use efficiency (6.76 kg ha-1 mm-1) was found in treatment of 2.32 was recorded on pooled basis. The adoption of improved 60 per cent ET, similarly minimum water use efficiency (4.50 kg technology in transplanted pigeonpea, i.e. drip irrigation with colour ha-1 mm-1) was found in 100 per cent ET with control. White plastic mulches recorded higher benefit: cost ratio. Effect of different irrigation techniques and saline water on soil properties, yield and water use efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in Tungabhadra project command RAJKUMAR R. HALIDODDI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, and lycopene content were found increased with increase in salinity Gangavathi (Karnataka) in 2018 and 2019 to study the effect of three levels of irrigation water and had no effect of different irrigation

(Furrow-M0, Surface drip-M1 and Subsurface drip-M2) irrigation techniques. In surface drip irrigation the soil moisture decreased techniques on soil properties, yield and water use efficiency of tomato vertically as depth increases and decreased horizontally at 20 cm (Solanum lycopersicum) in Tungabhadra Project Command. Different distances away from the dripper. In subsurface drip irrigation, due to -1 -1 -1 salinity 0.65 dS m (normal water-S0), 2 dS m (S1), 3 dS m (S2), 4 dS frequent application of water at 20 cm depth through buried drip -1 -1 m (S3) and 5 dS m (S4) irrigation water were used to study the effect lateral (M2), more moisture was found at root zone and at deeper on tomato yield. It was found that highest water requirement (563.4 depths. The salt accumulation was observed less at root zone and mm) was found in furrow irrigation followed by surface (538.6 mm) more at top surface due to continuous salt leaching downwards and and subsurface drip (247.6 mm) irrigation. The water saved in surface upwards through capillary in subsurface drip. The HYDRUS-1D drip and subsurface drip over furrow irrigation was found to be 41.0 model was used for simulating one dimensional soil water content and to 45.7 and 46.3 to 54.7 per cent from 0.65 to 5 dS m-1 saline water solute transport (Soil salinity) under different irrigation techniques treatments respectively. The pooled data of two years results revealed and different salinity of irrigation water. Calibration and validation -1 2 that maximum (27.3 t ha ) yield was found in M2 followed by M1 results of HYDRUS-1D show that better R and RMSE values. The -1 -1 (26.67 t ha ) and lowest in M0 (20.38 t ha ). The yield decreased results of simulation revealed that model is able to predict the soil with increase in salinity levels. The two year pooled data showed water and soil salinity. The highest benefit cost ratio of 1.84 was -1 -1 higher (98.65 kg ha mm ) water use efficiency (WUE) under M2 obtained under M2S0 followed by M1S0 (1.8) and M2S1 (1.78). The -1 -1 followed by M1 (84.2 kg ha mm ) and least in case of M0 (37.55 kg minimum (0.524 year) payback period was obtained under M1S0 -1 -1 ha mm ). Decreased WUE with increased in salinity levels of followed by M2S0 (0.544 year), M1S1 (0.548 year) and M2S1 (0.567 irrigation was observed. Significant difference were observed in plant year). When there is not enough fresh or normal water available for height, number of branches during 30, 60, 90 and 120 DAT, average irrigation, saline water with salinity 2 dS m-1 can be applied as an single fruit and ten fruits weights under subsurface drip and surface alternative water source to irrigate the field with surface drip and drip over furrow and 0.65 and 2 dS m-1 over 5 dS m-1 treatment subsurface drip irrigation techniques without any harmful effect on respectively. The quality parameters pH, TSS, acidity, ascorbic acid the soil.

Performance evaluation of conventional and controlled subsurface system in saline vertisols of Tungabhadra project command ANNANAGOUDA V. KAREGOUDAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

Subsurface drainage improves the productivity of poorly drained was faster in case of conventional drainage compared to controlled soils by lowering the , providing greater soil aeration, drainage. The mean soil salinity (ECe) in all the spacing under both improving root zone soil salinity and enhancing the crop yield. conventional and controlled drainage system was reduced. The loss Therefore, the study was conducted for two years (2016-18) to of NO3-N and phosphorus through drain discharge was higher to check the effect of different subsurface drainage spacing on soil the extent of 43 to 71 and 33 per cent at different spacing under quality parameters, land and crop performance in the TBP command conventional compared to controlled drainage system, respectively. area, Karnataka. A subsurface drainage system was installed in an SALTMOD model showed better leaching efficiency matching with area of 9.42 ha area at the Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi observed data during the validation period of the model. Similarly, under Tungabhadra Project (TBP) command area of LBMC in the prediction of the model for root zone soil salinity also matched Karnataka, India. The treatments consisted of three different SSD with the observed data. The paddy grain yield was increased by 30 spacing viz., 40 (2.62 ha), 50 (2.8 ha) and 60 m (4.0 ha) each with a and 24 per cent (40 m drain spacing), 29 and 24 per cent (50 m drain lateral depth of 1.0 m. The continuous flow of drain water removal spacing) and 34 and 29 per cent (60 m drain spacing) under of dissolved salts through drainage effluent was faster as well as conventional and controlled drainage system. Looking into the from deeper depth in conventional drainage than controlled drainage economics, conventional drainage system with 50 m lateral drain system. Hence, the rate of reclamation of waterlogged saline land spacing appears to be adoptable/feasible in the study area.

94 Drought characterization and modelling over Hyderabad Karnataka region for sustainable agriculture RAHUL PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. POLISGOWDAR

The global climate change is likely to enhance the number of incidences of 18.49. The trend analysis of drought showed that Lingasugur, Shahpur of droughts. As a result it will cause significant damage both for the and Yadgir were under the risk of frequent droughts due to decreasing natural environment as well as human society. In order to tackle the rainfall over a period 57 years. The historical droughts events were above problems the study was carried out in order to select the captured during 1972, 1973, 1985, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2010 and 2014, appropriate drought indices (DIs) using Analytical Hierarchy process, found to be hit by severe drought, followed by a moderate drought at spatial and temporal variation of meteorological drought, drought regular intervals throughout the study area. Analysing the drought return forecasting using Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average period, showed that as the time scale increases the magnitude and (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and drought duration of the drought increased over the study area. The drought was management plan for sustainable agriculture for Hyderabad-Karnataka forecasted using ANN and ARIMA for different lead time, out of which region. The comparison of DIs showed that PN, RAI and Deciles two month lead time was found to be least erroneous and the ANN sensed higher drought months as compared to other indices namely model performed well for all stations compared to ARIMA models. SPI, SPEI and CZI. Whereas, comparison of SPI and SPEI showed Further more, the probability analysis of rainfall helped out in higher correlation during the monsoon months and lower during the determining the optimum sowing dates and rain water harvesting over summer and winter which is mainly due to incorporation of PET in the study area. Looking into the result the study will help in SPEI. The evaluation of DIs showed that SPI is the most ranked understanding drought indices, magnitude and severity of drought in meteorological drought index for Raichur region with a priority weight the study area and also helps in optimizing sowing dates.

95 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Cytomorphological characterization of intraspecific hybrids in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ASWINI CHUKKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIKAS.V.KULKARNI

The present study was undertaken to understand cross-compatibility parents exhibited 17 bivalents. Various chromosomal configurations between cultivated H.annuus L. genotypes R-83-Br ,CMS-B and of bivalents were recorded during Diakinesis stage of Meiosis. Later wild annual diploid H. annuus accessions, ANN-61(Acc-1), ANN-98 study on Anaphase I, II and Telophase showed no abnormalities. (Acc-2) & ANN-114 (Acc-3) and cytomorphological characterization Intraspecific hybrids showed different chromosomal associations of the derived intraspecific hybrids. Morphological characterization like univalents, bivalents, and multivalents and various chromosome of intraspecific hybrids revealed that the intraspecific crosses showed configurations. At Anaphase, chromosomal irregularity was not some character similar to wild H.annuus accessions viz., hypocotyl observed. Micronuclei were not observed in any of the meiocytes in anthocyanin pigmentation, medium leaf serration, dense leaf tetrad stage. There were no laggards and chromosome bridges during pubescence, presence of petiole pigmentation, plant branching type, Anaphase and no micronuclei during tetrad formation. Thus, indicating ovate ray floret shape, orange yellow ray floret colour and brown meiotic division proceeds normally and results in good pollen fertility stigma colour. While some traits resembled female cultivated parents and seed setting. In the present study the pollen fertility was very viz., cordate leaf shape. Acute leaf vein angle and yellow pollen high in parents i.e. 98.5 per cent in cultivated sunflower and a mean of colour are present in all genotypes of study. Stem pubescence is 90.7 per cent in wild annual diploid H. annuus accessions. Pollen intermediary between parents. Leaf shape, stem colouration head viability in wild species was very high (>90 %). In the intraspecific angle and seed shape varied among the intraspecific crosses and showed crosses the pollen fertility studied was > 95 per cent. independent character. During cytological characterization of both Genetic variability and divergence studies in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] ANILKUMAR PRADHANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. JAIPRAKASH NARAYANA Forty okra accessions were evaluated in Randomized Block Design of fruits per plant and plant height at 90 days after sowing (DAS) replicated thrice at the Horticulture farm, MARS, UAS, Raichur. indicates predominance additive gene action. Thus, there is ample during kharif 2017 and assessed for their genetic variability, scope for improving these characters through direct selection. heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for 22 parameters Correlation studies revealed significant and positive association of concerned with growth, flowering, yield and quality. The genotypic fruit yield per plant with number of flowers per plant, average fruit and phenotypic coefficient of variability were high for iodine weight, number of leaves per plant at 90 DAS, per cent fruit set, content, fruit yield per hectare and number of seeds per fruit number of primary branches per plant at 90 DAS and number of indicating maximum amount of variability present in the genotypes fruits per plant. Path analysis studies revealed high direct effect of for these characters which would be amenable for further selection. average fruit weight on fruit yield per plant. In the present High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean was investigation it can be concluded that the genotypes NDO-10 and observed for number of ridges on fruit surface, number of seeds per JNDO-5 recorded higher fruit yield per plant with superior quality fruit, fruit girth, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, number parameters compared to other genotypes.

Genetic variability studies in F3 families and evaluation of coloured cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum L.) genotypes G.. GEETHA DEVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J.M. NIDAGUNDI The study was conducted during kharif, 2018 at the Main sympodia,boll weight, number of bolls per plant and fibre strength Agricultural Research Station, Raichur to evaluate 18 coloured in coloured cotton while, negative correlation with sympodial length at 50 per cent plant height, micronaire and fibre length. The path cotton genotypes and four F3 families each, wherein each family included 100 lines for 15 characters in an augmented design with analysis indicated positive direct effect on seed cotton yield per 75×30 cm spacing, separately. The germplasm consisted of plant through number of sympodia, boll weight, fibre length, ginning outturn and seed index. In F analysis, plant height, micronaire and coloured cotton lines from CICR, Nagpur and four F3 families 3 generated at Cotton section of MARS, Raichur along with two lint index revealed a high degree of variability among the genotypes checks. In coloured cotton genotypes, ANOVA revealed significant tested. High variability, heritability and GAM were observed for differences for traits like sympodial length at 50 per cent plant plant height, number of sympodia, sympodial length at ground level, height and ginning outturn percent.High variability, heritability number of bolls per plant and seed index. Significant positive and GAM were observed for plant height, number of sympodia, correlation for plant height, number of bolls per plant and seed sympodial length at ground level, numberof bolls per plant. index while, significant negative correlation for ginning outturn. Path Association analysis denoted the positive association of seed analysis indicated positive direct effect on seed cotton yield per cotton yield per plant through number of monopodia, number of plant through internodal distance, number of bolls and seed index.

96 Stability analysis of abiotic stress tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids PAVANI NALLA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P.H. KUCHANUR

Field experiments were conducted at two locations viz., Agriculture hybrid RCRMH-12 was stable for number of kernels per cob. The College Farm, Bheemarayanagudi, Main Agricultural Research Station, hybrids RCRMH-10 and RCRMH-9 were found stable for test Raichur in four seasons to study the per se performance stability of weight. BGMH-2 was stable for shelling percentage across locations. hybrids under varied situations and to study the morpho-physiological The hybrids RCRMH-12 and RCRMH-4 were stable across varied parameters associated with the heat stress. Twelve hybrids and five situations and locations for grain yield per hectare. The study for checks were raised in randomized block design with three replications morpho-physiological parameters associated with the heat stress at each location and season. Based on per se performance, the hybrids indicated that the hybrid RCRMH-3 was having more greenness, an viz., RCRMH-10 and RCRMH-11 were superior for days to 50 per indicator of stress adaptive genotypes. RCRMH-14 recorded higher cent anthesis and days to 50 per cent silking, respectively. RCRMH- concentration of chlorophyll which is correlated with yield under 12 and RCRMH-10 were identified as good for plant height and ear heat stress. The hybrids P3550 and RCRMH-9 recorded high RWC height, respectively. RCRMH-3, RCRMH-4 and the check NK6240 indicating high water status of the plant tissues in those genotypes. were top performing hybrids for test weight. The hybrids viz., P3436, The grain yield per plant showed significant and positive correlation RCRMH-12 and RCRMH-2 were the best mean performers for grain with plant height, hundred kernel weight, shelling percentage, cob yield per hectare. The hybrids viz., RCRMH-5, RCRMH-12 and length, cob girth, chlorophyll content and number of leaves at both RCRMH-2 was stable for plant height across locations. While, the phenotypic and genotypic level.

Genetic variation for flower production, abscission and disease reaction studies in advanced lines of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] MAHMADSHAFI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MUNISWAMY

The present experiment was carried out to estimate the genotypic GRG-152, GRG-222, KRG-155, ICPL-15017, GRG-177 and GRG- variation for flower production and abscission in 19 pigeonpea 811recorded more yield per plant under rainfed condition and the [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] genotypes under rainfed and irrigated genotypes viz., GPT-1, WRP-R-29-4, JSA-59-2, KRG-224 and TS- condition. Selected 19 pigeonpea genotypes were also subjected for 3R showed more yield per plant in irrigated condition. The genotypes screening against Fusarium wilt at the Zonal Agriculture Research GRG-152, GRG-177, GRG-222, GRG-617, KGR-224, KGR-221, Station, Kalaburagi and Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) at the KGR-244, KGR-155, AGL-1603-2, WRP-R-29-4, GPT-1, ICPL- Agricultural Research Station, Bidar using RBD during kharif 2018. 15017, TS-3R (Ch) and GRG-811 (Ch), were found resistant to Genotypic variation was observed for percent flower drop and percent Fusarium wilt and AGL-1603-2, JSA-59-2, GPT-1, and ICPL-15017 pod set among the genotypes. The genotypes RIL-59, RIL-63 and were resistant to SMD. Whereas, AGL-1603-2 showed multiple GRG-152 which showed lowest flower produced to pod set ratio in resistant to both wilt and SMD. Therefore, said genotypes which rainfed condition and the genotypes WRP-R-29-2, KRG-224, and showed minimum flower drop to pod set ratio, higher production of ICPL-15017 which showed lowest flower produced to pod set ratio pods and resistance to Fusarium wilt and SMD can be utilized for under irrigated condition. Pollen study indicated that more pollen further breeding programmes, development of mapping populations load in normal flower compared to abscised flower. The genotype and used as a parents in hybridization programme.

Genetic variability and association studies for yield, yield attributing and fibre quality traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SHRUTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. C. SOWMYA

The study was conducted during kharif, 2018 at the Experimental improvement programmes. Association analysis denoted the block of Agricultural College, Bheemarayanagudi to evaluate 20 upland significant positive association of seed cotton yield (kg/ha) with plant cotton genotypes for 15 characters in an Randomized Complete Block height, number of sympodia per plant, inter-nodal distance, number Design with 90×30 cm spacing. These genotypes were indigenously of bolls per plant and seed index. While making selection as they were bred and developed at MARS, Raichur. Analysis of variance revealed major attributes of seed cotton yield. While, non significant negative significant differences for all traits revealing a high degree of variability correlation was registered with fibre strength and micronaire. The among the genotypes. High variability and genetic advance as per path analysis indicated positive direct effect on seed cotton yield cent of mean were observed for number of monopodia per plant. High through number of monopodia, number of sympodia, inter nodal variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean were distance, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, UHML, micronaire observed for sympodial length at 50 per cent of plant height and and seed index. Therefore, selection on these traits will be useful in number of bolls per plant. This indicates that selection can be resorted increasing the seed cotton yield. These genotypes can be used in for the improvement of these characters in the future crop breeding programme to enhance the yield.

97 Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for fertility restoration and heterosis VANITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R DIWAN

The study was undertaken during kharif 2018 at the ARS Gangavati, cent, respectively and based on spikelet fertility were 5.95, 58.32, with 50 pollen parents having diverse genetic backgrounds, five female 20.23 and 15.47 per cent, respectively. Among fully fertile hybrids, lines and 84 experimental hybrids derived from crosses between the 9A/SC5 recorded better mean for filled spikelets per panicle, total CMS lines and pollen parents. The investigation was done with the spikelet number per panicle, and yield per plant and none of the cross aim of identifying fully restorers, partial restorers, partial maintainers combination recorded significant standard heterosis for all the traits and fully maintainers in parental lines, estimation of heterosis in fully simultaneously. Out of seven SSR markers used to identify fertility fertile hybrids, molecular analysis of rice genotypes for identification restoration genes (Rf1 and Rf2, Rf3, Rf4) four markers exhibited a P- of restorer genes, and assessing quality parameters in selected parental value of less than 0.05 which indicates significant association between lines. Among 84 F1 hybrids 13 hybrids were completely fertile and 5 marker and the trait. Two markers RM1 and RM3233 are linked to were completely sterile. The remaining 66 hybrids expressed varying Rf3 gene which is located on chromosome 1 and other two markers degrees of fertility (both pollen and spikelet). Forty-nine of them RM171 and RM1108 recorded significant association with Rf4 gene were partial maintainers and the remaining seventeen were partial which is present on chromosome 10. Parental genotypes were analysed restorers (based on spikelet fertility). The frequencies of fully for quality parameters and thirteen genotypes were having MS type maintainer, partial maintainer, partial restorer, and fully restorer male of grain. Eight, 23 and 21 genotypes were having medium GC, low to lines based on pollen fertility were 5.95, 59.50, 19.04 and 15.47 per medium GT and intermediate AC, respectively.

Genetic investigations on yield and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) N. M. KAVYASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. DIWAN

The present study was carried out at the ARS Gangavati to assess the heritability and GAM indicated the presence of higher variability among yield and yield related traits of 24 rice genotypes. The assessment of the traits. The heritability is most likely due to additive gene effects physico-chemical and nutritional qualities; molecular diversity; root, and selection for these traits may be effective. Correlation studies among leaf and grain morphological characters using foldscope was done at the yield and its contributing characters revealed positive significant Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture Raichur. correlation of all the yield related traits with grain yield per plant Analysis of variance revealed the presence of highly significant except days to fifty per cent flowering which showed negative significant differences between the genotypes. Study of genetic parameters revealed association with grain yield at genotypic level. These results indicated moderate to high GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and the importance of these traits while breeding for high yielding rice genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) for flag leaf length, panicle genotypes. Molecular diversity assessment using RAPD and SSR weight, test weight and yield per plant. Among the quality traits studied markers revealed high variability among genotypes. RAPD primers gel consistency, gelatinization temperature, grain zinc and GABA grouped 24 rice genotypes into 11 clusters at Jaccard’s similarity manifested higher GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and coefficient of 0.25 while SSR markers grouped them into two clusters GAM. The morphological traits studied using foldscope viz., length of at genetic similarity level of 0.39. The information generated through leaf serrations, length of hairs on lemma and root hair length also exhibited cluster analysis could be efficiently used in hybridization programmes higher GCV, PCV, heritability and GAM. The higher GCV, PCV, to develop superior rice genotypes.

Studies on response of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) mini-core genotypes for terminal drought tolerance SHIVASHANTAVEERA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. HASAN KHAN

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as peanut, is an heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was important legume crop grown widely for its edible seeds. The present reported for plant height, primary branches per plant, matured pods experiment was undertaken to evaluate the response of 188 groundnut per plant, immature pods per plant hundred kernel weight under both mini-core genotypes to terminal drought. The genotypes were screened conditions. Correlation studies revealed that the highly significant for terminal drought tolerance using line source sprinkler irrigation positive association recorded for matured pods per plant, sound mature system in Augmented Block Design during kharif 2018 at the MARS, kernels, kernel yield and haulm yield at phenotypic level under both UAS Raichur. Data were recoreded for morphological, physiological control and terminal drought conditions. The path analysis study and root traits at different growth stages. Analysis of variance revealed indicated that high positive non significant direct effect by kernel significant differences among the genotypes for most of the yield per plant and haulm yield per plant. Based on drought tolerant characterstics studied indicating presence of high degree of variability indices (viz., MP, DTE, DSI, STI) for dry pod and kernel yield, root among the genotypes tested. The PCV and GCV estimates were parameters and physiological traits the genotypes ICG-8517, ICG- relatively high for number of kernel yield per plant, mature pods per 15190, ICG-10474, ICG-10185 ICG and ICG-10566 were identified plant, primary branches per plant, immature pods per plant, dry pod as terminal drought tolerant and suitable for end season drought prone yield per plant and haulm yield per plant under both conditions. High areas of Hyderabad Karnataka region.

98 Characterization of maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines for morphological and yield related traits V. SUPRAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. C. SOWMYA

Experiment was conducted to characterize maize inbred lines for of grains per cob, plant height, grain yield per plant, 1000 kernel weight morphological and yield related traits at CADA Experimental Block, and grain yield (kg/ha). High heritability coupled with high GAM Bheemarayanagudi during rabi, 2018. The ANOVA revealed that indicating the preponderance of additive gene action. The important significant variation exist among 50 inbred lines for 14 characters and yield attributing traits viz., shelling percentage, number of grains per non significant for one character viz., anthesis silking interval indicating row and plant height showed positive association with grain yield per the presence of variability among the inbred lines used for the present plant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. Number of grains per study. Out of 31 characteristics, six characteristics viz., time of anthesis, cob and shelling percentage have recorded highest positive direct effect ear girth, kernel poppiness, kernel sweetness, kernel waxiness and kernel on grain yield at phenotypic level. At genotypic level, the characters opaqueness were monomorphic. Thirteen characteristics were found viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis, number of grains per cob, shelling to be dimorphic and remaining 12 characteristics were polymorphic. percentage exhibited high direct positive effect on grain yield at genotypic High GCV and PCV were observed for number of grains per cob, grain level. Among the inbred lines used in the study, BGUDI 31, HS 4, P 52, yield per plant and grain yield (kg/ha). The high heritability coupled P 16 were identified as promising inbreds for grain yield (kg/ha), grain with high GAM were observed for number of grains per row, number yield per plant, number of grain rows per cob, 1000 kernel weight.

Genetic variability studies in F3 generations of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) NISTHA MOHAPATRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. HASAN KHAN

The present investigation was carried out to study the genetic variability of mature pods per plant, kernel yield, haulm yield and shelling in F3 generation of four crosses viz., Kadri-9 × GPBD-4, ICGV- percentage in all the crosses indicating the importance of these traits, 00351 × GPBD-4, Kadri-9 × Sunoleic-95R and ICGV-00351 × while selection is under consideration. Path analysis study indicated Sunoleic-95R. The crop was grown during rabi-Summer 2017-18 and a high positive direct effect by kernel yield per plant in crosses kharif 2018 in augmented random block design at the MARS, UAS Kadri-9 × GPBD-4 and ICGV-00351 × Sunoleic-95R on dry pod Raichur. Data were recorded for different qualitative and quantitative yield per plant. As per skewness and kurtosis study, dry pod yield, traits. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for majority kernel yield and oil content recorded a negative skewness whereas of the traits studied. True heterozygotes were identified for high traits viz., days to physiological maturity, number of mature pods oleate and foliar disease resistance in two segregating generations viz., per plant, haulm yield, HKW, shelling percentage, protein content

BC2F1 and F2 of four crosses by using trait specific markers. High and oleic acid content exhibited positive skewness suggesting a mild percentage of PCV, GCV, heritability coupled with high GAM values and intense selection would be sufficient to gain maximum genetic were recorded by number of primary branches per plant, number of gain in negatively and positively skewed traits, respectively. mature pods per plant, number of immature pods per plant, dry pod Transgressive segregants with value exceeding the better parent were yield, haulm yield, kernel yield and hundred kernel weight. Dry pod observed in all the crosses for yield, foliar disease resistance and yield reported a highly significant positive association with number oleic acid content.

Genetic assessment of biofortified rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for grain yield BHIMALINGESHWARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. MAHANTASHIVAYOGAYYA

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, weight at phenotypic level and grain yield per plant exhibited Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur. Thirty three significant positive correlations with panicle length and test weight at biofortified rice genotypes including five checks received from Indian genotypic level. The estimation of iron and zinc by XRF (X- Ray Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad were evaluated for yield and Fluorescence Spectrometry) revealed that grain Iron content ranged yield attributing traits, estimation of micronutrients and molecular from 0.8 to 6.2 ppm and the grain Zinc content ranged from12.2 to characterization using trait specific markers. Analysis of variance 25.26 ppm. Protein content was estimated by micro kjeldhals method revealed that existence of significant difference for all the characters ranged from 5.7 to 9.18 per cent. Molecular assessment of these rice studied. For yield and yield attributing characters most of the traits genotypes was carried out by using trait specific primers containing showed high heritability associated with high genetic advance such as 2 candidate gene markers and 3 SSR markers, out of which only two plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, number of grains SSR markers (RM 23 and RM35) have shown polymorphism. per panicle, test weight, grain yield per plant, grain iron content and Therefore, these markers can be further validated and utilized in marker grain zinc content indicating role of additive gene action in controlling assisted breeding programme for effective biofortification in rice. The these traits. The correlation analysis for yield and yield attributing promising genotypes identified can be released to farmers after testing traits revealed that grain yield per plant exhibited significant positive in multiple locations for their stable performance or they can be used correlation with productive tillers per plant, panicle length and test as parents in hybridization programme.

99 Comparative analysis of backcross and selfed progenies in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) SAGAR ILIGER 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIKAS V. KULKARNI

The present study was undertaken for morphological characterization test weight, seed yield per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering and and to estimate the extent of variability created in desirable direction days to maturity were at desirable direction in backcross progenies. in both backcross and selfed progenies through wide hybridization. Higher GCV, PCV and heritability with genetic advance as percent Morphological characterization of backcross progenies revealed that of mean were observed in selfed progenies as compared to backcross hypocotyl anthocyanin pigmentation, petiole pigmentation, ray floret progenies for the traits such as number of leaves, plant height, head colour, seed shape and seed colour similar to wild accessions in diameter, stem diameter, test weight, seed yield and leaf length whereas backcross progenies. While some traits resembled female cultivated backcross progenies recorded high GCV and PCV in oil content and parents in both backcross and selfed progenies viz., leaf shape, ray volume weight. The present study gave clear demarcation between floret shape, disc floret colour, stem pigmentation, pollen colour and backcross and selfed progenies derived from wide hybridization head size whereas the traits such as plant type, leaf serration, stigma indicating the possibility to develop more stable and promising inbred pigmentation and seed stripes were similar to wild accessions in both lines through two generation of backcrossing rather than selfing alone backcross and selfed progenies. Variability created in head diameter, for generation advancement. Assessment of genetic diversity, morphological characterization among indigenous collections of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] SATISH KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MUNISWAMY The present investigation was carried out at the ZARS, Kalaburagi, direct and indirect effect on seed yield per plant. The grouping of during kharif, 2018, to study the genetic variability, genetic diversity, germplasm lines into twelve clusters in which cluster I was the largest morphological characterization and character association of nine yield comprising of 60 genotypes while clusters IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, XII and yield related traits in 154 germplasm lines and three checks of were solitary with one entry. Out of nine characters studied, number pigeonpea. Further, foldscope instrument was used to study the of pods per plant has maximum contribution towards divergence trichome length and trichome density against the pod fly host plant followed by plant height, days to maturity, days to 50 per cent resistance. Genetic variability studies revealed high genotypic co- flowering, seed yield per plant, pod bearing length and number of efficient of variability, phenotypic co-efficient of variability, secondary branches. The maximum intercluster distance was observed heritability and genetic advance for number of pods per plant, between V and IX (241.23), while cluster VII showed the maximum secondary branches, pod bearing length, days to 50 per cent flowering, intra cluster distance (55.57). The observation for qualitative days to maturity, plant height and seed yield per plant. All characters characters revealed that presence of morphological variation among except 100 seed weight had significant and positive correlation with the genotypes for traits such as pod colour, stem colour, flower colour seed yield per plant at phenotypic level. The 100 seed weight, number and seed morphology. Morphological characterization of pod trichomes of pods per plant, number of primary branches, pod bearing length, revealed that germplasm lines with high trichome length coupled with days to maturity and number of secondary branches exhibited positive high trichome density exhibited less infestation of pod fly. Assessment of genetic diversity in CMS and inbred lines of sunflower [Helianthus annuus L.] PAIGAMBAR PATEL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIKAS V. KULKARNI

The present investigation was carried out at the experimental area effect on seed yield per plant and the residual effect value is 0.477. of sunflower scheme MARS, Raichur, during kharif, 2018 to study The grouping of germplasm lines into 13 clusters maximum the genetic variability, correlation, path analysis and genetic diversity genotypes (57) were included in cluster I followed by cluster III of 10 yield and yield related traits in 75 germplasm lines and five (12). However remaining clusters viz., I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, checks of sunflower. Further, foldscope instrument was used to IX, X, XI, XII, XIII with single genotype each. Out of 10 characters study the trichome length and trichome density against host plant studied, plant height has maximum contribution towards divergence resistance. Genetic variability studies revealed high genotypic co- followed by oil content, volume weight and days to 50 per cent efficient of variability, phenotypic co-efficient of variability, flowering. The maximum intercluster distance was observed between heritability and genetic advance for plant height and head diameter. cluster III and XIII (7809.17), while cluster I showed the maximum All characters except days to maturity, test weight and oil content intra cluster distance (326.30). Morphological characterization of had significant and positive correlation with seed yield per plant at leaf trichomes revealed that germplasm lines with high trichome phenotypic level. Days to maturity, plant height, head diameter, length coupled with high trichome density exhibited less infestation number of leaves per plant exhibited positive direct and indirect of insects and pest.

Identification of genotypes for tolerance to drought stress in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) A. DURUGESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. N. YOGEESH

Finger millet is an important staple food crop of Karnataka. Terminal stress (TMS) environments in augmented block design. Maximum drought is one of the major constrain under current climate change phenotypic and genotypic coefficient variation was found number of scenario which affects productivity of ragi. The present investigation productive tillers, finger length and number of roots under stress based on screening of 66 genotypes of ragi along with four checks was environment, dry matter and seed yield per plant in both MSF and carried out under moisture stress free (MSF) and terminal moisture TMS environments. Whereas, the traits like plant height, 1000 seed

100 weight exhibited minimum phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of exhibited positive direct effects on seed yield per plant. Under TMS variation in both environments. Characters like, number of fingers, environment, finger length, root number, root length, 1000 seed weight number of productive tillers, finger length, root number, root length, and dry matter exhibited direct positive effects on seed yield per plant. dry matter and seed yield per plant under MSF environment, exhibited Under MSF environment, the highest inter cluster distance lies between high GCV, PCV, heritability along with high genetic advance as a per cluster X and cluster XI. Whereas under TMS environment, the highest cent of mean. Traits like, days to 50 per cent flowering, finger length, inter cluster distance lies between cluster X and cluster XIII. Further number of roots, under TMS environment exhibited high GCV, PCV drought tolerant genotypes were identified based on drought parameters and heritability. Under MSF environment, number of productive tillers, such as seed yield difference, mean productivity, drought susceptible plant height, number of fingers, root length and 1000 seed weight indices, drought tolerant indices and stress tolerance indices. Mutation studies in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum. L) N. S. CHANNAMMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. M. NIDAGUNDI

The present investigation consisted of a total of 98 gamma irradiated kR than 15 kR in the hybrid RAHH 909 while, in the hybrid BGDHH mutant lines derived from two potential intra-hirsutum cotton hybrids 821 maximum variability and higher values were recorded at 15 kR than viz., {RAHH 909-10 kR (32 lines), RAHH 909-15 kR (24 lines), 10 kR for most of the characters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) BGDHH 821-10 kR (24 lines) and BGDHH 821-15 kR (18 lines)} revealed significant differences for radiation treatments, genotypes and selected from the base population of 392 lines of two hybrids RAHH- interaction for treatments × genotypes. Seed cotton yield per plant 909 and BGDHH-821 compared with two checks SUJAY (SCS-793) showed highly significant correlation with number of bolls per plant and BGDS-1063. The experiment was carried out during kharif season among all the traits in three situations except in case of 15 kR irradiation of 2018 at the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur. The analysis of BGDHH 821. Thus in the future breeding programmes, highly of variance revealed higher significant differences in the mutant lines positively associated traits like number of bolls per plant, number of derived from BGDHH 821 compared to RAHH 909. Variability sympodia per plant and ginning outturn should be given thrust while parameters have shown maximum variability and higher values at 10 making selection as they are major attributes of seed cotton yield. Stability analysis of BPT-5204 based rice mutants for grain yield under saline soil C. PRASHANTH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. MAHANTASHIVAYOGAYYA The present study was undertaken to evaluate 12 rice mutants along additive gene action in these traits. The correlation analysis for yield with four checks for grain yield stability under saline soil at four and yield attributing traits revealed that grain yield per plant exhibited locations namely Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Gangavati, ARS significant positive correlations with plant height, panicle length, Malnoor, ARS Kawadimatti and ARS Dhadesugur. AMMI analysis number of grains per panicle and panicle weight at phenotypic level. revealed that the mutants BPT-5204 Mutant-653, BPT-5204 Mutant- Path analysis revealed that plant height, panicle length, panicle weight 626 and BPT-5204 Mutant-1807 were found to be stable genotypes and length of flag leaf exhibited direct positive effect on grain yield for grain yield. Variability and association study was carried out from per plant. Hence, it would be rewarding to lay stress on these the data recorded at ARS Gangavati. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) characters in selection programme for increasing the yield. Molecular revealed the existence of significant differences among the genotypes characterization of these rice genotypes was carried out by using trait for all the traits studied. For yield and yield attributing characters, specific SSR primers. Out of six primers used, four have shown most of the traits showed high heritability associated with high genetic polymorphism. These markers were able to differentiate the genotypes advance such as number of grains per panicle, productive tillers per as salt tolerant and susceptible ones. Therefore, these markers can be hill, spikelet sterility, test weight, grain yield per plant, grain yield further validated and utilized in marker assisted breeding programme per ha and Na+/K+ ratio indicating fixation of genes and presence of for screening salinity tolerance in rice.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Studies on characterization of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) in Karnataka M. N. POOJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AYYANAGOUDA PATIL

Banana (Musa spp.) is the premier fruit of the Asia and Pacific the knowledge of molecular characteristics of BBTV genome (DNA- region. The crop suffers from many diseases caused by fungus, R, DNA-U3, DNA-S, DNA-M, DNA-C, DNA-N), is the most bacteria as well as viruses. Of the different viral diseases, banana essential requirement. To study the characteristics of banana bunchy bunchy top disease caused by banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is top virus infecting banana, the total DNA was isolated from 20 widely present across the banana growing regions of the world and BBTV infected leaf samples. Six samples (Dvg-B5, Dvg-B6, Cdg- is responsible for the massive reduction in banana crop yield and B2, Kpl-B2, Kpl-B5 and Klb-B3) were selected and screened for all specifically transmitted by the black banana aphid. The plants the six primer sets and were amplified for an expected size of about infected with bunchy top disease shows a wide range of symptoms 1.1kb. The viral sequence analysis was carried out using BLAST, like yellowing of leaves, dark green streaks on midrib, petioles, Sequence similarity index and phylogenetic analysis. The present extending down into pseudo stem, dark green dots and stunted investigation revealed that the six sequences of BBTV isolates were growth with bunchy top appearance. The BBTV genome consists closely related to each other and were not much diverged and had a of at least six components of circular, monocistronic, single stranded close relationship with isolates of Tamil Nadu. The close relationship DNA of about 1.1 kb in size encapsulated separately to form between the banana bunchy top virus isolates, from present study spherical virions of 20 nm in diameter with icosahedral symmetry. involving different geographical locations indicates that the sequences To control the spread of virus and to prevent the losses occurred, are more conserved.

101 AGRONOMY Agronomic fortification of foxtail millet (Setaria Italica L.) through zinc and iron enriched organic manures and foliar nutrition under organic production system R. KRUPASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO A Field experiment was conducted in organic block of the Main (1232 kg ha-1) and Zn and Fe enriched vermicompost + foliar spray of Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, during 2018 to study the panchagavya (1137 kg ha-1). These treatments showed their significant effect of agronomic fortification through Zn and Fe enriched organics superiority over compost application which recorded (695 kg ha-1). with foliar nutrition in foxtail millet under organic production system. Similar trend was also seen with respect to growth and yield parameters, The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron by the crop with 10 treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted and also soil microbial populations including beneficial organisms were application of Zn and Fe enriched compost, enriched vermicompost significantly higher with these treatments. The distinct increase in Zn -1 and compost + soil application of ZnSO4 (15 kg ha ) and FeSO4 (10 kg and Fe content in grain was observed with Zn and Fe enriched treatments. ha-1) alone and with foliar spray of 3.0 per cent panchagavya at 30 and There was higher improvement in soil nutrient status (available N,

45 DAS and 0.5 per cent of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each at 30 DAS and P2O5 , K2O, Zn and Fe) after harvest of crop and higher net returns and compost application alone. Enriched compost and vermicompost were BC ratio were realized with Zn and Fe enriched compost + foliar spray applied equivalent to 100 per cent RDN as per the treatments. The of panchagavya (` 27185 ha-1 and 2.83, respectively) and was found on results indicated that application of Zn and Fe enriched compost + par with the application of Zn and Fe enriched vermicompost + foliar -1 foliar spray of panchagavya recorded significantly higher grain yield spray of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 (` 25522 ha and 2.62 respectively) and Zn (1262 kg ha-1) and it was found on par with the treatment receiving Zn and Fe enriched vermicompost + foliar spray of panchagavya (` 21897 -1 and Fe enriched vermicompost + foliar spray of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 ha and 2.44, respectively). Nutrient management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) + baby corn (Zea mays L.) 3:1 intercropping system NISHITH DAS 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI A field experiment was undertaken to study the effect of nutrient was on par with the treatment receiving 50 per cent RDF to management on growth, yield and quality parameters of groundnut groundnut and 100 per cent RDF to baby corn in the intercropping and baby corn in intercropping system at the MARS Raichur, during system. Significantly higher groundnut equivalent yield (2237 kg the kharif 2018 with eight treatments replicated thrice in a ha-1) and LER (1.23) were obtained under the treatment that received randomized complete block design. Among the different intercropped 100 per cent RDF to both groundnut and baby corn in the treatments, the treatment receiving 125 per cent RDF only to intercropping system and it was on par with the treatment that groundnut in 3:1 groundnut + baby corn intercropping system received 50 per cent RDF to groundnut and 100 per cent RDF to recorded significantly higher kernel weight, pod yield and oil as well baby corn in the intercropping system (2104 kg ha-1 and 1.14, as protein content than other treatments and was on par with 100 respectively). Among the various treatments significantly higher per cent RDF applied to both the crops in 3:1 groundnut + baby net returns (` 80679 ha-1) was obtained where both the crops were corn intercropping system. Similarly, in case of baby corn applied with 100 per cent RDF in groundnut + baby corn 3:1 significantly higher length of dehusked cob, cob weight and cob intercropping system and this was on par with the treatment that yield were recorded when 100 per cent RDF was applied to both received 50 per cent RDF to groundnut and 100 per cent RDF to the crops in groundnut + baby corn 3:1 intercropping system and it baby corn (` 76025 ha-1).

Studies on nutrient management in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and proso millet (panicum miliaceum) intercropping system SUDHIR PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. KOPPALKAR

-1 A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, significantly higher grain yield of proso millet (1730 kg ha ) compared Raichur during kharif, 2018 to study the nutrient management to other intercropping treatments. The higher grain yield of pigeonpea practices in pigeonpea and proso millet intercropping system. The or proso millet was attributed to superior growth and yield experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three components. The pigeonpea equivalent yield was significantly higher replications and ten treatments. Results revealed that, the sole crop in intercropping system as compared to their sole crops. The total of pigeonpea and proso millet produced significantly higher grain uptake of nutrients in intercropping system was relatively higher as yields (1294 and 1855 kg ha-1, respectively) when compared to their compared to sole cropping of both the crops. Higher land equivalent intercropping treatments. Among the various intercropping ratio (LER) (1.70) was noticed in the intercropped treatment (T6). treatments, the treatment which received 125 per cent RDF to The LER recorded under intercropping system varied from 1.24 to -1 pigeonpea and no fertilizer to proso millet (T ) recorded significantly 1.70. The higher net returns was recorded under T6 (` 81,324 ha ) 4 -1 -1 higher grain yield of pigeonpea (1050 kg ha ) compared to other and the treatment, T5 recorded on par net returns (` 77,157 ha ) with -1 T4 (` 74,555 ha ). Highest BC ratio of 4.05 was recorded in T6 which intercropping treatments and it was on par with treatments, T3 (990 -1 -1 -1 received 100 per cent RDF by each crop and the treatment, T4 (3.85) kg ha ), T5 (993 kg ha ) and T6 (1006 kg ha ), and the treatment recorded on par benefit cost ratio with T3 (3.81). which received 100 per cent RDF to both the crops (T6) recorded

102 Weed management in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under TBP command area K. S. SREENA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. YADAHALLI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif of 2018-19 at the KVK sympodial branches per plant (29 at harvest), total dry matter farm of UAS, Raichur (Karnataka) under TBP irrigation command area production (471.69 g plant-1 at harvest), nutrient uptake by Bt cotton to find the effective weed management strategy in Bt cotton. The (150.19 kg ha-1, 44.79 kg ha-1and 152.87 kg ha-1 NPK ha-1), weed control experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications. The results efficiency (90.22 % at harvest) and also due to significantly lower weed revealed that all the sequential application of herbicides were active in count (3.62 m-2), lower weed density (3.58 g per m2), lower weed index managing weeds and getting higher yield. Among them metolachlor 50 (7.28 %) besides higher seed index (7.92 g) and lint index (4.98 g) in turn % EC @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1as PRE follwed by Pyrithiobac sodium 10 EC increased higher net returns (90332 ` ha-1) and BC ratio (2.85). Weed @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 as POE @ 2-5 leaf stages of weeds followed by IC @ free check was superior over all the treatments in all the parameters 60 DAS was recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (2578 kg except BC ratio (2.80). Diuron and pendimethalin (PRE) followed by ha-1), as a consequence of higher number of good opened bolls (42.2 pyrithiobac sodium (POST) were the next best treatments (2.74 and plant-1), total number of bolls (43.87 plant-1), boll weight (5.55 g), 2.71) and weedy check recorded lower BC ratio (1.61).

Response of heat resilient maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids to fertilizer levels U. PANDU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. CHANNABASAVANNA

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2019 to The lowest net returns, BC ratio and grain yield were recorded in study the response of heat resilient maize hybrids to fertilizer levels Cargill 900M Gold (4695 kg ha-1). The growth and yield components at the Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesugur, UAS Raichur, were higher with RCRMH-3 and RCRMH-2 as compared to other Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with genotypes. With respect to fertilizer levels, increase in fertilizer levels three replications. Main plot consisted of four genotypes in which form 75 (4922 kg ha-1 ) to 100 % (5365 kg ha-1) increased the grain three heat resilient maize hybrids viz., RCRMH-2, RCRMH-3 yield significantly and further increase to 125 % RDF (5689 kg ha-1) and RCRMH-11 compared with popular hybrid, Cargill 900M did not show significant differences. The net returns and BC ratio Gold. The sub plots consisted of three fertilizer levels viz., 75 % were higher at higher fertilizer levels. Increase in yield at high level of RDF, 100 % RDF and 125 % RDF. The 100 % RDF was fertilizer (100 % RDF) may be due to increase in growth and yield 187.5:75:37.5 kg NPK ha-1. Among the genotypes, RCRMH-3 (5841 attributes. It can be concluded from the study that, the heat resilient kg ha-1) and RCRMH-2 (5627 kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher maize hybrids viz., RCRMH-3 and RCRMH-2 were suitable to grain yield as compared to RCRMH-11 and Cargill 900M Gold. The cultivate during summer in Tungabhadra Project area of Karnataka net returns and BC ratio were highest in RCRMH-3 and RCRMH-2. with a fertilizer dose of 100 % RDF (187.5:75:37.5 kg NPK ha-1).

Bio-efficacy of sequential application of herbicides in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) LINGANAGOUDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. ANANDA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 on medium black m-2, respectively), dry weight of total number of weeds (0.78 g m-2), soil at the ARS, Gangavathi. The experiment consisted of 11 treatments weed index (6.85 %) and higher weed control efficiency (87.59 %) at 40 viz., sequential application of pre emergence herbicides viz., DAS as compared to weedy check. Significantly higher growth pendimethalin 38.7 CS and pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10 WP followed by parameters viz., plant height (93.7cm), number of tillers (414 m-2), post emergence herbicides viz., bispyribac sodium 10 SL, bentazone 48 total dry matter production (84.29 g plant-1), yield parameters viz., SL, penoxulam 1.02 % + cyhalofop-butyl 5.1 % OD and (chlorimuron number of panicles (331m-2), weight of panicle(3.25 g), number of filled ethyl + metsulfuron methyl) 20 WPto evaluate their effect on weed, grains per panicle (141) was recorded with sequential application of growth and yield of DSR. The experiment was laid out in randomized pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 700 g a.i ha-1 (PE) fb (chlorimuron ethyl + block design and replicated thrice. Among different weed management metsulfuron methyl) 20 WP @ 4 g a.i ha-1 (POE). Indeed, the same practices, sequential application of pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 700 g a.i treatment also recorded highergrain yield (` 5777 kg ha-1), net returns ha-1 (PE) fb (chlorimuron ethyl + metsulfuron methyl) 20 WP @ 4 g a.i (` 61629 ha-1), BC ratio (2.61) and higher uptake of nitrogen, ha-1 (POE) recorded significantly lower density of grasses, sedges, broad- phosphorus and potassium (128.50,30.80and 142.53 kg ha-1, leaved weeds and total number of weeds (2.31, 2.30, 2.77 and 4.04 respectively) compared to weedy check.

Studies on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) based fodder intercropping system under rainfed conditions RAJASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DODAMANI A field experiment was conducted during kharif -2018 at the Agricultural kg ha-1), husk yield (653 kg ha-1), number of pods per plant (51.67), Research Station, Kalaburagi to study the suitability of cereal and legume seed yield per plant (26.33 g) and total dry matter production (8.67, fodder crop for intercropping with pigeonpea. The experiment consisted 32.73, 74.37 and 94.96 g per plant at 45, 90, 135 DAS and at harvest, of 13 treatments where differentfodder crops were intercropped with respectively). Growth parameters of pigeonpea viz., plant height, pigeonpea at 1:2 row proportions. The experiment was laid out in number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches randomised complete block design and replicated thrice. Sole pigeonpea per plant, leaf area and leaf area index contributing to the yield of recorded significantly higher grain yield (1204 kg ha-1), stalk yield (2456 pigeonpea were recorded higher in sole pigeonpea than the intercropped

103 pigeonpea. Among all the fodder crops, sole fodder horsegram equivalent yields (ranging from 1596 to 1988 kg ha-1) were recorded in recorded higher green fodder yield (18.60 t ha-1) followed by sole fodder pigeonpea intercropped with fodder legumes than with fodder cereals. maize (17.28 t ha-1). Among intercropped treatments higher green Higher values of crude protein content was noticed in fodder legumes fodder yield was recorded in pigeonpea + fodder horsegram (1:2) (ranging from 10.31 to 11.15 %) than the fodder cereals (ranging from (12.96 t ha-1) followed by pigeonpea + fodder maize (1:2) (12.24 t 8.39 to 9.52 %). Pigeonpea + fodder horsegram (1:2) recorded ha-1). However higher land equivalent ratio (ranging from 1.65 to 1.71), significantly higher gross returns (` 119260 ha-1), net returns (` 84387 area time equivalent ratio (ranging from 1.21 to 1.26) and pigeonpea ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.46) over the other treatments. Response of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes to different plant densities and nutrient levels under irrigation H. V. SWATHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture Farm, with BGDS-1063 when compared to other two genotypes. Raichur on medium black soil during kharif, 2018 to study the Significantly higher net returns (` 72,752 ha-1) was obtained with “Response of cotton genotypes to different plant densities and BGDS-1063. Number of sympodial branches, leaf area, dry matter nutrient levels under irrigation”. The experiment was laid out in split- production per plant and yield components were significantly higher split plot design with three replications. The treatments consisted of with spacing 75 x 45 cm. But seed cotton yield was significantly three cotton genotypes (SCS-1061, SCS-1062 and BGDS-1063) as higher with 60 x 30 cm spacing (2498 kg ha-1) over 75 x 30 cm (2194 main plots, three treatments of plant densities (60 x 30 cm, 75 x 30 kg ha-1) and 75 x 45 cm (1739 kg ha-1). The closer spacing 60 x 30 cm cm and 75 x 45 cm) as sub plots and two nutrient levels (80:40:40 and recorded significantly higher net returns (` 76,780 ha-1) over other 120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1) as sub-sub plots. Among the cotton spacings. Seed cotton yield was significantly higher (2335 kg ha-1) with genotypes, BGDS-1063 was found superior and recorded significantly the application of 120:60:60 kg ha-1 compared to 80:40:40 kg ha-1 higher seed cotton yield (2402 kg ha-1) when compared to SCS-1062 (1952 kg ha-1). The application of 120:60:60 kg NPK ha-1 showed (2192 kg ha-1) and SCS-1061 (1837 kg ha-1). The growth and yield significant effect on various growth and yield parameters and recorded attributes such as number of sympodial branches, leaf area, dry matter significantly higher net returns (` 68,807 ha-1) over 80:40:40 kg ha-1 production per plant, number of bolls and boll weight were higher (` 53,450 ha-1). Management of excessive vegetative growth of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through agronomic practices and use of growth regulators under irrigated condition P. SUMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. AJAYAKUMAR

A field experiment entitled “Management of excessive vegetative sympodial length (31.5 cm), dry matter production per plant growth of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through agronomic (369.60 g), seed index (9.45 g), harvest index (0.43), lint index (4.77), management practices and use growth regulators under irrigated ginning percentage (33.61), mean fibre length (26.78 mm), fibre condition” was conducted during kharif 2018-19 at the Main strength (29.39 g tex-1), micronaire (4.50), lower nutrient uptake Agricultural Research Station farm, Raichur, Karnataka. The (141.10, 24.22 and 156.11 kg NPK ha-1), gross returns (` 1,45,416 experiment laid out in split plot design with three replications. The ha-1), net returns (` 86.379 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.46). Foliar experiment consisted of two main plot treatments viz., 90 × 60 cm spray of 0.035% Paclabutrazole 23% SC at 55 DAS and 85 DAS +

(S1) and 120 × 60 cm (S2). The sub plot treatments are M1: Nipping Nipping at 90 DAS (M5) recorded significantly higher seed cotton -1 at 75DAS, M2: Nipping at 90 DAS, M3: Spraying of 0.035% yield (2788 kg ha ), number of good opened bolls per plant (31.37),

Paclabutrazole 23% SC at 55 DAS and 85DAS, M4 : Spraying of total number of bolls (35.50), boll weight (5.12 g), seed cotton yield 0.035 % Paclabutrazole 23 % SC at 55 DAS and 85 DAS + Nipping per plant (151.2 g), sympodial branches per plant (24.2), sympodial at 75D, M5: Spraying of 0.035 % Paclabutrazole 23% SC at 55 DAS length (41.3 cm), dry matter accumulation in reproductive parts -1 and 85 DAS+ Nipping at 90 DAS, M6: Control and M7: Farmer (157.49 g plant ), seed index (9.68), lint index (4.63), harvest index practice. The spacing 90 × 60 cm recorded significantly higher seed (0.44) ginning percentage (33.48), uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and cotton yield (2693 kg ha-1), number of good opened bolls per plant potassium (155.58, 29.09 and 170.04 kg NPK ha-1, respectively), (24.6), total number of bolls (29.4), boll weight (4.7 g), seed cotton gross returns (` 1.50.552 ha-1), net returns (` 90.398 ha-1) and benefit yield per plant (126.9 g), sympodial branches per plant (21.2), cost ratio (2.50). Performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) in association with bund planted neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in agroforestry system under rainfed conditions HONNAYYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR

The study was conducted in North-eastern part of Karnataka during and sub plot consisted of three distances viz., 0-5.4, 5.4-10.8 and 2018-19 to evaluate performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in 10.8-16.2 m from tree line. Neem planted in east-west direction has association with 25 years old east-west and north-south bund planted attained 126.5 cm girth and 12.6 m height whereas in north-south neem (Azadirachta indica) in agroforestry system under rainfed direction it has attained girth of 131.6 cm and height of 13.2 m. conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with Pigeonpea seed yield was higher on southern direction (587 kg ha-1) three replications and 12 treatment combinations with selective and at distance of >10.8 m (761 kg ha-1) from tree line over other randomization with one outside control. Main plot consisted of 4 directions and distances. Southern direction planting at >10.8 m directions viz., eastern, western, northern and southern directions distance recorded higher seed yield (778 kg ha-1) and was comparable

104 to sole pigeonpea (780 kg h-1) compared to 0-5.4 m distance on under agroforestry system particularly in western and northern western direction (346 kg ha-1). Lower yield under agroforestry system directions in 0-5.4 m distance and these decreased with increase in was attributed to reduction in growth and development of crop due to distance from tree line. Further, investigation revealed that microbial shading and leaf interference. Soil pH and EC were lower and organic population was significantly correlated with the soil organic carbon carbon and available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were higher and nutrients particularly on western and northern directions.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicide in transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) TEJASWINI MAJHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at the Agricultural which was on par with pendimethalin 38.7% CS @ 680 g a.i/ha as PE Research Station, Gangavathi, University of Agricultural Sciences, fb bispyribac sodium 10% SC @ 25 g a.i/ha (317, 221, 18.89 g, 4990 kg Raichur, Karnataka to study the efficacy of post emergence herbicide ha-1 and 5433 kg ha-1, respectively) followed by bispyribac sodium in transplanted rice. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized 2%+ 2,4-D sodium salt 54.3% SP @ (25+678.75) g a.i/ha with adjuvant Block Design with three replications and comprised of 12 treatments. @ 625 ml/ha (312, 211,18.78 g, 4922 kg ha-1 and 5372 kg ha-1, Among the herbicides, pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 680 g a.i/ha as PE respectively) compared to unweeded control (209,122, 17.02 g, 2137 followed by bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 25 g a.i/ha recorded lower kg ha-1 and 2713 kg ha-1, respectively). Significantly higher removal of weed count, weed dry weight, weed index ((22.67, 3.81 g / 0.25 m2 and NPK by weeds (11.13, 3.24 and 3.51 kg ha-1, respectively) was recorded 7.81 %, respectively) and higher weed control efficiency (85.78%) at with weedy check when compared to weed free control (0.45, 0.11 and harvest. Of all the treatments, the highest growth parameters viz; number 0.15 kg ha-1, respectively). However, the benefit cost ratio was of tillers m-2, LAI and dry matter production plant-1 were recorded significantly higher with bispyribac sodium 2%+ 2,4-D sodium salt under weed free check. Similarly, the highest number of panicles m-2 54.3% SP @ (25+678.75) g a.i/ha with along adjuvant @ 625 ml/ha (323), grains panicle-1 (231), test weight (21.17 g), grain (5415 kg ha-1) (2.62) as compared to weed free control (2.47). Similarly, lowest BC and straw (5783 kg ha-1) yields were recorded with weed free check ratio was noticed in unweeded check (1.20).

Response of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) to dates of sowing and varieties SHANTA C. MATTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. M. RAMESHA

A field experiment was carried out at the Agriculture Research was worked out and income of crop yields was calculated on Station, Dhadesugur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, prevailing market prices. The experimental results revealed that, Karnataka during 2018-19 to study on “Response of direct seeded among different dates of sowing, crop was sown on 2nd fortnight of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to dates of sowing and varieties”. The June recorded significantly higher plant height (90.0 cm), number of experimental site was medium black clay soil belonging to the order tillers per square meter (404.3), leaf area index (1.74), total dry vertisol with soil pH (8.10), EC (0.65 dS m-1), available nitrogen matter production (40.0 g), days to 50 per cent flowering (91.6 -1 -1 -1 (244.6 kg ha ), P2O5 (37.5 kg ha ) and K2O (336.3 kg ha ). The days), days to maturity (131.4 days), number of grains per panicle nd experiment comprised of five dates of sowing viz., D1: 2 Fortnight (273.8), panicle length (22.9 cm), 1000 grain weight (17.4 g), number st nd st of June, D2: 1 Fortnight of July, D3: 2 Fortnight of July, D4: 1 of panicles per square meter (275.7), panicle weight (3.4 g), grain nd -1 -1 Fortnight of August and D5: 2 Fortnight of August and four varieties yield (6272 kg ha ), straw yield (7516 kg ha ). Further, rice variety viz., V1: GGV- 05- 01, V2: RNR-15048, V3: BPT-5204 and V4: GNV- GGV-05-01 surpassed other varieties for all the studied characters. 10-89. These treatments were laid out in split plot design with The interaction effect of RNR-15048 with 2nd fortnight of June three replications. Data on growth, yield and yield parameters were sowing recorded higher gross returns ((` 1,31,564 ha-1), net returns recorded and statistically analyzed. Cost of cultivation of each crop (` 75,564 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.35).

Response of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata) to plant densities and nitrogen levels under irrigated condition N. ABHISHEK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. A. BASAVANNEPPA

A field experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Research Station, plant densities. However, dry matter production (220.3 g plant-1), Siruguppa, Karnataka during the kharif 2018, to study the response protein (10.31%) and reducing (3.36%) and non-reducing sugar of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata) to plant densities and -1 (8.36%) content were higher in S4. Application of 262.5 N kg ha nitrogen levels under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid recorded higher fresh cob yield (13866 kg ha-1) and uptake of N out in split plot design with three replications. Plant densities viz., (185.2 kg ha-1) P (43.4 kg ha-1) and K(133.0 kg ha-1) over other -1 1,11,111 (S1), 74,074 (S2),: 83,333 (S3) and 55,555 (S4) plants ha nitrogen levels. It also had significant impact on dry matter in main plots and N application rate 150 (F1), 187.5 (F2), 225 (F3) production and grain protein content. Additional net returns of and 262.5 (F ) kg ha-1 in sub plots. Results indicated that significantly -1 -1 4 ` 28,122 ha and ` 67,287 ha was recorded under S1 plant density greater fresh cob yield (13350 kg ha-1) was obtained in S 15.5 %, 1 and F4 levels of N application over recommended practice. Results 8.7 % and 29.8 over S2, S3 and S4 respectively. It also recorded taller concluded that sweet corn in vertisol of TBP command area could plants (234.4 cm), greater leaf area index (4.19) and uptake of N be grown at 1,11,111 plants ha-1 along with application of 262.5 N (165.4 kg ha-1), P (42.7 kg ha-1) and K (122.4 kg ha-1) over other kg ha-1 for large scale adoption.

105 Performance of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes under different dates of sowing during summer in Tunga Bhadra Project irrigation command SHIVALINGAPPA BHAVIKATTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of maize significantly taller plants (184.5 cm), more green leaves per plant (15.3), cultivars viz., RCRMH-2, RCRMH-3, RCRMH-4, NK-6204 and leaf area per plant (5764 cm2 plant), LAI (4.80) and SPAD meter 900M-Gold sown at different dates (15th February, 5th March and 20th reading (51.40), total dry matter accumulation (202.19 g plant-1), grain March) during summer 2018 in the Tunga Bhadra Project irrigation yield (5324 kg ha-1) and quality (protein - 9.57 %, oil - 4.46 % and command. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research starch - 71.64 %). Further, significantly higher gross (` 70418 ha-1) and Station, Dhadesugur, Raichur district, Karnataka. Early sowing during net ((` 37840 ha-1) returns and moderate BC ratio (2.16) were also 2nd fortnight of February was advantageous with regard to growth, recorded with early sown crop. While, last sown crop on 20th March yield and economics compared to late sown crop. Significantly higher particularly cv. 900M Gold had significantly lower grain yield (3728 kg grain yield (4740 kg ha-1) was recorded in early sown crop and among ha-1) and gross (` 51266 ha-1) and net (` 22143 ha-1) returns. Thus, maize genotypes, RCRMH-3 fared better (5075 kg ha-1) than others under summer in TBP irrigation command heat tolerant maize hybrids followed by RCRMH-2. RCRMH-3 sown on 15th February recorded should be preferred. Studies on nutrient management options in organic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production under irrigated condition TINKU RAJ SINGH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO

A field experiment was conducted in Organic Block of Main yield (1323 kg ha-1) and was on par with compost + poultry manure Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Raichur, during 2018-19 to equivalent to 50 % RDN as basal dose + vermicompost (50 % study the effect of nutrient management practices in organic cotton RDN) as top dress + panchagavya spray alternated with vermiwash production under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out (1252 kg ha-1), compost + vermicompost equivalent to 50% RDN in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 11 treatments as basal dose + poultry manure (50 % RDN) as top dress + and three replications. The treatments consisted application of 50 panchagavya spray alternated with vermiwash (1249 kg ha-1), % RDN through compost (25 %) + vermicompost (25%) and compost + vermicompost equivalent to 50 % RDN as basal dose + compost (25%) + poultry manure (25%) as basal dose along with vermicompost (50 % RDN) as top dress (1248 kg ha-1) and compost vermicompost (50 %) and poultry manure (50 % RDN) as top dress + poultry manure equivalent to 50 % RDN as basal dose + poultry in equal splits at 30 and 60 DAS alone and in combination with manure (50 % RDN) as top dress + panchagavya spray alternated foliar spray of 3% panchagavya alternated with 10% vermiwash at with vermiwash (1203 kg ha-1). Compost alone resulted in lower 45, 60, 75 and 90 DAS and compost (100 % RDN) as basal dose seed cotton yield (1044 kg ha-1). Similar trend was also seen with alone and in combination with vermicompost and poultry manure respect to growth and yield parameters, NPK uptake by the crop on equivalent basis (50 : 50). The results indicated that application and soil beneficial microbial population. There was higher of compost + vermicompost equivalent to 50 % RDN as basal dose improvement in soil NPK nutrient status after harvest of the crop. + vermicompost (50 % RDN) as top dress + panchagavya spray Similar trend as that of seed cotton yield in respect of net returns alternated with vermiwash recorded significantly higher seed cotton and BC ratio was also seen.

Productivity and profitability of kharif sorghum as influenced by different weed management practices VINAYAKA SHIVAPPA SHIDENUR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. KRISHNAMURTHY

A field experiment entitled “Productivity and profitability of kharif atrazine 50 WP @ 0.50 kg a.i.ha-1 fb 2,4-D Ethyl Ester 38 EC @ 0.90 kg sorghum as influenced by different weed management practices” was a.i.ha-1 as PoE at 30 days after sowing (DAS) except weed free conducted during kharif 2018 on deep black soilwith neutral reaction (pH treatment.Significantly higher plant height,dry matter accumulation, leaf 7.50), organic carbon (5.4 g kg-1), available nitrogen (262.00 kg ha-1), area, test weight, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, gross return, net available phosphorus (39.25 kg ha-1) and available potassium (307.00 kg return and benefit cost ratio (161.7 cm, 132.1 g plant-1, 22.2 dm2 ha-1) at the Agricultural Research Station, Hagari, Ballari. The experiment plant-1, 30.5 g, 4777 kg ha-1, 9577 kg ha-1, 16.72%, ` 1,11,187 ha-1, ` 68, was replicated thrice in Randomized Complete Block Design. There 425 ha-1and 2.60, respectively) was recorded with pre-emergence were 12 treatments comprising of weed management practices.The application of atrazine 50 WP @ 0.50 kg a.i.ha-1 followed by 2,4-D Ethyl dominant weeds observed in the experimental fields were among grasses Ester 38 EC @ 0.90 kg a.i.ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS except weed free and it Digitaria bicornis, while in broad leaved weeds, Abutilon hirtum and was on par with hand weeding at 20 DAS and 1 IC at 40 DAS and 2,4- among sedges, Cyperus rotundus. All the weed management practices D Ethyl Ester 38 EC @ 0.90 kg a.i. ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS followed by significantly reduced the total weed population and dry matter 1 IC at 40 DAS as compared to other treatments.Significantly higher accumulation by weeds as compared to weedy check. Significantly lower uptake of nutrients by kharif sorghum and available nitrogen, phosphorus population of grasses, sedges, and broad leaved weeds, weed dry weight, and potassium in soil were recorded with pre-emergence application of weed index (%) and higher weed control efficiency throughout the crop atrazine 50 WP @ 0.50 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by 2,4-D Ethyl Ester 38 EC growth period was noticed in sequential pre-emergence application of @ 0.90 kg a.i. ha-1 as PoE at 30 DAS.

106 Bio-efficacy of herbicides in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.]+ greengram [Vigna radiata] intercropping system K. S. TAPASHWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. ANANDA

A field experiment was conducted to study the bio-efficacy of 7.10) and test weight (9.42 and 6.10 g) were observed with herbicides in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + Greengram application of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 750 g ha-1 as (PE) followed [Vigna radiata] intercropping system at MARS Farm, UAS Raichur by imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 75 g ha-1 at 3-4 leaves stage of weeds during kharif 2018-19 on clay loam soil. The experiment was laid followed by IC at 40 DAS in pigeonpea and green gram, respectively. out in Randomized complete block design comprising of 10 different Application of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 750 g ha-1 as (PE) weed management treatments. The results revealed that application followed by imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 75 g ha-1 at 3-4 leaves stage of -1 of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 750 g ha as (PE) followed by weeds followed by IC at 40 DAS recorded significantly higher seed -1 imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 75 g ha at 3-4 leaves stage of weeds yield of pigeonpea and greengram (1266 and 907 kg ha-1, respectively) followed by IC at 40 DAS recorded lower weed index (3.21 and and pigeonpea equivalent yield (2536 kg ha-1). Nevertheless, one 14.27 in pigeonpea and greengram, respectively) and higher weed hand weeding at 20 DAS fb two intercultivations at 40 and 60 DAS control efficiency (78.09 %) at 60 DAS as compared to weedy recorded significantly higher net returns (` 94,970 ha-1) and B:C check. Nevertheless, one hand weeding at 20 DAS fb two ratio (4.30) followed by application of pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ intercultivations at 40 and 60 DAS accounted for lower weed index 750 g ha-1 as (PE) followed by imazethapyr 10 % SL @ 75 g ha-1 at and higher weed control efficiency. Significantly higher number of 3-4 leaves stage of weeds followed by IC at 40 DAS (` 85,152 ha-1 -1 -1 pods plant (108.97 and 29.41), number of seeds pod (3.36 and and 4.07, respectively). Evaluation of potential crops and water saving technique in rice fallows of Vertisol P. RAJESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. UMESH Field study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station, significantly greater rice equivalent yield (REY) (3909 kg ha-1), water Dhadesugur during kharif and rabi 2018-19. Objective of the study use efficiency (WUE) (67.2 kg ha-cm-1), lower in DSR. Further, irrigation was evaluation of different crops in rice fallows under drip and surface water applied through drip recorded significantly higher REY (4284 kg irrigation. Experiment was laid out in split-split design with treatments ha-1), WUE (67.1 kg ha-cm-1) and lower with . Among consists of kharif rice establishment methods, irrigation methods for the different crops cowpea in rice fallows recorded higher REY (5140 eight rabi crops grown in rice fallows. Crops grown in rice fallows kg ha-1), total REY (10009 kg ha-1) and system productivity (44.6 kg-1 evaluated for their potentiality in terms yield, rice equivalent yields ha-1 day-1) as compared to other crops lowest from mustard. But WUE (REY), economics and greenhouse gas emission compared to rice-rice. was higher in mustard (74.5 kg ha-cm-1) lower with sorghum (56.1 kg Result indicated that greater grain (5000 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6446 ha-cm-1). Economic benefits were obtained from ricebean while lowest kg ha-1) were recorded in transplanted rice. However, net returns from mustard. It was inferred that cowpea, dolichos bean, ricebean and (` 54652 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.30) were higher in DSR. Significantly sorghum grown in transplanted rice fallows under drip irrigation can lower total GHGs emission was recorded in DSR compared to traditional enhance productivity, profitability and reduce impact of climate change transplanted rice. Rabi crops grown in TPR fallows was recorded in a long run. Performance of rice genotypes under different irrigation regimes in TBP area G. NARAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. MASTANREDDY A field experiment entitled “Performance of rice genotypes under matter production (5.4, 26.5, 67.8, and 83.1g hill-1, respectively), at different irrigation regimes in TBP area” was conducted during kharif 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest, respectively. The AWD recorded 2018 at the Agricultural Research Station, Gangavati, University of lower water requirement of 1006 mm as compared to continuous Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The experiment was laid out in split flooding (1316 mm) and it saves 23.5% water. Further, AWD plot design with three replications. There were three irrigation recorded higher water use efficiency (7.93 kg ha-mm-1) than regimes as main plot treatments and five rice genotypes as sub-plot continuous flooding (5.45 kg ha-mm-1). The AWD recorded treatments. Among irrigation regimes, higher grain (7294 kg ha-1), significantly higher gross returns (`139542 ha-1), net returns (` 79932 straw (8210 kg ha-1) yield, number of panicles m-2 (560.2), panicle ha-1) and BC ratio (2.34) than continuous flooding. Among the rice length (23.7 cm), number of filled grains panicle-1 (214.6), panicle genotypes, GNV-11-09 recorded higher grain (7575 kg ha-1) and weight (3.4 g) and test weight (20.7 g) were recorded with alternate straw (8645kg ha-1) yield as compared to other rice genotypes. wetting and drying Further, AWD recorded significantly higher plant Similarly, rice genotype GNV-11-09 recorded better yield and growth height (60, 80.6, 98.3, and 105.0 cm, respectively), number of tillers parameters. Inspite of grain yield differences, the genotypes recorded (179, 470, 694 and 700 m-2, respectively), more functional leaf area non-significant difference in net returns due to price parity in the (528, 1366, 906 and 831 cm2 hill-1, respectively) and higher dry market. Performance of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] based cropping system under drip irrigation MEGHARANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PANDIT S. RATHOD

A field experiment entitled “Performance of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan growth and yield of pigeonpea and intercrops (greengram, blackgram L.) based cropping system under drip irrigation” was conducted at and soybean) and to work out the economics of drip irrigation. The the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, during kharif field experiment was laid out in a split plot design with irrigation 2018-19 with an objective to know the effect of drip irrigation on schedules as main plot and cropping systems as sub plot in three

107 replications. The results of the experiment revealed, scheduling of pigeonpea + greengram (1:3) intercropping system recorded irrigation at 75% CPE recorded significantly higher seed yield (2524 kg significantly higher pigeonpea equivalent yield (4207 kg ha-1), gross ha-1), stalk yield (5725 kg ha-1), husk yield (2408 kg ha-1), protein yield returns (` 252400 ha-1), net returns (` 196590 ha-1) and BC ratio (685.61 kg ha-1) and pigeonpea equivalent yield (3771 kg ha-1), it also (4.52) when compared to pigeonpea + blackgram (1:3) and pigeonpea recorded higher gross returns (` 226245 ha-1), net returns (` 173435 + soybean (1:3) intercropping systems. The interaction effect between ha-1) and BC ratio (4.29) when compared to 50 and 100 % CPE. scheduling of irrigation and cropping systems was found significant. Among the cropping systems, sole pigeonpea recorded significantly Scheduling of irrigation at 75 % CPE with pigeonpea + greengram higher seed yield (2656 kg ha-1), stalk yield (6431 kg ha-1), husk yield (1:3) intercropping system recorded significantly higher pigeonpea (2485 kg ha-1), protein yield (320.47 kg ha-1) and water use efficiency equivalent yield (4466 kg ha-1), gross returns (` 267960 ha-1), net (4.66 kg ha-mm-1) as compared to intercropped pigeonpea. However, returns (` 173435 ha-1) and BC ratio (4.80).

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under conservation agriculture practices LAXMI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. BALANAGOUDAR A field experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Research Station, available phosphorous, high potassium and lower sulphur. The Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, conducted concentrations of DTPA extractable micronutrients viz., zinc, iron and during rabi 2016-17. To study the “Response of chickpea (Cicer copper, manganese were medium respectively and soil microbial counts arietinum L.) Under conservation agriculture practices”. The trial was bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes high. Among all the treatments, Zero laid out in Split plot design with four replications and six treatments Tillage with residue retention significantly recorded higher plant height and three main plots and two sub plots. The main plots are M1: and total dry matter accumulation, grain and Stover yield, No of pods

Conventional tillage, M2: Reduced tillage and M3: Zero tillage and sub per plant and test weight, pH, EC and organic carbon, nitrogen, plots are S1: aWith residue retention and S2: Without residue retention phosphorous, potassium and sulphur also micronutrients like Zn, Fe, and their interaction of both main and sub plots consist of six treatments Cu and Mn both grain and straw also in soil. Significantly physical are M1S1: Conventional Tillage (CT) + with residue, M1S2: properties like bulk density, porosity, MWHC, MWD and Aggregate

Conventional Tillage (CT) + without residue, M2S1: Reduced Tillage stability per cent higher in zero tillage with residue retention over

(RT) + with residue, M2S2: Reduced Tillage (RT) + without residue, conventional tillage except bulk density. Significantly higher number of

M3S1: Zero Tillage (ZT) + with residue and M3S2: Zero Tillage (ZT) + soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes population, gross return, net without residue. The soil was medium black with clay loam texture. It return and B: C ratio. It is concluded that the among all treatments zero had slightly alkaline pH, EC (0.36 dS m-1) and low in soil organic carbon tillage with residue retention was found best combination for higher content. The soil was medium in available nitrogen and medium in chickpea crop yields compared to other of treatments.

Management of leaf reddening in Bt cotton through foliar nutrition RAKESH KUMAR BEHERA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VEERESH The field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research quality parameters of cotton were also of high grade in these Station, Raichur, Karnataka during the kharif 2018-19 with eight treatments. The foliar nutrition of Bt cotton helped in better treatments replicated thrice in a completely randomized block design management of leaf reddening as well as in meeting the nutritional to assess the effect of conventional and multi-nutrient fertilizers on demand of the crop at different physiological growth stages and thus management of leaf reddening in Bt cotton. The results revealed that a higher gross returns (` 1,74,222 ha-1), net returns (` 1,12,579 ha-1) incidence of leaf reddening in Bt cotton was decreased significantly on and BC ratio (2.83) was achieved with treatment:RDF along with application of RDF along with foliar spray of MgSO4 (1%) + 19:19:19 foliar spray of MgSO4 (1%) + 19:19:19 (1%) at flowering, boll (1%) at flowering, boll initiation and boll development stages. initiation and boll development stage which was on par with the Similarly, the extent of management of leaf reddening incidence was treatment:RDF along with foliar spray of Bio-mix @ 10 ml litre-1 at on par with the application of RDF along with foliar spray of flowering, boll initiation and boll development stages. Finally, it can laboratory prepared multi-nutrient Bio-mix solution @ 10 ml litre-1 at be concluded that leaf reddening in Bt cotton can be effectively managed flowering, boll initiation and boll development stages. Therefore, the and one can fetch higher returns through inclusion of foliar nutrition above treatments respectively recorded significantly higher seed cotton as a standard practice of crop nutrition in Bt cotton along with standard yields (3226 kg ha-1& 3005 kg ha-1)over the other treatments. The pest management and agronomic practices. Response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to foliar application of micronutrient mixture KIRANA KUMARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. NARAYANA RAO A field experiment on “response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius sulphate @ 6 kg ha-1 has recorded higher growth parameters viz., plant L.) to foliar application of micronutrient mixture” was conducted during height, number of leaves, leaf area , leaf area index and total dry matter rabi 2018, at MARS farm, Raichur. Experiment was laid out in production at 25,50,75 DAS and at harvest stage. The treatment also Randomized complete block design with three replications and nine recorded highest seed yield (1557 kg ha-1), stalk yield (2478 kg ha-1), treatments. Results revealed that foliar application of Grade-I multi protein yield (336.16 kg ha-1), oil yield (434.30 kg ha-1) and harvest micronutrient mixture (Fe-2%, Zn-3%, Mn-1% and B-0.5%) at 30 and index (38.59%). The yield and quality parameters like test weight 50 days after sowing @ 10 ml/litre and soil application of RDF (75:75:40 (6.42 g), oil content (27.90 %), protein content (21.58 %) and uptake and 80 kg ha-1 of NPK and gypsum, respectively) along with zinc of nutrients viz., nitrogen (118.07 kg ha-1), phosphorous (20.07 kg ha-1),

108 potassium (87.08 kg ha-1), iron (629.21 g ha-1), zinc (331.29 g ha-1), superior to other treatments. The highest gross returns, net returns and manganese (113.32 g ha-1), copper (103.34 g ha-1) and boron (122.74 g BC ratio was recorded in treatment receiving foliar application of ha-1) and it was on par with the treatment receiving RDF(75:75:40 and micronutrients along with RDF compare to other treatments. From 80 kg ha-1 of NPK and gypsum, respectively) and along with foliar these results it can be concluded that foliar spray of Grade-I multi application of Grade-I micronutrient mixture @ 10 ml/litre and was micronutrient mixture @ 10 ml /litre is economically feasible. Optimization of iron for sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor L.) in black soil K. BINSIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. RAVI

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture Farm, ha-1 (2715.57 kg ha-1) and was on par with the application of 20 kg -1 -1 Raichur, during rabi 2018, to study the “Optimization of iron for FeSO4 7H2O ha (2677.76 kg ha ). Foliar application of 0.40% Fe sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolor L.) in black soil”. The experiment resulted in higher grain yield (2733.47 kg ha-1), stover yield (10645.63 was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. The treatments kg ha-1) and total uptake of nitrogen (116.68 kg ha-1), sulphur (38.44 consisted of three levels of soil application of iron sulphate (10, 15 kg ha-1), zinc (137.09 g ha-1) and iron (3958.69 g ha-1) by sorghum -1 -1 and 20 kg FeSO4 7H2O ha ) and four levels of foliar application of crop. Combination of 20 kg FeSO4 7H2O ha + 0.40% Fe recorded iron (0.15, 0.25, 0.40 and 0.50% Fe). The results revealed that, soil higher grain yield (2809.03 kg ha-1), stover yield (11244.05 kg ha-1) -1 -1 -1 application of 20 kg FeSO4 7H2O ha recorded higher stover yield and total uptake of nitrogen (121.42 kg ha ), sulphur (42.34 kg ha ), (10764.79 kg ha-1) and total uptake of nitrogen (116.21 kg ha-1), zinc (247.23 g ha-1) and iron (5011.87 g ha-1). The highest gross returns phosphorus (57.85 kg ha-1), potassium (137.42 kg ha-1), sulphur (36.24 (` 56,192.37 ha-1), net returns (` 32,672.37 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio -1 -1 -1 -1 kg ha ), zinc (107.68 g ha ) and iron (3967.69 g ha ) except grain (2.39) was found with the application of 20 kg FeSO4 7H2O ha + yield which was maximum with the application of 10 kg FeSO4 7H2O 0.40% Fe. Integrated plant nutrient supply system in dry-direct seeded rice GEETHA BELUVIGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. BALANAGOUDAR

The present experiment was conducted during kharif 2018 at the thrice. Results revealed that yield attributing characters viz., panicle ARS, Dhadesugur to study the integrated plant nutrient supply length, number of grains per panicle, filled grains per panicle, test system in dry-DSR with the following treatments based on soil test weight, grain and straw yield were recorded significantly higher -1 -1 laboratory method, viz., T1-Absolute Control, T2-RDF (175:75:75 (26.7 cm, 361, 280, 17.5 g, 7,461 kg ha and 8808 kg ha , -1 -1 NPK kg ha ) fertilizers only, T3-RDF (175:75:75 NPK kg ha ) + respectively) with treatment T9 as compared to absolute control. -1 -1 FYM @ 6 t ha , T4-75 % RDF (131:56:56 NPK kg ha ) + FYM @ The T9 treatment recorded 142.9 per cent increase in yield over -1 -1 6 t ha + biofertilizers @ 12.5 kg ha , T5-100 % RDF (175:75:75 control. The higher N, P and K uptake (92.14, 26.43 and 37.27 kg -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 NPK kg ha ) + FYM @ 6 t ha + biofertilizers @ 12.5 kg ha , T6- ha in grain, 57.12, 7.6 and 110.25 kg ha in straw, respectively), 125 % RDF (219:94:94 NPK kg ha-1) + FYM @ 6 t ha-1 + gross returns, net returns and B:C (` 151215 ha-1, ` 98756 ha-1 and -1 biofertilizers @ 12.5 kg ha , T7-T4 + foliar spray of 19:19:19 (1%) 2.88, respectively) were recorded in T9 treatment. It is concluded at 45, 60 and 75 DAS, T8 -T5 + foliar spray of 19:19:19 (1%) at 45, that, under integrate plant nutrient supply system, treatment T9 is

60 and 75 DAS and T9-T6 + foliar spray of 19:19:19 (1%) at 45, 60 the best treatment in dry-DSR to achieve higher yield, nutrient and 75 DAS were laid out in a randomized block design and replicated uptake, net returns and B:C as compared to absolute control.

Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to foliar application of micronutrient mixture SHARANABASAPPA SHETTAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK KUMAR GADDI

The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2018 at the Agricultural mixture of Fe-2 %, Zn-3 %, Mn-1 % and B-0.5 %). The results also Research Station, Siruguppa, Karnataka to evaluate the effect of foliar revealed a significant increase in the uptake of micronutrients among application of micronutrients on yield and quality of chickpea. The the treatments which received foliar applications irrespective of rate of experiment was laid out with nine treatments replicated three times in applications when compared to the control. In the case of quality randomized block design. The results of the experiments revealed that parameters, the treatments that received NPK @ 25:50:0 kg ha-1 (RDF) the treatments had significant effect on yield and quality parameters. In along with foliar spray of Grade-I either @ 2.5 ml l-1 , 5.0 ml l-1 or 10 ml general, the treatments that received foliar applications of micronutrients l-1 recorded comparatively higher protein content in seed samples than have given comparatively better yield over the others. Among the foliar the other treatments. The cost economic analysis of various treatments treatments, the highest seed yield (2604 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2257 in the present study has shown the highest BC ratio for the treatment -1 -1 kg ha ) was recorded with the treatment which received RDF + Soil that includes RDF + Soil application of ZnSO4 at 12.5 kg ha and foliar -1 -1 application of ZnSO4 at 12.5 kg ha along with foliar spray of Grade- spray of Grade-I @ 5 ml l at flowering and pod development stage I @ 10 ml L-1 at flowering and pod development stage (Grade-I is a over all other treatments. Studies on integrated nutrient management in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) PRAVEEN CHANAGUNDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. A. BELLAKKI

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of The experiment was laid out in randomized completely block design integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of sorghum during with nine treatments and three replications. The organic manures rabi season 2018-19 at the Khrishi Vigyana Kendra, Raddewadgi. used were, FYM, vermicompost and city compost at the level of 2.5

109 and 5 t ha-1 for manure treated plots. The results revealed that, the The growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, leaf combined application of inorganic fertilizers through RDF + organic area, leaf area index, dry matter production, grain weight per ear head, manure through vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha 1 to rabi sorghum gave ear head weight and test weight were recorded significantly higher -1 -1 significantly higher grain yield and stover yield (22.94 q ha and with treatment receiving RDF + vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha (T5). -1 -1 56.18 q ha , respectively) which was on par with T6 – RDF + city Similarly gross returns, net returns and B C ratio (72091 ha , 47616 -1 •1 -1 compost @ 2.5 t ha for grain and stover yield (20.39 q ha and 50.21 ha and 2.95, respectively) were recorded in T5 treatment. It is -1 q ha , respectively). The higher nutrient availability in soil and nutrient concluded that, under integrated nutrient management, treatment T5 uptake (N-102.1 kg ha-1, P-42.5 kg ha-1, K-121.9 kg ha-1) by sorghum is the best treatment in rabi sorghum to achieve higher yield, nutrient was recorded in treatment receiving RDF+ vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha 1. uptake, net returns and BC ratio as compared to absolute control.

Distribution of phosphorus fractions in a Vertisol treated with PSB K. R. SWAGATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VEERESH

A pot culture experiment on “Distribution of phosphorus fractions 30 and 60 DAS has recorded highest values. Further, the above in a Vertisol treated with PSB” was carried out in a glasshouse during treatment also recorded the highest uptake of nutrients in both leaf kharif 2018 at the College of Agriculture, Raichur using maize as a and stem viz., nitrogen (50.97 and 16.8 kg ha-1), phosphorous (3.84 test crop. A total of 11 treatments that includes different levels of and 3.24 kg ha-1), potassium (27.94 and 17.82 kg ha-1), iron (609.7 and phosphorus which are studied either alone or in combination with 494.4 g ha-1), zinc (121.4 and 38.9 g ha-1), manganese (206.7 and two levels of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB). These treatments 123.3 g ha-1) and copper (30.4 and 30.8 g ha-1). The distribution were replicated thrice and arranged in a completely randomized block pattern of native inorganic P in vertisol followed the sequence of Res- design. In general, the results showed that soil application of PSB had P > Ca-P > Fe/Al-P > Exch-P and this order of sequence remained a significant effect on plant growth, microbial population and soil unchanged even after the application of either inorganic P or due to enzymes. The observations on plant growth parameters viz., plant treating the soil with PSB. However, the comparison of concentrations height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, leaf area index, dry of various P fractions in respective treatments has indicated a quite matter production and root length revealed that the treatment that positive change which was mostly coincided with the P loadings and received soil application of 100 % NPK + PSB @ 25.0 kg ha-1 at both PSB treatment over the absolute control.

Extraction, fractionation and purification of humic acid and its effect on growth, uptake of nutrients and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Vertisol SHREELATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. BHAT The study pertaining to humic acid (HA) was carried out at the HCl was found to be ideal to attain higher HA yield from PM (13.5 Organic Farming Research Institute, UAS, Raichur during 2018-19 %) and VC (10.1 %). Distilled water can effectively be used in and it consisted of three experiments, viz., i) to know the influence of purification of HA in place of HCl-HF mixture used in the earlier different extraction and fractionation periods on HA yield derived studies, so that ash content in the HA can be brought to desirable from pressmud (PM) and Vermicompost (VC); 2) purification of HA limit (<2 %). Significantly, higher seed yield of chickpea (1659 kg with distilled water at different extraction and purification periods -1 ha ) and nutrient uptake was recorded with T7 due to application of and its effect on ash content; 3) field experiment on use of extracted recommended dose of N and P through VC and RP along with soil PM-HA on chickpea crop with 11 treatments comprising 75 and 100 application of HA @ 5 kg ha-1 and foliar spray @ 0.25 per cent per cent of RDN and RDP through VC and rock phosphate (RP) -1 compared to application of inorganic fertilizer (T11: 1412.6 kg ha ) along with soil application and foliar spray of HA. Experiment was and those treatment with recommended dose of N and P through VC laid out in RCBD design and replicated thrice. The 24 hours of -1 and RP (T5: 1438.0 kg ha ). The net returns realized from T7 and T11 extraction with KOH (0.5 M) and 24 hours equilibration with 6 M (RDF) treatment was ` 37905 and ` 31338, respectively. Studies on constraints and potentials of soils for existing land use in Rajhnal village of Kalaburagi district VINAYAKA NEELAGUNDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. BASAVARAJ

An investigation was carried out to characterize the soil resources of medium to high. In all the series DTPA extractable Zn, Fe and available Rajhnal village in North Eastern Dry Zone (Zone-2) of Karnataka B content were deficient, whereas DTPA extractable Cu and Mn content under semi-arid tropics for their morphological, physico-chemical, were sufficient. Based on soil properties and limitations, the soils of fertility characteristics and suitability for major crops. Among five Rajhnal village have been classified into three land capability classes viz., mapping units, two different landforms were obtained viz., upland and IIIesf, IVs and VIs. Margutti series was currently not suitable (N1) for all lowland revealed that slope varying from very gently (1-3 %) to gently crops except soybean and sorghum, they are marginal suitable (S3). sloping (3-5 %). Depth of soils ranged from very shallow (<25 cm) to Rajhnal series was highly suitable (S1) for red banana, guava and custard deep (100-150 cm). The physical characteristics like texture, BD, PD, apple and moderately suitable (S2) for other crops. Bhimanahalli (P-1) & MHWC and available water content (0.33 bar and 15 bar) ranged from (P-2) and Novinihala series of the study area was moderately (S2) and clay to clay loam, 1.23 to 1.31 Mg m-3, 2.56 to 2.62 Mg m-3, 40.20 to marginal suitable (S3) for pulses and cereal crops and currently not suitable 47.47 per cent and 10.3 to 13.2 per cent, respectively. In all the soil (N1) for horticultural crops except custard apple as it was marginal series, pH ranged from neutral to slightly alkaline and EC was non suitable (S3). The EC and SAR of irrigation water were within the saline. The available N and P2O5 were low to medium and K2O was permissible limits, while RSC was safe to marginal limits.

110 Effect of phosphorus enriched organic manures on P-uptake and yield of onion in Vertisol MARIYAPLA DEVARAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. BASAVARAJA A field experiment was conducted at the Kalagi village of Chittapura enriched poultry manure @ 3 t ha-1 + 100 % RDF-P, which was taluk in Kalaburagi district, during kharif season of 2018-19, to found superior to all other treatments. The increase in yield over investigate the effect of phosphorus enriched organic manures on P- control (no organic manure) was 20.90 % in onion. Higher uptake of uptake and yield of onion in vertisol. The experiment consisted of N, P, K, S and micronutrients by onion was observed due to increased -1 availability of these nutrients in soil with the addition of P-enriched three main plots: no P-fertilizer, 50% RDF-P (25 kg P2O5 ha ) and -1 organic manures and P-fertilizer. Among different P-enriched organic 100% RDF-P (50 kg P2O5 ha ) and seven sub-plots: no organic manure, FYM @ 12 t ha-1, vermicompost @ 6 t ha-1, poultry manures, poultry manure gave highest uptake and available status manure @ 6 t ha-1, P-enriched FYM @ 6 t ha-1, P-enriched of N, P, K, S and micronutrients. All the added P-enriched organic vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, and P-enriched poultry manure @ 3 t ha- manures in combination with different doses P-fertilizer in soil 1, with three replications in split plot design. Application of P- significantly decreased soil pH and increased EC and organic carbon enriched organic manures at different levels of P-fertilizers had content. Addition of P-enriched poultry manure with 50% RDF-P significantly increased the bulb yield of onion. The highest bulb was found to be beneficial and gave higher monetary returns yield of onion (29.38 t ha-1) was obtained due to addition of P- (` 421454 ha-1) and BC ratio (6.80) from onion crop production. Assessment of spatial and temporal changes in salinity and alkalinity of natural streams/ nala water over the cropping season in TBP command area MANJUNATH DARIMANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH

The feasibility of quality of canal water and natural stream/nala water in the months of December and January. Across the sampling stations, for irrigation over the cropping season in TBP command area, the mean EC, SAR and RSC of natural nala I were 5.6 to 12.5, 3.6 to Gangavathi taluk was assessed from July 2018 to January 2019. 9.4 and 10.3 to 25.3 times and under natural nala II were 7.6 to 10.8, Water samples from eight different sampling stations each along the 3.1 to 4.8 and 6.3 to 13.7 times higher respectively compared to canal two natural streams over 13 times of sampling revealed that EC of water over the cropping season. The EC, Cl/SO4 ratio and RSC values first nala water varied from 0.33 to 1.80 dS m-1as against 0.04 to 0.30 appear to be the major constraints in majority of natural stream water dS m-1 (distributary 21 and 22) and the second nala water from 0.08 to samples collected from different sampling stations as far as their 1.85 dS m-1as against 0.04 to 0.24 dS m-1 (distributary 30 and 31) irrigation feasibility is concerned. A total of 30 soil samples collected respectively. Among cations, Na+ was the dominant followed by Ca2+, on either side of natural streams/nala to a depth of 60+ cm at an Mg2+ and K+ whereas the relative proportion of anions was in the increment of 15 cm revealed that the soils were strongly alkaline to - - 2- 2- order of HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > CO3 . In general, the maximum variations mildly alkaline in soil reaction (pH, pHe). The mean EC and ECe in EC, concentrations of cations/anions and the SAR and RSC values values were <4.0 dS m-1 at all the depths in both the streams reflecting in nala water among the sampling stations were observed particularly that the soils are non-saline at the time of sampling.

CROP PHYSIOLOGY Physiological approaches for drought mitigation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) NALISHMA RAGHU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. PATIL A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research growth regulators. It may be concluded that, foliar spray of chickpea Station, Kalaburgi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during magic @ 8 g/l had an additive influence on physiological parameters the rabi 2018-19 to study the effect of drought mitigating chemicals viz., relative water content (61.94 %) photosynthetic rate (21.05ì -2 -1 -2 -1 on phonological, morphological, growth, physiological, biochemical mol CO2 m s ), transpiration rate (4.95m mol H2O m s ) and on and yield parameter of chickpea under drought condition. The biochemical parameters including total chlorophyll content (1.73mg experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 11 g-1fr.wt.), proline content (8.78 ì mole g-1fr. wt.) and chlorophyll treatments in three replications. The treatments viz., seed priming stability index (76.92%). Significant increase in these parameters had with 2 % CaCl2, foliar spray of chemicals 2% urea, salicylic acid (100 improved the drought tolerance in chickpea. Hence, the foliar spray ppm), cycocel (100 ppm), 0.1% boron, and novel formulations pulse of chickpea magic @ 8 g/l at 50 per cent flowering recorded the magic and chickpea magic (released by ZARS, Kalaburgi). highest yield (2514 kg ha-1) than other treatments under drought. The Observations were recorded regularly at 20 days interval from 40 significant increase in seed yield may be attributed to the increase in DAS upto harvest. The results were analyzed for variance and were total number of branches (12.30) and total dry matter accumulation significant for morphological, physiological, growth, biochemical, yield (36.42 g plant-1), leaf area (5.47 dm2), number of pods per plant and yield components with application of various nutrients and plant (118.33), test weight (23.52g) and harvest index (56.14).

Physiological and molecular screening of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) seedlings for drought tolerance T. R. SANGEETHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. C. SUMA The present investigation on “Physiological and molecular screening of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka during the year 2018-19 of pigeonpea seedlings for drought tolerance” was conducted at the in thirty pigeonpea genotypes. The study envisages the importance Department of Crop Physiology, College of Agriculture, University of physiological screening of pigeonpea genotypes under moisture

111 stress conditions. The genotypes were subjected to stringent screening showed genetic similarity among the drought tolerant varieties forming at seedling level as well as whole plant level. The molecular screening the same cluster. Further, from this study, RVK-285 proved to be using RAPD markers also support the selection of drought tolerant sensitive genotype by showing less relative water content, proline and sensitive genotypes. ICPL-87 proved to be drought tolerant by content, chlorophyll ‘a’, total chlorophyll, with relatively high rate showing high relative water content, proline content, total chlorophyll, of water loss and low catalase activity. It also showed genetic similarity with relatively low rate of water loss and high catalase activity. It also among the drought sensitive varieties forming the same cluster.

Studies on the influence of foliar nutrition of ZnSO4 and GA3 on cob development of maize (Zea mays L.) ANIL JADHAV 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. AMARAEGOUDA

A field experiment was conducted with an objective to study the Other physiological parameters like higher photosynthetic rate and influence of foliar nutrition of ZnSO4 and GA3 on cob development NDVI were also observed in this treatment. Biochemical parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) during kharif 2018 at the Farm college of like Chlorophyll a, b and total, reducing and non-reducing sugar content Agriculture, Raichur. An experiment was laid out in Factorial in seeds, and starch content in grains were also significantly increased randomized complete block design with 18 treatments including under this treatment. Similarly, higher grain yield and yield components control. The treatments were foliar nutrition of ZnSO4 at 0.25 per were recorded with the foliar application of ZnSO4 at 1.0 per cent cent, ZnSO4 at 0.5 per cent and ZnSO4 at 1.0 per cent and GA3 at 25 during V5 stage. However, it was on par with foliar application of ppm and GA3 at 50 ppm sprayed at different leaf stages (V5, V6, V5 ZnSO4 at 1.0 per cent at V6 stage. Maize growth, yield and yield

& V6). The results revealed that foliar application of ZnSO4 at 1.0 components were increased when foliar nutrition was given at early per cent in V5 stage recorded significantly higher plant height, total stages (V5 & V6 stage). It was concluded from the results that foliar dry matter and dry matter in different plant parts higher LAI, minimum application of ZnSO4 @ 1.0 per cent during 25 to 30 DAS increase number of days to attain 50 per cent silking and physiological maturity, grain yield significantly in maize.

Screening of elite greengram lines for drought tolerance under rabi condition S. ASHWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. PATIL The present investigation was conducted at the ARS, Kalaburagi, (76.9 %) and least values were recorded in Selection-4 and BGS-9 University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, during the rabi 2018- (check) (4.02 and 4.74 µ mole g-1 fresh weight, 62.9 and 68.2 %, 19. Among two experiments conducted, the first experiment was laid respectively) under both stress and non stress conditions. Under out in split plot design which consisted of eight genotypes sown in both stress and non-stress condition higher yield parameters such as the field under stress and non stress condition to evaluate morpho- number of pods per plant, seed yield and harvest index were recorded physiological, biochemical and yield parameters, whereas second in TRCRM-141 (14, 1456 kg ha-1 and 33.89%) compared to Selection- experiment was conducted for root characterization study of same 4 and BGS-9 (check) (7 and 10, 817 and 916 kg ha -1, 26.4 and 30.4%, genotypes in PVC pipes. The effects between stress and genotypes respectively). Drought tolerance indices including SSI, YI, YSI, DI and growth behavior was studied during 20 DAS, 40 DAS, 60 DAS and SSPI were calculated based on seed yield under stress (Ys) and and harvest stage. Significant changes in the plant height, biomass, non stress (Yp) conditions. Among the genotype, higher YI, YSI and growth parameters and root traits under both stress and non-stress DI and lower SSI and SSPI were recorded in TRCRM-141. Correlation condition were recorded, indicating the effect of moisture stress on analysis showed significant positive correlation between drought plant. Among the genotypes, TRCRM-141 shows significantly higher tolerant indices for traits. Genotypes showing higher amount proline plant height, growth parameters such as SLW, CGR, LA and also content, relative water content, total chlorophyll content along with proline content (5.59 µ mole g-1 fresh wt.), relative water content deeper root length are attributed for the drought tolerance.

Physiological studies on influence of plant growth regulators and Boron on growth and yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) NINGANAGOUDA PATIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. PATIL The experiment was carried out to study the influence of different rate and leaf area index were showed significantly higher in treatment agrochemicals on yield and yield components of sunflower hybrid with GA3 @ 50 ppm followed by boron @ 0.2 per cent. The bio- RSFH-1887 at Sunflower scheme, Main Agricultural Research Station, chemical parameters like chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ content , total

UAS, Raichur, and Karnataka.The experiment was laid out in a chlorophyll content were found higher with foliar spray of GA3 @ 50 randomized complete block design with three replications and 10 ppm followed by boron @ 0.2 per cent and oil content showed higher treeatments during kharif 2018. Morphological parameters viz., plant percentage in treatment boron @ 0.2 per cent followed by chlormequat height, leaf area were significantly higher with foliar spray of GA3 @ chloride @ 500 ppm and mepiquat chloride @ 1500 ppm. The yield 50 ppm followed by boron @ 0.2 per cent compared to all other and yield attributes of sunflower differed significantly by foliar treatments. Less number of days to 50 per cent flowering and days to application of different agrochemicals at star bud stage and before physiological maturity found in boron @ 0.2 per cent and the total flowering. Foliar spray of GA3 @ 50 ppm recorded the significantly dry matter production foliar spray of 6-Benzyl aminopurine @ 150 higher number of filled achenes per head, least number of unfilled ppm showed significantly higher compared to all other treatments. achenes per head, the highest seed yield and highest per cent increase The bio-physical parameters viz., photosynthetic rate, transpiration of yield over control.

112 Physiological studies on yield maximization in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) CHAVALI SIRI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. PATIL

A field experiment was conducted with an objective to study the recorded significantly higher plant height, enhanced the number of influence of plant growth regulators on morpho-physiological brances, leaf area, number of leaves, and dry matter. Other parameters in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) during kharif 2018 at the physiological parameters like higher photosynthetic rate and NDVI Agriculture college farm, Raichur. An experiment was laid out in was also observed in this treatment. Biochemical parameters like randomized complete block design with nine treatments including chlorophyll a, b and total, higher yield and yield components were recorded with the foliar application of NAA @ 10 ppm. However, it control. The treatments were foliar nutrition of Gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 10 ppm, Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) @ 10 ppm, Methyl was on par with foliar application of GA3. Chilli growth, yield and jasmonate (Me JA) @ 10 ppm, combination of NAA and MeJA, yield components were increased when foliar application of NAA @ Cycocel @ 10 ppm, Nitrobenzene @ 10 ppm, Brassinosteroides @ 10 ppm was given at different growth stages. It was concluded from 0.15%, combination of cycocel and brassinosteriods at different the results that foliar application of NAA @ 10 ppm during vegetative, growth stages (30, 60, 90 DAT). The results revealed that foliar flowering and fruiting stages could increase chilli productivity by application of NAA @ 10 ppm applied at different growth stages reducing the fruit drop significantly. Physiological approaches to improve productivity of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) through foliar nutrition SIDDANAGOUDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. DHANOJI

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station the seed yield with treatment T19 may be due to the improvement in (ARS) Bheemarayanagudi, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka during rabi 2018, the yield traits namely ear length, ear weight, seeds per ear and test to study the influence of foliar spray of nutrients and PGRs on weight, which were largely depends on the growth parameters like growth and yield of rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) plant height, leaf area and total dry matter accumulation and its partition variety M 35-1. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and was into leaf, stem, and ear. It was realized from increased CGR, NAR, replicated thrice. There were 20 treatments consisting of primary LAI, LAD, SLW, and HI. In addition higher biophysical, physiological (2%), secondary (0.5%), micronutrients (0.1%), salicylic acid (200 and biochemical parameters like relative water content, soil plant ppm) and cycocel (4000 ppm) alone or in combination. Foliar spray analysis development, normalized difference vegetation index, total treatments viz., CCC and SA were imposed at 40 and 50 DAS, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, nitrate respectively. The foliar spray of essential nutrients were imposed reductase activity with lower membrane injury index and proline twice at 60 and 80 DAS. Foliar spray treatment T19 (Primary + might have promoted potential yield formation. Thus improvement Secondary + Micronutrients + SA + CCC) recorded the 46 per cent in the yield was realized due to timely supply of essential nutrients higher yield, over control (1,376 kg ha-1). The significant increase in and PGRs. Physiological approaches to improve productivity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) through foliar nutrition SAGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. DHANOJI A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station due to the improvement in the yield traits namely number of capsules (ARS) Bheemarayanagudi, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka during rabi 2018, per plant, number of seeds per capsule and test weight, which were to study the influence of foliar spray of nutrients and PGRs on growth largely dependent on the growth parameters like plant height, leaf area and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) variety A-2. The and total dry matter accumulation and its partition into leaf, stem and experiment was laid out in RCBD and was replicated thrice. There capsule. It was realized from increased crop growth rate, net assimilation were 20 treatments consisting of primary (2 %), secondary (0.5 %), rate, leaf area index, leaf area duration, specific leaf weight and harvest micronutrients (0.1 %), salicylic acid (200 ppm) and cycocel (4000 index. In addition higher biophysical, physiological and biochemical ppm) alone or in combination. Foliar spray treatments viz., CCC and parameters like relative water content, soil plant analysis development, SA were imposed at 40 and 50 DAS, respectively. The foliar sprays of normalized difference vegetation index, total chlorophyll content, essential nutrients were imposed twice at 60 and 80 DAS. Foliar spray photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, nitrate reductase activity with treatment T19 (Primary + Secondary + Micronutrients + SA + CCC) lower membrane injury index and protein might have promoted potential recorded the 61 per cent higher yield, over control (1,643.7 kg ha-1). yield formation. Thus, improvement in the yield was realized due to

The significant increase in the seed yield with treatment T19 may be timely supply of essential nutrients and PGRs. AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Effect of foliar spray of organic formulations on leaf yield and quality of mulberry and its influence on silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera : Bombycidae) MALATESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. ASHOKA

The investigation on the effect of foliar spray of organic formulations Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Raichur, Among on leaf yield and quality of mulberry and its influence on mulberry the organic foliar spray formulations used, vermiwash 5 per cent silkworm, Bombyx mori L. was carried out at the Department of spray at 25th and 40th day after pruning significantly increased the

113 leaf yield (1068.00, 1080.00 and 1074.00 g/plant), shoot weight ppm) and Manganese (44.25, 45.62 and 44.94 ppm) in mulberry (649.00, 643.50 and 646.25 g/plant), number of leaves per plant leaves for season I, season II and pooled mean, respectively in (452.25, 473.00 and 462.63) and average shoot length (133.00, 142.00 order. The effect of organic formations on mulberry silkworms and 137.50 cm) in season I, season II and pooled mean, respectively. revealed that there was significantly highest larval weight (30.84, The foliar spray of organic formulations on mulberry for 30.95 and 30.89 g), cocoon weight (14.03, 13.98 and 14.00 g), pupal physiological and biochemical parameters indicated that vermiwash weight (11.79, 11.92 and 11.86 g), silk filament length (714.09, 5 per cent foliar spray exhibited significantly highest leaf moisture 717.47 and 715.78 m), denier (2.34, 2.32 and 2.33), silk productivity (80.56, 80.39 and 80.47 %), total chlorophyll (2.11, 2.12 and 2.15 (0.295, 0.296 and 0.295 cg/days), moth emergence (99.00, 98.50 mg/g), nitrogen (4.51, 4.53 and 4.52 %) and phosphorus (0.85, 0.88 and 98.75 %) and fecundity of silk moth (458.00, 453.00 and 455.50) and 0.87 %). The total micronutrients; Iron (82.64, 83.73 and 83.19 respectively in order for season I, season II and pooled mean. In vitro evaluation of microencapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) K. AKSHAY KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ S. KALMATH Ultraviolet radiation, temperature and other environment stress are exposing microencapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis to UV A light at mainly responsible for inactivation of crystal proteins and spores of 365nm at different intervals of time and also evaluated to different Bacillus thuringiensis in the field condition. Among the protective temperatures. Among four microencapsulated formulations, BGC-1 methods microencapsulation was found to be reliable, safe and feasible with melanin recorded significantly highest mortality of 95.00 per alternative. The objective of this investigation was for the preparation cent at 0h exposure, as time increased, the mortality decreased and and evaluation of microencapsulation of lyophilized spore crystal HD-1 was on par with BGC-1. Similarly, formulations were evaluated aggregate (SCA) of native isolate BGC-1 and standard isolate HD-1 for different temperatures microencapsulated formulations BGC-1 against second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. The results of (melanin) recorded highest mortality of 70.00 to 90.00 per cent at 25 zetasizer analyzer revealed that the diameter of the microcapsule oC to 45 oC exposure; this was followed by HD-1 melanin. It is ranged from 3.2 to 8.3 µm. Median lethal concentrations of the BGC- concluded that melanin was found to be an effective UV protectant 1 and Bt-HD1 were 0.66 g/l and 0.50 g/l respectively. UV protectants for B. thuringiensis microencapsulation formulations against H. viz., melanin and (PABA) para-amino benzoic acid were evaluated by armigera.

Bio efficacy of green nanoparticles against mulberry thrips, Pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and their effect on mulberry silkworm VINAYAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. ASHOKA

Bio efficacy studies of green nanoparticles against mulberry thrips, for each of nano and botanicals and Clerodendron has registered more pseudodendrothrips mori (Niwa) and their effect on mulberry toxicity with LC50 value of 131.83 ppm. Studies on the efficacy of silkworm was carried out during the year 2017-18 at the Department botanicals and green nanoparticles against mulberry thrips, under of Agricultural Entomology and Centre for Nanotechnology field condition revealed that Clerodendron at 5%, Clerodendron and Lantana Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The green nanoparticles at 20 times of LC50 were found to be botanicals viz., tulasi, tobacco, Lantana camara, Clerodendron and most effective and were on par with each other in reducing the thrips neem seed kernel extracts were prepared and used for synthesis of population up to seven days after the spray. The waiting period green nanoparticles. The average particles size was reduced to less study indicated that the safe waiting period in botanicals was tulasi than 100 nm by various methods and characterized by Zeta Sizer and (5 days), tobacco and lantana leaf extract (7 days) and 10 days for Atomic force microscope (AFM). Green nanoparticles were used Clerodendron and NSKE respectively. However, in nano formulations along with their respective botanicals for management of mulberry safety period was seven days for tobacco and Clerodendron and five thrips. Each nanoparticles were used at five different concentration days for rest of the nanoparticles. The residual toxicity of botanicals (100, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm). The bio efficacy study indicated and green nanoparticles on economic parameters of mulberry that increased concentration resulted in increased nymphal mortality silkworm indicated that there were no deleterious effects on silkworm of thrips with passage of time. Highest per cent mortality was growth and development parameters as evidenced by non-significant th th differences in economic and survival parameters. observed on 5 and 7 day after treatment. LC50 values were calculated

Effect of climatic variables on chickpea and its herbivore Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) S. MALLIKARJUNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RACHAPPA

Influence of weather parameters on pheromone trap catches (PTC), and minimum temperature. Further, morning RH, evening RH and light trap catches (LTC) and larval population were subjected for rainfall were non significantly correlated. To know the effect of planting correlation and regression studies for pooled data (2001-2019) on dates of chickpea (JG-11) on H. armigera incidence, three different incidence of H. armigera at the ZARS, Klaburagi. The results indicated dates were taken viz., 15th September, 15th October and 15th November that maximum mean larval population and LTC were noticed during at ZARS, Kalaburagi during 2018-19. The results revealed that lowest 47th SMW. Whereas, maximum PTC was observed during 40th SMW. average larval population and pod damage were recorded in 15th October All these three were significant and negatively correlated with maximum sown crop, followed by 15th November sown over 15th September

114 sown chickpea. In order to know the influence of different CO2 and condition. eCO2 and eTemp was recorded lower damage, whereas, it temperature regimes on chickpea plants, the biochemical analysis was prolonged larval duration but reduced adult duration. Similarly, fecundity carried out in UAS, Raichur. Results indicated that chlorophyll, NBI, reduced by 38.02 per cent and egg hatchability by 14.84 per cent. phenols, tannins, malic acid (18.87 %) and reducing sugars increased Further, larval survivability, larval and pupal weights were reduced. under eCO2 condition. Wherein, eTemp was negatively influenced these Trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase activity increased with elevated above mentioned parameters. However, carbon and CN ratio increased, condition. Wherein, larva grown on ICCL 86111 had recorded lower whereas, nitrogen and flavonoids decreased under eCO2 and eTemp enzymatic activity over ICC 3137. Studies on diapause behavior of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) KIRANAMAYA PRADHAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. BHEEMANNA

The investigations on comparative biology, the amino acid and protein diapause population was due to long resting diapause period ranged composition of diapause and non-diapause larvae and effect of some from 72 to 108 days. When the amino acid composition of diapause abiotic factors on diapause of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella and non-diapause larvae were analyzed, it was found that out of 17 were carried out in, the Department of Agricultural Entomology, College amino acids, 14 amino acids showed a significant difference between of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur during 2018-19.Studies on comparative diapause and non-diapauselarvae which signifies that amino acids are biology of diapause and non-diapause population of pink bollworm involved in diapause physiology, perhaps with respect to energy revealed that incubation period of eggs were 3.5 ± 0.82 and 3.05 ± 0.55 mobilization during the later stages of diapause. The concentration of days in non-diapause and diapause population, respectively without protein was found more in diapause female larvae (27.15 ± 2.27 mg/ showing any significant difference. The total larval period of 18.60 ± 100 g) as compared to non-diapause larvae (20.29 ± 2.61 mg/ 100 g), 2.28 and 19.65 ± 1.53 days were recorded in non-diapause and diapause which signifies that when larvae undergo diapause, the concentration of population, respectively without any significant difference. Total life protein in larval body increases. When temperature and photoperiod cycle of non-diapause pink bollworm population was completed was increased from 25 °C to 35 °C and 12 hours to 16 hours respectively, significantly in shorter duration (42.85 ± 4.99 days) as compared to the diapause terminated more rapidly, which signifies that the diapause population (134.3 ± 12.91days) with fecundity of 112.34 ± atmospheric temperature and photoperiod has significant role in the 10.31 and 104.54 ± 9.96 eggs, respectively. The longer life cycle of diapause of pink bollworm.

Studies on compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) with selected chemical insecticides and their combined effect on sucking pests of sunflower

RAJESHWARI HIREMATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. N. GHANTE

An investigation was undertaken at the Biocontrol Laboratory, Main were showed compatible with B. bassiana at 14th and 30th day after Agricultural Research Station, Raichur to study the compatibility of inoculation. Consequences of the present investigation recommended Beauveria bassiana (Bb-5a) with 10 chemical insecticides with respect that aside from diafenthiuron, rest of the insecticides examined can be to growth and development of B. bassiana also efficacy studies in field safely used along with B. bassiana. Field efficacy study revealed that against leafhopper and whitefly in sunflower. In vitro investigation combined application of recommended and half of the recommended was carried out through poisoned food technique. The insecticides dose of thiamethoxam, flonicamid, acephate, buprofezin and were tested at three different doses viz., field recommended dose (FR), azadirachtin with B. bassiana showed synergistic effect in controlling half of the recommended dose (0.5 × FR) and double the recommended both insect pest viz., leafhoppers and whiteflies than their individual dose (2 × FR). The results were expressed as per cent growth inhibition application in sunflower. Among all the treatments, significantly of B. bassiana on insecticide treated media. Among all the insecticides highest seed yield was recorded in thiamethoxam + B. bassiana (T3) tested for their compatibility, only diafenthiuron was indicated as more (1604.44 kg/ha) and significantly lowest seed yield was recorded in B. toxic to B. bassiana, while, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, bassiana alone (T2) and untreated control (T22) with 573.33 and clothianidin, acephate, fipronil, buprofezin, flonicamid and azadirachtin 356.74 kg/ha, respectively. Comparative studies on insect pests of capsicum (Capsicum annum (L.) ) in polyhouse and open field condition

C. H. SHARANAPPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRAMOD KATTI

The investigations on seasonal incidence of insect pests under management in open field condition, maximum temperature recorded polyhouse and open field condition and their management of sucking significant positive correlation with thrips, yellow mites and fruit pests in capsicum in open field condition was undertaken at the Main borer whereas, evening RH recorded negative correlation. Minimum Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, during rabi 2018. The peak temperature recorded significant positive correlation with leafhoppers incidence of insect pests of capsicum were recorded in the months of and whiteflies whereas, morning RH recorded significant negative October to December in open field condition whereas, under polyhouse correlation with fruit borer. In polyhouse condition maximum condition peak incidence were recorded in the months of November temperature recorded significant negative correlation with thrips and to January. Among abiotic factors studied in relation to pest aphids and minimum temperature recorded significant positive

115 correlation with leafhopper whereas, morning RH recorded significant higher fruit yield, net return and C: B ratio. Among different insecticides positive correlation with whitefly and evening RH recorded significant evaluated against sucking pests of capsicum spinosad 45 SC @ 0.12 positive correlation with thrips, yellow mites, aphids and whitefly. ml/l and fipronil 5 SC @ 1 ml/l were found to be effective against Different biorationals evaluated against against sucking pests of thrips whereas, spiromesifen 24 SC @ 1 ml/l and dicofol 18.5 EC @ capsicum revealed that commercial neem based formulation 1500 ppm 2.5 ml/l were found to be effective against mites. Among different @ 3 ml/l, Beauveria bassiana @ 4 g/l and Verticillium leccanii @ 4 g/ l treatments fipronil 5 SC and spinosad 45 SC recorded higher yield, were found to be effective against thrips and mites and also recorded net returns and CB ratio. Studies on sterile insect technique for the suppression of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae) on cotton ARIF UR RAHAMAN CHOWDHURY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S.G Study was conducted to assess the different gamma doses on correlated with the dose level in all the three crosses than control. The range of per cent corrected sterility was 52.43 to 86.07 across reproductive behaviour of F1 progeny of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) for the management of pink bollworm by sterile insect all the combinations. The field efficiency of different ratios of technique. The adult male moths were irradiated with 100 Gy and released moths irradiated at 150 Gy was studied and it was found that 10:1:1 and 20:1:1 of treated male to normal male and normal 150 Gy and they were crossed with normal females and their F1 progeny were taken and mated in different combinations like female were on par and gave effective control of pink bollworm in caged condition. The yield was higher and on par in both of these F1B&×N@&, F1@&×NB&, F1@&× F1B&. It was observed that fecundity was significantly decreased with increasing irradiation ratios and were 22.29 and 23.97 q/ha, respectively. Operational and dose and the decrease in per cent egg hatch and increase in per cent intrinsic sex ratio of PBW was also studied and in both cases it was sterility induced by gamma radiation were found to be positively found to be female biased.

Taxonomic studies on agriculturally important pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) fauna with special reference to sub-family Spilomelinae P. MAHESWARA REDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHANAKARA MURTHY

Pyraloidea is the third largest super-family of Lepidoptera preceded species. The genus Marasmia Lederer was identified with five by Noctuoidea and Geometroidea. Among the families of Pyraloidea, species. Genera like Glyphodes Guenee and Nausinoe Hubner were Crambidae is the largest which comprises of 21 sub-families, of known with three identified species, respectively. While, the genus which, Spilomelinae is the largest. The Spilomelinae comprises about Conogethes Meyrick was recognized with one identified species 4,085 described species under 327 genera. It is one of the most and one unidentified species, could be new to science. Remaining 13 economically important group of Pyraloidea which includes shoot genera were represented with single species under each. Based on borers, stem borers, fruit borers, leaf webbers, leaf folders, leaf the variations observed with respect to morphological and genital rollers etc. In the present investigation, the specimens which were characters of adults, an illustrated key was prepared for genera and already collected (zone 1, 2 and 3 of Karnataka) and reared on their species of Spilomelinae. A checklist was prepared for the studied respective hosts at the Department of Agricultural Entomology, species of Spilomelinae of zone 1, 2 and 3 of Karnataka, and for the College of Agriculture, Bheemarayanagudi were utilized to species of Spilomelinae occuring in India in an organized sequence. characterize the genera and species of Spilomelinae based on The genera and species were listed alphabetically. Further, the valid morphological and genital characters of adults. A total of 1,200 name, type species, type locality, synonyms and distribution of specimens were examined. All the examined specimens were each species under each genus were presented, as it gives a synopsis categorized into 17 genera and 26 species including an unidentified for the species of Spilomelinae of India.

Density and diversity of predaceous coccinellidae in various cropping ecosystems S. KIRAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ The present investigation on the density and diversity of predaceous Kuwayama, which is also a new host species recorded for this Coccinellidae was carried out in the three agro-climatic zones of North predator. Results with respect to the diversity analysis indicated East Karnataka during 2018-19. Crops such as pulses, inorganic paddy, that, diversity, effective number of species, dominance and richness organic paddy, maize, cotton and sugarcane, citrus and guava have were highest in guava (H’ = 1.80, ENS = 6.06, D = 0.79 and DMg=2.58, been surveyed at different stages and seasons to see the predatory respectively) and lowest diversity and dominance of 0.30 and 0.13, coccinellid composition along with its density. During the survey, 36 respectively was recorded in pulse and maize. Further, lowest ENS species of predatory coccinellids were recorded across the seven and richness was recorded in pulses and sugarcane (1.36 and 0.60, ecosystems. Species composition was highest in guava, recording 17 respectively). The evenness was highest recorded in inorganic paddy species, followed by cotton and maize (11 and 10 species, and lowest in pulses (J = 0.67 and 0.20, respectively). Studies on respectively). Pulse ecosystem recorded a lowest species composition prey-predator relationship with respect to population density reveled, of five. In the entire ecosystem Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) a significant positive relationship between the population buildup of was the common and dominant species recording 2575 specimens, both prey and predator. The regression values recorded an average of however, in citrus, Serangium serratum Poorani and Stethorus species R2 = 0.5016, in other words, the variation in the prey population were dominant. The species S. serratum was recorded for the first across the selected crops was influenced by 50.16 per cent on predator time from the citrus, feeding on citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri population.

116 Nano micronutrients supplementation to mulberry for quality leaf production and its subsequent effect on silkworm, Bombyx mori L. PRAMILA CHOUDHURY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. ASHOKA

The studies on nano micronutrients supplementation to mulberry T13- Control. The studies on nano micronutrients supplementation for quality leaf production and its subsequent effect on silkworm, to mulberry and its subsequent effects on silkworms indicated that Bombyx mori L. was carried out at the Sericulture unit, Department nano ZnO + nano Cu each @ 500 ppm resulted in significant of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of superiority for growth, yield and quality parameters of mulberry Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India-584104. The followed by nano ZnO + nano Cu each @ 1000 ppm and nano ZnO experiment was laid in randomized block design with 13 treatments @ 500 ppm. Subsequently, when nano micronutrients sprayed and three replications. Treatment combinations were T1- Zn mulberry leaves were fed to silkworms, the same above treatments

(NO3)2.6H2O @ 500 ppm, T2- Zn (NO3)2.6H2O @ 1000 ppm, T3- registered significant superiority for silkworm metric and survival nano Zn @ 500 ppm, T4- nano Zn @ 1000 ppm, T5- CuSO4.5H2O parameters. The nano size of micronutrients and its unique property

@ 500 ppm, T6- CuSO4.5H2O @ 1000 ppm, T7- nano Cu @ 500 of weight/volume more surface area, the nano micronutrients might ppm, T8- nano Cu @ 1000 ppm, T9- Zn (NO3)2.6H2O @ 500 ppm+ penetrate more efficiently and effectively when applied through

CuSO4.5H2O @ 500 ppm, T10- Zn (NO3)2.6H2O @1000 ppm + foliar means when compared to chemical micronutrients and this

CuSO4.5H2O @ 1000 ppm, T11- nano Zn @ 500 ppm + nano Cu @ might have given significantly higher values compared to control as

500 ppm, T12- nano Zn @ 1000 ppm + nano Cu @ 1000 ppm and well as chemical micronutrients.

Impact of climatic change variables on the expression of Cry toxins and its impact on pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) POOJA MEGHARAJA RATHOD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. G. SREENIVAS

The studies were conducted to examine the effect of eCO2 and nitrogen (3.56 %), proteins (4.81 mg/g) and amino acids (0.54 mg/g) temperature on growth and development of pink bollworm, have decreased. Quantitative estimation of cry toxins from leaves

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) mediated by changes in and boll rind have clearly indicated that eCO2 treatments showed phytochemistry of Bt cotton at the Centre for Agro-Climatic Studies, reduced production (33.73 % of Cry1Ac, 33.54 % of Cry2Ab2 in

UAS, Raichur during kharif 2018–19. The popular Bt cotton hybrid leaves and 19.76 % of Cry1Ac, 49.74 % of Cry2Ab2 in boll rind) (Everest-II) was raised in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) having over the reference plot. The PBW larvae when released on such Bt different climate change treatments viz., eCO2 (550 ppm), eCO2 + cotton plants resulted in reduced larval (27.21 ± 1.46 mg) and pupal eTemperature (550 ppm + 2 ºC), aCO2 (410 ppm), aCO2 + weights (16.13 ± 0.74 mg), fecundity (93.05 ± 5.09), incubation eTemperature (410 ppm + 2 ºC) and reference plot. The studies period (3.74 ± 0.18 days), pupal period (6.52 ± 0.74 days) and revealed that the plant growth parameters (height, monopodia), yield adult longevity (5.58 ± 0.54 days) while, total larval period (25.87 parameters (sympodia, flowers, squares and bolls) and yield (345.80 ± 0.73 days) was increased under eCO2 conditions over ambient g/plant) were increased in eCO2 treatments over aCO2 treatments. conditions. Further, the activities of midgut proteases (trypsin of Results of phytochemistry indicated there was significant increase 24.13 ± 0.18 mU/mL and chymotrypsin of 41.08 ± 1.53 mU/mL), in the chlorophyll (44.90 µg/cm2), carbon (47.16 %), tannins (5.10 carbohydrases (á-amylase of 8.52 ± 0.62 mU/mL) has significantly mg/g), phenols (5.98 mg/g), starch (3.38 mg/g) and total sugars (6.03 increased whereas, lipase activity (4.78 ± 0.28 mU/mL) was mg/g) in eCO2 conditions as compared to aCO2 conditions. Whereas, decreased.

Biology of Earias vittella (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) and management of insect pests of okra DEEVARAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILA NADAGOUDA

The investigation on Biology of Earias vittella (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: 0.97, respectively. Egg, larval and pupal period was 3.46 ± 0.64, Nolidae) and management of insect pests of okra was carried out 10.38 ± 1.62 and 8.72 ± 1.14 days, respectively. The longevity of during 2018-19 cropping season at the University of Agricultural male and female was 4.14 ± 0.83 and 9.44 ± 1.32 days, respectively Sciences, Raichur. The field experiments were conducted during two and total life cycle was 29.24 ± 2.06 days. The efficacy of three IPM different seasons i.e. kharif 2018 and rabi 2018 to study the seasonal modules in managing the major insect pests on okra was studied incidence of insect pests of okra viz., leafhopper, aphid, whitefly, during kharif in 2018. Module 2 [Seed treatment with Imidacloprid Helicoverpa armigera and Earias vittella. The results on seasonal 60 FS at 10 ml/kg, instalation of yellow sticky trap 10/acre and incidence of insect pests of okra revealed that the activity of pheromone trap 4/acre, release of Trichogramma chilonis 1 lakh/ha at leafhopper, aphid, whitefly and Helicoverpa armigera was more in fruiting stage, thiamethoxam at 25 % WG at 0.2 g/l after 15 DAS, rabi season than kharif season. Whereas, the activity of Earias Flonicamide at 0.5 ml/l 30 DAS and Flubendiamide 48 SC at 1 ml/l at vittella and mites was more in kharif season than rabi season. Studies 50 DAS based on the ETL level] was found superior in managing all on biology of E. vittella revealed that, the pre-oviposition, ovipostion the pests with 1: 5.00 cost benefit ratio followed by module 3 with 1: and post-oviposition period ranged from 2-3 days, averaging 2.46 ± 4.72 cost benefit ratio and Module 1 recorded lowest cost benefit 0.50; 2-5 days, averaging 3.22 ± 0.97 and 4-7 days, averaging 4.94 ± ratio (1:4.09).

117 Studies on Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on cotton bollworms in particular pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) RAMYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ARUNKUMAR HOSAMANI

Investigations were carried out on various biological parameters of on the biology of T. bactrae on P. gossypiella indicated that the Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera : development period lasted for 8.60 days and the adult longevity of Trichogrammatidae) on cotton bollworms in particular pink female with and without food lasted for 2.90 days and 0.85 days, bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) at the Biocontrol respectively. Overall the total life cycle of T. bactrae occupied 13.20 Laboratory, Main Agricultural Research Station, University of days with a sex ratio of 1: 1.3.The developmental period and adult Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2018-19. The host preference longevity of T. bactrae was highest in H. armigera compared to studies indicated that the parasitoid, T.bactrae preferred P. gossypiella and C. cephalonica. The influence of host egg age on P. gossypiella eggs with maximum parasitization of 88 per cent the performance of T. bactrae indicated that the fresh eggs (1 hr which was followed by C. cephalonica (86.00 %) and H. armigera old) were preferred by the adult parasitoid with a maximum (44.00 %). Among the cotton bollworms, T. bactrae did not preferred parasitization (84.00 %) compared to 12 hr old egg age which S. litura. In case of H. armigera though the per cent parasitization recorded 76.8 per cent parasitization. Similarly the per cent adult was low but it showed superparasitism by supporting 2-3 adult egg emergence was highest when fresh eggs (1 hr old) exposed (77.6 %) parasitoid per egg with highest adult emergence (367.52 %). Studies compared to 12 hr old host egg age (68 %).

Studies on biology and management of angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on paddy BASAVANJALI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILA NADAGOUDA

Studies on biology and management of angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga Chlorfenapyr 10 EC, Acorus TNAU formulation and Sweet flag rhizome cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on paddy was carried powder evaluated against S. cerealella for a period of six months, out during 2018-2019 in the Department of Entomology and Seed unit, spinosad 45 SC excelled by completely protecting paddy seeds with a University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The angoumois grain moth highest adult mortality, least seed damage, lowest seed weight loss, adults started mating after 24 hr. of emergence and it lays 70 to 180 eggs least emergence of adults, maximum germination and highest test weight per female. The ovipositional period, incubation period, larval period, compared to control. The six packaging material viz., Gunny bag, HDPE pupal period, male and female longevity of angoumois grain moth on bag with single layer polythene, Polylined gunny bag, PICS bag, Grain paddy was 2.5 days, 4.1 days, 24.3 days, 6.3 days, 6.1 days and 8.5 pro bag and zerofly bag stored for a period of ten months, the seeds days, respectively. The total life cycle was 41.4 days. The lengths of packed in PICS bag recorded significantly no seed damage, lowest per first, second, third, fourth and fifth larval instars was 0.71 ± 0.02, 2.00 cent weight loss, lowest adult emergence, highest germination. Similarly, ± 0.05, 2.6 ± 0.07, 3.69 ± 0.10 and 4.00 ± 0.11 mm, respectively and there was no effect on test weight, á amylase enzyme activity, the widths was 0.15 ± 0.01, 0.32 ± 0.01, 0.56 ± 0.02, 0.98 ± 0.02and dehydrogenase enzyme activity and seed moisture content compared 1.1 ± 0.03 mm, respectively. Among six seed protectant chemicals viz., to gunny bag. Hence, spinosad 45 SC and PICS bag provided effective emamectin benzoate 5 SG, spinosad 45 SC, deltamethrin 2.8 EC, control of S. cerealella and maintained seed quality. Estimation of pesticide residues and dissipation of selected insecticides in okra and curry leaf ecosystem RATNAMMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. HARISCHANDRA NAIK Okra is an important vegetable with high export potential, rich in LOQ in the range of 0.0025 to 0.001 µg g-1 in okra and curry leaf nutritional quality and curry leaf is a small leafy spice used in food matrices. Residues and dissipation in okra and curry leaf showed preparation for its distinct aroma. Quantitative estimation of the initial deposits of 2.03, 1.13 and 1.54 mg kg-1 with half-life of pesticide residues in okra (90 samples) and curry leaf (30 samples) 3.06, 2.38 and 3.38 days at recommended dose and 4.04, 2.26 and showed the presence of organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid, 3.16 mg kg-1 with half-life of 3.09, 3.36 and 4.05 days at double the triazole, benzimidazole and neonicotinoid pesticides. The most recommended in okra, respectively, whereas, 5.75 and 10.38 mg kg-1 frequently detected pesticides are profenofos, acephate, triazofos, with half-life of 3.25 and 3.64 days at recommended and double the carbendazim, hexaconazole, imidacloprid, metolachlor, bifentrin, recommended dose for dimethoate in curry leaf, respectively. The thiacloprid and fenpyroxymate. Among them profenofos, acephate, decontamination of okra and curry leaf through household processes hexaconazole, thiacloprid and triazofos were reported above the resulted in the removal of pesticide residues in the range of 60-98 maximum residual limit in 8, 29, 14, 2, and 15 okra samples, per cent and safer to the consumers. Dipping of okra in 2 per cent respectively. Safety evolution on mean residual concentration of salt solution and boiling reduces 89.82 and 73.66 per cent of pesticides reported the hazard index value more than one and acetamiprid and imidacloprid; whereas 98.47 per cent dimethoate in hazardous to both children and adults. LC-MS/MS based method curry leaf. Similarly, dipping in 4 per cent acetic acid reduces 66.63 was developed and validated for the analysis of acetamiprid, per cent of thiamethoxam in okra. It was evident that household imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dimethoate residues in okra and curry practices could able to remove the selected pesticides from okra and leaf, respectively. The LOD in the range of 0.002 to 0.008 µg g-1 and curry leaf.

118 Improvement of protein content in mulberry under climate change conditions through nitrogen nutrition and its effect on mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. ARUNKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. ASHOKA

A study was conducted to improve the protein content of mulberry carbon assimilation but there was a great variation in physiological and under climate change conditions through nitrogen nutrition and its effect photochemical parameters. NBI and chlorophyll contents were on mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. at the Sericulture unit and increased but flavonoid content decreased under eCO2 with 150 per Centre for agro climatic studies, University of Agricultural Sciences, cent nitrogen nutrition. Carbon and carbon-based constituent’s viz., Raichur during 2018-19. Mulberry plants were established in cement tannins, phenols and total soluble sugar contents were significantly pots and was grown as per standard package as per treatment details. higher under eCO2 conditions. Concentration of nitrogen and proteins The observations on mulberry growth parameters were made at 65th responded positively to nitrogen fertilization and negatively with climate day after pruning. The silkworms were reared by utilizing the mulberry change variables. The observations on economic parameters of silkworms leaves harvested from 45th day after pruning separately and indicated that all the economic parameters were significantly highest in independently treatment and replication wise. Observations on reference plot, 150 per cent level of nitrogen and interaction between silkworm economic parameters were made as per the standard procedure. them. Larval and pupal durations were shorter in higher nitrogen nutrition The results indicated that the climate change variables along with nitrogen and it was longer in the group of larvae which were fed with the leaves nutrition has favoured the growth and development of mulberry as harvested from elevated CO2 condition coupled with high temperature. evidenced by the accelerated growth in terms of number of leaves, leaf The negative effect of climate change conditions on mulberry silkworms yield, shoot length and plant biomass and this might be due to more can be mitigated by higher nitrogen nutrition.

Monitoring of pesticides residue, dissipation behavior and decontamination of selected insecticides in vegetables and risk assessment SANGMESHWAR VIJAYKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. HARISCHANDRA NAIK

Quantitative estimation of pesticide residues in tomato, cabbage tomato showed the initial residue of 0.853 and 1.023 mg/kg with and brinjal samples showed the presence of organophosphate, half-life of 3.450 and 2.390 at recommended dose and 1.681 and synthetic pyrethroids, triazole, benzimidazole and neonicotinoid 2.018 mg/kg with half-life of 2.42 and 2.59 at double the pesticides. The most frequently detected pesticides are such as recommended dose. Similarly, initial residue of 1.564 and 0.245 mg/ profenofos, chlorpyrifos, phenthoate, triazophos, acephate, kg with half-life of 2.04 and 1.93 at recommended dose and 3.286 triazophos, bifenthrin and lamda-cyahalothrin. Among them and 0.485 mg/kg with half-life 2.11 and 2.04 in cabbage. Whereas profenofos, phenthoate, fenpropathrin, triazophos, acephate, 0.685 and 1.399 mg/kg with half-life of 1.69 and 2.30 at recommended triazophos, pendimethalin and pymetrozine were reported above and double the recommended dose for imidacloprid in brinjal, maximum residual limit in 15, 4, 2, 18, 16, 5, 1 and 6 samples respectively. The decontamination of tomato, cabbage and brinjal respectively. LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for through household processes resulted in the removal of pesticide the analysis of thiamethoxam and flubendiamide in tomato and residues in the range of 60-98 per cent. Dipping of tomato and cabbage respectively, imidacloprid in brinjal. The LOD in the range cabbage in 2 per cent salt reduces 91.92 and 72.58 per cent of of 0.001 to 0.005 µg/g and LOQ in the range of 0.0015 to 0.003 µg/g thiamethoxam, 99.23 and 83.30 per cent of flubendiamide, in tomato, brinjal and cabbage matrices. Residues and dissipation in respectively; whereas 99.43 per cent of imidacloprid in brinjal.

Effect of fly ash fortified municipal waste and crop residue vermicompost on growth and yield of mulberry and subsequent performance on mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. K. DEEPAK GOWDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D.K. HADIMANI

The study was conducted to know the effect of fly ash fortified fertilizer control. The results indicated that crop residue vermicompost municipal waste and crop residue waste vermicomposts on growth fortified with fly ash @ 10 per cent + recommended dose of chemical and yield of mulberry and subsequent performance of mulberry fertilizers (RDF) resulted in significant superiority for growth, yield silkworm, Bombyx mori L. at the Sericulture unit, Department of and quality parameters of mulberry followed by crop residue Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Raichur, University vermicompost fortified with fly ash @ 5 + RDF, crop residue of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India-584 104. Municipal vermicompost fortified with fly ash @ 15 + RDF and municipal waste and crop residue vermicomposts were prepared separately and waste vermicompost fortified with fly ash @ 10 + RDF. Subsequently, independently by adopting standard procedure by fortification of fly when silkworm larvae was reared on the leaves produced out of ash at the rate of 5, 10 and 15 per cent to both the wastes separately application of different vermicomposts along with RDF, the same and independently with respective checks. The field experiment was above treatments registered significant superiority for silkworm larval, laid in randomized block design consisting of nine treatments with cocoon, pupal, silk technological, grainage and survival parameters. three replicates in well established V-1 mulberry garden. Fly ash The present study addresses the issue of agriculture utility of fly ash fortified crop residue and municipal waste based vermicomposts were as well as municipal waste for increased recovery of macro and micro applied treatment wise along with the recommended dose of chemical nutrients.

119 Bioecology and avoidable yield loss estimation of soybean defoliators with special reference to Trichoplusia ni Hubner K. ROHINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M.SUNILKUMAR

Studies on seasonal incidence soybean insect pest recorded, maximum laboratory revealed that incubation, larval and pupal period were incidence of T. ni (5.85 larvae/mrl) and H. armigera (3.42 larvae/ 3.30, 16.71 and 8.90 days, respectively. The larval body length was mrl) was during flowering stage in Bidar and Aurad taluk, respectively. 3.21, 6.70, 13.50, 27.60 and 44.35 mm and breadth of 0.85, 2.11, Stem fly (17.37 per cent infestation) and stem girdler (1.98 plant/ 2.87, 3.10 and 3.62 mm for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth mrl) was recorded highest during pod development stage Bidar and instar larvae, respectively. The adult longevity of male and female Aurad taluk, respectively. Leafhopper was recorded maximum during moth was 9.74 and 10.72 days with food. The fecundity was 403.6 flowering stage with a mean of 3.15/leaf in Aurad. Peak activity of eggs per female. Total life cycle occupied 35.50 days. The avoidable coccinellids (2.55 adults/mrl) and chrysopids (1.55 adults/mrl) was loss in yield by defoliators varied from 5.89 to 51.12 per cent. recorded during pod development stage in Humnabad and Bidar, However, less yield loss was observed when sprayed at vegetative, respectively. Fixed plot survey showed mean density of T. ni, flowering and pod development stage (20.91 q/ha) with BC ratio H. armigera, stem fly, stem girdler and leafhopper were 4.40 larvae/ 2.18. Ultimately, there is an increase in soybean yield over control mrl, 1.65 larvae/mrl, 10.80 per cent infestation, 0.82 plants/mrl and and about 51.12 per cent loss in seed yield can be avoided by adopting 1.45/leaf, respectively. Population of 1.36 coccinellids and 1.06 management practice at vegetative, flowering and pod development chrysopids adults/mrl was recorded. Biology of T. ni on soybean in stage against defoliators.

Evaluation of native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates against different insect orders and characterization of responsible Cry genes HAREESH SHIRALLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ S. KALMATH

A study was conducted to identify the suitable strain of bacteria value of 5.24 and 2.89 µg/ml, respectively. Bioefficasy of lyophilized active against three different insects such as S. litura, M. domestica native isolates against M. domestica (RCM-1) and T. castaneum and T. castaneum and characterization of responsible Cry genes at the (RCM-2) were registered mortality from 20.00 to 93.33 per cent

College of Agriculture, Bheemarayanagudi, University of Agricultural with LC50 value of 4.69 µg/ml and 36.66 to 90.00 per cent with LC50 Sciences, Raichur during 2018-19. The preliminary screening of the value of 8.21 µg/ml, respectively. Characterization and analysis of native isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal spore mixture against Cry gene profile of native isolates of B. thuringiensis revealed that S. litura, M. domestica and T. castaneum registered 43.33 to 96.66 per 31.57 per cent of the 19 native isolates screened for Cry genes showed cent, 36.66 to 96.66 per cent and 33.33 to 93.33 per cent mortality at amplification of one or many Cry genes. A high frequency of 63.15 5 (S. litura and M. domestica) and 10 days after feeding, respectively. per cent of the isolates (12) harbours Cry3 genes (63.15%). The Reference strain HD-1 showed highest mortality of 100 per cent presence of Cry4 on the other hand was higher in 11 isolates (57.89%) against S. litura and zero per cent mortality against both M. domestica which was followed by Cry1, Cry2 and Cry11 genes each in 5 isolates and T. castaneum. Lyophilized native B. thuringiensis isolate (BGC- (26.31%). A lowest frequency of (21.05%) Cry7 genes detected in 1) and Bt strain (HD-1) were tested against S. litura, recorded mortality four isolates and none of the Cry genes amplified in a single isolate ranging from 16.66 to 90.00 and 20.00 to 96.66 per cent with LC50 called KMS-2.

Population dynamics and standardization of rearing techniques for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on semisynthetic diets SURESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ S. KALMATH Investigations carried out on the population dynamics of fruit flies dominant species. Biology of B. dorsalis revealed that, egg, larval in North-Eastern dry zone of Karnataka, biology and standardization and pupal periods were 1.8±0.78 and 2.9±0.73days, 7.6±0.51 and of mass rearing of Bactrocera dorsalis was undertaken at the 8.7±0.82 days, 8.9±0.87 and 9.8±0.78 days on jamun and sweet Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, orange, respectively. Longevity of male and female on jamun and Bheemarayanagudi, UAS, Raichur during 2018-19. In the population sweet orange were 41.03±6.60 and 46.10±7.06 days, and dynamics, at Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur and Koppal, the trap catches of 52.90±10.34 and 62.60±9.08 days, respectively. Impact of three fruit flies were found to be highest during October month. All the different natural fruit based semisynthetic diets on various growth weather parameters influenced the trap catches of fruit flies to an parameters of fruit fly B. dorsalis under laboratory conditions revealed extent of 90.20, 71.10, 86.50 and 95.60 per cent at Bidar, Yadgir, that, the highest egg hatchability was observed in diet I (82.66±2.51%) Raichur and Koppal, respectively. Whereas, at Kalaburagi anad followed by diet III (76±2.64%) and diet II (72±3.60). However, the Bellary, higher trap catches were recorded during November month. highest larval duration, per cent pupal recovery and per cent adult Trap catches of fruit flies were influenced by all the weather emergence were recorded in diet I (11.16±0.59 days, 75.32±2.33% parameters to an extent of 83.10 and 87.80 per cent at Kalaburagi and 91.15±3.05%, respectively) followed by diet II (10.57±0.57 days, and Bellary, respectively. In all the districts, B. dorsalis was the 71±2.29% and 87.81±3.60 %, respectively).

120 Studies on biology and host plant interaction of planthoppers in paddy ecosystem VINODA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUJAY HURALI

The investigations on evaluation of promising rice genotypes against planthoppers with damage score of 7 and 9 respectively. With planthopper population in field condition, biochemical basis of reference to the biochemical composition resistant genotypes had resistance to planthopper in rice genotypes, biology and occurrence higher concentration of phenols (23.45 mg/g) and tannins (21.00 pattern of WBPH in rice ecosystem were conducted at ARS, mg/g) and lower concentration of reducing sugars (10.79 mg/g) Gangavathi during August 2018- March 2019. Hundred genotypes compared to susceptible check TN1. Further, the analysis for major were screened under field condition against Brown planthopper nutrients revealed that, resistant genotypes had lower content of (BPH) and WhiteBacked planthopper (WBPH). Among them 7 nitrogen (1.96%) and higher content of phosphorus (2.41%) and varieties were categorized as resistant germplasm viz., BPT 2601, potassium (1.88%) compared to the susceptible check TN1. In PTB 33, CB 15144, IC 75975, CB 12132, MO1 and RP2068-18-3- biological studies the WBPH showed oviposition period (9-13 days), 5 with damage score of 3. While 13 other genotypes viz., IC 216735, fecundity (120-160 eggs), incubation period (6-9 days), nymphal MTU 1300, MTU 1301, MTU 1303, MTU 1308, MTU 1309, period (11-14 days) and adult female and male longevity (13-20 and WGL 1249, WGL 1250, WGL 1319, WGL 1320, WGL 1275, 11-15 days). The incidence of WBPH started during the initial stage RP5690-20-6-3-2-1, MTU 1307 were found to be moderately of the crop and reached peak population during 41st SMW. The resistant with damage score of 5 and remaining genotypes were BPH population started appearing during later stage of the crop and found moderately susceptible (17) and highly susceptible (57) to reached peak population during 46th SMW.

PLANT PATHOLOGY Epidemiology and management of green gram anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus and Moore G. RAJASHREE. 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL

Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] commonly known as conditions led to build up the inoculum and has spread the disease. mungbean is an important pulse crop of India. It is also considered as Correlation studies revealed that, individual weather parameters “Golden Bean”. The crop being affected by anthracnose (C. (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine hours) and truncatum). Average yield loss of 24 - 67 per cent was noticed in interaction between them showed positive correlation with disease green gram due to anthracnose. A study was carried out on survey, severity. The studies on effect of CO2 and temperature on disease epidemiology, influence of climate change variables on anthracnose severity revealed that, at ambient CO2 at 410 ± 25 ppm with 2 ºC rise and invitro evaluation of fungicides and bioagents. Survey work in temperature showed higher disease severity of 7.00 per cent with revealed that, Bidar district recorded more disease severity of 64.23 reduced growth parameters.In vitro evaluation revealed that, propineb PDI and least in Yadgir district of 18.11 PDI. The maximum mycelial and copper oxychloride among contact fungicides, thiophanate methyl, weight of C. truncatum was observed after 12 days of incubation. propiconazole and difenconazole among systemic, tricyclozole + Solid medium like potato dextrose agar; liquid medium like potato mancozeb and carbendazim + mancozeb among combi products were dextrose broth and Sabourauds broth, temperature of 25 ºC, RH of 95 found effective. Among the bioagents screened, Trichoderma viride per cent were found best for the growth and sporulation of the strain Tv- 29, Tv– 1 and Tv– 10, Bacillus subtilis strain (Bs – 21) and pathogen. Among different dates of sowing, disease severity was Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (Pf – 26) were found effective. Among minimum in the crop sown on 29th July with higher yields when the 23 genotypes screened, the genotypes IPM - 2 -14 and BGS – 9 compared with crop sown on 13th August due to favourable weather showed moderately resistant reaction. Epidemiology and management of chickpea rust caused by Uromyces ciceris-arietini (Grognot) Jacz. and Boy MADAN DHADOTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. S. AMARESH The major constraints in the production of chickpea includes both Pisum sativum (Pea) produced the rust symptoms in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Among the biotic factors, diseases inoculation by U. ciceris-arietini. Maximum spore germination was contribute more yield loss. These include rust caused by Uromyces observed in two per cent sucrose solution (82.22 %) after 48 h of ciceris-arietini. The present investigations include viz., survey, incubation. Malic acid content on the leaf surface gives resistance to epidemiological studies, effect of different sugars, malic acid, relative rust. Highest spore germination was observed in 100 per cent humidity humidity and temperature on spore germination, biochemical studies (81.66 %). Temperature of 15 to 25 °C are very congenial for uredospore of host resistance and management of chickpea rust. The highest germination. There was decrease in the activity of total sugar content in PDI was recorded at Hunsikatti (91.50 %) village of Bailahongal all the genotypes when chickpea leaves were infected with U. ciceris- taluk, where the crop was sown late in the irrigated conditions and arietini. There was increase in phenol content in diseased leaves and it unseasonal rainfall in the month of November and December helps provides the resistance against the pathogen infection. Under in vitro for the disease development. Increased disease severity may be conditions all the systemic, non systemic and combi fungicides attributed with high uredospore load accompanied by favorable significantly inhibited uredospore germination. Under field conditions, environmental conditions like temperature of 20.28-23.78 °C, Propiconazole 25% EC at 0.1 per cent recorded least mean PDI relative humidity (> 75 %) and wind speed of 3.47 km/hr. Cicer (16.08 %) and high yield (15.38 q/ha) followed by trifloxistrobin 25% arietinum (Chickpea), Trigonella polycerata (Wild fenugreek) and + tebuconazole 50% (19.54 %) with the yield of 14.86 q/ha.

121 Management of sunflower leaf blight caused by Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishihara PAATEEL VIDYASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. YENJERAPPA

Sunflower (Helianthus annus) is one of the important oilseed crops in (propiconazole + difenconazole) were efficient. Out of twenty one India, popularly known as “Surajmukhi” which belongs to the botanical hybrids screened, four hybrids (LSFH-4951, LSFH-1751, KBSH-84 family “Compositae”. The production and productivity is under and PKVSH-959) showed moderately resistant reaction. Field constant threat of different biotic and abiotic stresses in which leaf evaluation of different fungicides revealed that T1 (seed treatment with blight of sunflower caused by Alternaria helianthi was inevitably an carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 % WP at 2g /kg seed followed by issue that need to be addressed. During survey kharif 2018 the maximum two foliar sprays with propiconazole 25 % + difenconazole 25 % EC disease severity (65.60 %) was recorded in Banahalli village of Koppal at 0.25 ml/l at 45 and 60 DAS) has shown maximum disease control of district. Among botanicals tested Azadirachta indica has shown 26.01 per cent with yield of 1595 kg ha-1 and highest benefit cost ratio maximum mycelia inhibition of 74.32 per cent. Among the bio agents, of 2.60. Evaluation of PGPR under field condition revealed that T6 Tichoderma spp. (Tv-15), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-5) and Bacillus (seed treatment with P. fluorescens at 10 g/kg seed + soil application of subtillis (Bs-21) were efficient against A. helianthi under in vitro. P. fluorescens at 2.5 kg fortified with 250 kg FYM + three foliar spray Evaluation of fungicides under in vitro revealed that, non systemic of P. fluorescens at 30, 45 and 60 DAS) treatment was found to be more fungicides (mancozeb and propineb), systemic fungicide (difenconazole, effective in reducing severity of 28.70 per cent with yield of 1612 kg ha- hexaconazole, propiconazole and tebuconazole) and combi fungicides 1 and high benefit cost ratio of 2.60.

Studies on collar rot of groundnut caused by Aspergillus niger Van Teighem and its management MAHADEVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SREEDEVI S. CHAVAN

Among the soil borne diseases collar rot is economically important Among the remaining, 4 varieties are moderately resistant, 6 varieties disease, which cause more loss at seedling stage compared to maturity are moderately susceptible, 10 varieties are susceptible and 7 varieties stage. The survey results revealed that maximum disease incidence are highly susceptible. Studies on in vitro evaluation of bioagents was in Koppal district (17.06 %) whereas least incidence was recorded revealed that Trichoderma viride strain 3 showed maximum inhibition in Raichur district (16.22 %). The pathogen was grown on different (77.7 %). Among two bacterial bio agents tested, P. fluorescens strain growth media, among which potato dextrose agar was found to be 7 has shown 66.96 per cent and B. subtillis strain 10 has shown best and good sporulation was observed in potato dextrose broth. inhibition of 64.10 per cent. Among the systemic fungicides tested There was considerable variation in colony colour, texture, margin of hexaconazole and carbendazim were found effective with mean colony, growth nature and sporulation. Twenty isolates collected mycelial inhibition of 89.16 and 88.36 per cent respectively. Among from different locations have exhibited the cultural and morphological contact fungicides thiram was found most effective mean mycelial variability. Isolates showed considerable variation in colony diameter, inhibition (89.9 %). Among combi fungicides evaluated carboxin 37.5% colony colour, sporualtion and also on morphological characteristics + thiram 37.5% WP (Vitavax power) with mean mycelial inhibition of like, size of conidia, size of conidiophores and vesicle size. Out of 28 92.22 per cent. A pot experiment for management of the disease with groundnut varieties screened against collar rot, none of them were 10 treatments revealed that, treatments one to five were significantly found to be immune. The variety R-20002-3 showed resistant reaction. superior over control.

Studies on rhizome rot of ginger with special reference to major fungal pathogens J. CHAITHRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNIL KULKARNI

Rhizome rot complex was the major constraint of ginger production. of both pathogens was 7 followed by 6.5. With respect to illumination The maximum incidence of 32.97 per cent was recorded in Uttara the treatment with continues light was good for growth and sporulation Kannada and least in Belagavi (12.25 %). Average severity of rhizome of both fungal pathogens. Humnabad local variety showed some rot of ginger in surveyed districts of northern Karnataka was 22.51 resistant to disease and it could postpone disease incidence upto 95 per cent. Oat meal agar (89.98 mm) and Potato dextrose agar (89.19 days after planting. Among the non systemic fungicides evaluated mm) supported the maximum radial growth of P. aphanidermatum mancozeb showed complete inhibition in both pathogens, among and F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi, respectively, with higher sporulation. systemic fungicides tested carbendazim showed maximum inhibition In P. aphanidermatum, maximum mycelial growth was recorded (89.47 in P. aphanidermatum while in case of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi mm) at temperature 30 °C and in case of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi both carbendazim and carboxin showed cent per cent inhibition. In at 25 °C (90.00 mm). The temperature range of 25 and 30 °C was combi fungicides Carbendazim 12% + Mancozeb 63% WP showed optimum for the growth of both fungal pathogens. With respect to maximum inhibition in both pathogens. Among different bio agents different pH levels, maximum mycelial growth and sporulation were tested, Trichoderma harzianum (Th-4) inhibited maximum mycelia observed at pH 7.0 in P. aphanidermatum (87.50 mm) and in F. growth of 70.40 per cent in P. aphanidermatum and 71.37 per cent in oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (86.17 mm). The optimum pH for growth F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi.

122 Studies on epidemology and management of yellow mosaic disease on horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L.) H. S. GANESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. GOVINDAPPA Horsegram knew as “Kulthi” which is an indigenous crop cultivated in for 100 per cent transmission. A minimum period of 1h was necessary India and other Asian countries and Africa. It is one of the minor pulse for B. tabaci to acquire and to inoculate YMV on healthy seedling. crop, which suffers from several diseases including fungal, bacterial and Whitefly remained viruliferous upto 9 days for transmission of virus. viral with substantial yield losses. Among diseases, YMD is caused by Molecular diagnosis technique PCR confirms the yellow mosaic disease begomovirus belongs to family geminiviridae is one of the major is caused by a Begomovirus. A band of 1.2 kb was consistently constraints for its cultivation in peninsular India and was first observed amplified from total DNA extracted from field and inoculated horsegram in southern districts of Karnataka. The Global Positioning System samples by using begomovirus coat protein specific primer. Allied (GPS) based survey was conducted during rabi 2018-19 for incidence crop plants viz., Blackgram (Vigna mungo), greengram (V. radiata), of YMD in major horsegram growing districts of north eastern Karnataka Soybean (Glycine max), and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajana) and weed viz., Koppal, Raichur and Ballari. Among three districts surveyed the hosts viz., Croton bonplandianum, Parthenium hysterophorus, highest grand mean incidence of 39.81 per cent was recorded in Koppal Malvestrunm coromandelium and Alternenthera sessile are confirmed district followed by Ballari (32.87) and Raichur (24.65). Further, the as potential source for virus inoculum during off season. Among total casual virus was transmitted through a vector whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. 30 genotypes evaluated for resistance against YMD during Rabi 2018- Virus vector relationships indicated, single viruliferous whitefly can 19 under field conditions, the genotypes HG-9 and HG-10 showed the transmit the YMV. However, 10 viruliferous whiteflies were required moderately susceptible reaction. Status of false smut disease and characterization of pathogen isolates from southern India SHARANABASAV HUDED 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. PRAMESH

A systematic investigation was carried out to investigate the status of those produced in in-vitro. Interestingly, we didn’t observe any co- false smut disease in different ecosystems of Southern India, relation of morpho-metric diversity with disease severity and characterisation of pathogen isolates, yield loss estimation on popular ecosystem origin of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of internally paddy cultivars and identification of effective fungicide for disease transcribed sequences (ITS) of Ustilaginoidea virens categorized all management. The overall disease severity (DS) was ranged from 1.15 60 isolates into six major clusters, where, most of the isolates were to 32.96 per cent across the southern states, wherein, Pillalamarri clustered in Cluster I indicating existence of low genetic diversity lake ecosystem of Telangana State recorded highest DS (14.55%) among ageo-distinct isolates. Varietal yield loss experiment revealed followed by Coastal ecosystem of Tamil Nadu (10.22 %). Among the the yield loss in a range of 0.08 to 12.62 per cent. Among the different cultivars, cv. NLR-34449 recorded highest DS (32.92 %). Morph- cultivars screened for yield loss, highest yield loss recorded was metric characterisation of 60 geo-distinct isolates revealed four types recorded on GNV-05-01 (12.62%) followed by Sanna Batta-107 of growth pattern, five types of chlamydospores colour and four (12.41%) and least yield loss was recorded in HR-12 (0.05%). Among different shapes of chlamydospores and also, the chlamydospores the different fungicides tested, combination product trifloxystrobin produced in field were significantly smaller in size as compared to (25%) + tebuconozole (50%) at 0.4 g/l was superior in reducing DS. Investigations on dry root rot/ stem canker of pigeonpea in north eastern Karnataka GOKARLA VAMSIKRISHNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. JAYALAKSHMI Pigeonpea is one of the protein rich legume crop grown through out the programme to evolve new varieties against these diseases. The results world. Among biotic stresses, dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia on biochemical changes in the host plant against dry root rot revealed bataticola and stem canker caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is that, irrespective of resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible attaining severity in pigeonpea production. The roving survey which genotypes, the presence of total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing was conducted during October-November 2018 in parts of north eastern sugars were found high in uninoculated plants over inoculated plants. Karnataka revealed that maximum incidence of dry root rot was observed However, the presence of total sugars, reducing sugars and non reducing in Kalaburagi (24.20 %) followed by Raichur (20.62 %) and least in sugars were less in susceptible genotypes over moderately resistant Yadgir (9.14 %). In case of stem canker maximum severity was observed and resistant genotypes. The presence of phenols, peroxidise and in Kalaburagi (29.72 %) followed by Bidar (21.09 %) and the least was polyphenol oxidase were high in resistant genotypes followed by in Raichur district (4.97 %). One seventy four pigeonpea entries were moderately resistant and susceptible genotypes. Three pigeonpea screened against dry root rot and stem canker which indicated that, 15 genotypes were selected for yield loss assessment due to stem canker genotypes against dry root rot and seven entries against stem canker and results revealed that there was reduction in yield with increase in were found promising against the diseases and can be utilised in breeding disease severity. Investigations on variability and management of anthracnose of sorghum caused by Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wilson AKSHAY KUMAR M 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. GOVINDAPPA

Anthracnose [Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) Wilson.] of sorghum prevalent in Kalaburagi district (56.71 %), followed by Ballari (43.36 is one of the most important foliar fungal disease. The roving survey %), Koppal district (40.06 %) and Yadgir district (36.47 %). Cultural was carried out during rabi 2018 in Kalaburagi, Koppal, Ballari and studies revealed that among the solid media tested, Potato dextrose Yadgir districts of Karnataka. Anthracnose of sorghum was more agar, oat meal agar and sorghum seed extract agar were found good for

123 growth and sporulation of C. graminicola. In the present investigation, SPV 2658, SPV 1903 and E-36-F were found resistant against 14 isolates of C. graminicola obtained from different locations were anthracnose disease during rabi 2018. In-vitro evaluation of fungicides characterized for morphological and cultural variability. indicated that systemic fungicides, Carboxin at concentration of 0.15 Morphologically isolates varied widely with respect to shape and and 0.2 % and 0.3%, non systemic fungicides, Mancozeb at size of conidia, number and size of setae and distinctness of acervullus. concentration of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%, combi fungicides, carbendazi + Culturally isolates varied widely with respect to colony diameter, mancozeb, Azoxystrobin +Tebuconazole and Trifloxystrobin + colour and colony growth. Among different sorghum genotypes or Tebuconazole at concentration of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 % were found hybrids evaluated, SPV 2505, SPV 2504, SPV 2296, SPV 2433, SPH effective in inhibiting the growth of C. graminicola. Among bio control 1846, SPH 1888 and SPH 1885 were found resistant to anthracnose agents, Trichoderma viride (Tri 29), B. subtilis (Bs-21) and B. subtilis disease of sorghum during kharif 2018. While SPV 2647, SPH 1902, (Bs-1) showed maximum mycelial inhibition. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Effect of chickpea magic on nodulation and grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) B. RAJASHEKHAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R.C GUNDAPPAGOL A field experiment was conducted to study effect of chickpea magic activity and microbial biomass carbon with respect to control. Growth on nodulation and grain yield of chickpea under Department of parameters i.e., plant height, number of branches, total dry matter Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Raichur and Zonal number of nodules and nodules dry weight were significantly highest -1 Agriculture Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural in T10 (Rhizobium + chickpea magic @ 10 g lit twice at 25 and 35 Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka during the year 2018-19. Chickpea magic days after sowing) at all growth stages. Similar trend was also recorded is a mixture of nitrogen, phosphorus, micronutrients and PGR. The for pods per plant (54.07), 100 seed weight (23.85 g), seeds per pod crop was inoculated with Rhizobium and sprayed with chickpea magic (1.57), seed weight per plant (11.94 g-1), seed yield (1574 kg ha-1) and along with recommended dose of fertilizers. The experiment was laid straw yield (2010 kg ha-1). It could be inferred from the study that out in Randomized complete block design with ten treatments and Rhizobium inoculation and chickpea magic sprayed at 10 g lit-1 at 50 three replications. The results demonstrated that inoculation of per cent flowering followed by 10 days later along with recommended Rhizobium and chickpea magic @ 10 g lit-1 at 25 and 35 DAS was dose of fertilizers can increase soil biological properties, nodulation, found to be significant for microbial population, soil dehydrogenase growth and yield of chickpea. Isolation, screening and evaluation of efficient Gluconacetobacter diazotropicus from sugar rich crop K. SOWMIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVA SWAMY

Totally 40 Gluconacetobacter isolates were isolated from rhizoplane S10, GAD-S11, GAD-M3 and GAD-S4 performed well under invitro and stem extract from sugarcane, maize, sorghum and tomato were conditions. These four isolates and its consortia were evaluated under collected from different districts of Hyderabad Karnataka region. These pot culture experiment with eight treatments and three replications

40 isolates were grown on LGI medium containing 10 per cent cane using sweet corn. Out of 10 treatments, T7 [Consortia of sugar. Among the 40 isolates, based on morphological, cultural and Gluconaceobacter isolates (GAD-S10+GAD-S11+GAD-M3+GAD- biochemical characteristics, ten better performing isolates were S4) + 75 % RDF] significantly enhanced the plant growth and screened for plant growth promoting traits such as nitrogen fixation, biochemical characters of the sweet corn as compared to other IAA and siderophore production and also phosphate and zinc treatments and uninoculated control. The present investigation showed solubilisation. Among the isolates, the isolate GAD-S10 showed significant increase in the growth and biochemical characters of the maximum nitrogen fixation of 148.24 µg of N per g of carbon, IAA sweet corn crop inoculated with consortia of Gluconaceobacter isolates production of 18.90 µg/ml, solubilisation index of 3.73 and 3.29 for with 75 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer under pot phosphate and zinc solubilisation respectively. Followed by GAD- culture conditions.

Effect of arsenic resistant bacteria on growth and yield of paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under field condition MALAPPA T. GUGGARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK The present investigation screening of arsenic resistant bacteria and similar to Stenotrophomonas pavanii based on nucleotide homology evaluation on growth and yield of paddy was carried out at the and phylogenetic analysis. Further, isolates were evaluated for their Department of Agricultural Microbiology and Pesticide Residue and effect on growth and yield of paddy under field condition at ARS, Food Quality Analysis Laboratory, UAS, Raichur. Arsenic is an Gangavathi. The data obtained from study revealed that, the treatment important heavy metal commonly found in the universe. Rice is a T8 (ASR-5+ASR-9) showed the maximum plant growth (88.00 cm), highly vulnerable crop to accumulate arsenic in grains and straw. The straw yield (7000 kg/ ha), and grain yield (4750 kg/ ha). The untreated soil polluted with arsenic (As) represents an important environmental T1 (Control) observed the lowest plant growth (82.00 cm), straw yield problem and its accumulation through the food chain which poses long (6050 kg/ha) and yield (2600 kg /ha). The significant reduction in arsenic term risks to human health. In this present study, ASR-5, ASR-7 and uptake of paddy plants than control was observed. At harvesting stage, ASR-9 were obtained from the Department of Agricultuaral the total arsenic content in whole paddy plants was significantly reduced

Microbiology, UAS Raichur. These isolates were screened for their in treatment T5 (ASR-9) which recorded 0.75 mg/kg than control (1.04 ability to resist higher concentration of arsenic salt (500 ppm). Among mg/kg). Hence isolates ASR-5, ASR-7 and ASR-9 would be used in three efficient arsenic resistant bacterial isolates, one (ASR-7) was improving growth and yield of Paddy in arsenic contaminated site subjected for molecular characterization. The ASR-7 was identified as proved its bioremediating potential both under in vitro and in vivo.

124 Effect of Azotobacter along with PGPMs on growth and biomass of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) G. S. SRIKANTH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVASWAMY A total of 30 Azotobacter isolates were isolated different tomato provided by the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College rhizosphere of Hyderabad Karnataka region of Karnataka. And these of Agriculture, Raichur. The efficient isolate and the consortia of 30 isolates were grown on Waksman No.77 medium. Among the 30 other PGPMs were evaluated under pot culture experiment with isolates, based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, nine treatments and three replications using tomato. Out of nine ten better performing isolates were screened for plant growth treatments, T7 (75 % RDF + Azotobacter isolate (TAZ-3) + promoting traits such as Nitrogen fixation, IAA and siderophore Pseudomonas sp. + Mycorrhiza) significantly enhanced the plant production and also phosphate solubilization. Among the isolates, growth and biomass characters of the tomato as compared to other the isolate TAZ-3 showed maximum nitrogen fixation of 18.87 µg treatments and uninoculated control. The present investigation of N per g of carbon, IAA production of 29.01 µg/ml of broth, and showed significant increase in the growth and biomass of the tomato a clear zone of solubilization was observed for phosphate crop inoculated with consortia of Azotobacter isolate (TAZ-3), solubilization. Followed by TAZ-3, TAZ-5, TAZ-6 and TAZ-12 Pseudomonas sp. and mycorrhiza with 75 per cent of the performed well under in vitro conditions. Along with the efficient recommended dose of fertilizer under pot culture conditions over isolate TAZ-3, the Pseudomonas sp. and mycorrhizal cultures were the other treatments.

Effect of phosphate and zinc solubilizing bacteria on growth and yield of paddy ERAMMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVA SWAMY Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria play a key role in soil phosphate screened for beneficial traits like IAA and siderophore production. solubilization. Forty phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated from Among 10 isolates, PPSB-21 showed maximum IAA production of forty rhizospheric soil samples collected from different regions of 9.95 µg /ml followed by PPSB-5 with 8.72 ug/ml. The highest siderophore Raichur and Koppal districts. Based on the biochemical characterization, production was recorded with the isolate PPB-21(78.48 %) followed isolates were identified upto generic level. Among forty, ten isolates by PPSB-5 (74.89 %). These two efficient isolates were selected for were selected based on the colony diameter, solubilization efficiency field experiment with eight treatments and three replications. Out of and index on Pikovsakaya’s agar medium. The selected isolates were eight treatments, T6 (75 % RDF + PPSB-21 + PPSB-5 + ZSB) grown on Pikovsakaya’s broth for nine days under in vitro condition. significantly enhanced the growth and yield of paddy along with The observations were made on parameters viz., amount of P released, increased uptake of Phosphorous and Zinc as compare to other pH change, titrable acidity and phosphatase activity. The amount of P treatments. The present investigation showed significant increase in released varied from 118.92 to 171.84 mg/l. The drop in pH of the the uptake of phosphorous, zinc and enhanced growth and yield of medium ranged from 7.0 to 3.15. The titrable acidity of the medium the paddy crop inoculated with efficient phosphate solubilizing and phosphatase activity of the soil ranged from 0.30 to 0.65 per cent bacterial isolates; PPSB-21, PPSB-5 and zinc solubilizing bacteria and 16.28 to 42.40 umol/g/hr respectively. These 10 isolates were along with 75 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer. Biocontrol potentiality of Bacillus subtilis against bacterial wilt of brinjal caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuchi et al. SUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. YENJERAPPA

Bacillus subtilis is endospore forming, gram positive, rod shaped Highest inhibition zone produced by isolate BS-6 (19.5mm dia) and bacteria, which play a major role in biocontrol of plant pathogens along least was observed in BS-11 (5.5 mm dia). Efficacy of the selected plant growth promoting activity. In the present investigation, 30 isolates antagonistic isolates were evaluated in pot culture technique, among of B. subtilis were collected from rhizosphere soil of healthy plant of which, the isolates BS-6, BS-10, BS-3, BS-4 were found to posses tomato and brinjal and infected plant sample was collected for the superior efficacy in reducing the wilt incidence by 100 per cent. Further isolation of R. solanacearum during survey in five districts of an isolate of B. subtilis was studied for compatibility with six fungicides, Hyderabad Karnataka region. All the 30 isolates of B. subtilis, cultured among these carbendazim 50 WP showed least zone of inhibition by on nutrient agar medium and Hichrome Bacillus agar medium differed 9.16 mm at 500 ppm concentration and highest inhibition of 26.33 mm in cultural characteristics such as shape, colour and texture. Biochemical was recorded in carboxin treated plates at 1000 ppm. Compatibility of characterization of all the isolates showed positive for catalase, gelatin B. subtilis with other biocontrol agents revealed the moderate hydrolysis and starch hydrolysis and negative for KOH test, few compatibility with P. fluorescens (Pf-20 strain) with 20.91 per cent isolates exhibited negative reaction for H2S production. Each of the 30 inhibition. Among fungal biocontrol agents, highest inhibition of 45.92 B. subtilis isolates were tested for inhibition of R. solanacearum. per cent was obsereved in T. harzianum.

Evaluation of Prosopis juliflora plant extracts against selected food borne and plant pathogens SHIVALEELA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR : Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK

A study was conducted on the evaluation of Prosopis juliflora plant ash content of 4.22, 33.82, 25.60, 3.88, 23.74 and 8.74 per cent, in extracts against selected food borne and plant pathogens. Later efficient leaves and 4.61, 54.37, 13.61, 1.72, 21.01 and 4.68 per cent, in pods, extract was selected for in vivo study on banana fruits. The results respectively. The extraction yield and extraction efficiency of 1.90 g/ revealed that the P. juliflora has proximate composition of moisture 100 g and 91.67 per cent, respectively was maximum at soxhlet content, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and total extraction for P. juliflora leaf extract with ethanol as solvent. The

125 maximum total phenols of 9.60 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids of 169.00 The highest firmness during four and eight days of storage was found mg RE/g found at soxhlet P. juliflora leaf extract with ethanol as 6.45 N and 5.65 N in the treatment (TS4) where fruits were dipped solvent. The highest antibacterial and antifungal activity of Prosopis for 90 seconds in the leaves extract obtained by soxhlet method ethanol juliflora leaf extract obtained by soxhlet extraction with ethanol as as solvent and the minimum was 5.21 N and 2.88 N in control solvent against Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica found was respectively. The lowest diameter of colony decayed parts of 0.50 18.67 and 15.97 mm zone of inhibition, respectively and for and 1.50 cm, highest percent inhibition of 81.99 and 76.93 per cent

Rhizoctonia bataticola, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum musae were found in the treatment TS4 during four and eight days storage of the inhibition were 92.55, 93.29 and 91.76 per cent, respectively. banana fruits.

Isolation, screening of lead resistant bacteria and evaluation of its effect on growth and yield of leafy vegetables under pot culture SUSHMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK

The aim and objective of the study was to isolate, screen and of IAA. The three isolates viz., PbR2, PbR4 and PbR6 were found to characterize lead resistant microorganisms from heavy metals be superior among the efficient isolates. These three lead resistant contaminated water and sewage sample and evaluate its effect on isolates were treated with spinach and fenugreek growing in soil spiked growth and yield of leafy vegetables (spinach and fenugreek) under with different levels (500 and 1000 mg kg-1) of lead by using lead nitrate pot culture. Fourty four water sewage samples were collected salt as source of lead. Treatments were arranged according to completely aseptically from nearby areas of Raichur district and their physico- randomized design. Results showed that lead contamination reduced chemical parameters were determined. A total of eight bacterial colonies the percent germination, plant height, leaf length, width, number of were isolated from these samples by enrichment culture method leaves, stem girth, root length, chlorophyll content, root and shoot supplemented with 10 ppm of lead nitrate. Screening was carried out fresh weight and dry weigh at two levels of lead stress. But application with enhancing concentrations of lead nitrate in the media. Five isolates of lead resistant bacterial isolates in soil contaminated with lead, improved were found efficient in tolerating up to 1000 ppm of lead nitrate. plant growth, physiology and yield of spinach and fenugreek as Those isolates were characterized tentatively as Micrococcus sp. compared to plants grown in soil without inoculation. Inoculation also based on morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. These promoted the uptake of lead in root, shoots of plants as compared to isolates were also screened for the beneficial trait such as production plants in lead contamination without inoculation. Effect of rhizobium along with pulse magic on nodulation, growth and grain yield of cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L.) V. MAMTHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. GUNDAPPAGOL Pulse crops are not only used as human diet but also for edifying significantly as compared to control. It also increased the plant soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation and Rhizobia is growth parameters like plant height (74.50), number of branches well known in enhancing yield of pulses. The present study entitled per plant (6.03), dry root weight (7.78 g/plant), shoot dry weight as the “Effect of Rhizobium along with pulse magic on nodulation, (14.67 g/ plant), total dry matter accumulation (30.00 g/plant), growth and grain yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)”. The number of pods per plant (25.40), length of pod (14.3 cm), number research was conducted during Rabi 2018-19 at the Zonal Agricultural of seeds per pod (6.00), test weight (32.12 g), stalk yield (2972 kg/ Research Station, Kalaburagi during 2018-19. The experiment was ha) and seed yield (2208 kg/ha) at harvest. It was concluded that laid out in RCBD with three replications and 10 treatments. The pulse magic containing major and micronutrients mixture along with results showed that increasing rate of application of Rhizobium PGR are vital for optimum activity of plants and Rhizobium along with pulse magic increased the nodule number (32.42) and inoculated with it enhanced cowpea nodulation, growth and grain nodule dry weight (0.87g/plant) in T10 treatment at 55 DAS yield of cowpea.

Influence of Azospirillum brasilense, phosphate solubilising bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum anum L.) N. GAGANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHADEVA SWAMY A field investigations were carried out in a randomized block design and un-inoculated control . In general, the growth parameters like with 11 treatments replicated thrice at the Agricultural Research plant height (47.5 cm), number of primary branches (16.1) and Station, Dhadesugur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur number of fruits at harvest were significantly increased with on the evaluation of efficient Azospirillum, phosphate solubilizing application of Azospirillum, phosphate solubilising bacterial strain bacterial strain and VAM fungi for improving the growth and yield and AM fungi in combination with 75 per cent RDF after of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.).The population of bacteria in the transplanting. Dry weight (113.6 g/plant) of dry matter of the plant rhizosphere soil of chilli were significantly highest (T10 ) (2.35 × and chlorophyll content (37.82 spad) and mycorhizal spore count 109 cfu/g of dry of soil) fungi (4.32 × 109 cfu/g of dry of soil) count of (184.24 /25 g of soil) were significantly increased with the Actinomycetes (2.92 × 109 cfu/g of dry of soil) and 5.00 cfu/g of dry application of combined inoculants along with 75 per cent RDF soil (106) due to combined inoculation of Azospirillum and phosphate Based on the results, it could be concluded that the application of solubilizing bacteria and Am fungi as compared to rest of the biofertilizers along with 75 per cent RDF favourably influence the treatment combinations and individual inoculation with PSB or RDF growth, yield and quality parameters.

126 Effect of Azospirillum as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on growth and productivity of safflower under rainfed conditions SHUSHMA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. GUNDAPPAGOL Azospirillum as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for IAA production AZO-12 has shown highest IAA production plays an important role in nitrogen fixation. Forty Azospirillum result of about 29.78 ìg/50 ml and all isolates were positive for the bacterial isolates were isolated from 40 rhizoplane root samples siderophore production. Seven efficient isolates were selected for collected from different crops such as maize, paddy, sorghum, the field experiment with ten treatments and three replications. Out safflower and sunflower from different regions of Raichur district. of 10 treatments, T3 - (75% RDN+AZO-12) showed significantly Based on the biochemical characterization isolates were identified enhanced growth and productivity of safflower under rainfed up to their generic level. Among 40 isolates twenty isolates were conditions along with increased nitrogen and phosphorous uptake selected for the screening test based on their growth and colony of the plants. The present investigation showed significant increase morphology on N- free malate media. These 20 were screened for in the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and enhanced growth and beneficial traits like nitrogen production, IAA production and productivity of the safflower crop inoculated with efficient siderophores production under in vitro conditions. Among 20 isolates Azospirillum isolates AZO-12, AZO-14, AZO-17, AZO-20, AZO- AZO-12, Azospirillum bacterial inoculant isolated from the safflower 21, AZO-25 and AZO-39 along with 75 per cent of the recommended crop has produced highest nitrogen of about 18.18 mg/g of malate, dose of nitrogen. SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Studies on seed quality enhancement in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) M. R. MANUSWAMY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA The laboratory experiments were conducted to study on the seed aged and fresh seed lot. In both aged and fresh seed lot, seeds primed quality enhancement in chilli at the Department of Seed Science and with KNO3 (5 %) recorded significantly highest germination (85.50 % Technology, College of Agriculture, Raichur. The first experiment and 92.13 %), seedling emergence (79.00 and 86.00 %), seedling vigour consisted of nine treatments with six hours interval between each index (1354 and 1520), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.314 OD treatment (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 hrs). All the three value and 1.314 OD value) and lowest electrical conductivity (0.616 experiments were analyzed statistically using complete randomized and 0.616 dS m-1), as compared to control respectively. The third design with four replications. Among them seeds hydro primed for experiment consisted of five treatments with antioxidants viz., ascorbic twenty four hour recorded significantly higher germination (85.50 %) acid, salicylic acid, alpha tocopherol and quercetin, to study seed and seedling vigour index (1269) compared to control. The second longevity of chilli. Among them, seed treatment with 1 mM salicylic experiment consisted of 20 treatments having different concentrations acid recorded the highest germination (88.00 %), seedling vigour index of plant extracts (marigold flower extract, waste tea extract, Acacia (1229), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.124 OD value), catalase nilotica leaf extract, periwinkle leaf extract and moringa leaf extract), activity (743.50 n mol/g), peroxidase activity (886.00 n mol/g) with antioxidants (ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, alpha tocopherol and lower moisture content (7.57 %) and electrical conductivity (1.073 -1 quercetin) and chemicals (GA3 and KNO3) as priming agents in both dS m ) at the end of nine months of storage as compared to control. Influence of foliar spray of chemicals and growth regulator on growth, seed yield and quality of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under moisture stress conditions ABHISHEK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research moisture stress –control (S4F3) during flowering (45 DAS) and seed Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur in a setting (75 DAS) recorded significantly higher plant height (42.0 two factor randomized block design with three replication. To study and 49.0 cm), leaf area index (3.020 and 2.003), number of primary the influence of foliar spray of thiourea, salicylic acid and branches per plant (9.1 and 10.7), chlorophyll content (SPAD values homobrassinolide on crop growth, seed yield and quality of chickpea 64.4 and 56.6), relative water content (85.4 %), number of pods (Cicer arietinum L.) under moisture stress conditions in rabi season plant-1 (64.3), 100 seed weight (25.0 g), drought tolerant efficiency 2018-19. The experiment consisted of 16 treatment combinations (100.0 %), seed yield per plant (18.9 g) and per hectare (27.2 q)

(four moisture stress i.e. S1: Moisture stress at flowering, S2: Moisture with lower membrane injury index (23.5 %). Similarly, the seed stress at flowering and seed setting, S3: Moisture stress at seed setting quality parameter viz., seed protein (26.4 %), seed germination (95.3 and S4: No moisture stress-Control with four foliar sprays of F1: %), root and shoot length (16.1 and 9.3 cm), seedling vigour index

Water spray, F2: Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm, F3: Thiourea @ 1000 ppm, (2382), seedling dry weight (33.50 mg) with lower proline content

F4: Homobrassinolide @ 0.25 ppm). Among the different treatments (1.35 µmol/g) were recorded by same treatment as compared to all imposed, two foliar sprays of thiourea @ 1000 ppm under no other treatments and control. Investigation on maximization of seed yield and seed quality through integrated approach in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) U. TEJASWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. PRASHANT The field and laboratory experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2018-19, respectively. The Agricultural Research Station, Hagari and Department of Seed first experiment was laid down in Completely Randomized Design Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of with four replications to standardize the hydro-priming duration

127 where the seeds were soaked at different durations from 0 to 14 h alone and in combination of both Pseudomonas fluorescens (20 %) with 2 h interval. The results recorded significantly highest along with 150 % RDF (P3N3) which recorded plant height at 60 germination (87.8 %), speed of germination (35), seedling dry weight DAS (97.56, 95.78 and 99.83 cm), at harvest (99.44, 101.18 and (420 mg) and seedling vigour index (1408) and lowest electrical 99.83 cm), number of tillers at 30 DAS (1.56, 1.50 and 1.67), at 60 conductivity (0.01dS m-1) for seeds soaked in 8 h duration compared DAS and harvest (2.22, 2.25 and 2.25), panicle length (27.78, 26.83 to control. The second experiment on effectiveness of priming in and 26.91), panicle weight (33.99, 32.02 and 34.43g), seed yield (24, enhancing the seed yield and quality parameters of proso millet cv. 19.6 and 25 q ha-1), fodder yield (57.8, 49.5 and 64 q ha×1), test HP-4 containing priming and fertilizer doses as factors analyzed weight (7.37, 6.48 and 7.62g) and BC ratio (3.8, 2.9 and 3.8). using factorial randomized completely design. The seeds were primed Similarly, the seed quality parameters responded to abovr treatments with viz., control, hydropriming, biopriming with Pseudomonas viz., germination (86.2, 83 and 89.2%), seedling dry weight (420, fluorescens (20 %) and KH2PO4 (2 %) with three levels of fertilizer 400 and 430 mg) and seedling vigour index (2067, 1864 and 2197) doses 100 %, 125% and 150% RDF. Results were significantly and lowest electrical conductivity (0.016, 0.017 and 0.015 dSm-1), highest in Pseudomonas fluorscens (20 %) (P3), 150 % RDF (N3) respectively over control. Studies on seed quality enhancement and dormancy breaking in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds K. P. KAVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA The laboratory experiments were carried out at the Department of treatments and control (76.5 %, 11.14 cm, 10.22 cm, 400.32 mg, 1634, Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of 30625, 0.231 and 0.695 dS m-1 respectively). The second experiment Agricultural Sciences Raichur, to study the seed quality enhancement, on assessment of duration of dormancy revealed that dormancy was dormancy duration and dormancy breaking methods on seed quality present up to 35 days after harvest having 61.3 per cent of germination in cucumber var. Swarna Sheetal. The experiment was analysed using and at 40 days after harvest 63.5 per cent of germination was observed Completely Randomized Design with four replications. The first which was above the minimum seed certification standards (60 %). experiment on standardization of water soaking showed significantly The third experiment consisted of 19 physical and chemical dormancy highest seed quality parameters at 24 h duration. In another experiment breaking treatments, for the chemical treatments soaking duration was seeds were primed with 12 priming treatments for 24 h duration. 24 h. Among them hot dry air treatment at 70 °C for 3 days recorded

Among these, seed priming with KH2PO4 @ 0.001 M recorded significantly highest seed quality parameters viz., normal seedlings significantly highest seed quality parameters viz., germination (89.00 (90.25 %), shoot length (14.42 cm), root length (21.07 cm), seedling %), shoot length (22.96 cm), root length (22.77 cm), seedling dry dry weight (725.00 mg), seedling vigour index-I (3202), seedling vigour weight (498.27 mg), seedling vigour index-I (4070), seedling vigour index-II (65432), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.051 OD value) index-II (44347), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.494 OD value) and lowest electrical conductivity (0.227 dS m-1) compared to all other and lowest electrical conductivity (0.211 dS m-1) compared to other treatments and control. Effect of intercropping on seed yield and quality in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) T. N. DEEPAK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA

The field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the respectively, higher number of pods per plant (38.38), hundred seed effect of intercropping on seed yield and quality in chickpea during weight (22.53 g) and seed yield per hectare (1343 kg ha-1), which was rabi 2018-19 at Seed Unit, UAS, Raichur with 12 treatment on par with 125 per cent RDF. Significantly higher BC ratio (3.05 and combinations laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) 3.01) was recorded in chickpea + sorghum intercropping and with two factors. First factor consists of four intercrops and second application of 150 per cent RDF, respectively. The resultant seeds of factor consists of three different dose of fertilizer. The results revealed chickpea harvested from the experiment were assessed for seed quality that among the intercropping system, sole chickpea recorded higher parameters. Slightly higher seed germination (93.44), seedling length plant height (23.34, 33.21 and 35.73 cm), primary branches per plant (30.03 cm) and seedling vigour index (2806) recorded in sole chickpea (5.30, 8.32 and 10.24) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively, over to other intercropping system. Among the fertilizer levels, higher number of pods per plant (42.02), hundred seed weight (23.20 g) application of 150 per cent RDF higher seed germination (92.58), and seed yield per hectare (1733 kg ha-1) over intercropping system. seedling length (28.28 cm) and seedling vigour index (2620) and it was Among the fertilizer levels, application of 150 per cent RDF recorded on par with 125 per cent RDF. However, in all the intercropping higher plant height (23.31, 32.88 and 35.51 cm), primary branches system the seed germination was above minimum seed certification per plant (5.04, 8.06 and 10.00) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, standard of 85 per cent. Screening and seed priming studies for seedling salinity tolerance in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) minicore collection U. L. ANJU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR

A laboratory experiment on screening of pearl millet minicore The first experiment was aimed to screen 238 accessions of pearl collection for salinity tolerance and study on the influence of seed millet minicore collection from Gene Bank, ICRISAT, along with priming on seed germination and seedling vigour was carried out at eight checks. Among the 238 accessions, ten accessions, viz., the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of IP 14294, IP 21312, IP 11811, IP 3626, IP 7422, IP 8205, IP 11247, Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur in a IP 11930, IP 12650 and IP 16402 recorded significantly higher seed Factorial Completely Randomized Design, with four replications. germination and vigour which were found tolerant to salinity stress

128 up to 100 mM NaCl. Screened accessions were further subjected accessions, IP 14294 (tolerant) and IP 17862 (susceptible) were for reconfirmation of tolerance at 100 mM and also studied their primed using homobrassinolide-3 µM, triacontanol-10 µM, salicylic performance under higher salinity levels (150 to 250 mM) in the acid-100 µM, potassium nitrate-0.5 (%) and water (hydropriming). second experiment. The results revealed that increasing salinity level Primed seeds were subjected to two salinity levels (0 and 150 mM decreased the seed germination and seedling vigour. Among the ten NaCl). Salicylic acid priming at 100 µM significantly increased the accessions, IP 14294, IP 21312, IP 11811 and IP 3626 recorded seed germination (85.44 %), seedling vigour-I and II (2513 and 6330 significantly higher seed germination and seedling vigour index up respectively), peroxidase activity (0.57 µmol ml-1 min-1), proline to the salinity level of 150 mM. Remaining six accessions confirmed (4.22 µmol g-1 FW) and total soluble sugar (16.25 mg g-1 FW) content their tolerance up to 100 mM. In the third experiment, seeds of two compared to all other priming treatments. Influence of seed treatment, seed rate and planting geometry on plant growth, seed yield and quality of chickpea cv. GBM 2 RAJASHEKAR KASAM 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA

A laboratory experiment was conducted at the Seed Unit, University of -1 -1 kg ha , S4: 87.5 kg ha . Among the treatments, Seed rate S4 and row Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Chickpea seeds were treated with six spacing I1 recorded highest plant height (46.81 cm and 44.24 cm), plant different fungicides in a completely randomized block design with four population m-2 (34 and 28.11 plants m-2) and highest number of branches replications to study the influence of different fungicides on seed quality plant-1 (20.40 and 19.16), plant spread (37.53 and 36.39 cm) and plant of chickpea. Among the treatments, Sprint (Mancozeb 50 % + dry weight (37.6 and 35.83 g) was recorded in S1 and I2 respectively. Carbendazim 25 %) @ 3.5 g kg-1 recorded highest germination (97 %), With respect to yield parameters, highest number of pods plant-1 shoot length (15.34 cm), root length (18.30 cm), total seedling length (56.91 and 54.7) was recorded in S1 and I1 and highest seed yield (31.91 cm) and dehydrogenase activity (0.94). Lowest seed infection -1 -1 (1598 kg ha and 1483 kg ha ) was recorded in S3 and I1 respectively. (0 %) was recorded in Xelero (Thiophanate Methyl + Pyraclostrobin With respect to seed quality, highest shoot length (19.50 cm), root @ 4 ml kg-1. A field experiment was conducted at Seed Unit, University length (19.48 cm) and seedling vigour index (1837) was recorded S1, of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur in a two factorial randomized block with respect to BC ratio and net returns, highest was found in I1 (1.57 design with three replications to know the influence of seed rate and -1 -1 and ` 41650 ha ) and S2 (1.72 and ` 44337 ha ). It is concluded from planting geometry on growth, yield and seed quality of chickpea cv. the above experiments that chickpea seeds treated with sprint GBM 2 in rabi season 2018-19. The experiment consisted of eight (Mancozeb 50% + Carbendazim 25 %) @ 3.5 g kg-1 is better for treatment combinations (two planting geometry viz., I : 30 cm and 1 enhancing the seed quality and seed rate S2 and planting geometry I1 is -1 -1 I2: 45 cm with four seed rates viz., S1: 50 kg ha , S2: 62.5 kg ha , S3: 75 better in terms of benefit cost ratio and net returns. Screening and seed priming studies for salinity tolerance at early seedling stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) S. PAVITRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR A laboratory experiment pertaining to screening and seed priming studies the tolerant check and among the interactions 0 mM NaCl + GNV 1109 for salinity tolerance at early seedling stage of rice genotypes under recorded significantly highest seed germination (96.0 %) compared to laboratory and nursery was carried out at the Department of Seed all other treatment combinations. However, with the increase in salinity Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Raichur, Agricultural levels irrespective of the genotypes under study, the seed germination Research Station, Gangavathi, respectively. For screening 12 genotypes and seedling vigour went on decreasing. The seed priming study was IET 22066, IET 24767, GNV 1108, GNV 16-02, RNV 15048, IET conducted both under laboratory (at 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM NaCl) 25497, IET 26241, GNV 1109, GNV10-89, MTU-1010 were used and nursery (existing 4.1 dS m-1) with five seed priming treatments along with two checks (CSR 22 - saline tolerant check, BPT 5204 - (control, triacontanol-100 µM, homobrasinolide-5µM, KNO3-0.75%, saline sensitive check) at five salinity levels (0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mM and salicylic acid-200µM). In both the experiments seed priming with

NaCl). The results revealed that among the five levels of salinity S1: 0 salicylic acid (200 µM) significantly increased the seed germination mM NaCl recorded significantly higher seed germination (90.0 %) and (89.2 % and 71.0 %) and seedling vigour (2680 and 2060) under both vigour (3011) and among the genotypes GNV 1109, IET 24767, GNV- laboratory (100 mM NaCl) and nursery (4.1 dS m-1) conditions.

1602, IET 25497, IET 26241, GNV 1089 and MTU 1010 were found However, seed priming with KNO3 (0.75 %) was found to be on par to be salinity tolerant as they registered higher seed germination than with salicylic acid. Studies on efficacy of nanoparticles for enhancing seed yield potentiality and quality in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) KONANKI SAI TEJASWINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAY KUMAR KURNALLIKER

In view of the wide spread cultivation of groundnut in India and in treatment with nanoscale ZnO @ 500 ppm significantly enhanced other parts of the world, both laboratory and shade net experiments seed quality attributes like germination (76.75%), root length (13.78 were carried out to investigate on efficacy of nanoparticles for cm), shoot length (7.43 cm) and SVI-I1 627.20), SVI-II (279.22), enhancing seed quality and yield potentiality in groundnut seedling dry weight (3.64 mg) when compared to control (64 %, (Arachis hypogaea L.) during 2018-2019 at, UAS, Raichur. In 9.18 cm, 4.25 cm, 918.18, 164.09, 2.57 mg, respectively). Besides, laboratory experiment, medium vigour groundnut seeds were the positive impact of nanoparticles seed treatment was also separately treated with five nanoparticles viz., ZnO, FeO CNT, observed for the changes in biochemical attributes both in laboratory

TiO2 and SiO2. Among the different treatments imposed, seed and pot culture experiments. The alpha amylase activity

129 (23.15 mm), protein content (30.39 %) oil content (45.0 %) were at 30, 60, 90 DAS (4, 6, 6) and yield parameters like, number of found to be higher in Zinc oxide nanoparticles @ 500 ppm compared pods per plant (16), seed yield per plant (26.00 g) and test weight to control (17.17, 28.59 %, and 41.0 % respectively). In shade net (30.63 g) also differed significantly with ZnO @ 500 ppm compared experiment, growth parameters viz., plant height at 30 DAS, 60 to control. The effect of nanoparticles on plant growth and seed DAS, and 90 DAS (20.9, 29.3, and 45.8 cm), number of primary yield of groundnut revealed the positive influence and that could be branches at 30, 60, 90 DAS (5, 7, 7) number of secondary branches used as seed treatment to enhance seed yield and quality. Influence of seed priming with chemicals, micronutrients and bio-inoculants on seed yield and quality in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) S. H. GANGADHARAYYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. PRASHANT The field and laboratory experiments were carried out at the flowering (52 days) and days to maturity (92 days). In addition to Agriculture Research Station, Hagari and Department of Seed Science this, significantly highest panicle length (27.58 cm), panicle weight and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural (42.87 g), seed yield per plant (16.28 g), seed yield per hectare Sciences, Raichur during 2018-19. The field experiment was laid out (2720 kg ha-1), fodder yield per hectare (8196 kg ha-1) and test weight in Randomized Block Design with 12 treatments and three (3.66 g) were recorded for T12 (Seed priming with Azospirillum replications. The seeds were primed with viz., Control, hydro (20 %) + Pseudomonas flourescens (20 %) + Phosphobacter (20 %) Azospirillum priming, KH2PO4(2%), NaCl (2% ), (20 %), + Zn SO4 (0.1 %) + Boron (0.1 %) compared to control (21.90 cm, Pseudomonas flourescens (20%), Phosphobacter (20%), 26.83 g, 9.23g, 1480 kg ha-1, 4681 kg ha-1 and 2.80 g respectively). Azospirillum (20%) + Pseudomonas flourescens (20%) + Similarly, laboratory experiment was conducted on resultant seeds

Phosphobacter (20%), Zn SO4 (0.1%), Boron (0.1%), ZnSO4 (0.1%) to know the effect of priming on quality parameters. Among the Azospirillum Pseudomonas flourescens + Boron (0.1%) and (20%) + treatments T12 (seed priming with Azospirillum (20 %) +

(20%) + Phosphobacter (20%) + Zn SO4 (0.1%) + Boron (0.1%). Pseudomonas flourescens (20 %) + Phosphobacter (20 %) + Zn Azospirillum Among the treatments, T12 (Seed priming with (20 %) SO4 (0.1 %) + Boron (0.1 %) recorded significantly higher seed + Pseudomonas flourescens (20 %) + Phosphobacter (20 %) + Zn germination percentage (90.67 %), seedling length (18.43 cm),

SO4 (0.1 %) + Boron (0.1 %) recorded significantly highest plant seedling dry weight (24.33 mg), seedling vigour index I and II (1671 height (52.25, 133.70 and 134.12 cm ) and number of tillers (5.18, and 2206, respectively) and lower electrical conductivity (0.013 dS 5.37 and 5.37 tillers per plant) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest m-1) compared to control (81.33 %., 16.12 cm, 17.03 mg, 1311, -1 respectively. However, T12 recorded lower days to 50 per cent 1386 and 0.022 dS m , respectively). AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Economics of inland fisheries in north eastern Karnataka- region PAVANKUMAR HALLI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. G. SATIHAL The three major intertwined challenges facing the world today are feasibility using tabular, NPV, IRR and BC ratio methods, resource use alleviation of poverty, meeting current and future food needs, and efficiency using Cobb-Douglas production function and marketing managing natural resources to assure sustainability. Aquaculture is efficiency by using Shepherd and marketing efficiency index measures, considered to be one of the vital sectors for economl development of besides tabular, averages and ratio measures were also used. The findings Karnataka and has witnessed an impressive growth from a tiaditional suggest that the fish rearing in pond is found to be profitable venture as activity to a commercial activity. So, aquaculture can be best suited indicated by higher returns per rupee of investment (2.38). The findings alternate to alleviate the challenges. As there are very limited studies also suggest that 78 per cent of the variation in the gross income was documented on the economics of flsh production, an attempt has explained by the six factors included in the model. It is recommended been made to analyze the economics of inland fish production in north that policies by the government and non-governmental agencies should eastern Karnataka. The study uses the primary data collected from 60 be geared towards encouraging farmer’s education on farm management pond fish rearing farmers using snowball technique method and practices so that they would be able to allocate production resources secondary data collected from particular office for appropriate more efficiently. With the efficient marketing channel found in the interpretation. The data was collected to understand the economic study, the pond fish production may be encouraged in the study area. An assessment of socioeconomic impact of direct seeded rice in UKP and TBP command areas of Karnataka PAVANKUMAR DESHETTY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRABHULING TEVARI

Rice (Oryzae sativa L.) is the world’s most important crop and is a adopt direct sowing of rice in place of transplanting. Globally 23.00 staple food for more than half of the world’s population. In India, rice per cent of rice cultivated is being observed as direct seeded (Rao is grown in an area of 44.6 million ha with a production of 109.5 et al., 2007). This study is conducted in UKP and TBP command million tonnes and average productivity of 2.62 tonnes per ha. In areas of Karnataka and it examines the adoption process, resource India rice is commonly grown by transplanting seedlings in the puddle use efficiency of direct seeded rice with respect to transplanting soils which is less economically feasible compared to direct seeded method of paddy cultivation. Income and output level of DSR rice (DSR). Hence, the most promising option for the future is to practicing farmers in the study area. The results depicted that the

130 major source of knowledge about DSR in the TBP and UKP command fertilizers, land area and seeds in direct seeded rice have indicated areas of Karnataka are public sector organizations such as RSKs positive and more than unit value for MVP:MFC. The average yield ADA and JDA offices followed by the Agricultural Universities. is much higher in TPR method, because of which there happened to Factors of production were used in excess quantities except in case of be higher gross return of ` 7537.50 per acre. But Net gain was higher organic manures. And the efficiency of resources show significant in farmers practicing DSR over TPR (` 2,145.52 per acre) due to results for fertilizers, plant protection chemicals and herbicides in savings in nursery cost, preparatory tillage, transplanting, seeds cost, DSR and Allocative efficiency for resources such as farm yard manure, fertilizers, FYM, PPC, labour cost and incentives.

Economics of sericulture farming in north eastern Karnataka ANIL KUMAR G. N 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY

Sericulture is an important means for the socio-economic development to Kalaburagi (301.25/kg), whereas, returns per rupee of investment of the rural sector and it gives frequent periodicity of economic returns. was highest in Kalaburagi (1.76) district compared to Ballari (1.71) and The present study was conducted in Kalaburagi, Raichur and Ballari Raichur (1.68) districts. The net returns realised by silk cocoon districts of NEK region with the sample size of 60 sericulture practicing producing farmers was ` 55,819 per 300 DFLs. Majority of farmers farmers and 15 market intermediaries. The findings of the study revealed achieved more than 90 per cent efficiency level and none of the farmers that majority of cocoon producing farmers are literate belonged to age were having efficiency level below 70 per cent in both mulberry group of between41-46 yearswith an average family size of six cultivation and cocoon production. Majority of the farmers (95%) members.The total cost of mulberry cultivation per acre was higher in have sold their cocoon output (89 %) in Ramanagara market remaining Kalaburagi (`22,924) district compared to Ballari (` 21,852) and Raichur 11 per cent sold in Kalaburagi market. The marketing cost incurred by (` 21,639) districts. Expenditure on mulberry leaves (54.96%) was the sericulture farmers was 21.32 per kilogram. The farmers realised cent major constituent of total variable cost.The per kilo gram cost of cocoon per cent of price paid by the reeler’s in channel-I. Whereas, they have production was ` 320.65. The extent of cost of cocoon production was realised only 93.60 per cent of share in channel-II. Thus, sericulture relatively high in Raichur (335.76/kg) and Ballari (324.94/kg) compared was profitable enterprise in the study area.

Impact of SAFTA on performance of major Indian spices- An econometric analysis

SREELAKSHMI DAS 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAGRATI B. DESHMANYA India is a prominent source of supply of spices in international period III. Though, area under cardamom also showed a declining trade. In the present globalised economy, India has been taking part trend (-3.92 %), remarkable increase in production (8.84 %) and in various Regional trade agreements. The present study examined productivity (8.13 %) was observed in period III as compared to the changing pattern in growth rate, instability in area, production, period I. It was also observed that USA was a loyal importer of productivity and export of pepper and cardamom in India along Indian pepper. Whereas for cardamom, Saudi Arabia was found to with the direction of trade and trade competitiveness in light of be the most stable market. The analysis of trade competitiveness extensive tariff reduction commitment of India under the SAFTA. revealed that pepper has lost its competitiveness over the years The study was based on both secondary and primary data. The especially during period III. The cheaper imports of Vietnamese study covered a period of 33 years from 1985-86 to 2017-18 which pepper traded under the cover of SAFTA via Sri Lanka has pegged was further divided into three sub periods to ascertain the changes to 50.42 per cent in 2018, which accounted for the drastic price in pepper and cardamom economy in light of SAFTA. The study crash in domestic market as a result, most of the farmers were revealed that overall, there was a decline in the growth rate of area, skeptical about expanding area under pepper. Thus, there is a need production and productivity of pepper in India. The export quantity to impose a strict vigil against the restricted imports flooding into showed a negative growth rate of 3.59 per cent especially during the domestic markets. Performance of unified market platform (UMP) for major agriculture commodities: A case study of Raichur market BHARATHA VINAYKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH

Agriculture is dependent on monsoons and markets, inefficient market showed that most of the sample respondents were satisfied with e- lead to ineffective price discovery mechanism making farming entry, e-permit and e-tendering components. However, e-payment profession unattractive. Market integration over time and space to component was not working at all, due to difficulties in digital payment create efficient marketing system to farmers, this study analysed the system through UPI. Market performance pre and post UMP was performance of one such marketing initiative namely Unified Market measured by index value and percent difference in prices. The market Platform (UMP) by comparing pre and post periods in APMC, performance index has improved to 0.26 from 0.33, 0.26 from 0.36 Raichur. To analyse the performance and effectiveness of UMP data and 0.19 from 0.28 for paddy, redgram and groundnut, respectively. were collected from 80 sample respondents. Results indicated the Percent difference has improved to 31.4 from 32.3 per cent, 41.3 performance of Raichur market under UMP in terms of total arrivals from 65.7 per cent and 39.2 from 58.2 per cent for paddy, redgram of paddy was increased by 48.27 per cent, redgram was 13.73 per and groundnut, respectively. Marketing efficiency index in paddy cent and groundnut was 26.28 per cent. In pricing mechanism under increased to 1.64 from 1.08, in redgram 2.5 from 1.97 and in groundnut UMP revealed that for every one bid increases for each lot there 1.56 from 1.19. This study has suggested that there is a need to create would be increase in price by 13.80, 8.30 and 11.48 per cent for awareness about digital transactions and e-payment component in paddy, redgram and groundnut, respectively. Physical performance UMP.

131 An economic assessment of Sujala-III watershed programme implemented in north- eastern Karnataka SUSHMA S AMDANI MATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY

The study on Sujala-III watershed programme attempts to assess tangible significant results achieved were increase in irrigated land the economic impact on recharge, farm returns, by 19.75 per cent, increase in cropping intensity from 105 to 116.18 employment generation and equity in distribution of watershed per cent and crop yield of pulses, cereals, oilseeds and commercial benefits among the farmers in Kalaburagi and Raichur district, crops increased by 8.80, 11.26, 14.65 and 10.17 per cent, respectively. Karnataka.The field data for the study were collected for the year Moreover, there was an increase in the livestock income by 15.61 2014-15 and 2018-19 through ex-ante and the ex-post approaches per cent. This inturn increased the farm income by 16.60 per cent. through a survey of 180 sample farmers from Dotikol and Nagalapur- The number of employments generated was 707 to 799 mandays 1 micro-watersheds. The findings of the study revealed that various reducing the emigration by 36.73 per cent in the study area at the watershed components were implemented through the project viz., end of the project. Farmers participation in community-based timely supply of horticulture and forest species, rendering extension organizations increased the habits of savings by 33.35 per cent. services, construction of soil and structures, While, provision of loan (32.13 %) and subsidies (` 7451) given for etc., which has resulted in an improvement in groundwater yield by construction of the watershed structures increased significantly. 12.83 per cent with increase in number of functioning open well and Thus, the project had achieved significant impacts in the social, borewell by 50.00 and 46.15 per cent, respectively. The overall economic, institutional and environmental aspects.

Dynamics of labour market in India: During pre and post WTO regime BAKANG RAY REBAGAMANG 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH A shrinkage of employment in India took place after the formation increase in the literacy rates of those in the workforce particularly of the World Trade Organization in 1995, despite the growth in the for female, but there was a decline in the female labour force country’s Gross Domestic Product. The study attempts to provide participation during the same period. The employment elasticity an analysis on changes in the labour market in India during the pre analysis revealed that during the post WTO period economic growth and post WTO period. Time series data was collected from various had a negative impact on employment opportunities (-0.017%) sources from 1981 to 2013 pertaining to employment, major sectors compared to a 33.55 per cent during pre WTO period which shows of employment to investigate trends, factors and changes in the India post WTO has been experiencing jobless growth. The Markov labour market. The study shows that total workforce since 1981 chain analysis shows that during the pre WTO period the service has increased significantly while there has been a slow growth in the (89%) and agriculture and allied sectors (85 %) had the highest employment across the Indian economy. The study revealed that a retention of their labour force while in the post WTO period there high proportion of India’s workforce is located in rural areas and was a decline in their retention with the agriculture and allied sector during the pre WTO period the rural population relied on the primary unable to retain its workforce and the service sector retaining 55 per sector for employment while urban areas were mostly employed in cent. With agriculture and allied sector unable to retain and having a the tertiary sectors, but during post WTO period there was a shift decline in absorption it has led to withdrawal of rural female workers from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors for employment. and an increase in unemployment rate particularly among the youth During the post WTO period it was revealed that there was an as there are few employment opportunities.

Economic analysis of groundwater irrigation in watershed areas of H-K region VAISHNAVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH Land and water resources are the basic resources for agriculture and comparison of conventional with micro irrigation systems, the results play important role in shaping the economic development of the of physical and economic water use efficiencies of the major crops country. The demands for these resources are continuously increasing found to be higher under micro irrigation methods (drip & sprinkler) with the rising population. Groundwater will remain as the ultimate than conventional method. And also by adopting these methods farmers source of freshwater when surface water sources have been depleted. were profitable for major crops like chilli (` 8865.14), sugarcane (` Groundwater contributes about 28 per cent of the total agriculture 7991.76), onion (` 3739.56), redgram (` 5030.22). Overall, the optimal GDP. However, it’s over exploitation is leading to continuous decline groundwater usage was higher than required in major crops like maize, in the groundwater table. The present study was conducted micro- chilli, redgram, onion, bajra in Kavalakeri-4 (4.47%), Ryavanaki-1 watersheds of Koppal and Raichur districts and all groundwater (4.48%), Chattar-1 (10.30%) and Kumarkhed (14.20%). The irrigated farmers (farmers who are depending exclusively on deficiency of water resources in micro-watershed areas can be groundwater and owners of bore wells from four micro-watersheds of overcome by efficient utilization by increasing micro irrigation two districts) were interviewed during 2018-19. Majority of techniques to the entire area and also decreasing area of high water groundwater usage farmers belonged to small (48.29%) and marginal intensive crops and modifying in cropping pattern to reduce the farmers (22.58%) in Koppal district and whereas in Raichur farmers groundwater decline which contributing to sustainable groundwater belonged to small (44.12%) and marginal farmers (23.53%). In management.

132 An economic analysis of soil health cards on production and productivity of major crops: A case study in Raichur district V. ABHISHEK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAGRATI B. DESHMANYA Soils are the resources that support diversity of life forms on earth highest share in total gross cropped area of the study area. The findings with its diverse properties. The health of the soil is a measure of of the study revealed that SHC users had better socio economic physical, chemical and biological interactions that support healthy character when compared to SHC non users. Total cost of cultivation plant growth. Unhealthy soils that do not contain enough nutrients was marginally higher for SHC non-users in paddy and cotton to support crop growth, it needs more inputs, less productivity. (` 95,219/ha) and (` 1,02,649.72/ha), respectively. Compared to Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers leading to unhealthy soils so SHC users which was (` 92,307/ha) and (` 53,852/ha). However, net balanced use of chemical fertilizers along with bio fertilizers may returns from paddy and cotton was higher for SHC users (` 53,852/ pave the way to productive and healthy soils. Keeping these issues ha) and (` 98,261.04/ha), respectively. It was observed that the Government of India launched Soil Health Cards Scheme (SHCs) regression coefficient of human labour (0.88, 0.25), fertilizer nation-wide on 19th February, 2015. This study was conducted during (0.59, 0.11), manure (0.32, 0.17) and plant protection chemicals (PPC) 2018-19 and the data was collected from respondents included socio- (0.56, 0.18) were positive and whereas, for SHC non-users coefficient economic status, cost of cultivation of paddy and cotton, constraints of fertilizer (-0.71, -0.40) and plant protection chemicals (-0.10, - in adoption of SHC more efficiently. A total of 80 responders were 0.18) were negatively significant at 5 per cent level, respectively for selected from for the study. Paddy and cotton were selected based on paddy and cotton. Economics of production and marketing of mustard in north-eastern Karnataka region MEENAKSHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. G. SATIHAL Mustard is the second most important oilseed crop after groundnut, cultivation of mustard (1.37) was higher than bengalgram (1.06). it accounts nearly 30 per cent of the total oilseed produced in the This means mustard cultivation is more profitable than bengalgram country and it is cultivated in an area of 5762 hectares with cultivation. In mustard production, seed, fertilizer and human labour production of 6821 tons and productivity of 1184 kg/ha. In north- were significant, whereas in bengalgram production human labour eastern Karnataka region mustard and bengalgram crops were was significant at 1 per cent. R2 was 0.73 and 0.94 for mustard and cultivated in paddy fallows to take the advantage of residual moisture bengalgram, respectively which indicated that, 73 per cent and 94 in the field only one time irrigation i.e. in kharif season water is per cent variation in mustard and bengalgram were explained by available. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the independent variables. Returns to scale of mustard (0.35) and economics of production and marketing of mustard in Raichur bengalgram (0.50) indicated the decreasing returns to scale. In mustard district. The multistage random sampling was adopted for sample and bengalgram production seed, fertilizer and machine labour were selection in Raichur district. Manvi, Sindhanur and Raichur taluks underutilized, indicated scope to increase the usage to get optimum were selected based on highest area under cultivation. The average returns. Marketed surplus was 100 per cent and two marketing cost of cultivation of mustard (` 4185.13/acre) was less compared channels were identified. Lack of market information and pest and to bengalgram (` 10208.04/acre). The returns per rupee spent for disease attack were major problems. Effect of vocational skill development training on retention of rural youth in agriculture- An economic assessment P.M.M. JASMINE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HREMATH

The present study is an attempt to assess the effect of Vocational most of the trainees had their primary involvement in agriculture Skill Development Training (VSDT) programme on retention of and allied activities than any other occupations. The increase in unemployed rural youths in agriculture. The VSDT programme was operational land holding size was due to leasing-in and leased-out organised by University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur in activities of trainees and there was a positive change in leasing-in collaboration with PI (Pesticide India) foundation. The VSDT was activity for both rainfed and irrigated lands (40.36%). With regard conducted in the previous two years i.e., in 2016-17 & 2017-18, to adoption of technologies was concerned, the highest number of with a plan to cover 40 unemployed rural youths between the age trainees adopted integrated nutrient and pest management (3000 group of 22-28 years in each batch from all over Karnataka, finally %). The experience of trainees and size of the land holding influenced 73 members attended the training programme and that formed the 1.17 and 1.07 times more likely to adopt new technologies, sample size for the study. The primary data were collected from respectively. The increase in net income of trainees was due to VSDT trainees and the data collected were subjected to analyse increase in yield. Overall, there was 24.06 per cent increase in income using cross tabulation and logistic regression techniques. It was of the trainees after attending the training programme. The per hectare noticed that majority of trainees were engaged in agriculture and annual employment generated majority in field crops was 222.88 allied activities in both the periods (86.30%), which indicated that mandays. An economic analysis of post-harvest losses of major pulses in north-eastern Karnataka MADHAVI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH S.PATIL

The expression of post-harvest losses means a measurable quantitative estimated at different stages in two major pulses, viz. chickpea in Bidar and qualitative loss in a given product occurred during the various district and pigeonpea in Kalaburagi district of north-eastern Karnataka phases of the post-harvest system. The post-harvest losses have been region. Data collected was analysed and interpreted using tabular

133 analysis, functional analysis and Garrett ranking. The post harvest facilities, non availability of timely labour and inadequate transportation losses occurring at various levels added up to 6.14 kg per quintal in facilities were positively significant. The majority of farmers opined chickpea and 6.33 kg per quintal in pigeonpea. It was observed that that post-harvest loss could be reduced through timely harvesting of maximum post-harvest losses in chickpea occurred at the farm level crop at proper moisture content and proper loading and unloading of (5.67 kg/q) followed by wholesaler level (0.45 kg/q), processor level grains during transportation and timely insect/pest control measures (0.025 kg/q) and retail level (dal) (0.82 kg/q). In case of pigeonpea, farm facilities by the intermediaries. The result of Garrett ranking technique level (5.88 kg/q), wholesaler level (0.43 kg/q), processor level (0.028 revealed that non-availability of timely labour was the major constraint kg/q) and retail level (dal) (1.05 kg/q). The share of harvesting loss was in chickpea farmers and non-availability of harvesting machine in time maximum in both crops in farm level. The regression model assessed by the pigeonpea farmers. In case of intermediaries, non-availability of factors influenced on post-harvest losses. Age and education of the timely labour facility and higher moisture content of grain in storage respondents are negatively significant in both crops. Inadequate storage were important constraints. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION Expansion of on-farm plantation of forest tree species in Raichur and Koppal districts: A case study JINCY K JOSE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHIVANAND K. KAMMAR

On-farm tree planting is the practice of growing trees on privately mostly engaged in agriculture + business (33.33%). The results showed owned agricultural land and waste land, including degraded forests to that the main reason for forest tree planting was income generation enhance agricultural productivity and achieve better resource by selling the tree species and its by-products (score-184). The management and to produce saleable wood and non-wood products. maximum percentage of respondents (96.67%) obtained information The study aimed to analyse the actual condition and behaviour of the about tree planting and management from existing planters and respondents practicing on-farm tree plantation of forest species in influenced their decision making. Among the various tree planting general as well as specific to the three commercial forest tree species systems, monocultivation of Melia dubia was found to be the best in Raichur and Koppal districts of Karnataka state. Purposive and tree planting system with highest IRR. The major benefits of on-farm snowball sampling techniques were employed to obtain a sample size tree planting were that they expect high income after a long term of 30. The profile characteristics of respondents revealed that, majority investment in tree planting and reduced cost of cultivation when of the respondents fell under 41-64 years age group, with education compared to agricultural crops. The major constraint faced (86.67%) level of graduation and above (50.00%), 10-20 years of farming was the long production and payback period for tree planting and all experience (43.33%), established their plantations 6-10 years back the respondents (100%) had planned to sell the tree products as (60.00%) in their own land (96.67%) and were large farmers (90.00%) timber for income generation in the future. Farmers perception of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies: A critical analysis BHARAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHIVANAND K. KAMMAR

The present study was conducted in north eastern Karnataka during technique was used to identify the crop production response the year 2018-19. The area was selected based on the data pertained strategies with respect to climate change and variability. A total of to drought affected taluks from 2001 to 2018 provided by Karnataka eight broad crop production response strategies were identified State Natural Disaster Monitoring Center. Multi stage random namely, soil-water conservation and integrated farming strategies, sampling method was used. The design employed for the present contingency crop planning strategies, crop diversification and risk study was ‘Ex-post facto’ design. Total sample size was 120. The aversion strategies, seeking advice from extension personnel and major findings of study revealed that, 40.83 per cent of the others, improving irrigation facilities, maintaining livestock, crop respondents had low level of perception, 30.83 per cent had medium insurance and migration to cities for livelihood. The Multiple level of perception and 28.33 per cent of the respondents had high regression analysis was used to find the extent of contribution of level of perception about climate change parameters. The composite independent variables to the dependent variable. Annual income, perceived impact index on climate releted parameters worked out mass media usage, were found positive whereas family size, social was 0.61. The indices for various subcomponents were, economic participation was negative and showed significant contributed fluctuations (0.83), agro climatic status (0.73), crop nature (0.68), towards soil-water conservation and integrated farming strategies. livestock status (0.65), pest and diseases incidence (0.65), water Scientific orientation found positive towards crop diversification crises (0.59), psychological grief (0.57), soil condition (0.53), social and risk aversion strategies and cropping pattern was found to be situation (0.48) and health statuesque (0.40) which were the major negative and showed significant contribution towards contingency impact perceived by farmers due to climate change. Factor analysis crop planning strategies. Role perception of farmers towards extension activities of APMC markets in Raichur district of Karnataka M. N. CHANDAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. K. SHASHIDHARA The study was conducted in Raichur district of Karnataka. Major of 120 farmers. The design employed for the present study was APMCs of Raichur district namely Raichur, Lingasugur, Manvi and ‘Ex-post facto’ design. It can be concluded that majority of the farmers Sindhanur were selected from each talukas. Thirty farmers from the were found in middle age group, had education up to high school, jurisdiction of each APMC were selected randomly, making a sample belonged to semi-medium size of land holding, had followed double

134 cropping and medium marketed and marketable surplus. Majority of with APMC had highly significantly associated with marketing the farmers had moderately perceived the roles of APMC, had medium behaviour towards extension activities. Most of the farmers are facing level of managerial ability and marketing behaviour towards extension problems in marketing of the produce such as, inadequate storage activities. The education, economic orientation, scientific orientation facilities, high cost of transportation, low market price, inadequate and contact with APMC were found highly significantly associated market infrastructure, malpractices by commission agents, delayed with the role perception about extension activities. Age, farming cash payment. The suggestions expressed are to promote rural experience and risk orientation found highly significant whereas, godowns at hobli level, ensure price stabilization for farm produce, marketable and marketed surplus of the farmers had negatively MSP should be fixed considering cost of production, immediate associated with the managerial ability towards extension activities. payment should be made to farmers and provide basic infrastructural The education, economic orientation, scientific orientation and contact facilities to farmers. Impact of National Food Security Mission’s demonstrations on paddy and chickpea farmers of Raichur district N. L. SHIVARAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ HULAGUR The study was conducted in Raichur district of Karnataka in 2018-19. but for non beneficiary farmers partial adoption was followed by This district was selected purposively, RSKs were selected with low and high adoption. The constraints faced by paddy beneficiary criteria of highest number of demonstrations pertaining to paddy farmers were similar to non beneficiaries except increased weed and chickpea. For each crop 60 farmers were selected, 30 beneficiaries infestation and difficulty in maintaining alternate wet and dry and 30 non beneficiaries thus making total sample of 120 conditions. Constraints similar to both were increased cost of respondents. The design employed for the present study was ‘Ex- pesticides, pest and disease problem etc. Suggestions given were post facto’ design. The data was collected from beneficiaries and non supply of inputs on subsidy, machinery on hire basis, technical beneficiaries of both paddy and chickpea crops. The major findings guidance by experts, timely cashpayment by traders etc. Constraints of study revealed that for paddy beneficiaries and chickpea faced by chickpea farmers were high cost of plant protection beneficiaries more respondents were seen in medium knowledge chemicals, scarcity of rainfall, high fertiliser cost, labour shortage, category followed by high and low while in case of non beneficiary pest and disease problem, low market price etc. Suggestions given farmers medium knowledge level was followed by low and high by chickpea farmers were supply of input at subsidised rates, making knowledge level. In case of adoption of paddy and chickpea canal water available, technical guidance by experts and support beneficiaries had high adoption level followed by partial and low price by government.

A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of trained agricultural graduates under agri-clinics and agri-business centre scheme in north Karnataka PRABHAVATI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.K. SHASHIDHARA The study was conducted in north Karnataka. Forty trained knowledge ability of entrepreneurship. The variables like education, agricultural graduates were selected randomly from the four Nodal cosmopoliteness and source of information had highly significant and Training Institutes who were trained between the years of 2015-18. positive correlation with the entrepreneurial behaviour. It is further The design employed for the present study was ‘Ex-post facto’ design. concluded that, nearly half of the respondents had most favorable It can be concluded that majority of the trained agricultural graduates perception towards entrepreneurship. Majority of respondents were found in lower age group, had education up to doctorate, belonged perceived that, their family and relative will support them morally to to nuclear family type with medium size of land holdings and had establish new ventures followed by a large majority of respondents annual income of upto 2-4 lakh rupees from both agriculture and who perceived that their teachers or professors encourages them to agriventures. Majority of graduates had most favourable attitude become entrepreneurs, majority of respondents perceived that towards the entrepreneurship, high level of leadership ability, medium studying agricultural science at college level was an incentive for them level of cosmopoliteness and had used high level of information sources. to become an agripreneur. The major reason to reject loan application Majority of graduates had high entrepreneurial behaviour category was project not prepared in a specified format. The major constraint followed by high risk taking ability, high innovativeness, medium faced by the trained agricultural graduate market constraint followed level self confidence, high achievement motivation and medium by service or consultancy related constraint. Identification and extent of use of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) by the farmers in north-eastern Karnataka KHASIM 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ HULAGUR

The study was undertaken during the year 2016-17 in Sindhnoor burying, formulation of liquid fertilizer, Direct letting of cattle shed and Manvi taluks of Raichur district and Gangavati taluk of Koppal wastes to field, bird scaring practices like hanging of cassette reel/ district based on maximum area under paddy cultivation. polythene bags, shakings metal box filled with pebbles / beating Respondents were selected by snow boll sampling procedure to drums to scare the bird and monkeys, Insect repellent practices like constitute a sample size of 90. During research period 15 ITKs burning rubber tubes/tyres and spraying of butter milk, Use of identified and documented namely cattle penning, in-situ mulching Lantern with oil plate as Light trapper, Spraying of Rama bana and of pilli pesera , seed treatment by use of gomutra and Agnihotra ash, mixing of Kalli (Opuntia dillenii ) milk with cooked rice for control seed germination tests by water soaking and gunny bag underground of rodents. Among 15 ITKs 4 were used frequently (in-situ mulching

135 of pillipesara, water soaking method, hanging of cassette tape reel plate as Light trap, Use of buttermilk as insect repellent, mixing of and shaking of metal box with pebbles), four ITKs occasionally Kalli milk to the food to kill the rats, direct letting of cattle shed (cattle penning, underground burying of gunny bag with paddy wastes to field and formulation of local liquid fertilizer). The study seeds, spraying of Rama bana, and beating drum) and seven ITKs also revealed that, nearly two third (65.56 %) of the respondents were used rarely (Seed treatment by cow urine and Agnihotra ash, belonged to medium use category. Whereas, 21.11 and 13.33 per burning of rubber tubes around the field, Use of Lantern with oil cent of them belonged to high and low use categories, respectively. B. HORTICULTURE Genetic variability and divergence studies in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] ANILKUMAR PRADHANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. JAIPRAKASH NARAYANA Forty okra accessions were evaluated in Randomized Block Design number of fruits per plant and plant height at 90 DAS indicates replicated thrice at the Horticulture farm, MARS, UAS, Raichur predominance additive gene action. Thus, there is ample scope for during kharif 2017 and assessed for their genetic variability, improving these characters through direct selection. Correlation heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for twenty two studies revealed significant and positive association of fruit yield parameters concerned with growth, flowering, yield and quality. per plant with number of flowers per plant, average fruit weight, The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variability were high number of leaves per plant at 90 DAS, percent fruit set, number of for iodine content, fruit yield per hectare and number of seeds per primary branches per plant at 90 DAS and number of fruits per fruit indicating maximum amount of variability present in the plant. Path analysis studies revealed high direct effect of average genotypes for these characters which would be amenable for further fruit weight on fruit yield perplant. In the present investigation it selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance over can be concluded that the genotypes NDO-10 and JNDO-5 recorded mean was observed for number of ridges on fruit surface, number of higher fruit yield per plant with superior quality parameters seeds per fruit, fruit girth, average fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, compared to other genotypes. Studies on effect of method and time of organic manure applications, micronutrients with microbial inoculants on growth and yield of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda PRIYANKA MIRJI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A.R. KURUBAR Field investigation was carried out at the Main Agricultural Research and microbial inoculants resulted in maximum plant height, plant Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, spread (East-West and North-South), length of new shoot, girth of India during 2018-2019 to study the effect of method and time of new shoot, canopy volume, light interception, leaf area index and organic manure applications, micronutrients with microbial Net photosynthetic rate at 60, 120 and 180 days after pruning. Highest inoculants on growth and yield of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. number of fruits (158.02), average fruit weight (161.56 g), fruit Allahabad Safeda. Treatments consisted of FYM normal practice, diameter (5.62 cm), fruit length (6.93 cm), fruit yield per plant (25.53 FYM slurry at basal, FYM slurry + micronutrients, FYM slurry kg) and fruit yield per hectare (28.37 t) were observed in plants are two split application (basal dose + one month after first spilt), supplemented with FYM slurry at basal along with micronutrients FYM slurry two split applications (basal dose + one month after and microbial inoculants. Higher total soluble solids (19.53 o Brix), first spilt) + micronutrients, FYM slurry basal dose+ Microbial TSS:Acid ratio (87.7), reducing sugar (9.48 %), non-reducing sugar inoculants, FYM slurry two split applications (basal dose + one (4.18 %), total sugars (13.7 %), ascorbic acid (199.96 mg/ 100 g of month after first spilt) + microbial inoculants, FYM slurry + pulp) content , fruit pH (4.2), fruit puncturing strength (5 N), fruit micronutrients + microbial inoculants, FYM slurry two split firmness (61.15 N), shelf life days (6.54), overall acceptability lowest applications (basal dose +one month after pruning) + micronutrients+ titratable acidity (0.22 %) and physiological loss in weightof fruit microbial inoculants and control. Among all the treatments plants found in the treatment having FYM slurry at basal along with are supplemented with FYM slurry at basal along with micronutrients micronutrients and microbial inoculants. Studies on heterosis and combining abiliy for yield and yield attributes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) A. S. VISHWANATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. PAMPANNA The present investigation entitled “Studies on heterosis and combining plant. Estimates of general combining ability effects showed that ability for yield and yield attributes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum parent P6 followed by P5 were the best general combiner as they L.)” was carried out at the New Orchard, Main Agricultural Research showed significant gca effects in desirable direction. The cross Station, Raichur, Karnataka, during the year 2018-19. Six genotypes P5 × P6 was the only cross which showed high sca as well as high per (inbred lines) of tomato were selected on the basis of contrasting se performance for majority of the yield and yield contributing traits. morphological and quality characters. All six parents viz., P , P , P , 1 2 3 The standard heterosis ranged from 8.27 (P4 × P6) to 65.38 per cent P , P and P were crossed by following full diallel fashion with 4 5 6 (P5 × P6). Out of 30 cross combinations, three cross combinations reciprocals, to obtain 30 F hybrids. The experiment was laid out in 1 P5 × P6 (65.38 %), P4 × P3 (33.01 %) and P5 × P3 (30.77 %) showed Randomized Block Design, with two replications. All the 30 F1 hybrids significant and positive standard heterosis for fruit yield per plant. along with their parents and standard check (Indam 13201) were Fruit yield per plant had positive and highly significant association at raised during kharif, 2018. Results revealed that, parent P1 and P6 both phenotypically and genotypically with plant height, number of exhibited the highest mean fruit yield per plant. Among the hybrids, branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of fruits per

P5 × P6, P5 × P3 and P4 × P3 recorded the highest mean total yield per plant and fruit length. 136 Effect of crop combination and nutrient management on field bean based intercropping system in Vertisols B. N. MANOJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. KURUBAR The present investigation entitled “Effect of crop combination and yield and NPK uptake. The higher nitrogen availability in soil after nutrient management on field bean based intercropping system in harvest was observed in field bean + fenugreek and potassium was Vertisols” was carriedout at new orchard, Main Agricultural Research observed in field bean + amaranthus intercropping. The highest Station, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, during the year 2018-19. The equivalent yield, net returns and BC ratio was recorded in field bean experiment was laid out in split plot design consisted of main plot + palak with the application of FYM alone. The study revealed that treatments field bean alone as sole crop and amaranthus, radish, inclusion of palak, fenugreek and amaranthus as intercrop with field palak, coriander and fenugreek as intercrops whereas, sub plot bean with the application of FYM alone gives higher growth, yield consisted of FYM and fertilizer alone. Sole crop of field bean and nutrient availability. Whereas inclusion of palak as intercrop followed by field bean + amaranthus and application of FYM alone with field bean with the application of FYM alone gives higher recorded the highest performance for all growth, yield attributes, returns per unit area. Standardization of fertigation schedule and foliar sprays of micronutrients in onion (Allium cepa L.) T. M. SUSHMA PRASAD 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PATIL

The study entitled standardization of fertigation schedule and foliar (0.5 %) enhanced the yield and yield attributes such as bulb diameter sprays of micronutrients in onion (Allium cepa L.) was conducted (6.96 cm), average bulb weight (172.17 g), bulb yield per plot at the Horticulture farm, Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, (32.80 kg) and yield per hectare (65.60 t ha-1). Application of WSF at Raichur during 2018-19 to know the effect of fertigation and foliar 100 per cent RDF through fertigation in combination with foliar sprays sprays on growth, yield, quality and economics of onion cultivation. of boron (0.25 %) and ZnSO4 (0.5 %) resulted in significantly The use of WSF at 125 per cent RDF in combination with foliar maximum TSS (15.03 oB) and pungency (10.94 µmol/g). Among all sprays of boron (0.25 %) and ZnSO4 (0.5 per cent) significantly treatment combinations of fertigation and foliar sprays, WSF at increased the important growth parameters such as plant height 75 per cent RDF + boron (0.25 %) and ZnSO4 (0.5 %) resulted (79.98 cm), leaf length (75.25 cm) and dry matter content in maximum BC ratio (6.10) and minimum was recorded in (25.35 g plant-1). Application of WSF at 75 per cent RDF through surface irrigation with 100 per cent RDF combined with water spray fertigation combined with foliar sprays of boron (0.25 %) and ZnSO4 (3.48) . Effect of fertigation and foliar application of nutrients on growth and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) UDAYAKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G.RAMESH The experiment entitled “Effect of fertigation and foliar application of branches (5.70), higher leaf area (5.70 cm2), leaf area index (1.08) of nutrients on growth and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris and chlorophyll content (53.58 SPAD values). Maximum number of L.)” was conducted from November 2018 to February 2019 in the pods per clusters (7.87), more number of clusters per plant (6.73), fields of All India Coordinated Research Project on Plasticulture maximum number of pods per plant (50.20), yield per plant (171.73 g), Engineering Technology, at the College of Agriculture Engineering, yield per plot (8.22 kg) and yield per hectare (8.22 t) were also higher Raichur, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The experiment in the same treatment. Higher nitrogen uptake (67.69kg ha-1), was conducted in split plot design and it was replicated thrice. The phosphorus uptake (11.24 kg ha-1) and potassium uptake (90.90 kg experiment had 12 treatments consisting of four main plots i.e., different ha-1)was observed in 100 per cent RDF through fertigation and foliar levels of fertigation and three sub plots i.e., foliar spray of different application of 0.5 per cent vegetable special compared to other nutrient solutions. Among the various treatments 100 per cent RDF treatments. It was observed that 100 per cent RDF through fertigation through fertigation and foliar application of 0.5 per cent vegetable and foliar application of 0.5 per cent vegetable special enhanced the special recorded higher plant height (53.20 cm), maximum number growth, yield and nutrient uptake in french bean. Evaluation of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) varieties under shade net

NETRAVATHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAGOUDA PATIL An evaluation of 11 different ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) indicated the wide variation among the genotypes. Parameters such varieties was done to study their performance under shade net as number of leaves, leaf area, weight of primary and secondary condition at Horticulture farm, Main Agricultural Research Station, rhizomes, fresh rhizome yield and oleoresin content had higher GAM UAS, Raichur, Karnataka India during 2018-19. The growth coupled with high heritability indicating their heritability. The parameters such as number of leaves, number of tillers, plant girth correlation studies on various growth and yield parameters revealed and yield parameters such as fresh rhizome yield, weight of primary the highly significant and positive correlation of rhizome yield with and secondary rhizomes differed significantly. Basavakalyan-1 with plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, plant girth, leaf area, maximum rhizome yield (13.54 t ha-1) was emerged to be the best number and weight of primary and secondary rhizomes and oleoresin suited genotype under shade net conditions followed by Maran (8.39 content. The high yielding genotypes Basavakalyan-1, Maran and t ha-1) and Humnabad local (7.83 t ha-1) indicating their suitability to Humnabad local were found to have moderate oleoresin content. The cultivate under shade net at north-eastern Karnataka region. Variation maximum oleoresin content was associated with the variety Rio-de- studies comprising mean, range, GCV, PCV, heritability and GAM Janerio.

137 Studies on integrated weed management in China aster (Callistephus chinensis Nees.)

PRASHANT SIRIGIRE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK HUGAR The experiment was conducted at Herbal Garden of the Department of DAT. Growth parameters like plant height (52 cm), primary branches Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur during 2018-19to (16.80) and secondary branches (25.93) stem girth (18.62 mm) and know the effect of integrated weed management in China aster. The number of leaves (49) were increased of 90 days after transplanting in experiment consisted of 11 treatments comprising of hand weeding, the treatment Oxidargyal 80 % WP @ 80g a. i/ha followed by hand herbicides, weed free check (Absolute weed free) and weedy check (Un weeding at 30 DAT. The flowering parameters like days to flower weeded) waslaid out in RCBD with three replications. Among the initiation (39.60 days) and 50 per cent flowering (62.73 days) were weedicide treatmentsthe minimum weed count (3.89/0.25 m2), dry noticed earlier in the treatment Oxidargyal 80 % WP @ 80g a. i/ha weight of weeds (4.12g/0.25 m2), weed control efficiency (77.40 %) followed by hand weeding at 30 DAT as compared to the other weedicide and minimum weed index (2.21%) were noticed in the treatment treatments. The treatment weed free check (Absolute weed free) recorded Oxidargyal 80 % WP @ 80g a.i/ha followed by hand weeding at 30 better growth and yield parameters as compared to rest of the treatments. Propagation studies in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) G. K. SHWETHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAGOUDA PATIL Propagation studies in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) was carried out with planted mother rhizomes whereas number of tillers (3.27) was higher in an aim to know the suitable type of rhizomes for planting material and secondary rhizomes raised in mixture of cocopeat and vermicompost(1:1 rooting media during the kharif 2018-19 at the Main Agricultural Research ratio). Similar trend for higher number of mother (4.50), primary (11.40) Station, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University and secondary rhizomes (8.90) was observed for T8 (primary rhizome in of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India. Effect of different mixture of cocopeat and vermicompost). Fresh weight of mother (111.80 types of rhizome planting material and rooting media on growth, yield g), primary (166.87 g) and secondary rhizomes (55.93 g) per clump, and economics were found to have significant influence on growth fresh rhizome yield per clump (384.47 g), per plot (12.75 kg) and per parameters. Higher percentage of establishment (99.17), plant height hectare (23.60 t) were higher in T8 (primary rhizomes planted in mixture (85.37 cm), number of leaves per clump (17.93) and girth of the stem of cocopeat and vermicompost). Least values for these were observed in (3.40 cm) in T (primary rhizomes planted in mixture of cocopeat and 8 T4 (disc with single bud in cocopeat). On the other hand the maximum vermicompost) was observed. The use of rhizome discs with single bud benefit cost ratio of 5.18 was recorded in T10 (disc with single bud in in cocopeat (T ) revealed the lower values for the above parameters. 4 mixture of cocopeat and vermicompost). Hence, T8 was found to be the Leaf area (7232.65 cm2) and leaf area index (5.35) were higher in direct better treatment. Studies on evaluation and divergence analysis in onion (Allium cepa L.) KOMALI JOSEPH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R.P. JAI PRAKASH NARAYAN The field experiment was conducted for a season at New Orchard of greater role played by environment in the manifestation of the Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, Karnataka, during the characters. In the present study, high heritability coupled with high year 2017-18. The present investigation was under taken to study genetic advance over mean was recorded for average bulb weight, and evaluate the performance, estimate the nature, magnitude of yield per plot and total soluble solids. In the present study, results genetic variability and divergence analysis in 53 onion (Allium cepa revealed that bulb yield per plot had positive and significant L.) genotypes during late-kharif season. Analysis of variance revealed association with average bulb weight at both genotypic and significant difference among the genotypes for all the characters phenotypic levels. Out of twelve characters studied leaf area had studied. Among 53 genotypes, OC 18-32 recorded significantly higher highest positive direct effect on bulb yield per plot at phenotypic bulb yield followed by 0C 18-48. Genetic variability studies revealed level whereas average bulb weight exerted maximum direct effect at moderate GCV and PCV were obtained for average weight of the genotypic level. Divergence studies revealed that all genotypes were bulb and lowest for plant height, bulb length and number of rings grouped into 10 cluster. Cluster I and cluster II were the largest per bulb. The phenotypic co-efficient of variation was higher than having 17 genotypes each. Intra cluster distance was highestin cluster the genotypic co-efficient of variation for all the characters indicating VII. C. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING Assessment of land and water resources availability and their sustainable usage in Chhatra-II micro watershed under semi-arid conditions in northern Karnataka WANANO KAISARA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. SATISHKUMAR

The developmental programs on natural resources namely land, water rainfall of 584.80 mm. Geomorphological characteristics of the micro are to be carried out on a watershed basis for appropriate planning and watershed were studied with the aid of RS and GIS techniques and the management aiding in sustainable usage. The present study was carried drainage pattern of the study area was found to be dendritic with trunk out for Chhatra-II micro-watershed (648.43 ha) of Raichur district order four (Rb=3.2). The land resource inventorization to a scale of (76°23′ to 76°26′ and 15°54′ to 15°2′N) having a long-term average 1:8000 was carried out to develop thematic maps depicting the variability

138 as well as distribution within the micro watershed on slope (3-5%) to 343.6 Mg ha-1yr-1 when temporal variation (2010-2018)under the about 293 ha, depth (25-50 cm) about 369 ha, texture (sandy loam) prevailing agro-climatic conditions is considered. The appropriate soil about 313 ha and gravelliness (15-35 %) about 257 ha, resulting in and water conservation measures and/or structures were proposed grouping into 23 soil phase units which were found to respond uniquely based on the soil phase units and hydrological response. Contour to storm events (≤15min). The estimated annual average (2010-2018) bunding for soil phase units with d” 25 % clay, graded bunding for e” runoff excess (115.1mm) using the Intensity- method is 25% clay, contour trenching for wasteland and forest landuses. The anticipated to be produced out of annual average runoff producing farm pond (486.4 - 3396 m3 ha-1) for each soil phase unit have been rainfall of 388.5mm. The spatial weighted annual average soil loss rate proposedand diversion drains have also been recommended for Rockout of the micro watershedwould be 290.1 Mg ha-1yr-1whereas it escalates crop.

Soil loss estimation through mathematical model using remote sensing and GIS in neemahosalli sub watershed of Kalaburagi district, Karnataka N. TIPPERUDRAMMAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. MAHESHWARA BABU

Soil and water are the two basic natural resources essential for survival (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover management (c) and of humankind on the earth. The deterioration of these natural resources conservation practices (P) factors were developed to determine their in an area can be controlled effectively by adopting watershed effects on average annual soil loss. The calculated data and factors approach. The present study was carried out for Neemahosalli sub- that were considered in the present study was summarized and applied watershed of Kalaburgi district. The total area of sub watershed was in MUSLE model for estimating annual soil loss. The results revealed found to be 1869.78 ha and lies between 77°15'53'' -77°20'01'' E that 92.80 t ha-1yr-1 and 62.92 t ha-1yr-1 soil loss occurred by using longitude and 17°28'0'' -17°31'13'' N latitude. The present study is Kirpich and Williams’ time of concentration formula respectively in an attempt to apply the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation Neemahosalli sub-watershed. The appropriate soil and water (MUSLE) along with the Service Curve Number conservation measures adoptable in the sub-watershed were proposed (SCN-CN) method for runoff and soil loss estimation. The based on the rainfall, land use type, soil and slope of the watershed. morphometric analysis of the watershed was done to derive linear, Contour bund and graded bund were proposed for arable land; whereas relief and aerial aspects of drainage network. The base map and thematic contour trench (staggered and continuous) and V-shaped ditches were map of the watershed were prepared using Landsat-8 satellite image proposed for non-arable land. For the treatment of drainage line, 4 for land use/land cover and from Survey of India toposheet in a GIS check dams, 2 percolation tanks, 3 nala bunds and 3 farm ponds were environment for overlaying and extraction of results. Soil erodability proposed. Impact of climate change on crop water requirement of pigeonpea SIDDHARAM 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JANARDAN B. KAMABLE

Climate variability and its impact on crop water requirement and distributed from 3.24 to 3.93 ms-1, average relative humidity from food production are significant concerns in the 21st century. Rising 51.20 to 55.27 per cent over the entire study area, average solar temperature is expected to affect the crop water requirement of various radiation in the range of 16.54 to 19.03 MJm-2 day-1. The total annual crops and food production in India and all over the world. Here, this rainfall observed spatially distributed in the range 656.25 to 842.60 study was undertaken to investigate the long term spatio-temporal mm over the study area in the last 38 years. Similarly, the maximum variability of weather parameters, analysis of its trend, and crop and average temperature exhibited the increasing trend linearly, and water requirement of pigeon pea and to suggest the appropriate coping Sen’s slope also estimated an increasing trend in the series. Also, strategies and adaptation measures in the study area. Weather wind speed and relative humidity observed decreasing trend of Sen’s parameters collected for the periods of 1981-2018 from seven weather estimate. The crop water requirement of pigeonpea exhibited an stations were analyzed using non-parametric tests such as Mann increasing trend in Afzalpur, Jewargi and Kalaburagi and a decreasing Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator and Standardized Anomaly trend in Aland, Chittapur, Sedam and Chincholi in the past 35 years. Index. ArcGIS V.xx was used to prepare the land use map, spatial The crop water requirement of pigeon pea observed an increasing variability map and CROPWAT 8.0 model for calculating the crop trend in all the places under various climate change scenarios. In the water requirement. The study results show, the average temperature end, suggested coping strategies like promotion of rainwater harvesting, from 1981 to 2018 for the last 38 years observed spatially distributed soil and water conservation and increase in the over the entire study area in the range of 26.17 to 26.89 ºC. The study area to minimize the risk of yield reduction due to climatic spatial variability of average wind speed displayed more sparsely variability.

Design, development and evaluation of aeroponic system for enhancement of water productivity

R. NAGANAGOUDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

A solar powered aeroponic system was developed for cultivation of using t-test method. The comparison of aeroponic and conventional high valued crops. In the present study, lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) soil systems for lettuce production were evaluated. The objective crop has been grown with aeroponic system. The aeroponic system was to work out the design, development and evaluation of aeroponic was designed by using different components viz., SPV (Solar Photo system, water use efficiency, fertilizer use efficiency and economics Voltaic) module, growth chamber, mister, nutrient tank, D.C. pump, of aeroponic system. The mister discharge, pump discharge, current, battery and digital timer. The biometric parameters were analysed by voltage, pump pressure and discharge of mister on each plant were

139 tested. The mister with discharge of 7.2 lph in the pressure range of plants in aeroponic and conventional system were 75.71 and 274 3.1 to 3.5 kg cm-2 provided by the pump and the system could irrigate mm, respectively. The better water use efficiency was found in 4 m2 area with designed irrigation schedule. The water saving to the aeroponic system (67 kg m-3) compared to conventional system (6.13 extent of 69.07 per cent was observed in aeroponic system over kg m-3). The fertilizer use efficiency of 43.83 per cent was recorded conventional system. The response of lettuce growth parameters against 25.38 per cent in conventional system. Total cost of the were significantly higher in aeroponics system. The highest yield (5 developed aeroponic system for 4 m2 area was ` 30,000/-. The benefit kg m-2) of lettuce was obtained in aeroponic system as compared with cost ratio were observed to be 2.35:1 and 1.45:1 in case of aeroponic conventional system (1.5 kg m-2). The amount of water consumed by and conventional systems, respectively.

Comparative analysis of solar powered aquaponics and hydroponics system RUBEENA TARRANUM 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRASAD S. KULKARNI Aquaponics is a combination of hydroponics (growing crops with nutrient solution was used as a source of nutrients for without soil) and traditional aquaculture. Nutrient from the fish hydroponics. Volume of media was 0.57 m3. In order to improve waste feed the plants, and the plants filter the water to keep the the total returns of farmers the complete system was operated fish healthy. An experiment was conducted to study and analyze with solar energy and 120 W solar panel connected with DC the comparison between aquaponics, hydroponics for the pumps were used for water circulation. In the process of cultivation of lettuce. |The GIFT was used as a source of nutrient performance evaluation, mean plant height, plant width, nimber as well as income generation in aquaponics where as in of leaves, root length, root spread, leaf area index, chlorophyll hydroponics nutrient solution was artificially prepared using content, fish weight, yield per plant, yield per pipe, yield per various chemical combinations. The technique employed was system and yield per hectare was found as 6.69 and 5.15 (cm), deep water culture. Both the systems were designed and 8.85 and 4.36 (cm), 3.64 and 3.7 (no.s), 4.27 and 3.59 (cm), 1.74 maintained properly. Fish pond was designed as 16 m3 with a and 0.87 (cm) 0.80 and 0.42, 11.92 and 9.3 (µmol/m2), 89.5 (g), bio-filter of 3m3 capacity filled with sand and pebbles as filter 62.88 (g), 1194.64 (g), 2.26 (kg) and 30.25 (kg) for aquaponics media as a source of nutrient for aquaponics. 500 L tank filled and hydroponics, respectively. Application of remote sensng and GIS techniques for geo-morphological characterization of sub watershed - A case study MOPURI SANDEEPIKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. SRINIVASA REDDY Morphometric analysis is the most significant step for watershed 7.64 km and 2.92 km respectively. The mean value of bifurcation management. This study depicts the morphometric analysis of ratio is 3.55 which indicates that, the watershed has suffered less Chimmanchod sub watershed which lies between 77°13' - 77°16' E structural disturbance and drainage pattern has not been distorted. longitude and 17°28' - 17°31 N latitude in Kalaburagi district of The value of drainage density is 1.84 km per km which indicates Karnataka. The drainage networks of the watershed were delineated that, the region is dominated by infiltration and sub-surface flow from the Survey of India toposheets of 1:50,000 scale. Linear, areal having permeable subsoil material and good vegetation cover. The and relief aspects of the watershed were evaluated by using GIS value of form factor 0.38 (< 0.7854) represents the elongated shape software. The present study reveals that, drainage pattern of the of the watershed. This study concludes that, GIS based approach in study area is dendritic with trunk order number 4. The watershed evaluation of geo-morphological characteristics is more appropriate area, maximum length and width of the watershed are 2237.46 ha, than conventional techniques.

FARM MACHINARY AND POWER ENGINEERING Logistical modeling for delivering agricultural biomass feedstock from farm to bioenergy plant J. NEERAJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEVANAND MASKI The Integrated paddy biomass supply chain analysis and logistics quantity of biomass delivered to bioenergy plant was 10686.43 model was developed, which involved sequential farm operations ` dt-1, 2516.10 MJ df1 and 55.10 kg CO2 dt-I, respectively for such as harvesting, baling, loading, transportation and unloading. conservation allowance 0% (CA 0%). Whereas these were 11180.13 The developed model comprises of three components: the simulation Rs. df1, 2655.05 MJ df’ and 58.15 kg CO2 dt-1, respectively for model, model inputs and model outputs. The model was built in CA 30%. The model also revealed the optimal number of farm Extend Sim v9.2, which is a user interface simulation software to machines required and their utilisation rate, quantity of biomass perform simulation run when user defines. The important inputs to recovered and dry matter loss at individual operation of supply the model were field, crop, harvest schedule, equipment and daily chain. The computer based simulation modeling helps to improve weather data and the desired outputs from the model were delivery effective in-field management of surplus paddy straw instead of cost, energy consumption and CO2 emission per unit quantity of burning it as well as provides additional income to paddy growers. biomass delivered from farm to bioenergy plant. The selective field The model also acts as a decision support tool for delivering data of paddy farms in Gangavathi region was considered for model agricultural biomass feedstock at a competitive price for upcoming prediction. The analysis of the model revealed that, delivery cost, bioenergy plant and thus making our country energy independent amount of energy consumed and associated CO2 emitted per unit and environmentally sustainable nation.

140 Development and performance evaluation of portable knapsack boom power sprayer for selected field crop T. KAVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. PRAKASH The application of pesticides using portable knapsack boom power droplet density of 52.9 no. cm-2, droplet size of 175 µm, discharge sprayer fitted with two nozzles, along with height of spray and rate of 2.42 l min-1 and coefficient of variation for uniformity of row to row spacing adjustment was developed and evaluated for distribution of 45.1 were found optimum parameters suitable for its performance. Energy requirement and cost economics were also spraying operation. Field study was carried out in chilli crop grown determined. The operating pressure and height of spray were in research farm, UAS, Raichur. The theoretical field capacity, maintained at 3, 4.5, and 6 kg cm-2 and 30, 45 and 60 cm, actual field capacity and field efficiency were found 0.31 ha h-1, respectively. Three different orifice size of 1, 1.5 and 2 mm were 0.26 ha h-1 and 85 per cent, respectively. The droplet density of used and evaluation was conducted under laboratory condition. 56.3 no cm-2, application rate of 474.6 l ha-1 and fuel consumption Completely randomized design was used for statistical analysis of 0.5 l h-1 were found at forward speed of 1.6 km h-1. The energy and all treatment combination in experiment was optimized for requirement and cost of operation for spraying operation were their significance by statistically using Design expert software. found 146.91 MJ ha-1and 80.45 ` h-1, respectively. The break even The results revealed that the operating pressure of 6 kg cm-2, orifice point and payback period were estimated as 54.82 h annum-1 and size of 1 mm, height of spray nozzle of 45 cm, swath width of 1.9 m, 1.3 years, respectively. Investigation on performance of CI engine using biodiesel blends with nano additives VIDYA KULKARNI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED

Due to the swiftly depleting conventional fossil fuel resources, nanoparticles (in the mass fraction of 30, 40 and 50 ppm) were increased demand for petroleum products, increasing environmental dispersed into the biodiesel blend with the help of ultrasonicator. distress and modernization. It is necessary to look for alternative The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder diesel engine fuels produced from materials available within the country. Bio- using biodiesel blends and biodiesel blends with titanium dioxide diesel has become more attractive because of its environmental nanoparticles at different load conditions. The results showed that benefits, non-toxic and low cost. Some recent studies on the diesel brake power and brake thermal efficiency increased by 7.83 and 4.2 fuel reformulation have been conducted on adding the possible metal per cent, respectively for B20TiO250 when compared with B20 nanoparticles to overcome the disadvantages of bio-diesel. The alone. It was observed that NOx emission increased by 25.10 ppm present investigation aimed at the effects of addition of titanium for B20TiO250 when compared with B20 alone. The CO and CO2 dioxide nanoparticles with Pongamia pinnata biodiesel blends in a emission decreased with the increase in the proportion of biodiesel diesel engine. The P. pinnata blended with diesel with an increment, blends and also nano additives. the CO2 emission decreased by 3 per starting with 10 up to 40 per cent blend level. Titanium dioxide cent for B20TiO 50 when compared with B20 alone. It is concluded nanoparticles were biosynthesized using neem leaf extract and were 2 that the P. pinnata when blended with diesel and TiO2 nano particles characterized by using Zetasizer, UV Spectrophotometer, SEM, exhibits better performance in CI engine and emissions were reduced XRD and AFM analysis. The biosynthesized titanium dioxide compared to diesel. Development and evaluation of small tractor operated rotoslasher DAREKAR JYOTI ANANT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA Rotoslasher is widely used for shredding the crop residues into small m s-1 for both paddy and cotton stubbles. Four blades with 0 degree pieces and spread over the field. A small tractor operated rotoslasher blade rake angle and 26.97 ms-1 peripheral velocity recorded lowest for shredding paddy and cotton stubbles was developed and evaluated value of length of chopped material than other combinations. The for paddy and cotton stubbles to suit the local conditions. The detailed average shredding efficiency was found to be 87.34 per cent for paddy drawing of small tractor operated rotoslasher was described with stubbles and 94.75 per cent for cotton stubbles. Straw was uniformly CATIA software. The mechanical properties of paddy and cotton spread in field at all peripheral velocities and all number of blades stubbles were determined using standard tests and procedure. Based with respect to the rake angles. The experimental results revealed on the preliminary trials conducted, the levels of independent variables that fuel consumption decreased as number of blades decreased from were selected. The performance of rotoslasher in terms of length of 4 to 2 with increasing rake angles from 0 degree to 30 degree at chopped material, shredding efficiency, uniformity of spreading and decreasing peripheral velocity from 26.97 m s-1 to 18.54 m s-1 for fuel consumption were investigated by varying number of blades viz., paddy crop and cotton crops. It was estimated that cost of operation 2, 3 and 4, rake angles viz., 0 degree, 15degree and 30 degree and of small tractor operated rotoslasher was ` 2007.84 ha-1 and ` 1907.45 peripheral velocity of blades viz., 18.54 m s-1, 22.82 m s-1 and 26.97 ha-1 for paddy and cotton crop, respectively.

Investigation on operational parameters of straw combine for paddy BHAVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILENDRA

A straw combine for paddy crop was studied, modified and evaluated CATIA drawings. The various engineering properties of paddy straw for harvesting of paddy stubbles to suit the local conditions. Different were determined using standard tests and procedure. Based on the working components of straw combine were exhibited by using preliminary trials conducted, the levels of independent variables

141 (concave bar spacing, forward speed and cylinder speed) were were found to be 12 mm, 3 km h-1, 32.64 m s-1 with predicted selected. The results revealed that, the height of stubbles before and responses of average length of straw, split straw per cent, fuel after harvest were found to be 306.67 and 55.16 mm, respectively. consumption, net specific fuel consumption and straw recovery as It was also observed that the diameter of paddy straw, moisture 14.58 mm, 96.25 %, 5.05 l h-1, 0.96 cc kg-1 and 71.86 %, respectively content of chopped straw, bulk density of chopped straw and straw with combined desirability of 77.14 per cent. The cost of operation quantity in one m2 area were found to be 29.33 mm, 23.60 per cent of the straw combine for paddy was found to be ` 2,037.5 ha-1 (w. b.), 55.71 kg m-3 and 0.32 kg m-2, respectively. The cutting force compared to ` 2,500 ha-1 for conventional method of disposing and terminal velocity of paddy straw was found to be 13.28 N and straw (rotoslasher) as followed by farmers. The savings in cost and 4.72 m s-1 for maximum length of chopped straw, respectively. The time were found to be 22 and 45 per cent, respectively as compared optimum concave bar spacing, forward speed and cylinder speed to conventional method. Development and performance evaluation of remote controlled power weeder S . PAVANKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYAKUMAR PALLED Weeding is an important operation in crop production carried out -27.32, 45.4, +100 and -120 mm, respectively at 2 km h-1 forward during the initial stages of crop growth to increase the crop yield. speed. The independent variables were numerically optimized based Mechanical weeding keeps the soil surface loose, results in better on the performance of remote controlled power weeder in field aeration and moisture conservation. The operation of power weeder conditions. The optimized conditions were L-type blade, forward is tedious and hectic work as the operators are continuously exposed speed of 1.5 km h-1 and rotary speed of 200 rpm, at which weeding for vibration, noise and dust generated by the machine. A remote efficiency, plant damage, fuel consumption, actual field capacity, controlled power weeder was developed and was operated by remote field efficiency and performance index of weeder in red gram were using relay H bridge circuit, PWM controller and actuator. Based on 82.18 per cent, 2.34 per cent, 0.9 l h-1, 0.121 ha h-1, 78.12 per cent the preliminary trials conducted and literature survey, the and 94.4 respectively, where as in cotton crop were 82.41 per cent, independent variables viz., types of blade, forward speed and rotary 2.73 per cent, 0.84 l h-1, 0.116 ha h-1, 76.92 per cent, 89.46, speed were selected for optimization. The deviation of power weeder respectively. There is a saving of 59.78 and 59.47 per cent of weeding from planned path was measured at three different levels of forward cost compared to conventional method in red garm and cotton field, speed under laboratory conditions. The mean deviation, standard respectively having payback period of 3.76 and 3.82 years, deviation and maximum left and right side deviation was found to be respectively. Development and evaluation of foot operated baler for paddy straw K. JYOTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEVANAND MASKI Presently few multi national and national tractor operated balers total force applied was 22.73 kg using 68.0 kg operators weight are available in Indian farming but which are costly non effective and achieved bale density of 58.48 kg m-3 . From desirability index for small paddy farmers. Hence, foot operated was developed to analysis it was found that bale density was 39.81 kg m-3 and number help small paddy farmers. The developed baler mainly consists of of bales per hour was 43 at force applied, moisture content and bale chamber, press plate, locking hooks and needle. The paddy feed level of 22.5 kg, 20 % and 2.0 kg respectively. From the cost straw bales were formed by using different operators based on economics analysis ` 6500 was found for the development of the body weight. During evaluation bale dimension, weight, density foot operated baler. It also found that the cost of operation was and number of bales per hour were recorded at different moisture ` 3.5 per bale, break even point was 30.5 hours per year and pay content and feed level of paddy straw. The results showed that back period was ` 7980 per annum. The foot operated baler will overall dimension of bale is 0.56 x 0.35 x 0.38 m with an average be very useful for small paddy farmers for effective and economical bale density of 40.9 kg m-3 was achieved, using 57.67 kg of handling, transportation and storage of paddy straw bales required operator’s body weight. From measurement of load cell the average for animal feed and other uses. PROCESSESING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Development and performance evaluation of boiled egg sheller G. VINAYAKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. RAMAPPA Eggs are one of the staple foods consumed globally for its high 52.81±4.14 cm3, 1.09±1.20 g/cm3, 74.25±3.25 %, 0.04±0.03 cm, and nutritional value and for which there is a constant demand for raw 18.43±2.83 N, respectively whereas for the boiled egg, the mean values and boiled eggs in the global market. After boiling of eggs some of obtained were5.78±2.05 cm, 4.31±1.36 cm, 57.38±4.35 g, 73.87±3.85 the engineering properties are bound to change and complete shell cm2, 52.39±4.08 cm3, 1.09±1.20 g/cm3, 74.68±3.27 %, 0.03±0.04 has to be removed before consumption. As there is a huge demand cm, and 18.30±2.58 N, respectively. These data on properties could for boiled eggs in the preparation of culinary products both from be utilized in development of a suitable capacity boiled egg shelling organized and unorganized hotel sector there is a necessity to develop machine. The developed machine consists of different machine an egg shelling machine. For the design and development of egg components like hopper with rectangular box, shelling section, sheller, it is essential to understand engineering properties of both cylindrical concave attached with nylon brushes and outlet. The raw and boiled egg. The results related that, the mean values of developed machine had dimensions of 710 mm in length, 620 mm in engineering properties viz., height, diameter, weight, surface area, width, 1540 mm in height. The capacity and shelling efficiency of volume, density, shape index, shell thickness and breaking strength of machine were found to be 297 No. h-1 and 63.33 per cent, egg were 5.78±2.04 cm, 4.29±1.39 cm, 57.84±4.53 g, 73.53±3.90 cm2, respectively.

142 Studies on application of time temperature indicators (TTIs) for monitoring shelf-life of packaged milk M. P. AMITKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UDAYKUMAR NIDONI Milk is a complex biological fluid and acts as perfect medium for 0.638) and colour value L* (89.02, 88.17, 88.60 and 87.24) were microbial growth at higher temperature with nearly neutral pH recorded in milk samples containing 5 per cent fat after 28, 18, 10 and conditions. The shelf life of milk samples (5, 4.5 and 4 % fat) were 8 days of storage at -20, 0, 5 and 10°C, respectively. Maximum TPC studied at different storage temperatures (-20, 0, 5 and 10°C) to in milk samples (5 % fat) recorded were 4.35, 4.40, 4.38 and 4.38 on develop a prediction model using Time Temperature Indicators (TTIs). 28th, 16th, 8th and 6th days of storage at -20, 0, 5 and 10°C, respectively.

The present investigation revealed that pH, TPC, titratable acidity, Similar trend was observed in M2 (4.5 % fat) and M3 (4.0 % fat) milk colour values (a* and b*) were found to be increased and fat, specific samples for the selected storage temperatures. The shelf life of the gravity, solid-not-fat, total solids, protein, ash content and colour milk samples (5, 4.5, and 4 % fat) stored at –20, 0, 5 and 10°C were value (L*) were decreased invariably during the storage at all the found to be 26, 28, 28; 16, 18, 18; 8, 10, 10 and 6, 8, 8 days, temperatures. The highest pH values of (4.21, 4.2, 4.29 and 4.23); respectively. The mathematical model for TTIs was developed using titratable acidity (0.169, 0.178, 0.171 and 0.185); colour value a* Arrhenius equation for prediction of shelf life of the selected milk (2.30, 2.17, 2.16 and 2.22); colour value b* (2.30, 2.17, 11.26 and samples. The plot between the lnk versus RT-1 of TTI pasted on milk 11.58); and lowest fat content (4.47, 4.44, 4.50 and 4.01); specific (5 % fat) showed highest correlation (R2 = 0.94) for the values of gravity (1.025, 1.026, 1.026 and 1.025); total solids (12.70, 12.73, colour advancement at the selected storage conditions. Hence, the 12.73 and 12.61); solid not fat (8.27, 8.27 8.23 and 8.09); protein time temperature indicators could be effectively used for monitoring content (3.02, 3.22, 3.11 and 3.05); ash (0.653, 0.655, 0.648 and the shelf-life of milk and for temperature abuse as well.

Effect of packaging materials and storage conditions on shelf-life of selected leafy vegetables SHOURATHUNNISA BEGUM 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. RAMAPPA A study on the effect of packaging materials and storage conditions coriander were recorded at regular interval up to the end of storage on shelf-life of fenugreek and coriander leafy vegetable was conducted period. The moisture content, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, in the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of crude fiber and ash content for fresh fenugreek and coriander were Agricultural Engineering, UAS, Raichur. The treatment combinations found to be 86.12, 4.9, 4.5, 0.8, 2.2, 1.48 per cent and 85.65, 4.26, comprised of three storage conditions such as ambient storage (AS), 3.08, 0.3, 2.09, 4.62 per cent, respectively. It was noticed that the zero energy cool chamber (ZECC) and cold storage (CS) and three quality parameters were well maintained in cold storage and zero energy different packaging materials such as polyethylene Terephthlate cool chamber hence the shelf-life was extended up to 16th and 14th days (PET), polypropylene (PP) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) for fenugreek and coriander, respectively. The better retention of total with three replications were considered for the investigation. The phenolic content and ascorbic acid and microbial count (from 147.83 to results of the effect of packaging materials and storage conditions on 31.34), (from 89.16 to 52.89 mg/100 g) and 31.67 x 106 cfu/ml and for physical and biochemical properties viz., leaf area, leaf thickness, fenugreek and (from 147.83 to 31.46 mg/100 g), (from 60.00 to 105.17 bulk density, proximate composition, colour, total flavonoid content, mg/100 g) and 33.00 x106 cfu /ml for coriander was recorded for the th th total phenolic content, chlorophyll, ascorbic acid, physiological loss treatment S3P3 on 16 and 14 day of storage, respectively and found in weight, decay per cent and microbial analysis for fenugreek and superior over all other treatments. Standardization of pasteurization process for storage of egg liquid N. SUMA SHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR Chicken egg is considered as one among the most nutritious foods that during storage period. The experiment results revealed that, the exotic can be consumed in many diverse ways. Due to their rich nutritive breed eggs are superior in terms of internal properties such as albumen value, eggs are potential hosts and carriers for pathogenic microbes (34.17 g) and yolk content (15.64 g), whereas, indigenous breed eggs leading to minimum shelf-life. Therefore, present investigation was recorded highest protein (12.70 %) and fat content (12.68 %). Among aimed to extend the shelf-life of egg liquid by using different the treatment combinations Water bath for 3.5 min, Microwave for 40 pasteurization processes. The exotic (white leg horns) and indigenous s and Radio Frequency for 10 min were recorded as best treatment in (aseel) breed eggs were selected. The physico- chemical properties of terms of proximate composition, quality parameters and microbial eggs were determined. Pasteurization of egg liquid was carried out using analysis. The pasteurized egg liquid samples revealed that, among all different pasteurization methods (Water bath, Microwave and Radio the treatment combinations RF treated with 10 min for indigenous egg frequency) at different durations (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 min, 20, 40, 60 s, 5, 10, liquid samples showed better quality during 36 days of storage as 15 min). The pasteurized egg liquid was kept under refrigerated condition compared to Water bath (3.5 min) and Microwave (40 s). Hence, it was and analyzed its properties. The parameters like crude protein, pH, concluded that, radio frequency heating could be used effectively in viscosity, colour, total plate count and salmonella were determined pasteurization process and increase the shelf-life of egg liquid. Process optimization and efficacy of Mimosa pudica L. leaf extract VARIKUTI LIKHITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR

The research was carried out to optimize the process parameters for 150-300 and 300-500 ìm. The supercritical fluid extraction method supercritical fluid extraction of Mimosa pudica L. leaf extract. The was selected and the extraction was carried out at temperature leaf powder was collected and graded into three fractions of <150, (60 °C) and pressure (225 bar) with different particle sizes (<150,

143 150-300 and 300-500 ìm) and extraction time (60, 90 and 120 min). has shown 100 per cent mortality rate of pulse beetle after 10 days of The maximum extraction yield was found to be 12.00 g/100 g for the treatment at highest concentration. The extract was tested in microbial particle size of <150 ìm at the extraction time of 120 min and was activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus considered as the optimum condition to attain the highest yield of flavus and Fusarium species and found more effective. The chickpea M. pudica leaf extract. The extract was analysed for quercetin through treated with the extract of 200 ìg/ml improved the seed quality High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and was found parameters and the fig fruits treated with the highest concentration to be 3.1 per cent at optimum condition. The effect of extract was (300 ìg/ml) were maintained the quality up to 6 days. The production tested for the insecticidal activity in chickpea, seed quality parameters cost of quercetin from M. pudica using supercritical fluid extraction of chickpea, microbial activity and shelf-life of fig fruits at different method was found to be ‘ 26,502.97/kg with a benefit cost ratio of concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 ìg/ml). The extract 1.14:1.

Development and performance evaluation of flower knotting machine for jasmine flowers PRAVEEN REDDY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR

The purpose of the investigation was towards the development of a 20 spm). The machine parameters were optimised based on knotting flower knotting machine for efficient and high capacity knotting. The capacity (kg/h), knotting efficiency (%), damaged flowers (%), flower knotting machine was developed and evaluated which worked unknotted flowers (%), knotting density (flowers/inch) and garland on the principle of lock stitch mechanism. The engineering properties strength (kgf) and the values were found to be 0.70, 87.22, 3.91, 8.87, of two varieties of jasmine were measured. The corolla length, corolla 13 and 1.18 for Kakada and 0.41, 83.08, 6.10, 10.82, 21 and 1.16 for diameter, stalk length, stalk thickness, weight of 1000 flowers, Marile, respectively at optimized condition of 1.89 m/min conveyor projected area of flower, strength of stalk and moisture content were speed and 20 spm needle stroke rate. The shelf-life of hand and ranged from 16.03-20.05 mm, 6.04-8.02 mm, 20.02-24.08 mm, 2.74- machine knotted garlands were determined at two different storage 3.14 mm, 133.73-166.72 g, 9.20-9.60 cm2, 1.43-1.87 kgf and 81.36- condition viz., room temperature and refrigerated condition (5!). The 82.34 per cent for Kakada (Jasminum multiflorum) and 10.06-12.12 shelf-life was estimated based on physiological loss in weight, percent mm, 5.00-6.11 mm, 16.33-20.02 mm, 1.30-1.46 mm, 84.82-94.02 g, browning and colour values.The maximum shelf-life of 5 days was 3.60-4.00 cm2 1.13-1.42 kgf and 82.99-83.44 per cent for Marile observed in both hand knotted and machine knotted Kakada garlands (Jasminum auriculatum), respectively. The knotting machine was stored under refrigerated condition. Operational cost of the knotting evaluated for its performance with machine parameters viz.,conveyor machine was determined based on fixed and variable cost and found to speeds (0.63, 1.26 and 1.89 m/min) and needle stroke rate (10, 15 and be ` 146.08/h.

Development and performanc evaluation of fluidized bed roaster for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) K. SAI KRISHNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. F. MATHAD Roasting is a high temperature short time heat treatment process, the analyzed and optimized temperature, moisture content and time of temperature used is normally in the range of 280-350 °C. A variety of roasting using RSM (Response surface methodology) tool. The food grains like black gram, chickpea, barley, rice, corn, groundnuts developed roaster was evaluated for its performance viz., puffing etc. are roasted / puffed in hot sand. Roasting process converts micro index, expansion index, functional efficiency and throughput capacity. and macro-nutrients into more digestible form and improves the The roasted chickpea was evaluated for the quality characteristics flavour, colour, texture and organoleptic properties to increase overall such as proximate, functional properties, colour and texture of the acceptability. Sand roasting is another conventional technique which roasted chickpea. The optimized treatment obtained was 200 °C adds impurities and also unhygienic. A fluidized bed roaster was roasting temperature, 10.50 per cent moisture content and roasting developed to overcome disadvantages of sand roasting. The roaster time of 3 min. The corresponding quality characteristics of the roasted consists of blower, borosilicate glass column, hopper, ceramic heating chickpea were obtained viz., protein 17.76 per cent, crude fibre 7.42 elements and other accessories. The engineering properties of chickpea per cent, fat 6.24 per cent total ash 3.21 per cent and carbohydrates and roasted chickpea were determined and used for the development 61.19 per cent. The values of the total phenols and flavonoids were of the machine. Roasting of chickpea was carried out at three at 7.78 and 14.35 mg/g. Overall quality and sensory characteristics of different moisture content (10.50, 11.75 and 13.00%), at three different roasted chickpea were found to be on par with sand roasted chickpea. temperatures (160, 180 and 200°C) and at three different roasting The developed fluidized bed roaster can be used commercially for time (3, 4 and 5 min). The results of the experiment were statistically hygienic production of roasted grains.

144 Theses Abstracts of UHS Bagalkot ABSTRACTS OF THESES

Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees by the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during 2019

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

HORTICULTURE

Morphological and molecular characterization of coconut accessions and identification of DNA marker for the spicata type coconut KHADKE GANESH NAVANATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. KULKARNI Thirty uncharacterized accessions from International and National the growth characters. The Kayemkola Tall recorded high kernel collections of coconut maintained at the International Coconut Gene content (426.2 g) with good thickness (15 mm) of kernel but low nut Bank for South Asia and ICAR-CPCRI, Research Centre, Kidu were yield (84.8). The Guelle Rose Tall accession showed high per cent of characterized at phenotypic levels based on morphological characters husk to whole nut weight (47.4 %), while the lowest was recorded in for two years 2016 and 2017 and it was supplemented with molecular Chowghat Orange Dwarf. Among the studied accessions, Bhagarpara maker at genetic level towards efficient utilization, conservation and Tall, Khairtala Tall, Uzirpur Tall and Agailjhara Tall can be maintenance of the existing genetic diversity of the coconut accessions recommended for tender nut water use owing to their higher water at gene bank. The study revealed significant differences among the content. In molecular study, the SSR primers CAC65, CNZ04, thirty coconut accessions for morpho-agronomic traits and molecular CAC04, CnCirA9, CnCirE2, CnCirE10, CnCirB12 and CNZ21 markers. The results indicated that among the exotic tall collections showed high polymorphism among the coconut accessions. The Sambava Green Tall (131.5), Bari Narikel-II (107.0), Panama Tall grouping of accessions had been found to be in congruence with few (97.2) and Chnashukania Tall (73.8) and among Indigenous tall of the morphological traits which will further assist the breeders in collections, collections like Barajaguli Tall (88.6), Chandan Nagar Tall planning future selections within these coconut accessions. The SSR (86.4) and Indian West Coast Tall (75.0) were found to be superior primer, CnCirE10 can used to identify the spicata type at seedling for number of fruits per palm. Among the dwarf accessions, Sri Lankan stage and this will help in breeding programme for transfer of marker Dwarf II was found to be on par with Chowghat Orange Dwarf for all traits. Morphological and molecular characterization of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) germplasm for productivity traits H. P. BHAGYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. GANGADHARAPPA

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) belonging to the family Arecaceae genotypes into two groups based on the UPGMA analysis of power is a high edible oil yielding perennial crop (4-6 t/ha). There is a large marker V 3.25 software. Two population structures were formed scope for increasing the oil yield by selecting elite planting material among 150 oil palm genotypes using structure software. The clustering for their utilization in oil palm breeding programmes. In the present pattern of genotypes was similar to some extent on the basis of investigation, 150 oil palm genotypes belong to 52 accessions morphological and molecular markers, however the SSR markers were representing indigenous collection of five states viz. Andaman and more effective in explaining the admixture of genotypes. Among the Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra SSRs, mEgCIR0246, mEgCIR3358, mEgCIR0782 and mEgCIR0779 of India were characterized using 19 quantitative variables and 54 were noteworthy due to their relatively higher level of polymorphism genomic microsatellite markers. Wide variation was observed among which can be widely used for diversity analysis and QTL mapping indigenous population for the agro-morphological characters. Based studies. Based on MLM approach 12 SSR markers were linked on morphological characterization, genotypes IC0610001-60, with 12 QTLs at a significant threshold (p) level of ≤0.01. The SSR IC0610001-59, were identified for less annual height increment, high marker mEgCIR3328 was linked to height of palm by explaining the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) and high bunch index. Among 115 genotypes, phenotypic variance (R2) of 11.43 per cent, rachis length was linked IC0610002-79, IC0610005-103, IC0610011-181, IC0610013-224 and by SSR locus mEgCIR3672 by explaining the phenotypic variance IC0610018-23 were identified for high oil to bunch ratio. Highly (R2) of 12.87 per cent, fresh fruit bunch (FFB), bunch dry weight significant and positive correlations were observed between FFB and and bunch index were linked with SSR marker mEgCIR2813 with bunch dry weight (1.00) followed by vegetative dry matter, total dry phenotypic variance (R2) of 17.11, 17.11 and 12.88 per cent, matter (0.862), height and height increment (0.838). Highly significant respectively. The identified markers linked to QTLs of important and negative correlation was observed between mesocarp to fruit traits can be used in marker assisted selection to select elite high ratio and shell to fruit ratio (-0.964). The first two PCA components yielding genotypes. Highly diverse germplasm identified by explained 67.7 per cent of total variation among agro-morphological morphological and molecular characterization in the study could traits, while in bunch analysis traits first two components explained help in utilizing the diverse germplasm for oil palm breeding 68.4 per cent of total variation. Fifty four SSR markers grouped 150 programme.

145 Effect of sulphur, zinc, bio-inoculant (VAM) and bio-formulations on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) var. Arka Kalyan CHANDALINGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR

Field trial was conducted on onion var. Arka Kalyan to assess the block design with nine treatments, replicated thrice. Significantly influence of sulphur and zinc combination with factorial RBD design, higher bulb yield (23.82, 26.08 and 24.95 t ha-1) and lower per cent replicated thrice involving four levels of sulphur (0, 20, 30 and 40 disease index at 90 DAT (21.17, 20.05 and 20.61) and at harvest kg S/ha) and four levels of zinc (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg Zn/ha) comprising (20.45, 20.02 and 20.24) were recorded in the treatment T9 during 16 treatment combinations of sulphur and zinc including control 2015, 2016 and in pooled data, respectively. Among nine treatments,

(S0Z0). Significantly higher bulb yield was recorded in S3 (21.70, the highest root parameters viz., root colonization and number of -1 -1 21.90 and 21.80 t ha ) and Z3 (21.03, 21.30 and 21.17 t ha ) during chlamydospores per 50 g of soil were recorded in the treatment T9, 2015, 2016 and in pooled data, respectively. With respect to the which received RDF + Azospirillum brasilense + Azotobacter -2 interaction effects, the combination of treatment S3Z3 which received chrococcum + VAM (1 kg m of nursery bed) + PSB RDF + 40 kg S/ha + 15 kg Zn/ha registered significantly maximum (Pseudomonasstriata) + Trichoderma harzianum (2.5 %). Quality bulb yield (23.22, 24.51 and 23.87 t ha-1) during 2015, 2016 and in parameters like TSS (14.05, 13.92 and 13.99 °Brix) and sulphur pooled data, respectively. A separate field trial on the effect of content (0.381, 0.407 and 0.394 %) were also found higher in T9 bioinoculant (VAM) and bioformulations was laid out in randomized during 2015, 2016 and in pooled data, respectively. Survey, characterization, evaluation and propagation of elite genotypes of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) ARIF MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY An investigation was carried for evaluation of 231 tamarind genotypes in percent, shell per cent and tartaric acid content. Hence, it would be six districts (Belagavi, Dharwad, Gadag, Ballary, Chitradurga and rewarding to lay stress on these characters in selection programmes for

Kalaburagi) for growth, yield characters, seed germination, standardization increasing yield. The seeds sown after six months extraction (T6) revealed of softwood grafting technique and molecular characterization of tamarind minimum number of days for initiation of germination (8.10) and complete genotypes using RAPD markers was also carried out. The analysis of germination (18.21) and also showed maximum germination percentage variance was found to be highly significant among genotypes for all (90.00 ). Higher percent graft success (76.62 and 70.39), survivability characters during 2016 and 2018. Higher broad sense heritability (H2), (71.51 and 70.95) were noticed when grafting was done at the age of moderate to high genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of variation and seven and six months old rootstocks during 2016 and 2018, respectively. higher genetic advance over per cent mean were observed for all the Molecular characterization of tamarind genotypes using PCR based characters studied except pod width during 2016 and 2018, indicating RAPD markers showed that the primers G20 (10 bands), OPA-R15 that simple selection would be sufficient for these traits to bring genetic (9 bands), OPA-B06 and OPN-02 (8 bands each) produced higher improvement. Correlation and path analysis studies revealed that pod percentage of polymorphism. Similarity matrix ranged from 9 (NTI-7) to yield per tree had highly significant and positive association with tree 88 per cent (DTS-1). Cluster analysis showed grouping of genotypes height, trunk diameter, spread of the tree (East to west and north to into two major clusters, however few genotypes with good characters south), crown size, pod width, number of seeds per pod, seed weight per (Red tamarind, NTI-57, PKM-1 and Urigam) related to pod and pulp pod, pulp per cent, seed per cent and tartaric acid content in both the characters were grouped together. These genotypes may be further utilized year. Most of the pod, pulp and seed related characters contributed to for selecting superior genotype having major desirable characters and pod yield mainly through seed weight per pod, pulp per cent, seed also for crop improvement programme. Studies on effect of planting geometry and nutrition on growth and yield of dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) SAMAPIKA DALAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKANTH EVOOR The results of planting geometry studies revealed that, Dolichos bean flowering. While, studies on interaction effect of NPK showed that, all crop sown at wider spacing of 60 × 30 m recorded significantly maximum the growth, yield and quality parameters were recorded significantly pod yield per plant, pod quality parameter as well as for all the growth maximum in the treatment combination of 25:75:50 kg N, P2O5 and parameters except plant height, and these observations were on par K2 •O and K2 per hectare (N2P3K3). Similarly, favourable results with with 45 × 30 cm. Narrow spacing 30 × 15 cm recorded significantly respect to total NPK uptake and availability in soil after crop harvest maximum plant height, early initiation of first flower, 50 per cent were also recorded in N2P3K3 but it was on par with N2P3K3 early days flower and pod yield per hectare with maximum total NPK uptake. to first flower and 50 per cent flower initiation were observed in

However, profitable cultivation of dolichos bean was obtained at N2P2K2 (25:50:25 kg N, P2O5 and K2 O per hectare) whereas, treatment optimum spacing of 30 × 30 cm with higher benefit cost ratio (5.46) N2P3K3 took more days for flowering to crop maturity. The calculated against recommended spacing level of 45 × 15 cm. Studies on individual cost economics studies revealed that significantly higher gross income, effect on N, P and K nutrition on dolichos bean revealed that, nitrogen net income and benefit cost ration were recorded in 25:75:50 kg N,

@ 25 kg, higher phosphorus dose of 75 kg and potassium dose of 50 kg P2O5 and K2 O per hectare, however this BC ratio was on par with the per hectare recorded significantly maximum pod yield, pod quality and treatment 25:75:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2 O per hectare which recorded 18 growth parameters in all growth stages along with NPK uptake and per cent more yield with better quality pods with higher net returns available NPK in soil after crop harvest. Whereas nitrogen fertilization and BC ratio compared to recommended fertilizer dose (25:50:25 kg N,

(25 kg/ha) had negative impact on flowering parameters, showed late P2O5 and K2 O per hectare).

146 Studies on effect of growth regulators and integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare MILL.) cv. Gujarat Fennel - 1 under northern dry zone of Karnataka M. V. KUSUMA MAJAR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VENKATESHA

The results of growth regulators experiment revealed that application ratio (1.32) was found with the plants sprayed with cycocel 50 ppm of GA3 50 ppm at vegetative stage (S1G1) recorded maximum plant at vegetative phase. The integrated nutrient management experiment height (220.14 cm), dry matter production (187.34 g plant-1 and 13.87 revealed that fennel plants supplied with RDFYM (15 t ha-1), + RDN t ha-1), test (1000 seed) weight (7.68 g), harvest index (18.34 %), (67.3 ka ha-1) + RDPK (60:30 kg ha-1) + Azospirillum at 50 g kg ha-1 minimum number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (109.17), (T6) recorded maximum plant height (209.97 cm), number of branches number of umbels per plant (27.73), number of umbellets per umbel [primary braches (16.43) and secondary branches (7.50)], plant spred (21.20), seed yield (32.12 g plant-1 and 2.38 t ha-1), essential oil content to NS (60.32 cm2) and EW (62.98 cm2) direction, test (1000 seed) (2.14), essential oil yield (50.97 kg ha-1), and anethole content weight (7.35 g), harvest index (19.48 %), minimum number of days

(59.53%). Plants treated with NAA 25 ppm at vegetative stage (S1G1) for 50 per cent flowering (110.15), number of umbels per plant (29.24), recorded maximum benefit cost ratio (2.85) and these were on par seed yield (30.47 g plant-1, 1.49 kg plot-1 and 2.29 t ha-1), essential oil -1 with GA3 50 ppm at vegetative stage. However, minimum plant height content (2.73 %), essential oil yield (62.50kg ha ) and anethole content (188.62 cm), primary braches (19.29), secondary branches (7.88), in the oil (58.25 %), and this was on par with T4- i.e., vermicompost seed yield (20.20 g plant-1, 0.97 kg plant-1 and 1.50 t ha-1), and BC at 2.5 t ha-1 + RDNPK (90:60:30kgha-1)

Studies on characterization of onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes through morphological and molecular markers, hybridization and haploid production in onion variety Arka Kalyan UDACHAPPA U. PUJAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA Study on genetic diversity of onion genotypes through morphological used in the recombination breeding programmes. In molecular analysis, markers revealed that highly significant difference was recorded among among RAPD, ISSR, SRAP and SSR markers, RAPD and SRAP the accessions for all the characters studied. Genotypic and markers have produced more number of total bands, polymorphic phenotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to high for all the and unique bands. Hence, using these markers, onion genotypes can characters studied except days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent be characterized very effectively. Hybridization of selected onion flowering and TSS. Moderate to high heritability was observed for all genotypes revealed that, the cross Hagari Local × ArkaBindu (78.12 characters and high genetic advance as per cent mean indicating that per cent heterosis over better parent and 53.05 per cent heterosis simple selection would be sufficient for these traits to bring genetic over check ) and Hagari Local × ArkaKalyan (13.64 per cent heterosis improvement. Individual bulb weight had positive and highly over better parent and 16.99 per cent heterosis over check), gave significant association with plant height, number of leaves, neck positive and significant per cent heterosis for yield over the best thickness and bulb diameter, hence suggested that hybridization of check. Their performance in other yield contributing parameters was genotypes possessing combination of such characters is most useful also good. Hence, these hybrids can be further evaluated over years for obtaining desirable high yielding segregants. Path-coefficient and locations for commercial release. In haploid production experiment, analysis revealed that number of leaves and bulb shape index had among the different media used, BDS media along with larger sized positive direct effect on individual bulb weight both at genotypic and flower buds were found to be good for getting maximum number of phenotypic levels. Using Mahalanobis D2 statistics method, 40 haploid plants which was followed by MS media with medium or genotypes were grouped into seven divergent clusters which can be larger sized flower buds .

Genetic studies for growth, yield and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) RENUKA MUTTAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VASANT M. GANIGER

Twelve genotypes were crossed with four testers. The resulting 48 both additive and non-additive gene action for all the characters hybrids along with 16 parents were tested in Randomized Block under the study. Three parents viz., L4, L12 and L5 were the best Design with three replications for their mean performance, combining general combiners with respect yield and yield related traits. The ability effects, heterosis and correlation. The experiment results crosses, L4 x T3 was the best specific combiner for average fruit revealed that hybrid, L4 × T3 performed best for characters viz., weight, whereas, L11 x T2 was the best specific combiner for yield fruit yield per plant (3.53 kg), average fruit weight (93.67 g), yield per plant and L6 x T3 was the best specific combiner for fruit per plot (52.95 kg), yield per hectare (51.54 t/ha), number of seeds firmness (kg/cm2). The cross, L4 x T3 was found to be best heterotic per fruit (126.67), fruit firmness (6.17 kg/cm2) and ascorbic acid hybrid for average fruit weight and fruit firmness (mm) and L8 x T4 content (29.98 mg/100 g), the hybrid L5 × T3 (5.46 0B) for total was the best heterotic hybrid with respect to lycopene content of soluble solids, the cross, L12 × T4 for ascorbic acid content (31.37 fruit. Yield per plant was significantly and positively correlated mg/100 g) lastly for lycopene content the cross, L8 × T4 (11.91 mg/ with characters like, number of fruits per plant, yield per plot and 100 g) were showed superior performance. Analysis of variance for number of seeds per fruit both at phenotypic level and genotypic general and specific combining ability revealed the predominance of level.

147 Studies on induction of genetic variability through in-vitro mutagenesis in banana and characterization of in vitro derived mutants RASHMI M. HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. PRABHULING The survival percentage of shoot and roots was highest in untreated in putative resistant mutants of Rajapuri bale (CNPMF 45, MABN control, 25 Gy, 30 Gy, 0.30 % EMS, 0.01 % Sodium azide and 10 08, and Ma 1/17) and Ney Poovan (Ma 1.17 and STMS 7) showed mg/l BAP followed by 35 Gy, 0.60 % EMS, 0.02 % Sodium azide and presence of 130 to 280 bp and 500 bp to 250 bp bands, respectively, 15 mg/l BAP and the lowest was in 40 Gy, 45 Gy, 0.90 % EMS, 0.03 as major bands in resistant putative mutants. Similarly, Nanjanagudu % Sodium azide and 20 mg/l BAP of all four cultivars. Number of Rasabale (MABN 06, Ma 3/2, CNPMF 26, and Ma 15) and Red shoots, length of shoots, number of leaves, number of primary roots, banana (STMS 1, MABN 08 and CNPMF 43) showed the presence length of longest primary roots, number of secondary roots, length of of a major band 150 bp to 500 bp and 220 to 460 bp, respectively, in plantlets were showed decreasing trend with increase in the gamma resistant putative mutants. This evidenced the occurrence of random irradiation and chemical mutagen treatment. However, the reverse mutations in genome of gamma irradiated mutant plants. In chemical trend was observed with per cent dormant buds and number of days mutagen treated mutant plants, amplified with (MABN 08) in Rajapuri for bud break. Screening of gamma irradiation and chemical mutagen bale showed the major band at 250 bp and in Ney Poovan (MABN derived putative mutants against FOC race 1 in Ney Poovan and 22) showed presence of 280 bp as major band. In Nanjanagudu Nanjanagudu Rasabale and M.musicola in Rajapuri bale and Red banana Rasabale (Ma 15) showed 200 bp and in Red banana STMS 7 showed were carried out. This revealed the highest death of plantlets was in 240 bp as major bands. These results suggested that the gamma untreated control, 25 Gy, 30 Gy, 0.30 % EMS, 0.01 % sodium azide irradiation and chemical mutagens could be effectively utilized to and 10 mg/l BAP and the highest survival and putative resistant mutants generate genetic variations in regionally important banana cultivars was obtained from 40 Gy, 45 Gy, 0.90 %, 0.03 % and 20 mg/l treated and SSR andISSR markers are powerful tools for efficient early plants. Analysis by 15 SSR primers showed resistance specific bands detection of putative mutants. In-silico mining of SSRs and mapping for genetic male sterility in marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) K. M. ASHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANURADHA SANE An investigation on in silico mining of Simple Sequence Repeats abundant (59.72 %) followed by di-nucleotides (26.38 %). Finally, (SSRs) was carried out for mapping genetic male sterility in marigold. the software designed a total of 69 polymorphic primers and all were In the present study, the Illumina-based paired-end transcriptome validated by amplification among two parent apetaloid male sterile sequences of marigold flower buds were used for mining of novel line (IIHR10521A) and a fertile line (IIHRMY7). However, only 11 SSRs. After quality check and filtering of raw reads a total of 93257, primers showed polymorphism between parents and were further 57330 and 56778 transcripts from combined male sterile (MS) + male subjected to Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) which identified only fertile (MF) bud sequences, MS bud and MF bud sequences, five polymorphic primers. The five polymorphic primers along with respectively were assembled to construct de novo full length previously reported SC4 (SCAR4) marker were used to screen a total transcriptome assembly using Trinity software. They resolved into of 226 F2 progenies developed involving a crossing between 27909, 24673 and 24630 genes with the GC content of 38.77, 39.39 IIHR10521A X IIHRMY7. Based on the analysis of SSR profiles, and 39.34 per cent, respectively. A total of 27909 genes were examined the markers were mapped on the linkage group covering a distance of using MISA software to identify SSR motifs, which resulted in the 189.4 cM. From the linkage analysis it was found that the marker identification of 8081 SSRs with simple repeats and 982 SSRs with CPSSR 4 was placed close to the sterility gene at a distance of 18.8 compound formation. Tri-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant cM showing that it was linked to sterility and was further validated type (37.28 %) followed by mono-nucleotide (32.50 %) and di- among 12 different apetaloid male sterile lines which proved the nucleotide repeats (23.85 %). The in silico prediction of candidate potential application of identified marker in MAS breeding in marigold. polymorphic SSR was done using CandiSSR software, which resulted This is the first report on the development and applicability of genic in the identification of 72 candidate polymorphic SSR motifs with SSR markers in marigold. This is the first report of construction of different repeat types and numbers following the criteria of minimum first SSR based linkage map in marigold which serves as a valuable number of repeat units of ten for mono, six for di- and five for tri-, resource for genetic research in marigold mainly for MAS contributed tetra-, penta-nucleotides. Amongst, tri-nucleotides were most by the investigation team.

Breeding for virus resistance in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) K. C. MEGHARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRABHUDEVA S. AJJAPPALAVARA

Forty nine chilli genotypes were evaluated in natural field conditions that, DCA-295, DCA-154 and DCA-107 were immune and these for virus complex and the lowest per cent of virus incidence was genotypes were further used for genetic inheritance study. Using found in DCA-295 (16.36 %), DCA-107 (17.36 %) and DCA-154 ’ these three lines and ten testers (Line x Tester passion), 30 F1 s were (17.86 %). During 2016-17, the studies on identification of different developed for the analysis of heterosis and combining abilty. The viruses in different seasons and in different locations in the Haveri mean performance of hybrids was superior over parents for most of district through molecular detection and indicator plants confirmed the qualitative and quantitative parameters investigated. The maximum the presence of only Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) in kharif significant and positive heterosis over the better parent (226.65 %) transplanted chilli. The chilli genotypes which showed resistance was observed in the crosses between Byadgi Dabbi × DCA-118 for and moderately resistance for the virus complex in field level evaluation dry chilli yield and Sankeshwar x DCA-107 (78.88 %) for green fruit were evaluated for ChiVMV resistance through mechanical inoculation yield. The line Byadgi Dabbi and the testers DCA-295, DCA-154 under controlled conditions during kharif 2016-17 and it was observed were identified as good general combiners for different agronomical

148 and biochemical traits. Byadgi Dabbi × DCA-104 was identified as Kaddi × DCA-107 derived advanced F2 and back cross populations good specific combiner for different fruit traits. The inheritance study showed that ChiVMV resistance in DCA-107 was governed by single with Byadgi Dabbi × DCA-295, Byadgi Kaddi × DCA-295, Byadgi dominant gene. The segregating population of Byadgi Dabbi × DCA-

Dabbi × DCA-154, derived advanced F2 and back cross populations 107 recorded the highest frequency of transgressive segregants for showed that the CVMV resistance in DCA-295 and DCA-154 is fruit width (11.97 %), number of fruits (12.67 %) and yield per plant monogenic recessive while, the Byadgi Dabbi × DCA-107 and Byadgi (8.45 %). Integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of isabgol (Plantago ovate Forsk.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka SIDDALINGAYYA V. SALIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. KATTIMANI A field experiment was conducted in split plot design with two varieties of spikes per plant (47.13), number of spikelets per spike (103.60), as main plots and 16 INM treatments as sub plot. Among two Isabgol spike length (4.26 cm), yield parameters viz., number of seeds per varieties Vallabh Isabgol-1 recorded higher growth, yield, quality and spike (71.79), seed yield (15.43 q ha-1), husk yield (5.38 q ha-1), straw economic parameters plant height (33.18 cm), number of leaves per yield (28.83 q ha-1) and HI (22.13 %), test weight (2.57 g), quality plant (46.24), dry matter (8.74 q ha-1), early days taken for 50 per parameters viz.,swelling factor (17.99 cc g-1), ash (2.83%), moisture cent flowering in (62.0), number of spikelets per spike (85.84), spike (7.73 %), carbohydrate (6.69 %), economics viz., gross return length (3.58 cm), number of seeds per spike (60.33), seed yield (12.30 (` 82,472.6), net return (` 73,977.2) and cost : benefit ratio (`1: 3.67) q ha-1), husk yield (3.62 q ha-1), straw yield (23.93 q ha-1), harvest and it was on par with those of RDF FYM (10t ha-1) + RDF NPK -1 index (18.11 %), test weight (2.25 g), swelling factor (16.08 cc g ), (50:25:30) +ZnSO4 +FeSO4 (N4), 50 % RD FYM +75 % RDF NPK -1 moisture (8.15 %), carbohydrate (5.75 %), gross return (` 52,526.6), + Azospirillum + Phosphate Solubalising Bacteria (3 kg ha )+ZnSO4 net returns (` 73273.2) and BC ratio (` 2.85) than Gujarat Isabgol-2. +FeSO4 (N16) and, Vermicompost +50 % RDF NPK + Azospirillum

Integrated nutrient management(INM) with application of 75 % RDF +Azotobacter (N6) and least was recorded in RDF 50% FYM + 50 % -1 FYM + 75 % RDF NPK + Azospirillum (5 kg ha ) + Phosphate RDF NPK+ AZB (N13). The treatment combination of Vallabah -1 -1 Solubilising Bacteria (Bacillus megaterium) (3 kg ha ) + ZnSO4 (15 Isabgol-1 with 75 % RDF FYM (7.5 t ha ) + 75 % RDF NPK (37.51: -1 -1 -1 kg ha ) + FeSO4 (15 kg ha ) (N11) indicated higher parameters viz., 18.75: 22.50 kg ha ) + Azospirillum+ Phosphate Solubalising Bacteria plant height (36.85 cm), number of leaves per plant (55.50), tillers per (B. megaterium) + ZnSO4 + FeSO4. (N11) exhibited higher values of plant (13.94), LAI (3.43), CGR (0.1306 gm-2day-1), dry matter (9.26 q growth, physiological, yield attributes, quality and economics returns ha-1), number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (56.35), number compared to other treatment combination. Studies on high density planting in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso B. S. SAGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. ATHANI viz.,. A study was carried out with three experiments to know the (8.94 t/ha) was found maximum in D1P2 (2.5 × 2.5 m with 2 ml effects of high density planting with pruning, high density planting paclobutrazol). In first season the highest benefit cost ratio (5.9:1) was with paclobutrazol and high density planting with mulching and their recorded in D2P2 (5.0 × 2.5 m with 2 ml paclobutrazol) and D2P3 (5.0 x interaction in mango cv. Alphonso. In experiment I, interaction effects 2.5 m with 4 ml paclobutrazol) whereas, in second season the maximum of high density planting with pruning, the maximum canopy volume benefit cost ratio (5.6:1) was obtained in D2P2 (5.0 × 2.5 m with 2 ml 3 increment (0.92 m ) was recorded in the treatment D2T1 (5.0 × 2.5 m in paclobutrazol). In experiment III, interaction effects of high density control). The maximum fresh fruit weight (277.77 g) was recorded in planting with mulching, the maximum canopy volume (1.72 m3) and D T (5.0 × 5.0 m with current season growth pruning) whereas, the 3 3 fresh fruit weight (292.32 g) were recorded in D4M3 (7.5 × 5.0 m with highest yield per plant (14.72 kg) was recorded in the treatment D T 4 2 plastic mulch). The treatment D3M3 (5.0 x 5.0 m with plastic mulch) (7.5 × 5.0 m with previous season growth). The treatment D1T2 (2.5 × recorded the maximum fruit yield per plant (14.79 kg) whereas, the 2.5 m with previous season growth pruning) recorded the maximum treatment D1M3 (2.5 × 2.5 m with plastic mulch) recorded the maximum yield per hectare (14.61 t/ha), benefit cost ratio in first (6.5:1) and yield per hectare (13.56 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio in first (6.4:1) and second season (6.4:1). In experiment II, high density planting with second season (5.1:1). Plants spaced at 7.5 × 5.0 m and 5.0 × 5.0 m paclobutrazol, the maximum canopy volume (0.88 m3) and fresh fruit spacing showed more vegetative growth whereas, to get maximum yield weight (270.42 g) were recorded in the treatment D4P1 (7.5 × 5.0 m in per unit area and benefit cost ratio, 2.5 × 2.5 m spacing (high density control). The maximum yield per plant (13.71 kg) was observed in planting) with pruning of previous season growth, paclobutrazol at 2

D4P2 (7.5 × 5.0 m with 2 ml paclobutrazol), whereas, yield per hectare ml and plastic mulching showed beneficial results. A study on shortening hybridization cycle in rose: Mechanism and regulation SHIVAKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. TEJASWINI The present study was carried out at ICAR-IIHR, to study the effect number of seeds per hip and could minimize the days to seed set. of pre- crossing treatment on hybridization, pre-sowing treatment on Levels of endogenous hormones was estimated during different seed germination and to understand the level of endogenous hormone physiological stages of hip development to understand the role of during different physiological stages of hip development. The hormones in regulating the seed germination process in rose. GA3 experiment on pre-crossing treatment was conducted with nine pre- content was found to be maximum and ABA was minimum during 28- crossing treatments using different combinations of gibberellic acid 35 days after pollination. Effect of various seed treatments was (0, 100, 200 ppm) and boric acid (0, 250, 500 ppm). Hybridization evaluated on seed germination in five rose genotypes. Seed germination during August-December months with the application of either GA3 percentage varied with the genotypes, treatments and incubation at 100 ppm or boric acid at 500 ppm prior to crossing enhanced the temperature. Among the different incubation temperature, maximum

149 seed germination (19.11 %) was observed at 15 °C and minimum concentration, two stages of seed development were identified one at

(2.66 %) at 10 °C. Among different treatments, maximum seed 28-35 and another at 63 days after pollination, when GA3 as well as germination of 41.33 per cent was observed in IIHRR 3-7-12 with the IAA were observed to be high and ABA was low. Study suggested the pre-sowing treatment of mechanical seed scarification by stirring in possibilities of improving the seed germination by harvesting the mixer-grinder. Based upon estimation of endogenous hormone seeds at these selected stages. Studies on diversity of indigenous mango (Mangifera indica L.) genotypes G. L. VEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M.R. DINESH

Western Ghats region of Karnataka is one of the diversity centres of cultivar diversity. The morphological, palynological and molecular indigenous pickling mango variety ‘Appemidi’. Keeping this in view, diversity analysis showed grouping of genotypes into different the present investigation entitled “Studies on diversity of indigenous clusters irrespective of their place of collection. Appemidi leaf mango genotypes” was conducted at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru, during volatiles were profiled and compared with their fruit sap aroma 2013-2014 and 2016-18. An attempt was made to study the diversity constituents using GCMS/MS. A total of 80+ volatiles were observed of indigenous mango genotypes with special reference to Appemidi in all the genotypes belonging to mono and sesqui terpenoid groups. from Chikmagalur district, by conducting a survey. Morphological The highest significant positive correlation was observed between characterization of 40 genotypes was described systematically as major mono terpenoids of leaf and fruit sap, particularly for â- per the IPGRI mango descriptor, which consisted of leaf, Phellandrene, which proved that leaf volatiles were directly correlated inflorescence, fruit and other parameters. Among the characters with fruit sap in appemidi, which can be used as a pre-selection studied, fruit diameter contributed most to the total diversity index. Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, as well as important followed by fruit weight and inflorescence diameter. Among the organic acids were profiled in 15 genotypes at three different forms. pollen characters, colpi per cent showed the maximum contribution Indigenous traditional knowledge associated was also documented. towards total divergence followed by equatorial diameter and colpi Conservation of important genotypes were carried out by grafting, in length. 14 SSR primers were also used to analyse the inter and intra addition pollen samples were cryopreserved. Molecular and chemo profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes H. J. AKSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA

Studies on molecular and chemo profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale profiling showed that, Red ginger had the highest oleoresin and essential Rosc.) genotypes were carried out during 2016-17 and 2017-18 at oil percentage of 12.18 and 6.00 per cent, respectively. Among other ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kozhikode and ICAR-IISR, ginger genotypes, Arunachal Pradesh local (8.55 %), Rio de Janeiro Experimental Farm, Peruvannamuzhi, to know the morphological, (7.77 %) and Acc. 65 (7.10 %) revealed high oleoresin content and biochemical and molecular diversity among 28 ginger genotypes, 1 genotype Arunachal Pradesh local had higher oil content (3.00 %). Curcuma sp. and 1 Kaempferia sp. Among the 28 genotypes studied, Zingiberene was the major component present in the essential oil of highest projected yield was recorded in genotype Maran (17.71 t/ha) ginger genotypes and the highest content was observed in cultivar followed by Acc. 247 (16.33 t/ha) and Himachal (16.06 t/ha). Growth ‘Maran’. Molecular profiling of ginger genotypes by RAPD and SSR and yield parameters viz., number of tillers per clump, total number of primers revealed that, the markers were efficient in clustering the other leaves, yield per plant, essential oil, oleoresin and crude fibre content species viz., mango ginger and black ginger but, in case of ginger exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per genotypes irrespective of place of collection or origin, genotypes were cent mean which can be the reliable selection parameters for ginger crop grouped into different clusters. Grouping was not on the basis of any improvement. Grouping of genotypes based on DUS descriptors morphological, yield or biochemical characters. Identification of SNPs showed narrow variability for most of the morphological characters, using comparative transcriptome was carried out that can be further whereas rhizome characters exhibited remarkable variability. Chemical utilized to identify the genotype specific markers.

Varietal evaluation, nutrient management and value addition in Dendrobium Orchids H. P. SUDEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SEETHARAMU

Eight Dendrobium varieties were evaluated in naturally ventilated on influence of foliar application of macronutrients on growth, yield poly house and shade house conditions. The plants grown under and quality of Dendrobium cv. Sonia-17 was laid out in completely poly house showed superiority in growth, yield and quality during randomized block design with 13 treatments of NPK levels. Growth all stages of crop. Dendrobium var. Mona Red (32.21 cm) recoded attributes like plant height, number of shoots per plant and number maximum plant height. The variety Big White recorded highest number of pseudo bulbs per plant was recorded maximum in (T9) 2:6:2 (NPK of shoots per plant (3.80), number of leaves per plant (9.75) and level) (45.66 cm, 4.73 and 4.63, respectively). Regarding the floral number of pseudo bulbs per plant (4.50). In case of flower yield and parameters like spike length, rachis length, and spike yield per plant quality attributes, days to bud initiation was recorded early (214.37 (3.07) was recorded maximum in treatment (T9) 2:6:2 NPK level. In days) in var. Big White and it was delayed (412.42 days) in var. the experiment on influence of embedding desiccants and drying Burana Jade. Spike length (37.54 cm) and rachis length (23.06 cm) temperature on hot air oven condition of Dendrobium cv. Sonia-17, was recorded maximum in var. Mona Red. Highest number of florets the flowers embedded with silica gel at 50 °C for 48 hours were found per spike (7.55) was recorded in var. Bubble Gum. Variety Big White superior in terms color (4.82), shape (4.90), texture (4.94) and over all recorded maximum number of spikes per plant (3.23). The experiment acceptability (4.89) of dry flowers.

150 Evaluation and commercialization of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) genotypes for Upper Krishna project command area of Karnataka PALTHE VASUDEV NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SEETHARAMU

Among the genotypes, evaluated cv. Maxima yellow recorded schedules, providing 100 per cent water soluble fertilizers (125:60:60 significantly higher plant height (105.23 cm and 80.65 cm), flower NPK kg ha-1) resulted in significantly higher flower yield (38.21 t and diameter (7.20 cm). Whereas cv. Arka Bangara-2 registered maximum 34.24 t ha-1), higher flower diameter (7.01 and 6.43 cm), more duration number of secondary branches (22.69 and 19.00 plant-1), minimum of flowering (123.11 and 112.88 days) and gave higher benefit cost number of days to flower bud initiation (39.54 days) and days to 50 ratio as compared to other treatment combinations during kharif and per cent flowering (51.76 days) and maximum flower yield (21.77 summer season, respectively. Study on encapsulation of lutein revealed t ha-1) and highest benefit cost ratio (1: 5.27) in both kharif and that, lower particle size (1878 and 1892 nm) was noticed in Jack fruit summer seasons. Significantly highest xanthophyll (20.80 kg ha-1 of seed powder and Tamarind seed powder with 1:1.5 ratio which decides fresh flowers), and lutein (132 mg/100 g of dry petal meal) yield was the lesser microbial load and more suitable for food industries. Among obtained in cv. Arka Agni as compared to rest of the genotypes. In marigold genotypes evaluated, it was found that better vegetative another experiment cv. ArkaBangara-II planted at closer spacing of growth, flower yield and quality was observed in cv. Arka Bangara-2 45 x 45 cm recorded higher plant height whereas wider spacing of 90 and it proved to be preferable for loose flower production and for x 60 cm registered more number of primary and secondary branches, xanthophyll extraction cv. Arka Agni was found promising for UKP higher plant spread and higher flower yield. Among the fertigation command area of Karnataka.

Studies on imparting papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) resistance through wide hybridization and mutation breeding for improved morphological and fruit traits in papaya (Carica papaya L.)

DEEPA PUJAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. VASUGI The study consisted of four objectives viz., i) to study the cross advanced for next generation, while all other combinations developed compatibility of Carica papaya varieties with Vasconcellea species, PRSV symptoms after eight months of field planting and could not ii) to study the performance of F1intergeneric hybrids for be advanced further. In the use of molecular markers for PRSV morphological, fruit and yield traits coupled with PRSV tolerance, tolerance, the SCAR marker OPK4-1R showed amplification only iii) to screen the F1intergeneric progenies for PRSV tolerance using for the male parents and produced dominant band at 348 bp, while molecular markers including validation of hybridity and iv) to create the female parents and intergeneric progenies were not amplified variation using mutagens including evaluation of mutant progenies indicating the susceptible nature. Among the male parents, banding for improved morphological, fruit and yield traits. The study revealed pattern was different for susceptible (V. parviflora) and resistant that Arka Prabhath with V. cauliflora was found to show good ones (V. cauliflora and V. cundinamarcensis). Further, sequencing compatibility and resulted in highest fruit set (97.92 %), fruit and BLAST analysis showed that the resistant male parents (2) retention (98.96 %), recovery of more crossed fruits (30.00) and showed 93 per cent identity to U1snRNP of papaya and are involved more mean number of bold seeds (63.99). In the intergeneric in virus resistance. The hybridity test performed using RAPD and hybridization, out of 1802 flowers crossed under 18 different cross SSR markers showed that OPF-12 (400 bp), OPG-10 (350 bp) and combinations, 6387 seeds were recovered, out of which only 198 P6K72CCF/R (300 bp), CP-07 (210 bp) showed clear bands to seedlings emerged. From this population, only 95 inoculated and 44 distinguish the intergeneric hybrid progenies. Mutation was induced un-inoculated seedlings survived under field condition and were to create variability for plant height, shelf life, PRSV tolerance and evaluated further for yield and horticultural traits. The only fruit quality traits. The selected mutants (M1-4-2; ultra dwarf, M1 combination of Arka Prabhath × V.parviflora (un-inoculated) yielded 1-8; true type hermaphrodite and M1 14-5; yellow pulp) were fruits of desirable fruit quality and the tolerant plant (IGHS7) was advanced for next generation. Genetic and biochemical analysis of yield and quality parameters in marigold N. SANTHOSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. TEJASWINI

Among eight pure lines inclusive of yellow African, orange African in case of flower number per plant, number of harvests, fresh and dry and French marigold tested, orange African marigold was found to be petal meal per flower indicating additive gene action prevailing for superior for all the biochemical components (lutein, zea-xanthin and these characters. Selection approach can be followed during total carotenoid content). Biochemical components were positively development of pure lines, a prerequisite for line development in associated among themselves and had positive significant association heterosis breeding. Combining ability tested in petaloid and apetaloid with flower size and flower weight per plant. Phenotypic and sterile lines indicated the superiority of petaloid sterile lines for genotypic co-efficient of variation were maximum for biochemical development of hybrids. Petaloid male sterile lines IIHRMO 9-8 and components. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic IIHRMO 9-7 were found to be good general combiners for flower advance was observed for flower characters, biochemical components weight and biochemical components respectively. On the contrary, as well as seed characters. The SCA variance was higher than the apetaloid male sterile lines were easy to hybridise and quality of GCA variance for flower weight per plant, flower size and biochemical seeds were better than that obtained from petaloid male sterile lines. components indicating the presence of non-additive or dominance The study suggested possibility of hybrid development using the gene action. Heterosis can be exploited for these characters by hybrid male sterile lines for both flower and biochemical components. For development to realize higher yield, bigger flower and biochemical efficient and economical hybrid seed production, genes of apetaloid components. Higher GCA variance over SCA variance was observed and petaloid male sterile lines have to be combined.

151 Characterization studies in Annona species and varieties H. L. PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SAKTHIVEL Among all Annona squamosa varieties and half sib progenies, the weight, pulp percentage, number of seeds, acidity and ascorbic acid is hybrid Arka Sahan was found to be the best with respect to almost all feasible. Based on the D2 values, all the 44 genotypes were grouped the characters like fruit weight (497.83 g), less peel percent (13.16 %), into 7 clusters. Among the 12 characters studied, fruit weight (46.19 high pulp weight (385.36 g) and TSS (31.44 °B) suggesting a good %) contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence followed choice for fruit breeders and consumers. The criteria for selection of by peel weight (20.72 %), weight of seeds (15.86 %), pulp per cent superior genotype was the high pulp percentage with minimum number (9.51 %), number of seeds, TSS: Acidity, fruit width, ascorbic acid, of seeds were recorded in A. muricata, hybrid Arka Sahan and Bullocks TSS and titrable acidity. The genotype 8/3, 8/4 and 8/7 can be Heart. Highest pollen germination was found in the species A. squamosa extensively used for further breeding programme to develop new (61.68 %), Mammoth (87.78 %) and Island Gem (33.86 %) and these annona varieties. Molecular study revealed the existence of genetic can be used as pollen parent. The highest TSS: Acidity ratio was diversity amongst different genotypes of Annona species. The ISSR observed in the species A. cherimola, A. glabra, and A. squamosa markers proved to be suitable for characterizing Annona species which is an important character for consumer acceptance. The differentiating them into independent cluster depicting that these are correlation coefficient analysis revealed that direct selection for more divergent from each other and can be utilized for further Annona quantitative traits i.e., fruit length, fruit width, peel weight, pulp improvement programme. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT

Marker assisted recurrent selection for improvement of tropical carrot (Daucus carota L.) for nutritional quality, nematode resistance and vernalization requirement CHAITRA A. POLESHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA

A novel breeding scheme, Marker Assisted Recurrent selection sugars like glucose and fructose were 0.13 %. Power marker analysis (MARS) was designed with an aim to develop an improved carrot revealed the genetic constitution of target traits in the population. It variety (Daucus carota L.) for tropical climatic conditions. Considering was observed there was a complete homozygosity (F=1.00) and nil the overall improvement, both genotypic and phenotypic individual gene diversity (He=0.00) for Y2, Y-indel and INV markers. But for plant selection was carried out for best recombinant from the nematode resistance heterozygosity was observed for Q1/850 (0.283) segregating population. Selection of targeted traits like â-carotene (Y2 and Q1800Rev2Lb (0.205) and expected heterozygosity was 0.328 and Y-Indel) and reducing sugar (INV) content was done through gene and 0.184 respectively. These two markers can be fixed and enrich specific markers and nematode resistance (Q1/850 and Q1850Rev2LB) the population with desirable alleles by next generation of recurrent by linked markers but phenoltyping for non targeted root traits. A cycle. The C2 population was superior over founder parents and population C2 has been developed by four diverse founder parents previous two cycles of population for root weight (96.10 ± 6.45 g), UHSBC-14, 17, 23-1 and 42-1-1 that are superior in one or two root diameter (32.37 ± 2.43 mm), phloem width (0.79 ± 0.04 cm) as traits. At the end of 3rd recurrent selection cycle genetic gain for total revealed by paired t-test for unequal variances. MARS has shown its soluble salts (TSS) was 1.30 Brix, 2.00mg/100g of â-carotene, 0.54% effectiveness for both high and low heritable traits with least influence increment in total sugar content over earlier two cycles and reducing of environment.

QTL omics and expression analysis of candidate genes of ToLCV resistance and selected fruit quality traits and marker assisted breeding in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) GAURAV N. CHAUDHARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. FAKRUDIN

The tomato minicore comprising 260 accessions was evaluated in bHLH112, PE-1, MYBEFM, DEAD, FtsH6, SNORCS2, UBIQ-RNF4, field at two locations for ToLCVD incidence, yield and component GLURP23 and NBS-Mi-1A candidate genes for firmness and shelf life traits, firmness and shelf life besides using contained facility and revealed 0.12 to 11.79 and 2.56 to 14.92 fold changes, respectively. linked DNA markers. Seven accessions - DARL-66, EC-538380, PTP down regulated in ToLCVD manifestation. Ty1 and Ty3 genes F-7012, FLA-7421, INDAM-2103-4, INDAM-2103-6-1 and H-24 from H-24 and EC-538380 resistant sources were introgressed were identified as stable and immune to ToLCVD. Minicore accessions separately into susceptible three recurrent varieties through Marker exhibited significantly high genetic variability for all the traits tested. Assisted Backcross (MABC) with foreground and background A set of 26 accessions for both Ty1 and Ty3 genes, 39 for Ty1 gene selections: TMABC1: Anagha × EC-538380; TMABC2: Anagha × alone, 13 for Ty3 gene alone and 182 for null alleles of these genes H-24; TMABC3: DMT-2 × EC-538380; TMABC4: DMT-2 × were identified. A set of 49 accessions were found homozygous for H-24; TMABC5: PKM-1 × EC-538380 and TMABC6: PKM-1 × qFiR 2.2 QTL, 104 for qFiR 2.5 QTL and 66 for qFr_Shelf1QTL. H-24.Resulting BC3F2 progenies recorded high levels resistance to

QTLomics analyses using GenScan, GenMark and FgeneH revealed ToLCVD. Similarly, F5 lines derived through MAS involving TMAS1: one gene in Ty1, three genes in Ty3, one gene in qFIR2.2, 34 in qFIR2.5 DMT-2 × H-24 and TMAS2: DMT-2 × EC-538380 for Ty1 and Ty3 and eight in qFr_Shelf1as common candidate genes. Expressional recorded high levels of resistance coupled with high attributes for analyses of RETRO, LRR, WIP-1, RdRP for ToLCVD and AUXIN, yield related traits.

152 ENTOMOLOGY Integrated management of major insect pests of mango under high density planting system POORNIMA M. HOLEYANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI

Among various planting densities, 5.0 × 5.0 m was found to be with a dimension of 5 × 5 × 0.5 cm (L×B×H) in four numbers arranged optimum spacing, economically viable, practically feasible and easily layer-wise one above the other and bundled using a thin iron thread adoptable as evidenced by low hopper population (1.38 hoppers/ and then impregnated in the solution of alcohol : methyl eugenol : panicle), minimum fruit damage (9.57 %), higher fruit yield (112.61 imidacloprid in a ratio of 7:5:2 for 48 hours and was evaluated at q/ha) with highest BC ratio (6.27) when compared to other planting different trap densities per hectare. Trap density @ 10 traps/ha was densities. In the evaluation of biopesticides against mango flower highly effective and persistent upto four to five months in mass webber, the treatment receiving two sprays of Beauveria bassiana trapping of mango fruit flies under high density planting system as (1 × 108 cfu/g) at 5.0 g per litre + azadirachtin (10000 ppm) at 1.0 ml/ compared to standard fruit fly trap. Among the different IPM modules, l was found to be effective. Similarly, among insecticides, profenophos M2-Adoptable module comprising of i) swabbing with coal tar + 50 EC at 2.5 ml/l + azadirachtin 10000 ppm at 1.0 ml/l recorded the chloro pyriphos 20 EC at 10 ml /l; ii) installation of yellow sticky lowest webber population (0.45 larvae /panicle), higher fruit yield trap @ two /tree, iii) azadirachtin (10,000 ppm) at 1.0 ml /l + L. with highest B: C ratio (5.26). Evaluation of biopesticides against lecanii (1x108) at 5.0 g /l spraying at the time of panicle emergence; mango leafhoppers revealed that three sprays of combination of iv) thiamethoxam 25WG at 0.3 g /l; v) azadirachtin (10,000 ppm) at L. lecanii (1 × 108 cfu/g) at 5.0 g/l + azadirachtin (10,000 ppm) at 1.0 1.0 ml per litre + L. lecanii (1x108 cfu/g) at 5.0 g /l; vi) lambda ml/l registered significantly minimum hopper population (8.21 / cyhalothrin 5 EC at 0.5 ml /l and vii) installation of newly designed panicle). Further, thiamethoxam 25 % WG at 0.3 g/l recorded the fruit fly trap which recorded significantly lower hopper population, lowest mean population of mango leafhoppers (0.62 /panicle) with highest fruit fly catch, lowest per cent fruit fly damage (4.00 %), highest BC ratio (5.19). The newly designed fruit fly trap comprised highest fruit yield (111.97 q/ha) with highest BC ratio (6.13). It can of two components viz., i) a wide mouthed two litre transparent be concluded that M2-Adoptable module is the sustainable, plastic container having four entry holes of 20 mm in size made at one economically feasible, eco-friendly and easily adoptable third height from top and ii) the lure consisting of plywood block recommendation for the farmers. FRUIT SCIENCE Survey, identification, diversity analysis and conservation of Appemidi mango (Mangifera indica L.) from coastal and malnad regions of Karnataka

C. J. NITHIN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D.R. PATIL

Appemidis are special type of pickling mango found widely in leaf shape. Maximum leaf blade length was recorded in Aghanashani Western Ghats of Karnataka. Appemidi mangoes are known for appe-1 (25.6 cm) and maximum leaf blade width was recorded in their unique aroma, sour in taste, size and keeping quality. It is also Onikereappe (5.1 cm). Out of 134 Appemidi genotypes, only 4 rarely grown in cultivated fields. Thus, the survey was taken in the genotypes had broadly pyramidal shape and 10 genotypes were in districts of Belagavi, Uttara Kannada, Shivamogga and pyramidal shape whereas 120 genotypes were of conical Chikkamagaluru for identification, diversity analysis and inflorescence shape. The maximum fruit length was recorded in conservation of Appemidi mango. In this study, 134 genotypes Midiraja (105.12 mm) while the maximum fruit diameter (69.56 were collected from 14 locations viz.,Sirsi (26), (26) mm) and fruit weight (114.11 g) was recorded in Ahokbhatappe. Siddapura (21) Koppa (1), Sagar (9), Hosanagar (8), Thirthahalli Among 134 appemidi genotypes, 78 genotypes were found to (7), (7), Kumta (6), Sringeri (6), Mudigere (6) Honnavara possess cumin aroma, 45 genotypes were found to be of typical (5), Ankola (4) and Balehonnur (2) and documented by adopting mango flavour, 5 genotypes of orangish mango flavour and 6 IPGRI mango descriptors. Out of 134 landraces surveyed, 117 were genotypes were of camphor aroma. Out of 50 SSR markers, 44 of single trees of seedling origin and 17 were of clonal origin. Height revealed clear and consistent amplification profile in 50 genotypes. of the tree ranged from 5 to 20 m and the maximum tree trunk girth A total of 102 grafted Appemidi types were conserved as field gene was recorded in Doddamaradaappe (321 cm). In case of leaf character, bank at the Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, 118 genotypes had elliptic leaf shape and 16 genotypes had oblong (Kumbapur farm) Dharwad.

Qualities of wine as influenced by cane regulation and crop load of wine grape varieties grown under northern dry zone of Karnataka RANI SHIRANAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI Among the varieties, Medika was found to be superior over other like ethanol (13.63 %), phenol (172.21 mg/100 ml) and possessed varieties with respect to shoot length (80.05cm), shoot girth (8.57 overall acceptability characters. In white varieties, Chenin Blanc mm), bunch length (24.37 cm), bunch weight (399.18 g), yield (16.63 exhibited superiority with respect to quality parameters. Vine regulated kg/vine, 36.96 t/ha), TSS (22.23 °Brix), TSS to acid ratio (49.82), brix with 25 canes per vine exhibited superiority with respect to shoot yield (8.74 °Brix), total sugar (21.09 %) and wine quality parameters length (77.45 cm) shoot girth (8.21 mm), bunch length (20.08 cm),

153 bunch weight (319.94 g), berry diameter (14.42 mm), berry fresh weight between the levels of cane regulation and bunch thinning was found to (2.20 g), TSS (21.39 °Brix), TSS to acid ratio (49.90), brix yield (6.99 be superior with respect bunch length, weight, berry weight, ethanol °Brix), total sugar (20.87 %), ethanol (12.45 %), phenol (101.85 mg/ and phenol in vines regulated at 25 canes with 20 bunches per vine in 100 ml) and tannin (40.62 mg/100 ml) and had the highest score for both Medika and Chenin Blanc cultivars. Vines regulated at 25 canes wine overall acceptability (17.58). Vines regulated at 20 bunches per with 20 bunches per vine produced the good quality grapes for preparing vine was found to be superior over other treatments with respect to quality wine, even though these treatments recorded lower yield than bunch length (20.28 cm), bunch weight (344.85 g), berry length (15.62 the control. From the study, it could be clearly deduced that, cane mm), diameter (14.76 mm), weight (2.26 g), TSS (21.82 °B), TSS to regulation and bunch thinning was an essential form of thinning in acid ratio (50.18), brix yield (7.17 o B), total sugar (20.76 %), ethanol vineyard operation and may be considered as a technique which could (12.52 %), phenol (102.59 mg/100 ml), tannin (40.62 mg/100 ml) and lead to tremendous improvement in quality parameters of wine grapes the highest score for overall acceptability (17.92). The combined effect and helpful for quality wine production.

Prospecting of jackfruit (Artocarpus hetrophyllus Lam.) genotypes in southern parts of Karnataka P. M. SAMPATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY

The present investigation was carried out to identify the elite mg 100 g-1), total antioxidant activity (14.96 mg AEAC 100 g-1), promising genotypes of jackfruit in the districts of Mysuru, Hassan, potassium (332.33 mg 100 g-1) and calcium (47.95 mg 100 g-1). The Chickamagaluru, Kodagu, Dhakshina Kannada, Shivamogga, Tumkur sensory evaluation score for overall acceptance was maximum in and Bengaluru Urban districts of Karnataka. Over 150 genotypes ABS-1 (8.31). Twenty jackfruit genotypes were subjected to the were selected from the survey among which, 50 genotypes were molecular diversity analysis using 13 RAPD primers and 6 ISSR shortlisted. The genotype MCR-1 had maximum fruit length (62.53 primers. The difference in the graft success was significant among cm), fruit diameter (38.25 cm), fruit weight (28.74 kg) and number the different seasons wherein, the highest graft success was noted of flakes per fruit (244.50). The genotype KSMn-1 had in July (61.22 %) and the lowest graft success was recorded in minimumfruit length (15.33 cm), fruit width (13.75 cm) and fruit December (31.00 %). The difference in the graft success was weight (1.62 kg). Pulp percentage varied from 26.93 per cent in significant among the different genotypes. The highest graft success BKM-1 to 47.30 per cent in PCA-1. MPK-3 had highest flake was noted in MCR-1 (54.78 %) and the lowest was found in MDA- length (8.80 cm) and flake width (4.51 cm). The genotype GGB-1 1 (39.24 %). Effect of rootstocks on softwood grafting of jackfruit had highest values for total soluble solids (34.95 ºB), titratable was significant. The highest graft success (52.02 %) and graft acidity (0.56 %), total sugars (31.30 %) and reducing sugars (14.90 survival (58.74 %) was found in Artocarpus heterophyllus (cultivated) %). The genotype in MDS-1 had maximum total carotenoids (3.35 as rootstock.

FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Standardization of media, bio-stimulants and drying techniques in Dendrobium Orchid (Dendrobium nobile Lindl.) var. Sonia-17 under protected cultivation PRUTHVI P. HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. (Smt.) B. C. PATIL

The study on standardization of media, biostimulants and drying cent showed maximum plant height (38.05 cm), number of leaves techniques in Dendrobium orchid (Dendrobium nobile Lindl.) var. (18.89), leaf area (770.73 cm2), number of pseudobulbs (5.05), Sonia - 17 under protected cultivation was carried out during 2017-19 earliness in spike initiation (162.93 days), maximum spike yield per with three different objectives. The experiments on standardizing plant (3.93), spike length (45.89 cm), vase life (32.75 days) and net potting media and biostimulants were carried out at farmer’s field, returns (` 3, 01, 473.4) compared to other treatments. The Chapparamane, Sirsi and were laid out in completely randomized experiment on standardization of drying techniques was carried out design. Three months old tissue cultured plants were used for the at Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College study. Among different potting media studied, the combination of of Horticulture, Sirsi and was laid out using factorial completely charcoal + tile pieces + maize rind pieces produced stronger plants randomized design. The results revealed that, drying of florets in with maximum plant height (24.35 cm), number of leaves (15.50), hot air oven at 45 oC for 48 hours using silica gel as a desiccant number of pseudo bulbs (4.35), spike yield per plant (3.68), spike removed moisture uniformly and scored maximum values for colour, length (42.87 cm) and benefit cost ratio (1.75) when compared to shape, texture and overall appearance (4.34, 4.45, 4.54 and 4.70, other media. In recent decades, flower growing pattern is evolving respectively). With respect to microwave oven drying, the florets towards organic way. In this concern, bio stimulants had significant dried in silica gel for 3 minutes enhanced the scores for quality effect on growth and yield of Dendrobium orchid var. Sonia-17. The attributes like colour, shape, texture and overall appearance (4.01, foliar application of Bio vita (sea weed extract) at the rate of 1.5 per 3.97, 4.17 and 4.33, respectively).

154 PLANT PATHOLOGY Development of advanced diagnostic tools, host transcriptome analysis and management of ToLCNDV associated with yellow mosaic disease of Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] PRIYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAGHAVENDRA K. MESTA Yellow mosaic disease of ridge gourd caused by tomato leaf curl New Thiazole orange were employed for visualization of amplicons under Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) belongs to begomo virus group and is UV-light. Antisera showed positive response to all the assays for transmitted by whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The coat protein (CP) gene begomo virus infected samples of watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin of ToLCNDV was cloned in the cloning vector pBluescriptIIKS+ and (Yellow mosaic and leaf curl), bitter gourd, bottle gourd and snake sub cloned into the expression vector pET-22b (+). Physiochemical gourd, while negative results were obtained in samples of chilli, properties of coat protein were determined through in-silico analysis. capsicum, cowpea and beans. This is attributed to Tomato leaf curl Recombinant CP was expressed and purified. Antiserum was raised Palampur virus and Squash leaf curl China virus having highest against the purified protein. Serological tools DAC-ELISA, dot blot sequence identity with the CP gene of ToLCNDV infecting ridge immunoassay and western blot were standardised for detection of gourd. The infectivity of ToLCNDV was established by inoculating ToLCNDV. Real time PCR assay showed virus multiplication began the infectious clone on Nicotiana benthamiana by gene gun method. in the host after 3 h of inoculation and estimated the copy number of Transcriptome analysis using NGS platform from healthy and infected 2.74 x102±0.5 x102 per micro litre. LAMP tool was standardized for leaf samples revealed that the host genes were modulated during the detection of ToLCNDV using CP gene and successfully detected ToLCNDV infection and gene expression changes at molecular, at very low concentration of virus indicating that, the assay is 100 biological and cellular levels. Of the 50 ridge gourd genotypes tested times more sensitive than traditional PCR assay. RPA based tool was against disease none showed resistant reaction. The integrated standardized for detection of ToLCNDV using rep gene. In DAC- management practice involving seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 ELISA and DIBA, the antiserum showed titre of 1:20000 with infected FS @10 ml/kg + soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha + spraying leaf extract of ridge gourd whereas IC-PCR and IC-LAMP showed with azadirachtin (10000 ppm) @ 1ml/l followed by cyazypyre 10 up to 1:80000 and 1:100000 dilutions respectively, which indicates OD @ 1.5 l/l, triazophos @ 2 ml/l and imidaclorpid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/ IC-PCR and IC-LAMP techniques are more sensitive than other l at 15 days interval were found to be effective in managing ridge assays. Colorimetric indicator dyes like EtBr, VeriPCR, HNB and gourd yellow mosaic disease. PLANTATION SPICES MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS Collection, characterization and genetic variability studies in Indian Pennywort (Centella asiatica L.) of hill zone of Karnataka C. S. RAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA Thirty nine accessions were collected from different ecological and in the formation of seven clusters. Among those, the cluster I was geographical regions in 22 taluks of Kodagu, Hassan, Chikkamagaluru, largest with 32 accessions followed by cluster V with 03 accessions. Shivamogga, Uttara Kannada, Haveri, Belgavi and Dharwad districts Fresh herbage yield per m2 and petiole length contributed maximum coming under hill zone of Karnataka and characterized for 14 qualitative towards divergence followed by rosette length. Per se performance traits based on NBPGR descriptors which revealed wide variability for of 10 elite accessions revealed significant differences in all the all the morphological traits except leaf surface. The collected accessions characters studied, except for chlorophyll content. Among elite were evaluated for three cropping seasons and per se performance accessions, Acc. 07 and Vallabh Medha performed better for most of indicated that, among 40 accessions studied, Acc.7 and Vallabh Medha the growth parameters, while for the yield attributes Acc. 12 followed performed better for most of the growth attributes, but yield levels by Vallabh Medha, Acc.6 and Acc.18 were found better. Regarding were comparatively less. Acc.1 and 8 recorded higher cumulative dry total triterpenoid yield per hectare, the accessions Acc. 12(180.16 herbage yield per m2 (542.67 and 466.00 g m-2, respectively) as well as kgha-1), Acc.3(141.01 kgha-1) and Acc.7(137.98 kgha-1) seemed to be yield per hectare (5.43, and 4.66 t ha-1, respectively). The accession promising accessions. Genetic diversity study based on SSR markers Acc.1 recorded highest cumulative triterpenoid yield of 142.58kg ha-1. in selected 15 accessions indicated that, out of 10 DNA markers used, With respect to genetic parameters, there was a considerable variability five showed 50.00 per cent polymorphism. The Jaccard’s similarity among the accessions for economic characters. Higher magnitude of coefficient for the SSR data set varied from 0.5 to 1.000. The elite GCV and PCV accompanied by higher heritability and GAM were accessions, Acc. 4 and Acc. 12 recorded the lowest similarity recorded for fresh and dry herbage yield per m2, madecassoside, coefficient of 0.562 and Acc. 3 and Acc.12 recorded the maximum asiatocoside, madecassic acid and asiatic acid and total triterpeniod similarity of 1.0. The dendrogram constructed based on SSR markers content. Character association studies revealed that, fresh herbage yield resulted in 4 clusters. The cluster II and III are comprised of five per m2, leaf width and inter nodal length had highly significant positive accessions each, while, cluster I and IV had four and one accessions, correlation with dry herbage yield per m2 both at genotypic and respectively. All high yielding and promising accessions were phenotypic levels. Highly significant and positive genotypic and distributed in cluster I, II and III, indicating the divergence among phenotypic association of madecassoside, asiaticoside and madecassic the elite accessions at genetic level. Therefore, the selection of acid contents and leaf length with total triterpinoid content was accessions for genetic improvement should be based on genetic established. Path coefficient analysis clearly indicated high positive diversity rather than geographical diversity alone. Hence, the direct effect of dry herbage yield per m2, madecassoside, asiaticoside, promising accession Acc.12 could be cultivated on commercial scale madecassic acid contents and stolon length, while indirect effects were taking into account the herb yield, terpenoid content and overall exerted through other component characters on total triterpenoid content. terpenoid yield after ascertaining the stability of performance for Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, clustering of accessions resulted yield and quality.

155 VEGETABLE SCIENCE Genetic diversity, heterosis, combining ability and stability analysis for growth and yield components in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) SHRUTI P. GONDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI Sixty brinjal genotypes were evaluated in RCBD with two x Tester model for heterosis and combining ability studies. The replications for genetic diversity analysis. The correlation studies cross HUB-8 x HUB-26 exhibited maximum standard heterosis (5.93 revealed that fruit yield per plant had significant and positive % over Mahy Super 10 and 37.94 % over Manjari) for fruit yield association with plant height, number of fruits per plant, average per plant followed by HUB-1 x CO-2 (7.28 % over Mahy Super 10 fruit weight and fruit girth. Path analysis studies revealed that and 35.97 % over Manjari). The lines HUB-1, HUB-8 and testers number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit length had CO-2 and HUB-13 were identified as good combiners. HUB-5 x significant positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant. The direct HUB-26, HUB-6 x HUB-13, HUB-10 x CO-2 and HUB-8 x HUB- selection for these traits would be rewarding for improvement of 26 were identified as the good specific combiners for yield traits. fruit yield per plant. Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped 60 genotypes Pollen viability studies proved that all genotypes had higher per of brinjal into 14 clusters. The cluster V showed maximum intra- cent of viable pollens that indicated the male fertility and may cluster distance and maximum inter-cluster distance was observed result in more number of seeds per fruit. During 2018 kharif, nine between clusters IV and V. Phenols contributed maximum (56.27 %) promising crosses were subjected to stability studies in three to the genetic diversity followed by fruit length (21.98 %), number different locations. HUB-1 x HUB-13 and HUB-10 x CO-2 were of fruits per plant (10.96 %). During 2018 summer, 24 F1’s were found stable with respect to yield traits and they were well adapted developed by crossing diverse eight lines and three testers by Line to all three environments.

Identification and development of male-sterile (ms) lines in short-day onion genotypes D. C. MANJUNATHA GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA

A study was conducted on identification and development of male- traits. The correlation co-efficient of plot yield of onion genotypes sterile (ms) lines in the short-day onion genotypes. Amongst, the and selfed lines showed positive correlation with plant height, leaf genotypes COHBONC01, COHBONC15, COHBONC18, length, neck girth, 50 per cent neck fall, 75 per cent neck fall, total COHBONC33, COHBONC34 and the selfed lines COHBONC01- sugars, bulb weight. These traits showed the desirable positive direct 2 S1, COHBONC09-S1, COHBONC14-S1, COHBONC17-S1, effect on plot yield and recorded high heritability (h ) with high genetic

COHBONC20-S1, COHBONC27-S1, COHBONC32-S1 were advance mean (GAM). Amongst, the genotypes COHBONC05, prominent for growth attributing traits. The genotypes COHBONC18, COHBONC23 and COHBONC27 and selfed lines

COHBONC02, COHBONC05, COHBONC11, COHBONC23, COHBONC01-S1, COHBONC05-S1, COHBONC23-S1,

COHBONC27, COHBONC34 and the selfed lines COHBONC01- COHBONC27-S1, COHBONC28-S1 were promising for bolting traits.

S1, COHBONC18-S1, COHBONC32-S1, COHBONC34-S1 and The genotypes COHBONC03, COHBONC05, COHBONC17 and

COHBONC27-S1 were promising for yield attributing traits, purple COHBONC25 contributed for male sterile plants, these male sterile blotch disease and thrips pest moderate resistance. The genotypes lines and their corresponding maintainer were isolated. These COHBONC03, COHBONC08, COHBONC10, COHBONC17and promising, superior genotypes serve as valuable source for breeding

COHBONC27 and the selfed lines COHBONC03-S1, program for the genetic improvement of onion. The identified male

COHBONC08-S1, COHBONC10-S1, COHBONC15-S1, sterile lines need to be improved for their stable performance across

COHBONC19-S1and COHBONC27-S1 were promising for quality the seasons and locations.

156 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCE

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Assessment of onion genotypes (Allium cepa L.) for growth and yield parameters and DNA fingerprinting for genetic purity testing using molecular markers PUSHPA HULAGANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BAPURAYAGOUDA PATIL Onion (Allium cepa L.) having chromosome number, 2n=2x=16 is an 35.47 %), total yield (q/ha) (85.4 and 23.98) and single bulb weight economically important vegetable of alliaceae family. Genetic (79 and 22.99). Bulb weight showed positive and significant variability is prerequisite for development of improved varieties. correlation with number of leaves at 30, 50 and 90 DAT and leaf Maintenance of genetic purity in the certified seeds is another major diameter. Path co-efficient analysis showed that number of leaves per challenge for achieving higher yields. Conventional genetic purity plant at 30 DAT had highest direct positive effect on bulb weight. testing by grow-out-test is labour and time intensive and often Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped 40 genotypes into seven clusters. influenced by the environment. This study was designed to assess Cluster III showed maximum intra cluster diversity with five the genetic variability among the local cultivars of onion and to develop genotypes. Inter cluster distance was maximum between II and VII. a rapid genetic purity test using molecular markers. Genetic variability Ten bulb weight contributed maximum to overall genetic diversity for vegetative and yield related traits among 40 genotypes was assessed among the genotypes. The genotypes Bhima Red produced highest in randomized complete block design. The genotypic co-efficient of bulb yield (432.06 q/ha) followed by Arka Lalima (402.93 q/ha) variation (GCV) was highest in 10 bulbs weight (17.95 %) followed andArkaNiketana (368.43 q/ha). None of the 12 ISSR and 20 SSR by leaf diameter (14.80 %). The phenotypic co-efficient of variation markers produced marker alleles specific to any one genotypes for (PCV) was highest in leaf diameter (21.17 %) followed by 10 bulb genetic purity analysis. Probability of identity of a given genotypes weight (18.71 %). The high heritability coupled with high genetic indicated that at least four SSR markers (ACM138, ACM169, advance over mean was observed for 10 bulb weight (92.00 % and ACM187, ACM134) were required to identify a specific variety. Transferability of carrot (Daucus carota L.) specific microsatellite markers across economically important horticulture crops belonging to Apiaceae family and their phylogenetic assessment K. G. BHAVANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAMANGALA CHOLIN A study on molecular marker transferability comprising of nine molecular markers transferability analysis, 30 to 82 per cent different members of Apiaceae viz., carrot, cumin, coriander, azwain, amplification was observed across the eight genera with an average of fennel, dill, caraway, chervil and aniseed was conducted. The 69.78 per cent. Highest per cent amplification was obtained in cumin phenotypic evaluation was done in randomized complete block design (82.00 %) followed by azwain (80.00 %) and lowest was observed with two replications. For molecular marker transferability, 70 for coriander (30.00 %) indicating their respective homology and different carrot DNA markers were used. Among the nine crops chervil distinctness with carrot. Nine markers (18.00 %) were found to be and aniseed crop stand couldn’t maintain in Bagalkot region so invariability transferable across all the nine genera used in the study. morphological characterization for the growth parameters could not From the marker wise diversity assessment, a total of 103 alleles be taken. For morphological characters, leaf, seed and flower characters were obtained across 9 crops with an average of 2.06 ± 0.17 alleles showed homology across the genera. Few variations existed in the per locus, polymorphic information content of 0.36 ± 0.02, expected quantitative traits like leaf size, primary umbel, umbellate size and and observed heterozygosity of 0.2 ± 0.03 and 0.03 ± 0.01, number of leaflets. Correlation study revealed positive significant respectively. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped all the correlation of primary umbel with shoot width and leaf length. Number nine different crops species into three distinct coordinates with of branches showed negative correlation with shoot width and number cumulative variance of 79.16 per cent. Both PCoA and molecular of leaflets. Principal component analysis for 11 morphological traits phylogenic assessment showed that cumin and azwain were located across seven crops showed >96 per cent of total variance. Seven closer to the carrot than rest of the crops indicating their genetic genera grouped into three clusters and carrot being the root crop relatedness. The present study would be beneficial for breeders in separated as an outlier. Same trend of clustering was observed in direct utilization of these markers for characterization, diversity UPGMA based grouping for phenotypic traits. Based on the 70 assessment and mapping for economic traits in these Apiaceae members.

Studies on genetic diversity and crossability among inter-botanical groups of melon (Cucumis melo L.) S. CHAITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVAPRIYA Melons (Cucumis melo L., 2n=24) of Cucurbitaceae family are known significant for all the quantitative traits studied. High genotypic to mankind from times immemorial. Melons are grouped into different coefficient of variance (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variance horticulture classes based on phenotypic traits. Genetic variability (PCV) were observed for cotyledon length, cotyledon width, ovary was determined among 11 different botanical groups by using both length, ovary width, number of fruits per vine, fruit length, average qualitatative and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance was found fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, flesh thickness, seed cavity, fruit

157 diameter, blossom end scar, seed length, seed width, total soulable both botanical groups and geographical location. The population solids and titratable acidity. Days to first female flowering, days to structure was determined, “K was maximum at K= 3 with the value of first fruit maturity and pH were having moderate GCV and PCV. 297.30, which suggest the presence of three genetically distinct Broad sense heritability was high among all the traits and it was clusters. Crossability among botanical groups was determined by coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean. Genetic diversity crossing three lines (Kashimadhu, IC321367 and IC321371) with 18 was determined by using 18 morphological traits and 24 molecular testers belonging to 11 different botanical groups and a related species markers. Two main clusters (A and B) at lower similarity level of 1.6 (anguria). Successful fruit set was observed in all combinations of were observed according to uses and location of melon by using easily crosses involving the melons of different botanical groups indicating observable and scoreable morphological traits. Genetic diversity by possibility of gene transfer. All three lines failed to set fruits when molecular marker analysis led to clustering of genotypes based on crosses were made with related species Anguria.

Genetic diversity studies in Mysuru Mallige - a GI crop of Mysuru K. N. RAHUL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. C. VENKATESHA

Thirty Mysuru Mallige local collections were evaluated in randomized length of anther, length of the filament, length of the style, length of complete block design to study the variability, correlation and the stigma and flower bud weight. Flower bud weight was found to molecular diversity. Analysis of variance revealed that highly be positively and significantly associated with breadth of the bud, significant difference observed among genotypes for all traits except number of calyx teeth, number of whorls, number of petals, flower length of the leaf. Very high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) diameter, number of stamen, fragrance and length of the stigma. Path and phenotypic coefficient variation (PCV) were observed for bud analysis revealed that, highest positive direct effects on flower bud length, bud breadth, number of whorls, number of petals, pedicel weight were shown by number of whorls. Diversity analysis of 30 length, length of corolla tube, length of filament, length of style, length Mysuru mallige local collections was carried out by using 10 SSR of stigma and flower bud weight. Very high heritability coupled with primers. Dendrogram revealed two major clusters. Cluster 1 was the very high genetic advance as per cent over mean was recorded for the biggest cluster containing 16 genotypes and cluster 2 was the smallest characters viz., bud length, bud breadth, flower diameter, calyx length, cluster consisting of 14 genotypes. The similarity between all the number of calyx teeth, number of whorls, number of petals, petal genotypes was 92 per cent indicating that they were evolved from size, pedicel length, length of the corolla tube, number of stamen, same ancestor. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT Morphological and molecular characterization of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes for yield and productivity traits R. SUSHILKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. SATISH The present investigation was carried out with 35 cucumber genotypes of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, yield at all the three pickings using randomized complete block design with two replications. and fruit diameter. Path coefficient analyses revealed that number of Evaluation for genetic variability and divergence being the primary fruits per vine, average fruit weight, yield at first, second and third objective of the study, experimental data obtained for yield and yield picking, fruit length and fruit diameter exerted direct positive effect contributing traits was also subjected to correlation and path analysis. towards total fruit yield per vine. By the use of Mahalanobis D2 Further, molecular marker profiling using 23 RAPD markers was analysis, 35 genotypes of cucumber were grouped into 5 distinct performed to know diversity at molecular level. Variability studies clusters. Cluster I comprised of 26 genotypes, cluster II with six demonstrated higher PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM implying the genotypes. Cluster III, IV and V were solitary with single genotype.The existence of sufficient variation among the studied genotypes. High molecular characterization grouped genotypes into two main clusters. heritability with high genetic advance was recorded for most of the First main cluster comprised of 27 genotypes and there were eight characters viz. vine length, number of branches, number of nodes, genotypes under main cluster II in the dendrogram. Genotype UDYC- internodal length, number of leaves, tendril length and leaf area, which 25 recorded highest fruit yield per vine followed by UDYC-21 and shows existence of additive gene action hence these traits can be UDYC-1. The present investigation illustrated the existence of wide improved trough direct selection. Correlation studies revealed that range of variations for most of the characters in cucumber genotypes, total fruit yield per vine had positive and significant correlation with providing opportunities for genetic gain through selection or number of nodes per vine, number of female flowers per vine, number hybridization in future breeding programme. Diversity analysis in okra (Abelmoschus esculents L. Moench.) KAPURE MANISHA GOVIND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. .K. HALESH

The genetic variability parameters and correlation analysis were worked (GCV-29.02, PCV-0.17, h2-92.54 and GA-212.98) indicating the out for 44 accessions of okra. The analysis of variance revealed the possibility to improve these traits through selection. The significant significant differences among the okra accessions for all the characters positive genotypic correlation coefficient and phenotypic correlation studied. Taking a simultaneous study of the four important genetic coefficient were observed for plant height (GCV-0.351, PCC-0.263), variability parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), nodes per plant (GCC-0.558, PCC-0.469) and number of fruits per phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), heritability (h2) and genetic plant (GCC-0.921, PCC-0.857) suggested that selection for these advance as per cent mean (GA) were estimated highest for plant height components traits simultaneously would be effective in improving the (GCV-21.27, PCV-26.71, h2-63.46 and GA-46.37) and yield per plant fruit yield in okra. Path analysis study revealed that number of fruits

158 per plant was maximum direct positive effect on fruit yield (0.885). D2 diversity at DNA level between the accessions was conducted using 11 analysis was carried to measure genetic divergence among the accessions SSR markers. Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) values ranged revealed that these grouped into nine clusters, among which cluster III from 0.31 to 0.67 with a mean of 0.45 and observed heterozygosity and IV were the most divergent ones and hybridization involving parents (Ho) ranging from 0.39 to 0.72, the highest PIC value and heterozygosity from these two clusters would result oriented. Among the different was observed for BHS-4 primer followed by BHS-9. The cluster characters, number of yield per plant, number of fruits per plant and analysis showed a wide range of similarity ranging from 0.00 to 80.00 nodes per plant contributed maximum towards divergence. Genetic per cent. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Nutritional profiling in fruits and identification of anti diabetic factor present in callus cultures of Momordica cymbalaria G. ANUPAMA MAJOR ADVISOR : Dr. S. RAGHAVENDRA Momordica cymbalaria is a traditional vegetable in the northern region The influence of 0.5-3.0 mg l-1 2, 4 D, NAA and kinetin in combination of Karnataka. The fruit of the plant is consumed as diet. It’s a tuber with 0.2 mg l-1 BAP for the callus induction from leaf and stem crop and a climber, allowed to creep on the ground or climb on support. explants on MS media was studied. The callus induction was achieved It is distributed widely in tropical regions of India and Africa. The from explants enriched with 2, 4 D and NAA at 3.00 mg l-1 and 2.5 disadvantage with the crop is, it is a kharif crop and the duration of mg l-1, respectively. The earliest callus induction was seen in the the crop is 3-4 months from June to September. The fruit of the crop stem explants inoculated in the medium containing 2, 4 D at 3 mg l-1. has anti diabetic activity. The present study was aimed at nutritional The crude protein from the callus was extracted using 50mM sodium profiling of fruits and identification of anti-diabetic factor in the callus acetate buffer (pH- 4.8). These proteins when subjected to SDS cultures of M. cymbalaria. The genotypes were collected from six PAGE stacked according to their molecular weight. The peptides different places namely, Guledagudda and Kaladgi in Bagalkot district, ranging between 11 to 25 kDa were isolated and subjected to mass Balganur in Gadag district, Arabhavi in Belagavi district, Navalgund spectrometry. The peptides were checked for anti hyperglycaemic in Dharwad district and Vijayapur district. The proximate nutrients activity by á-amylase enzyme assay. It was found that the crude in fruits contained moisture, carbohydrate, crude fibre, crude protein, protein present in the callus showed 17.2 per cent inhibition, whereas crude fat and ash at 14.38, 0.40, 1.33, 1.33, 0.32, 3.82 and 12.40 per the peptides isolated from the SDS-PAGE showed 40.8 per cent cent, respectively. The mineral nutrients in fruits contained iron, proving the presence of anti-diabetic factor, which is different from manganese, zinc, copper, magnesium at 107.86, 29.54, 70.96, 40, the earlier reported studies. Hence, there is further scope for 54.17 and 48.89 mg/100 g of fruits, respectively. There was no identification and validation of these peptides responsible for anti- significant difference in the nutrient content in the genotypes collected. diabetic activity. Comparative evaluation of ToLCV resistant advanced breeding lines derived through marker assisted selection (MAS) for yield and quality traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) MAHESH KATAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYASHREE UGALAT

Advanced breeding lines (ABLs) of tomato derived through marker TSS, lycopene, ascorbic acid and titratable acidity were noted to have assisted selection were field evaluated for ToLCV disease incidence and high PCV, GCV, heritability and GA among ABLs. Whereas, important yield attributing characters. Quality parameters like lycopene, ascorbic parameters viz., TSS, ascorbic acid, lycopene and firmness ranged from acid and firmness were assessed both by biochemical and molecular 2.16 to 9.48 o Brix, 7.50 to 57.50 mg/100 g, 0.27 to 11.85 mg/100 g and methodologies. All 178 ABLs tested in the present study showed 0.16 to 1.13 N, respectively. Study of marker trait association among resistant (168) and moderately resistant (10) reaction which was ABLs for firmness (LEgata2, LEta16), lycopene (SSR146, SSR237) confirmed both by phenotypic and genotypic observation using reported and ascorbic acid (LAC1 and GAL1) has revealed that for firmness 130 molecular marker Ty1 and Ty3. The 168 lines were confirmed for ABLs, for lycopene 109 ABLs and for ascorbic acid 82 ABLs showed combination of both markers or either of the one marker (Ty1 or Ty3) positive association with their respective marker combination, however and 10 lines has null combination for these two markers. Yield attributing some lines had significant quantity of all these parameters but they did characters had high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability not not show the confirmation for both or either of one marker for all (PCV and GCV) for number of primary branches, number of clusters the respective traits which might be because of complex genes governing per plant, number of fruits per cluster, plant height, number of fruits the metabolic pathway of quality or biochemical traits. From present per plant, average fruit weight and number of locules, and same trend study it was understood that all the ABLs were having high variability was observed with respect to heritability and genetic advance (GA). for most of the traits indicating wide opportunity for selection and All fruit quality and biochemical parameters viz., firmness, shelf life, utilization in breeding programme. Genotypic variation for drought tolerance traits in mango (Mangifera indica L.) R. PRAMODH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MOHAN KUMAR The study on “Genotypic variation for drought tolerance traits in Rasam), moisture retention capacity (97.31 %Kottapalli Kobbari), mango varieties” carried out using 23 varieties. ANOVA for all the Stomatal frequency (103.40 number/ mm2 in Baramasi), relative morphophysiological, biochemical and yield traits was studied water content (92.87 % in Neelam) and specific leaf area (94.77 which revealed significant variation among the varieties in both kharif cm2/g in Totapuri), biochemical traits like epicuticular wax content and rabi seasons of 2018. Morphophysiological traits like canopy (1.30 mg / cm2 in Alphonso), chlorophyll content (68.03 SPAD width (6.00 m2 in Totapuri), stem diameter (66.14 cm in Cheruku Value in Baramasi), free proline (2.56 µmol/g in Ratna) and sugars

159 (%), yield traits like total number of fruits per plant (237.44 in effective for developing drought tolerant varieties. Among 23 varieties Cheruku Rasam) and fruit weight (94.96 kg/plant in Cheruku Rasam) Poona Sahana and Suvarna Rekha performed better with drought differed significantly for all the varieties. Correlation studies revealed traits and varieties Cheruku Rasam, Dasheri, Javari, Totapari, Faradin highly significant and positive association of stem diameter (0.638), and Alphonso performed better with respect to both drought related specific leaf area (0.536) and total sugars (0.677) with total number and yield traits. Hence, these varieties could be used in further of fruits and fruit weight. Selection based on these traits can be breeding programme.

ENTOMOLOGY Screening of chilli germplasm and bio intensive modules for the management of chilli thrips and mites PAWANKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. TATAGAR There was a significant variation among the 46 genotypes evaluated 0.65 due to mites, respectively) and was least (0.06, 0.03, 0.32 & against thrips and mites under field conditions. Seven chilli germplasm 0.32) in Bengaluru urban. Among the five bio intensive modules lines viz., DCA-1, DCA-29, DCA-17, DCA-6, DCA-16, DCA-12 evaluated against chilli thrips and mites, based on the pest population and DCA-15 have been found promising with least population density and LCI, the Module - T5 comprising of two rows of sorghum border (0.18 to 0.61 thrips/leaf; 0.22 to 0.66 mites/leaf) and damage by crop around chilli, vermicompost (1 t/ha) + neem cake (2.5 q/ha in thrips (0.25 to 0.85) and mites (0.40 to 0.97) and these germplasm two splits at 2 week after transplanting (WAT), sprays of Lecanicilium may be explored further in resistance breeding. Chilli germplasm line, lecani (2 g/l at 7 WAT), Neemazol 10,000 ppm (2 ml/l at 9 WAT) and DCA-23 (2.27, 1.92 & 2.25, 2.52) may be used as a susceptible check diafenthiuran 50 WP (1 g/l at 11 WAT) has recorded least thrips along with Byadagi Kaddi (1.92, 1.67 & 2.12, 2.12) and Byadagi (0.68, 0.44, 0.29 and 0.07 thrips/leaf) and mites (0.03, 0.06, 0.03 and Dabbi (2.10, 1.55 & 1.95, 2.12). Survey carried at green and red chilli 0.03 mites/leaf) with lowest LCI due to thrips (0.44, 0.56, 0.46 & stages in three districts i.e., Haveri, Kolar and Bengaluru urban districts 0.63) and mites (0.10, 0.20, 0.10 & 0.10) at 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th WAT, showed that incidence of chilli thrips and mites was heavy in Haveri respectively with highest benefit cost ratio (3.22) among the bio district (0.22, thrips/leaf, 0.10 mites/leaf, 1.22 LCI due thrips and intensive modules.

Survey and management of chilli gall midge (Asphondylia capsici) through botanicals KIRAN GHATAGE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. TATAGAR

Survey was conducted in three major chilli growing district of Spray with ginger extract 10% @ 100 g/l). Where as in case of fruit

Karnataka viz., Haveri, Gadag and Dharwad, it revealed that Byadagi damage T11 (Application of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Spray with taluk recorded highest flower bud damage (13.82 %) and in Haveri profenofos 50EC @ 2 ml/l) registered its superiority over rest of taluk recorded highest fruit damage of 13.84 percentage as treatments. The next best treatment was T5 (Application of neem comparison to other taluks. However, overall per cent gall midge cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Spray with ginger extract 10% @ 100 g/l) followed damage recorded in Haveri district was 25.56 per cent. Among the by T8 (Application of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Spray with NSKE various management practices against chilli gall midge, it was found 5% @ 50 g/l). Further, among all the treatments, T11 which included that incidence of flower bud damage in T11 (Application of neem incorporation of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha at the time of transplanting cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Spray with profenofos 50 EC @ 2 ml/l) registered followed by spraying NSKE 5% @ 50 g/l recorded highest dry chilli its superiority over rest of treatments. The next best treatment was yield of 7.44 q per ha with the highest BC ratio of 2.83 can be

T8 (Application of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Spray with NSKE 5% @ recommended as effective and eco-friendly component for the

50 g/l) followed by T5 (Application of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + management of chilli gall midge.

Studies on population dynamics and management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linn.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in leguminous vegetable seeds SYED IRFAN A MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA

The present investigation on the population dynamics and relationship with the grubs (r=-0.88), pupae (r=-0.72) and per cent management of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Linn.) seed damage (r=-0.90). The lowest (24 %) and highest (83 %) per (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on five leguminous vegetable seeds namely cent damage were noticed in cowpea and French bean, respectively at cowpea, soybean, pea, field bean and French bean was conducted. 60 days after storage. This clearly suggests that the most preferred The highest number of eggs was recorded in French bean and the and least preferred host for pulse beetle is cowpea and French bean, lowest number of eggs on pea. The highest mean per cent egg hatching respectively. Among different oils and botanicals tested for their (87.50) was recorded in the cowpea seeds and lowest per cent egg efficacy against pulse beetle, Neem and Karanj oils (5 ml/kg seed) hatching (63.60) was recorded in the on French bean. The maximum were proved to be effective in reducing damage to seeds. Among the number of grubs, pupa and adults were found to survive on cowpea different plant products tested, custard apple leaf, neem leaf and seed seeds and lowest on the French bean seeds, respectively. The kernel powder (5 and 10 g/kg seeds) were found effective in reducing correlation analysis showed that, the positive correlation was observed the pulse beetle population and also damage to seeds. Similarly, lest between the water activity and a number of eggs(r=0.68) and negative effectiveness was observed for adathoda leaves with similar dose.

160 Studies on pest complex and management of major pests of Jasminum sambac cv. Mysuru Mallige R. SRIKANTA SHOBHITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA Four sucking pests namely thrips, blossom midge, brown spotted and negative significant correlation with maximum temperature. Peak stink bug and tingid bug, two defoliator pests such as leaf web-worm population of mite and thrips was recorded during April, 2018 and and sphingid moth, three borer pests which are bud borer, bud and May, 2018 months, respectively. Both pests had positive significant shoot worm, shoot web-worm, and one mite pest, red spider mite correlation with maximum temperature and negative significant were recorded on Mysuru Mallige in field survey conducted at correlation with morning and evening relative humidity. Among the Mysuru. Seasonal incidence of major pests of Jasminum sambac cv. seven insecticides evaluated against bud borer and leaf web worm, Mysuru Mallige revealed that, the bud borer incidence was maximum chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC @ 0.2 ml/l, spinosad 45% SC @ 0.3 during August, 2017 month with positive significant correlation with ml/l, flubendiamide 39.35 % SC @ 0.25 ml/l and quinalphos 25% EC minimum temperature, whereas bud and shoot worm incidence was @ 2 ml/l recorded lower mean per cent affected buds and leaves with maximum in the month of January, 2018 and had negative significant higher yield (2058 kg/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1: 3.62). Out of seven relationship with minimum temperature. Peak incidence of shoot acaricides evaluated against red spider mite, etoxazole 10% SC @ 1 web worm and leaf web worm was noticed during October, 2017 and ml/l, spiromesifen 22.9% SC @ 0.8 ml/l, fenazaquin 10% EC @ 2.5 November, 2017 months, respectively with both having positive ml/l and propergite 57% EC @ 2.5 ml/l recorded lower mite population significant correlation with morning and evening relative humidity with higher yield (2230 Kg/ha) and cost benefit ratio (1: 3.80).

Bioprospecting of selected medicinal and aromatic plants for their insecticidal property against diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) KAMALA DEVAPPA GADDENNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGADHAR NARABENCHI Initially, the screening studies were carried out under laboratory DBM. Next best plants in the order of toxicity were seed extract of conditions to identify the promising plants from 20 selected pongamia, leaf extract of datura and bael. Results of the field trail medicinal and aromatic plants for their insecticidal activity against clearly indicated the superior efficacy of 5 per cent NSKE against diamondback moth (DBM) by using aqueous and methanol solvents. DBM on cabbage compared to other plant extracts evaluated. It was evident from the results that, the neem seed kernel extract However, moderate efficacy was recorded with other plants extract (NSKE) at 2.5 per cent concentration was found to be superior by such as pongamia, datura, bael, calatropis and hebbevu. Further, the exhibiting higher level of efficacy against DBM, followed by seed plots treated with the plants extract had maximum activity of natural extract of pongamia, leaf extract of datura, calotropis, bael and enemies such as Cotesia plutellae and spiders as compared to chemical hebbevu. Among the different solvents evaluated for their suitability insecticide sprayed plots. The NSKE, besides exhibiting its superior in extracting maximum amount of insecticidal principle compounds efficacy against DBM, also registered highest yield and BC ratio of from test plants, the chloroform extract of NSKE showed highest 2.48, followed by leaf extract of datura,bael, tulasi, nagadali, hebbevu, toxicity by registering lowest LC50 and lowest LT50 values against pongamia and calotropis. Studies on pest complex in jamun (Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels) varieties POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. RAMEGOWDA Studies revealed 26 insect pest species on various above ground per tree per picking revealed that there was 100 per cent yield damage parts. Higher Simphson’s Diversity Index (SDI) (0.943) recorded and was in grade 4 (unmarketable) in Mysuru, Bahadoli, GKVK-2 during December I fortnight (2018) and was minimum (0.484) during and Dhupdal varieties. Least proportion of unmarketable fruits was June II fortnight (2019). Higher SDI (0.843) was recorded on Bahadoli recorded with K-45 variety. Proportion of grade 4 fruits based on 40 and was minimum (0.599) on Seedless variety. Blotch leaf miner, g sample per tree per picking during 2019 ranged from 3.14 (Bahadoli) scales, ash weevil, leaf webber (Dudua sp.), midrib miner and bruchid to 17.38 per cent (No. 58). Proportion of healthy fruits (grade 1) were very active on all the varieties while, leaf gall insect was recorded ranged from 17.38 (No. 58) to 34.81 per cent (Dhupdal). Quality only in seedless variety. Seed wasp, Anselmella kerrichi could be parameters between healthy and infected fruits with respect to size, recorded on GKVK-1 variety which had produced off season fruits volume, TSS, titrable acidity, pulp weight, seed weight, pulp to seed early in the season. Pearson’s correlation coefficients with macro ratio showed significant difference. Significantly large size, volume, weather parameters were highly significant with ash weevil higher titrable acidity, pulp weight, seed weight, pulp to seed ratio (Myllocerus sp.), leaf webber damages and seed weevil (Curculio c- were observed in healthy fruits while, highest TSS was observed in album) populations. Fruit damage during 2018 based on 100 g sample fruit and seed borer infected fruits.

Studies on seasonal incidence, biology and management of gall midge, Asphondylia capparis Rubsaamen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on capsicum D. R. PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. THULASI RAM

The incidence of gall midge was prevalent throughout the cropping gall formers and three natural enemies were recorded namelygall midge, season and severe damage on flowers and fruits were recorded during Asphondylia capparis and gall wasp, Goethella asulcata Girault and 1st Standard Meteorological Week (80 DAT). The gall midge damage natural enemies like Bracon sp. (larval parasitoid), Eurytoma sp. (larval- on capsicum flowers and fruits recorded was 15 to 36 per cent and 12 pupal parasitoid) and Psyllaephagus sp. (Encyrtid wasp). The study to 30 per cent, respectively. During the course of investigation two on biology of gall formers revealed that the total life cycle of A. capparis

161 was 14.3 days and that of G. asulcata was 7.22 days. Among different @ 0.3 ml/l and chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.3 ml/l which recorded insecticides evaluated, cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD @ 1.5 ml/l was 5.52 and 6.57 per cent damage and yielded 21.49 t/ha and 20.65 t/ha, found to be superior in controlling gall midge damage on both flowers respectively. The highest BC ratio was recorded in cyantraniliprole and fruits, with lowest per cent damage of 2.55 and highest yield of 10.26 % OD (4.2) followed by flubendiamide 39.35 % SC (3.6) and 24.80 t/ha. The next best treatments were flubendiamide 39.35 % SC chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC (3.4).

Studies on insecticide usage pattern and development of resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) K. RABBANI MEHABOOB MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA The study was conducted to know the insecticide usage pattern in resistance ratio varied across locations and across insecticides. The major cole crops growing areas of Karnataka to develop baseline data mean resistance ratio was highest for Kolar (2.54 fold) and least for for selected insecticides and variations in development of resistance Belagavi (1.99 fold). Among insecticides it was higher in Diamondback moth (DBM) populations of different regions to for chlorantraniliprole 18.SC (3.94 fold) and least for spinosad 45 SC selected insecticides and biochemical mechanisms involved in (1.30 fold). The biochemical mechanisms involved in insecticide insecticide resistance. It was found that totally 24 insecticides were resistance was found to be due to esterase enzyme activity and it varied used by the farmers for the management of insect pests of cole crops. across DBM population of different districts and also across insecticides. Dichlorvos 76 EC was found to be the most used insecticide (16.55 %). It was very low in untreated susceptible population (19.80 mol./min/g) Among the surveyed districts, maximum numbers of insecticides were compared to treated susceptible (24.89 mol./min/g), untreated field used in Kolar (15) and least in Mysuru (6). The susceptible DBM (34.71 mol./min/g) and treated field (39.91 mol./min/g) populations. population was used to establish baseline susceptibility data for The enzyme activity was positively correlated with the resistance selected insecticides. The LC50 value representing toxicity, varied ratio for all the insecticides studied in DBM populations. Overall study across insecticides, emamectin benzoate 5 SG showed the highest indicated that insecticide usage pattern influenced development of toxicity and dichlorvos 76 EC showed the least toxicity. The mean resistance in DBM and was revealed by biochemical mechanisms.

Studies on banana pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Mysuru district SACHIN HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGADHARA NARABENCHI

Results of the roving survey revealed that the banana pseudostem infestation in fresh crop was noticed during first fortnight of September, weevil infestation was present in all the surveyed taluks, but the extent while in ratoon crop stage it was observed during the month of August. of infestation differed from place to place and also among the varieties. The results of biology of pseudostem weevil conducted under laboratory The highest incidence of pseudostem weevil was found in conditions during August to October revealed that, the female laid a Heggadadevanakote taluk on both fresh and ratoon crop stages, while it single egg firmly inside the air chamber with a total of 17.00 to 21.00 was lowest in Nanjanagudu taluk. The Nendran variety of banana had eggs in her life time. Incubation period and larval duration ranged from highest infestation of pseudostem weevil, followed by Elakki and Grand 3.00 to 4.00 and 25.00 to 36.00 days, respectively. The pre-pupal and Naine. The ratoon crop stage was more preferable for the weevils to pupal period lasted from 2.00 to 5.00 and 15.00 to 21.00 days, attack as that of fresh crop stage. The incidence of weevil persisted respectively. The total developmental period from egg hatching to adult throughout the year and two peaks of infestation were observed during emergence was observed to be 48.00 to 65.00 days. Adult longevity August to September and March to April of 2018-19. The highest ranged between 50.00 and 62.00 days.

Integrated management of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) SHWETA S. HALINGALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGADHAR NARABENCHI

Field evaluation of bio-inoculants, organic amendments and 17.8 SL @ 22.25 g a.i./ ha at ten days interval were found to be superior biorationals against onion thrips revealed that, two sprays of in managing thrips on onion crop. Further, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 Lecanicillium lecanii (2 x 108 CFU/g) @ 2.0 g/l and azadirachtin 1500 g a.i./ha recorded maximum yield (25.39 t/ha), highest BC ratio (3.58) ppm @ 3.0 ml/l at ten days interval were found to be superior in and also found safer to the natural enemies as that of other evaluated suppressing thrips population and also found safer to coccinellids insecticides. Among the different IPM modules evaluated against onion and spiders prevailing in the cropping ecosystem. Further, L. lecanii thrips, chemi-intensive module and adaptable IPM module were found @ 2.0 g/l recorded maximum yield (18.78 t/ha) and highest BC ratio to be superior in reducing thrips population. Whereas, adaptable IPM (2.67). The results obtained from biochemical analysis of the plants module comprising of soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha at the which received different bio-inoculants, organic amendments and time of transplantation, followed by foliar spray of P. fluorescens biorationals against onion thrips revealed that the foliar application @ 5.0 g/l at 15 DAT, followed by lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 12.50 g of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5.0 g/l found to enhance the resistance a.i./ ha at 25 DAT, L. lecanii @ 2.0 g/l at 35 DAT, thiamethoxam 25 WG in onion plants as it was indicated higher amount of phenols and @ 25 g a.i./ ha at 45 DAT recorded maximum yield (28.50 t/ha) and BC tannins as against other treatments. The field experiment on bio- ratio (3.51) as that of chemi-intensive module. Further, it found to be efficacy of synthetic insecticides against onion thrips revealed that, an effective, economical and relatively safer module. Hence, adaptable three sprays of thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 25 g a.i./ha and imidacloprid IPM module can be recommended for managing thrips on onion crop.

162 Eco-friendly approaches for the management of insect pests of cabbage UMESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. TATAGAR

Among the different border crops as insectary plants evaluated followed by chemi-intensive module (0.08 no./plant). Regarding against insect pests of cabbage in kharif season, cabbage bordered natural enemies on insectary plants, adoptable IPM module registered by Dill recorded lowest number of aphids (2.63 number/leaf), highest number of Ladybird beetles (0.27 no./plant) followed by Coriander recorded lowest number of whiteflies (4.04 number/ leaf) bio-intensive IPM module (0.26 no./plant) and highest number of and Mustard recorded lowest number of DBM larvae (0.36 no./ hoverflies (0.81 no./plant) followed by recommended IPM module plant). However, mustard plants recorded highest number of (0.52 no./plant). However, among the IPM modules, Adoptable Ladybird beetles (0.76 no./plant) and hover flies (0.93 no./plant). IPM module [mustard as an intercrop and maize as a border crop, Among the different IPM modules evaluated against insect pests of Neemazal (10000 ppm) @ 1 ml/l, Lecanicilium lecani (2×108 CFU/ cabbage in rabi season, adoptable IPM module registered least number g) @ 2 g/l, Nomuraea rileyi (2×108 CFU/g) @ 2 g/l and Rynaxypyr of aphids (0.30 no./leaf) followed by Chemi-intensive module (0.33 18.5 SC @ 0.1 ml/l] recorded highest cabbage yield (226.80 q/ha) no./leaf), least number of whiteflies (0.20 no./leaf) followed by and highest BC ratio (4.66) followed by recommended IPM module Chemi-intensive module (0.28 no./leaf), less lncidence of Spodoptera which recorded a yield of 208.90 q/ha and BC ratio of 4.35. Hence, litura (0.36 no./plant) followed by recommended IPM module (0.45 Adoptable IPM module having eco-friendly components can be no./plant) and less incidence of diamondback moth (0.05 no./plant) effectively used in managing insect pests if cabbage.

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles produced from entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) and its evaluation against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on cabbage G. S. JAMUNARANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. RAMANAGOUDA

In the studies conducted on Biosynthesis of nanoparticles produced plasmon resonance peaks were shown at 311 nm and 315 nm in 1.75 from entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) and its and 2.00 mM concentration, respectively in UV- Visible evaluation against Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on cabbage, six different spectroscopy. The concentration of 1.75 and 2.00 mM green silver concentrations (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00 mM) of green nanoparticles showed a range particle size of 64.11 to 99.08 nm, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using M. rileyi and it was 64.11 to 128.2 nm and 12.80 to 22.20 nm, 11.00 to 19.00 nm in confirmed by visible colour change from yellow to dark brown of SEM and TEM analysis, respectively. The presence of elemental the solution. These different concentrations of green silver silver was confirmed in EDAX analysis. The effective two nanoparticles synthesized were tested against larvae of S. litura concentrations 1.75 and 2.00 mM of green silver nanoparticles under reared in the laboratory. All the concentrations recorded significantly pot culture experiment significantly reduced the number of S. litura highest mortality with gradual advancement of exposure period and larvae compared to commercial formulation of M. rileyi and NSKE reached to the highest mortality of 80.00 and 73.33 per cent in 1.75 (4 %). Among two concentrations of green silver nanoparticles 2.00 and 2.00 mM of green silver nanoparticles, respectively against 2nd mM (78.75%) was highly effective compared to 1.75 mM (73.75%). larvae with significant sub lethal effects. The selected two (1.75 and The present investigations infer that green silver nanoparticles 2.00mM) concentrations were characterized using UV- Visible biosynthesized using M. rileyi are effective in suppressing the S. spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning litura larval population both under laboratory and pot culture Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDAX analysis. The surface experiment.

Ecofriendly approaches for the management of insect pests of okra S. GOPI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI

Among the various treatments evaluated against insect pests of for monitoring of fruit borers - setting up of yellow sticky traps @ okra, treatment T4 comprising of okra with two rows of 25 days old 15/ha for monitoring of sucking pests, ETL based application of maize as barrier crop, one row of 25 days old marigold as trap crop, azadirachtin 10,000 ppm @ 1.0 ml/l + Lecanicillium lecanii (1×108 two rows of cowpea as border crop and okra intercropped with CFU/g) @ 5 g per litre - tolfenpyrad 15 EC @ 1.0 ml per litre - coriander (5:1) was found to be significantly superior in recording thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.20 g per litre - cyantraniliprole 10.26 highest okra yield (15.39 t/ha) and BC ratio (5.67). Among the OD @ 1.0 ml per litre and chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.20 ml different modules evaluated, module M2 - Crop diversification based per litre was recorded to be significantly effective against okra insect adoptable module comprising of okra with two rows of 25 days old pests and obtained highest yield (18.15 t/ha), highest net returns maize as barrier crop - one row of 25 days old marigold as trap crop (` 2,90,340) and BC ratio (5.00) as compared to the recommended - two rows of cowpea as border crop and okra intercropped with plant protection measures. Thus, crop diversification based coriander (5:1) - seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 10 ml adoptable module has been considered to be a sound IPM tool, per kg before sowing - application of neem powder @ 2.5 q per ha which can be made socially acceptable, ecologically sustainable and at the time of ploughing - installation of pheromone traps @ 5/ha adoptable.

163 Integrated management of grape mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) GURAV SHRISHAIL GOPAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESHALU

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy for management of grape mealybugs in field. Among them, Adoptable of fungal pathogens, Lecanicillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana IPM module II (Soil application of neem cake @ 250 kg/ha - buprofezin against M. hirsutus by dipping bioassay. Among them, maximum 25SC @ 1.25ml/l - soil drenching with thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 1.0 g/ nymphal mortality was registered in B. bassiana + L. lecanii @ 6 + 6 l -neem oil + Pongamia oil @ 5 + 5 ml/l - B. bassiana + L. lecanii @ g/l (57.64 %) and was statistically on par with same combination @ 5 + 5g /l) and Chemi-intensive IPM module (Spraying of imidacloprid 4 + 4 g (56.29 %). The next best treatments were L. lecanii @ 6 and 17.8 SL @ 0.25ml/l - thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/l - acetamaprid 4 g/l with 51.63 and 50.18 per cent mortality, respectively. Bio- 20SP @ 0.25 g/l - buprofezin 25 SC @ 1.25 ml/l + dichlorovos 76 EC efficacy of different botanicals and their combinations were evaluated @ 0.5 ml/l) were most effective in reducing incidence of grape against M. hirsutus under laboratory. Among them, significantly higher mealybug colonies on both vine and grape bunches. In addition, mortality of mealybugs was noticed in neem oil @ 15 ml/l (81.36 %) Adoptable IPM module- II recorded significantly higher bunch yield and was statistically on par with neem oil + pongamia oil @ 10 + 10 (44.69 t/ha) and highest BC ratio (4.35). Hence, Adoptable IPM ml/l (79.65 %), neem oil @ 10 ml/l (78.09 %) and IIHR neem soap @ module- II may be recommended for the management of mealybugs 10 g/l (77.67%). Different IPM modules were formulated and tested on grape to harvest residue free higher fruit yield.

Role of honeybees in enhancing the productivity and seed quality of onion JYOTHI M. NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. B. GOPALI

Among different bee attractants sprayed at 15 days intervals during days of flowering period and recorded significantly higher seed yield flowering period, the crop sprayed with jaggery solution at 10 per (8.15 q/ha) and BC ratio (4.74) indicating A. cerana indica population cent recorded significantly highest bee visitations of A. cerana indica, were stastificatory and quite optimum population of bees over the A. dorasta, A. florea and T. irridipennis after first and second spray. other treatments. On the contrary, A. dorasta and A. florea visitations Same treatment also recorded significantly highest seed yield (8.97 q/ were statistically less in plots with 10 colonies of A. cerana indica ha) and BC ratio (5.38). In addition, significantly increased the per hectare. Further, quantitative and qualitative parameters like quantitative and qualitative parameters like number of seeds per umbel number of seeds per umbel (22.11 g), 1000 seed weight (3.88 g), per (19.17 g), 1000 seed weight (3.98 g), per cent germination (96.67 %), cent germination (97.50%), seedling length (8.97 cm), vigour index seedling length (8.86 cm), vigour index (857) and seedling dry weight (874) and seedling dry weight (0.021 mg) were significantly higher in (0.022 mg) were recorded in the same treatment. The second ten colonies per hectare of A. cerana indica. Therefore, it can be experiment conducted on standardisation of bee hive density for onion concluded that use of jaggery solution at 10 per cent during flowering seed production, crop with 10 colonies per hectare recorded period and 10 colonies of A. cerana indica per hectare in onion seed significantly higher number of A. cerana indica visitations up to 30th production is quite optimum to obtain highest quality seeds per hectare.

Standardization of stingless bee, Tetragonula iridipennis (Smith) hive density and influence of bee attractants on bee visitation and yield parameters of coriander VANITHA KHANDIBAGUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. VINAYKUMAR

To standardize the hive density, an experiment was conducted in the hive) and enhanced coriander seed productivity. Hence, the study open field condition by installing four colonies at the centre of the revealed that ten stingless bee colonies for one acre are sufficient for field and different distance from the center of the hive such as 4, 8, 12, effective pollination of coriander crop. Further, to know the influence 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 meters were considered as the treatments. of bee attractants on bee visitation and yield parameters in coriander Similarly, another two plots were planned viz., caged condition with different bee attractants namely jaggery (15 %), jaggery + lime juice stingless bee and caged condition without bees to know the influence (15%), enriched jaggery (15%), ocimum oil (0.1%), menthol oil (0.1%) of stingless bee alone. From the experiment it was observed that and ajwan oil (0.1 %) were evaluated. Among these, ocimum oil (0.1%) optimum pollination capacity of stingless bee ranged up to 20 meter sprayed plots enticed more stingless bees and recorded highest number distance from the bee hives. Correspondingly, maximum number of of seeds per umbel (16.00), per cent seed germination (82.67), seedling seeds per umbel, seed yield per hectare, germination percentage and length (12.23 cm) and seed yield (14.46 g/ha) followed by jaggery 15 other seed quality parameters were observed in open-pollinated plots per cent solution. Whereas, jaggery 15 % treatment recorded highest (treatments up to 20 m distance from the hive) compared to control BC ratio (4.64). Therefore, from the study it concluded that jaggery plots. The study revealed that four stingless bee colonies can 15 per cent solution is found to be best for enhancing the pollination, effectively pollinate 1600 m2 area (i.e. up to 20 meter distance from seed yield and quality in coriander.

164 Development and evaluation of capsule based entomopathogenic fungal formulations SHARADA BOODAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. RAMANAGOUDA

Among the different capsule formulations (gelatine and sodium quantity of spore and talc powder formulation at different storage alginate) developed, the gelatine capsules were proved to be better condition and storage period. Among the different storage condition than sodium alginate capsule formulations under both laboratory and the refrigerated condition was proved better in maintaining the pot culture experiment. The gelatine capsules containing different virulence of the spore followed by mud pot filled with wet sand and combinations (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 ratio) of spore and talc powder were room temperature after four months of storage period. The efficacy tested, the equal quantity of spore and talc powder showed better of selected formulation (gelatine and sodium alginate capsules) of results than other two combinations. The gelatine capsules containing M. rileyi and L. lecanii (gelatine capsule) was studied under pot culture the spore powder alone proved better in bringing the higher mortality experiment. Significantly higher mortality of S. litura and lower of tested insects only at early use of capsules after their development number of M. persicae was noticed in gelatine capsules formulations and the efficacy was decreased drastically after 30 days after storage as compared to commercial formulations of M. rileyi and L. lecanii. period. The virulence of selected capsule formulations of M. rileyi However, among the different treatments chlorantraniliprole showed (gelatine and sodium alginate capsules) and L. lecanii (gelatine significantly higher mortality of S. litura and minimum number of capsules) were highest in the gelatine capsules containing equal M. persicae followed by NSKE 5 % treatment.

Formulation and evaluation of botanical extracts against cabbage pests with special reference to Plutella xylostella L. H. E. PALLAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESHALU

Twenty days old cabbage seedlings sprayed with 10, 20 and 40 per per cent, respectively) against DBM and were significantly superior to cent cow urine did not exhibit any phytotoxicity effect. Hence, the other test products. In field investigation, these top five botanical lower dose of 20 per cent cow urine was selected for preparation of formulations obtained from laboratory experiment were selected and botanical extracts. Ninteeen freshly prepared cow urine based botanical evaluated against cabbage pests along with Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ formulations along with cow urine @ 10 and 20 per cent alone and 1ml/l, IIHR recommended IPM and untreated control. The results untreated control were assessed for their efficacy, antifeedent and revealed that, all the tested botanical formulations showed good efficacy oviposition deterrent properties against diamondback moth (DBM), against cabbage pests as compared to control. Among which, combination Plutella xyllostella (L.) under laboratory condition. The laboratory of NSP + PSP + VLP + CF + GC was significantly better for management studies indicated that, Neem seed powder (NSP), Pongamia seed powder of cabbage pests such as DBM, Spodoptera litura, aphids, head borer (PSP), Vitex leaf powder (VLP), NSP + PSP + Chilly fruit (CF), NSP + (5.28 % damage), recording significantly highest yield (55.47 t/ha) and PSP + VLP + CF + Garlic clove (GC) exhibited relatively higher levels BC ratio (4.96) followed by NSP + PSP + CF which recorded 51.78 of efficacy (85.93, 78.89, 79.26, 85.93 and 89.63 per cent, respectively), t/ha yield and 4.58 BC ratio. Similarly, the botanicals did not affect antifeedent (84.49, 77.37, 77.37, 79.95 and 81.36 per cent, respectively) populations of natural enemies viz. coccinellids and spiders during the and oviposition deterrent activity (78.80, 76.81, 74.69, 81.08 and 85.35 course of study.

FRUIT SCIENCE Influence of nutrients and shoot retention on growth, yield and quality of rejuvenated guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar S. ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK

Significantly higher plant height (3.16 m), plant girth (12.01 cm), (10.82 m3), highest number of flowers per shoot (24.67), flowers shoot length (132.48 cm), shoot girth (3.09 cm) was recorded in 3 per plant (75.93), fruits per plant (69.14), yield (3.03 t/ha), fruit shoots per branch. Number of leaves per shoot (76.94) was highest length (6.57 cm), girth (6.64 cm), weight (168.64 g) and the fruit in 4 shoots per branch. Plant spread (N-S and E-W) (3.30 and 3.44 m) quality parameters like TSS (11.42 oBrix), ascorbic acid (189.92 and canopy volume (11.52 m3) was maximum in 5 shoots per branch. mg/100g) and total sugars (7.86 %) and lowest titratable acidity

The number of flowers per shoot (25.18), flowers per plant (75.85), (0.29 %) was recorded in F6 treatment i e., 100 per cent RDF fruits per plant (69.28) and yield (2.85 t/ha) was highest in S2. Fruit (200:80:150 NPK g/plant) + (Zn+B+Mg) 0.3 per cent each. length (6.48 cm), girth (6.58 cm), weight (162.82 g) and the fruit Interaction effect was non significant for all the parameters. However, o quality parameters like TSS (11.50 Brix), ascorbic acid (170.86 mg/ the treatment S2F6 consisting of 4 shoots per branch and 100 per 100 g) and total sugars (7.72 %) were highest and lowest titratable cent RDF (200:80:150 NPK g/plant) + (Zn+B+Mg) 0.3 per cent acidity (0.32 %) was recorded in S1 followed by S2. The highest plant each recorded moderate vegetative, physical and quality parameters height (3.11 m), plant girth (11.74 cm), shoot length (133.22 cm), of fruit along with highest leaves per plant (79.67), flowers per shoot girth (3.00 cm), number of leaves per shoot (76.00), plant shoot (27.33), flowers per plant (80.47), highest number of fruits spread (N-S and E-W) (3.25 and 3.32 m) and canopy volume per plant (73.96) and yield (3.30 t /ha).

165 Growth, yield and quality of sapota (Manilkara achras L.) Var. Kalipatti CH. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATIL

The study revealed that the stage-wise application of nutrients in number of fruits per shoot (2.10), highest yield (12.40 t/ha) was

T3 at four different growth stages. viz.vegetative flush (July), 20- recorded in T3 and the maximum numbers of days taken for bud 80-20, flowering stage (September) 20-0-20, fruit development initiation (36.16), flowering to fruit set (32.5), fruit set to final stage (November) 20-0-20 and fruit development stage (February) harvest (222.75). Lowest number of flowers per shoot (9.88), per 20-0-20 NPK (g) resulted in maximum tree spread N-S (10.87 m) cent of fruit set (16.29), per cent of fruits reached to final harvest & E-W (10.86 m), canopy volume (306.25 m3), number of tertiary (62.38), number of fruits per shoot (1.59), lowest yield (0.10 t/ha) branches (388.00) and reproductive parameters viz,minimum was observedin T5 (Control). The maximum fruit length (7.50 cm), number of days taken for bud initiation (33.66), flowering to fruit girth (5.73 cm), volume (88.25 ml), weight (90.25 g) was also set (237.00), fruit set to final harvest (216.00) was observed in recorded in T3 number of seeds per fruit (1.67), low seed weight

T3, and highest number of flowers per shoot (11.38), per cent of (1.54), high TSS (24.50 °B) and low acidity (0.16 %), good shelf fruit set (18.56), per cent of fruits reached to final harvest (83.78), life (12.65 days) were recorded in treatment T3. Identification of elite wood apple (Feronia limonia L.) genotypes in selected districts of Karnataka SRIDHAR M. YOGIKOPPAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. H. NATARAJA

Existing low variability unexploitation and lack of awareness, this The fruit weight ranges between 79.6 g to 424 g, the number of fruits crop is not popularised among the growers. However, to some extent per plant varied from 50 to 2300 per plant, fruit length ranges between variation is seen in the genotypes with respect to morphological, 5.21 to 8.68 cm, fruit breadth ranges from 5.27 to 8.95 cm, fruit size physico–chemical parameters and also in productivity. The present varies from 29.94 to 68.30 cm², fruit volume ranges from 46 ml to 424 research was carried at selected districts of Karnataka viz., Vijaypura, ml, while 11 genotypes were found to produce oval shaped fruits, 19 Belgavi, Haveri, Shivamogga, Davangere, Chitradurga and Tumukur genotypes were found to produce oblong shaped fruits and 49 during the fruiting season of 2018-19. Among 86 genotypes surveyed, genotypes produced round shaped fruits and the almost all were 49 were small, 27 were medium and 10 were large type. The tree girth found to posses greyish white coloured fruits. The pulp weight (42.2 ranged from 18.00 to 230 cm with an average tree girth of 103.47 cm, g to 359 g,) pulp percentage (55.28 to 90.96,) rind weight (22.2 g to while, 40 genotypes are spreading, 35 genotypes are semi spreading 85.2 g,) rind thickness (0.33 to 0.47 cm,) TSS (12.37 to 14.14 °Brix,) and 11 genotypes were erect type of growth habit and 52 genotypes acidity (2.81 % to 3.83 %) while, total sugars (5.94 to 6.88 %) and shown oval type of canopy and 34 genotypes exhibit round shape of ascorbic content (3.85 to 4.09 mg/100 g) was recorded in different canopy. The age of the plants varied between 13 to 70 years with selection surveyed and finally 5 elite types were identified based on yield potentiality of the plants varied from 6.84 to 563.04 kg/plant. yield, quality and consumer acceptance. Evaluation of local selections of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) J. N. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. H. NATARAJA Totally 25 custard apple local selections were evaluated with check and total sugar (18.87 %) was recorded in selection CLS-24. variety Balanagar. Among the local selections, maximum plant height However, Ascorbic acid was recorded maximum in CLS-23 (20.86 (2.78 m), North-South spread (180.33 cm), East-West spread mg/100 g), non reducing sugar was maximum in CLS-8 (4.44 %), (208.33 cm) and canopy volume (4.96 m3) was recorded in selection titratable acidity was minimum in CLS-7, CLS-9 and CLS-13 (0.19 % CLS-19 whereas, maximum stem girth (4.89 cm), maximum number each) and selection CLS-17 recorded maximum shelf life of 5 days. of fruits per plant (34.00) and fruit yield (4.36 kg/plant) was Highest score for colour and appearance was recorded in selection recorded in selection CLS-9. Maximum fruit length (8.49 cm), fruit CLS-24 (8.58), the texture of pulp found superior with a high score breadth (8.44 cm), fruit volume (170.50 ml), fresh fruit weight in CLS-9 (8.28), for taste and flavour in selection CLS-12 (8.55) (198.42 g) and ripe fruit weight (176.10 g) was recorded in selection and overall acceptability was noticed by securing highest points in CLS-16. However, Maximum pulp weight, pulp per cent and pulp- CLS-24 (8.80). Minimum incidence of anthracnose (10.52 %) and peel ratio was noticed in selection CLS-18 (75.32 g, 46.84 % and leaf spot (3.36 %) was recorded in selection CLS-7 and CLS-6, 1.56, respectively). Minimum peel weight (36.79 g), minimum respectively. Among 25 selections, only 7 selections recorded mealy number of seeds per fruit (14.17) and seed weight (3.81 g) was bug incidence and it was minimum in CLS-5 (5.12 %). Finally, noticed in selection CLS-1. Fruit quality parameters viz., maximum selections CLS- 9, CLS-24 and CLS-7 were found better performer TSS (29.67 oB), TSS:acid ratio (141.94), reducing sugar (16.08 %) for yield, quality and overall acceptability. Propagation studies on different rootstocks of jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) SANGEETA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK

Among the different pre-sowing treatments AJG-85 seeds soaked in (5.75 mm). The maximum plant height (35.56 cm) and seedling vigour normal water for 24 hrs took minimum days for initiation of germination index (3109.80) was recorded in Konkan Bahadoli seeds soaked in (11.15) with maximum germination (95.14%). The minimum days taken normal water for 24 hrs and lowest was recorded in untreated Local for 50 per cent germination was recorded in Konkan Bahadoli seeds selection. Among all treatments water soaking of AJG-85 seeds for 24 treated with GA3 at 200 ppm for 10 minutes (13.13). AJG-85 seeds hrs was best for maximum germination. Jamun variety AJG-85 grafted treated with GA3 at 200 ppm for 10 minutes recorded minimum days on its own rootstock during October recorded the maximum number of for maximum germination (17.72) and maximum seedling diameter sprouts (3.92, 4.49 and 4.56, respectively), sprout length (7.91, 16.18

166 and 22.20 cm, respectively), per cent graft success (79.39, 88.80 and and graft diameter (5.23, 6.03 and 7.27 mm, respectively) was noticed 90.94 %, respectively) at 30, 60 and 90 DAG and also per cent graft in AJG-85 grafted on Konkan Bahadoli during October at 30, 60 and 90 survival (93.96 and 89.30% respectively) at 120 and 180 DAG and DAG. Maximum root length was observed in AJG-85 grafted on Local took minimum number of days for sprouting (19.15). The vegetative selection rootstock (28.15 cm) during October. AJG-85 performed well, parameters like maximum number of leaves (14.28, 16.40 and 25.84, when it was grafted on its own rootstock in October month for maximum respectively), graft height (43.80, 48.92 and 51.80 cm, respectively) graft growth, graft success and graft survival.

Effect of training and bio-formulations on growth, yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Bhagwa SHARUKH MULTANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK

Experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (12.01 %), non-reducing sugars (1.38 %) and total sugars (13.44 %) with 27 treatments combination to find out, the effect of different were noticed in four stem training system (S2). Regarding the training systems and bioformulations on growth, yield and quality bioformulation treatments, B8 [Amrithpani (3 %) + Panchagavya (3 of pomegranate. Among the different training systems studied, three %) + Jeevamruth (3 %) + P. fluorescens (50 g/plant)] exhibited good growth, yield and quality parameters such as maximum stem length stem training system (S1) recorded maximum stem length (82.70 cm). But maximum stem girth (5.22 cm) and maximum canopy spread (85.48 cm), stem girth (5.41cm), canopy spread [North-South [North-South (213.38 cm) and East-West (220.12 cm)] was observed (213.02 cm), East-West (216.90 cm)], leaf area (16.21 cm2) at 180 DAT and it also recorded maximum total leaf chlorophyll content in five stem (S3) at 180 days after treatment (DAT). Maximum leaf area (15.53cm2 at 180 DAT) and total leaf chlorophyll content (2.29 (2.28 mg/g), fruit weight (251.81g), highest yield (13.21 kg/plant and 9.95 t/ha), arils per fruit (645.89), maximum shelf life (27.66 mg/g) was recorded in four stem training system (S2). Similarly the highest yield (11.67 kg/plant), maximum fruit weight (246.57g), days), juice recovery (69.63 %), anthocyanin (12.19 mg/100 ml), highest arils per fruit (604.63), lowest seed weight (3.64g), maximum TSS (15.48 °Brix), maximum TSS : acid ratio (40.41), reducing shelf life (24.54 days), maximum juice recovery (63.29 %), sugars (12.57%), non-reducing sugars (1.44%) and total sugars anthocyanin (12.38 mg/100 ml), TSS (14.67 °Brix), lowest titratable (14.09%) with lowest seed weight (3.82 g) and lowest titratable acidity (0.4 3%), maximum TSS : acid ratio (34.89), reducing sugars acidity (0.39 %). Effect of foliar spray of potassium and micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady K. H. SHARATHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVANNA The present investigation was conducted in Farmer’s field at Basur fruit weight (2438 g and 2.43 kg), number of fruits per plant (49.67), village, Sorab taluk, Shivamogga district of Karnataka during the yield plant-1 (90.07 kg) and yield (224.96 t ha-1), pulp weight year 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete (2343.74 g), peel weight (54.98 g), seed weight (52.70 g) and quality block design with three replication and eleven treatments. Results characters i.e. total soluble solids (13.52 obrix), ascorbic acid (54.42 -1 revealed that the combined application of T7 - K2SO4 @ 1% + Borax mg 100 g ), total sugar (5.64 %), reducing sugar (4.60 %) and @ 0.25% + ZnSO4 @ 0.25% recorded significantly maximum growth minimum acidity (0.13 %) over control and non-reducing sugar was parameters i.e. plant height (244.44 cm), plant girth (44.72 cm), found to be statistically non-significant. Nutrient content and uptake number of leaves per plant (48.11), petiole length (97.33 cm) and of macro and micro nutrients in petiole of papaya were found plant spread from N-S direction (241.88 cm) and plant spread from statistically significant with the combined application of Potassium E-W direction (247.24 cm) and flowering and fruiting characters like sulphate @ 1% + Borax @ 0.25 % + Zinc sulphate @ 0.25 %. days taken to first flowering, days taken to first fruiting and days Among the different micronutrient application, the treatment T - taken to fruit maturity were significantly minimum (65.11, 90.22 7 K2SO4 @ 1 % + Borax @ 0.25 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.25 % were found and 224.42 days, respectively) and yield and yield attributing maximum BC ratio (1:5.20) and effectively improved the growth, parameters i.e. fruit length (27.20 cm), fruit diameter (16.17 cm), yield and quality of papaya cv. Red Lady. Studies on floral biology and pollination in jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) G. A. SAGARIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH

The flowering was observed during first week of March to last week of nectar production was from 9.00 to 10.00 h. It favours the peak activity April and the total duration of flowering period was 56 days, in of pollinators (Apis dorsata and A. florea). Among 13 pollinators, A. Bengaluru conditions. The flowers are hermaphrodite, very small, pale dorsata and A. florea were more abundant (62.46 %) when compared yellow, complete, perfect, regular, apopetalous and biradial symmetry. to other species (37.54 %). Within these two species, A. dorsata The calyx and corolla form a cap like structure and it falls off when the (49.01 %) was more abundant than A. florea (13.45 %) and A. florea flower opens. The stamens are numerous, filamentous, didynamous spent more time per flower than A. dorsata (3.59 and 3.07 seconds, and are arranged on the outer edge of the receptacle. The ovary is respectively). A. dorsata was efficient pollinator, since it visited more inferior, bilocular, bicarpellary and syncarpous. Anthesis commenced number of flowers per tree (22.23 flowers). There was a significant in early morning 6.00 am and continued till 1.00 pm and anther difference in fruit set open (43.33 %), hand pollination (6.60 %) and dehiscence immediately after opening of the flower. Flowers offered bagged flowers (0.33 %). This indicates that jamun is a highly cross rewards (pollen & nectar) for flower visitors. The pollen viability, pollinated crop. It is also observed that, there exists a geitonogamous stigma receptivity was found maximum from 12.00 to 14.00 h and nature of pollination (23.33 %) in jamun.

167 Studies on morphological characterization of banana cv. Nanjangud Rasabale (AAB) ecotypes VINODKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKAT RAO Banana is an important major fruit crop of tropical and subtropical from the morphological observations. 2 factors explained 56 per cent of countries and widely distributed throughout India. It is a versatile tree variations. The nine Nanjangud Rasabale ecotypes genetic divergence for both food and medicinal values. Totally nine ecotypes of Nanjangud was implied by the magnitude of all possible D2 values, which ranged Rasabale collected from the different regions of Mysuru and from 18 to 55. Nine ecotypes were grouped into 3 clusters which had Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka were planted and raised in the considerably intra and inter-cluster D2 values. Bunch weight per plant College of Horticulture, Mysuru, Karnataka for characterization and and yield per hectare were maximum recorded in ecotype 1 (bunch evaluation studies. Sixty two morphological characters were selected weight 5.10 kg, yield 15.57 t/ha) followed by ecotype 6 (bunch weight for study. A large amount of variation was observed within the 4.93 kg, yield 15.40 t/ha). The ecotype 3 and 5 recorded maximum TSS populations. However, only thirty five characters appeared (23.8 and 23 °brix, respectively) and total sugar (23 and 24 %, morphologically distinct. Remaining twenty seven characters were found respectively). Regarding titratable acidity and ascorbic acid of different to be overlapping, they had similarscores and no distinguishing pattern ecotypes, the maximum were recorded in ecotype 4 (0.39 % and 7.80 was observed. Proximity matrix by squared Euclidean between ecotypes mg/100 g, respectively) and ecotype 6 (0.39 % and 7.76 mg/100 g, indicated more closeness/similarity between ecotype 9 and 8 and the respectively). The Sugar: acid ratio recorded maximum in ecotype 5 maximum dissimilarity between ecotype 5 and 1. Principal component (70) and ecotype 3 (63). The minimum physiological loss observed in analysis (PCA) were carried out based on the metric data set derived ecotype 4 (12.16 %) and ecotype 9 (12.50 %). Effect of bunch feeding of macro and micronutrients on yield and quality of tissue culture banana cv. Grand Naine (AAA) R. P. DEVRAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH Banana owing to its large size and rapid growth rate require relatively weight (33.28 kg) and total fruit yield (74.88 t/ha). The highest pulp large amount of nutrients for high yield. To supplement nutrients applied recovery (169.63 g), pulp to peel ratio (2.74), total soluble solids (22.11 to banana plant through soil, foliage and post shooting feeding through °Brix), reducing (17.67 %), total sugars and (20.46 %,) number of days the distal stalk-end of the rachis have gained importance. A field required for colour development (12.32), lowest titrable acidity (0.24 experiment was carried out in the farmer’s field at Agrahara playa, %) and maximum benefit cost ratio (3.85:1) was observed than the Dasanapurahobli of Bengaluru north taluk and district, Karnataka. The control. The bunches fed with dissolved vermicompost and results revealed that the bunches supplied with the of 10 g Urea + 10 g micronutrients resulted in greater quality attributes such as highest SOP + 5 g banana special + 300 g vermicompost recorded significantly TSS, low acidity, less PLW, good colour of fruit, maximum shelf life highest finger length (21.23 cm), finger girth (13.60 cm), finger weight leading to long distance transport and marketing which attracts the (186.53 g), finger volume (162.17 cm3), hand weight (3.62 kg), bunch consumers and ensures highest profit to the farmers. Studies on propagation techniques in avocado (Persea americana, Mill.) M. D. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY

The experiment on effect of seed sowing from the day of extraction parameter. Seeds soaked in GA3 500 ppm for 12 hours taken to 45 days after extraction at 5 days interval on seed viability minimum number of days for early germination (18 days), fifty revealed that significantly minimum number of days for initiation per cent germination (29 days), complete germination (38 days) of germination (16 days), 50 per cent germination (27 days), and maximum germination percentage (96.60 %) was recorded in complete germination (36 days) and maximum germination control. Highest grafting success (88.20 %) and survivability percentage (96.60 %) was noticed in the seeds which were sown percentage (71.40 %) was recorded using GA3 250 ppm and control, on the day of extraction. Highest grafting success (75.00 %) and respectively. Highest percentage success and percentage survivability percentage (81.80 %) was recorded with 175 days survivability of the grafts was maximum (40.00 and 83.30 %, old rootstock and there is no significant results for graft growth respectively) in two month old rootstock.

Diversity studies of jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) genotypes KURUBA AJAYKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. REKHA

Jamun is an important minor fruit crop of tropical and subtropical The genotype IC-715 showed the highest length (11.95 cm) and breadth countries and widely distributed throughout India. It is a versatile (11.25 cm) of inflorescence and Dharwad-3 (3.83 cm and 3 cm) tree for both food and medicinal values. Totally, fifty jamun genotypes showedlowest values. Among the fruit and seed characters the for morphological and 21 genotypes for flower, fruit, seed and bio- genotype Konkan Bahadoli showed highest length, breadth and weight. chemical characters were studied. A significant differences were Among bio-chemical parameters the lowest anthocyanin content observed in morphological and physico-chemical characteristics among (48.38 mg/100 g) was recorded in Selection-58, whereas the highest the various genotypes of jamun. The genotype Dharwad market -2 anthocyanin content (144.77 mg/100 g) was in Madhya Pradesh-2. showed highest plant height (618.3 cm), Highest canopy spread The lowest TSS (14.5 °Brix) was recorded in Patna and the highest recordedin North-South direction (513.33 cm), lowest was recorded TSS content (28.2 °Brix) in Dharwad-3a. The lowest phenol content in the genotype Khanapur-32. Cluster analysis revealed that genotypes (479.87 mg/100 g) was recorded in Dhoopdal, whereas the highest in the cluster IV weremore vigorous and cluster V were least vigorous. phenols content (1856.65 mg/100 g) in Kaithanal. The lowest titratable

168 acidity (0.82 %) was recorded in Selection-58, whereas the highest Shelf life studies among eight jamun genotypes, showed the acidity content (3.52 %) in Dharwad-12. Cluster analysis of genotypes Dhoopdal, Selection-45 and Savadattihad better shelf genotypes based on fruit characters showed cluster I had highest life. The crossability study between rose apple and jamun resulted values for all the parameters studied compare to cluster II and III. five percentage fruit set.

Studies on integrated nutrient management in banana cv. Nanjanagudu Rasabale (AAB) T. MANASARANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATRAO

The result of the present study showed significantly highest plant (5.06) was observed in plants provided with 80 % RDF (Inorganic) + height (293.00 cm), pesudostem girth (62.08 cm) and leaf area (0.79 20 % RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum+ PSB + FA. The highest TSS m2) by the plant provided with 80 % RDF (Inorganic) + 20 % RDF (24.83p B), total soluble sugars (23.63 %), sugar acid ratio (77.92), (FYM) + Azospirillum+ PSB + FA. The minimum crop duration pulp to peel ratio (4.32) and shelf life (5.60 days) were observed in (385.67 days) was observed in plants provided with 80% RDF plants provided with 80 % RDF (Inorganic) + 20% RDF (FYM) + (Inorganic) + 20 % RDF (vermicompost) + Azospirillum+ PSB + Azospirillum+ PSB + FA. The total leaf nutrient content, nitrogen FA.The maximum number of hands (7.75), fruits per bunch (98.33), (2.82 %), phosphorous (0.24 %) and potassium (3.47 %) were found fruit length (14.50 cm), fruit girth (14.00), fruit weight (120.71 g), to be maximum in plants provided with 80% RDF (Inorganic) + 20 % bunch weight (10.73 kg), fruit yield (33.11 t/ha) and benefit cost ratio RDF (FYM) + Azospirillum+ PSB + FA.

Enhancement of yield and quality of banana cv. Ney Poovan (AB) through bunch feeding K. R. PRAMEELA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH

The field investigation was carried out in the farmer’s field at 76.14 g, 31.70 t/ha and 2.66, respectively). The mineral nutrient Vijaypur, Devanahalli taluk, Bengaluru rural district, Karnataka. contents were observed highest (phosphorus - 0.21 %, potash - The results of the present study showed that bunch feeding with 10 1.89, calcium - 0.66 %, magnesium - 0.23 %, sulphur - 0.17, iron - g of urea, 5 g of sulphate of potash, 5 g of Arka banana special along 58.28 ppm, manganese - 37.81 ppm, zinc - 13.91 ppm, copper - with 300 g vermicompost dissolved in 500 ml of water significantly 3.99 ppm) when bunches were provided with 10 g urea, 10 g sulphate enhanced the fruit yield and quality. The maximum weight of hands of potash, 5 g Arka banana special along with 300 g vermicompost, (1.56 kg), weight of bunch (17.20 kg), finger length (13.35 cm), whereas highest TSS (27.30 °Brix), total sugars (22.02 %) and sugar finger girth (10.29 cm), weight of finger (113.17 g) and yield (43.01 acid ratio (72.65) was recorded in bunches fed with 5 g urea, 10 g t/ha) with a cost benefit ratio (3.71) were observed in bunch feeded sulphate of potash, 5 g Arka banana special along with 300 g treatment compared to control (1.12 kg, 12.68 kg, 9.73 cm, 7.17 cm, vermicompost.

Assessment of petiole nutrient content in different wine grape varieties T. R. SANTHOSHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. ANIL KUMAR

Nutrients play a number of crucial roles towards better vine growth, recorded more in white wine grapes. Zn (92.32 ppm) andMn (83.67 yield and quality attributes of berries. Soil and petiole nutrient ppm) contents were more in red wine grape petioles whereas Cu analysis helps in the determination of optimum nutrient (17.28 ppm) and Fe (75.12 ppm) concentrations were higher in recommendation for optimum yield and quality. Keeping these facts white wine grape petiolesduring winter season.Between red and in view, a study was conducted to assess the soil and petiole nutrient white wine grape varieties, the maximum mean length of shoots status of different red and white wine varieties during summer and (77.25 cm), number of new shoots (20.75) andbunch weight (326.87 winter season in Doddaballapura taluk.The mean soil nitrogen g) were noticed in red wine grapes. However, the maximum mean (250.88 kg ha-1), phosphorus (32.92 kg ha-1), potassium (180.76 kg number of inflorescence (after thinning - 14.75), average yield (4.02 ha-1), magnesium (3.28 meq/100g) and zinc (1.74 ppm) contents kg vine-1) and total yield (3810 kg acre-1) were recorded in white were highest in white wine orchards while calcium (5.55 meq/100g), wine grapes. Red wine grapes recorded the lowest average yield sulphur (19.99 ppm), Copper (7.27 ppm), manganese (45.55 ppm) (2.37 kg vine-1) and total yield (2,127.50 kg acre-1) with the maximum and iron (0.97 ppm) contents were more in red wine soil samples TSS (22.03 °brix), pH (3.43), firmness (1.52 N) and minimum during winter season. In summer season, the maximum petiole N titratable acidity (0.17 %). Correlation studies revealed that (1.63 %), Ca (2.07 %), Mg (0.67 %) and S (0.33 %) contents were potassium and zinc positively correlated with high TSS and nitrogen noticed in red wine grapes while P (0.41 %) and K (1.61 %) contents with acidity.

Survey, evaluation, collection and multiplication of red jackfruit types grown under southern districts of Karnataka S. TANUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY The survey was done in five districts and selected 23 red type jack 2.5 m) in MYC-1. HSK-17 recorded maximum fruit length of 36 cm and trees for characterization. Among them, six were old age (> 40 years), width of 26 cm. The genotype ABS-1 recorded highest number of 13 of medium age (20-40 years) and four were young age (< 20 years) fruits per tree (90), highest yield (1080 kg per tree), highest fruit with varied canopy shape. The canopy spread was maximum (NS - weight (12.00 kg), flake mass (5.36 kg), flake per cent (44.63 %), maximum 17.5 m, EW - 18.00 m) in ABS-1 and minimum (NS - 2.3 m and EW - bulb weight (45.25 g), bulb mass (5.68 kg) and lower seed weight (2.58 g).

169 The highest numbers of bulbs were observed in HGN-1 (188). The 4 and MHK-1, respectively. Significantly higher TSS (35.00 °B), total maximum bulb length and width was recorded in HSK-17, BHB-1 sugar (31.73 %) and reducing sugar (16.78 %) was recorded in the genotype and BKH-3 (8.10 cm and 5.43 cm, respectively). The maximum HGN-1. Softwood grafting of elite 15 genotypes on six month old instrumental colour value (a*) red (23.4), total carotenoids (3.45 mg rootstocks showed graft success of 40.67 % (ABS-1) at 90 days after /100 g) and antioxidants (15.72 mg AAE 100-1 g) were recorded in grafting and survivability percentage of 71.67 % (ABS-1) at 120 days MDS-1. The highest moisture content (78.75 %), titrable acidity after grafting. Other parameters such as number of leaves, sprouts, (0.47 %) and sugar acid ratio (97.40) was observed in MAK-1, KTC- height and girth recorded significant difference.

Standardization of grafting techniques in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) OYING JAMOH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI

th th Pomegranate is mainly propagated by air layering. Recently, wilt T8: tongue grafting on 30 June, T9: tongue grafting on 15 July, th th has emerged as a major threat to the pomegranate industry in T10: tongue grafting on 30 July, T11: tongue grafting on 15 August, th Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Presently, neither any T12: tongue grafting on 30 August. The result of the experiment th standard grafting techniques nor suitable rootstock is available by revealed that, T3 (softwood grafting on 15 July) proved to be the which the wilt problem could be managed. Grafting method and most effective in increasing sprouting percentage ( 58.33 %) at 150 grafting time have significant effect on the growth parameters of DAG , grafting success (75 %) at 60 DAG, scion length (57.00 cm) pomegranate. Grafting techniques treatment viz Twelve grafting at 150 DAG and plant height ( 71.71 cm) at 150 DAG. With th techniques treatment T1: softwood grafting on 15 June, T2: softwood respect to scion diameter T4 recorded the maximum scion diameter th grafting on June 30, T3: softwood grafting on 15 July, T4: softwood (6.83 cm) at 150 DAG. Number of leaves per graft was recorded th th grafting on 30 July, T5: softwood grafting on 15 August, T6: maximum in T6 (125.25) at 150 DAG. It was observed that within th th softwood grafting on 30 August, T7: tongue grafting on 15 June, short time more number of grafts could be obtained. Evaluation, molecular marker profiling and DNA barcoding of Annona cultivars grown under northern dry zone of Karnataka K.H. JNAPIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAMANGALA CHOLIN

A total of 12 Annona cultivars from the existing fruit orchard were sugars. Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped 12 Annona cultivars into selected for the present study and subjected to morphological, four clusters and high genetic divergence was found for cultivars falling biochemical and molecular characterization. The treatments comprised in Cluster III, II and IV. Based on marker trait association, markers of 12 popular cultivars, among them 7 cultivars of Annona squamosa, like LMCH-10, RAPD-9_960, RAPD_7_600 exhibited highest allelic one hybrid (Atemoya x Balanagar) and one species Annona reticulata. diversity. The results revealed that SSR markers are highly Variability studies demonstrated higher GCV, PCV, heritability and reproducible, co-dominant. From DNA barcoding analysis, it was GAM implying the existence of sufficient variation among the studied possible to identify allelic variants at single nucleotide level for two genotypes. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded Universal markers viz., Matk and Asq_Matk but not with the Rbcl for most of the traits like fruit length, fruit diameter, pulp weight and region. The results obtained in the present investigation illustrated titrable acidity. Correlation studies revealed significant positive existence of wide range of variations for most of the traits among correlation between fruit weight and fruit diameter, number of seeds. Annona cultivars, which would help Annona breeders to identity Total sugars was positively correlated to reducing and non-reducing inter and intra-specific variation among Annona species at early stage.

Studies on influence of growing media, PGR’s and propagation conditions on rooting ability of stem cuttings of jamun (Syzigium cumini L. Skeels) B. M. BHYRAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D.P. PRAKASHA

The present investigation entitled “Studies on influence of growing weight (8.01 g) and length of shoots (6.40 cm) was recorded in T8 (M3 media, PGR’s and propagation conditions on rooting ability of stem + C2), whereas, the maximum sprouting % (36.73) and number roots cuttings of jamun (Syzigium cumini L. Skeels)” was carried out using (57.77) was recorded in T7 (M3 + C1). In experiment two, the minimum factorial CRD. A total of three types of cutting (C1- Hardwood cutting, days (8.65) taken for sprout initiation was less in T21 (G7 + C3). The

C2- Semi hardwood cutting, C3- Shoot-tip cutting) and their combinations maximum sprouting percentage (29.90), number of sprouts (6.10), with four treatments of media (M1-Soil, M2-Cocopeat, M3-Sand, M4- number of leaves (9.15), shoot length (8.54 cm), fresh weight (21.47 g),

Soilrite), seven treatments of growth regulators (G1-IBA 2,000 ppm, dry weight (14.25 g), number of roots (57.60), length of the longest

G2-IBA 3,000 ppm, G3-IBA 4,000 ppm, G4- IBA 2,000 + PHB 750 root (16.85cm) and rooting percentage (35.40) was recorded in T19 (G7 ppm G5-IBA 3,000 + PHB 750 ppm, G6- IBA 4,000 + PHB 750 ppm + C1). In experiment three, the minimum days (9.47) taken for sprout and G7-Rootex) and three treatments of propagation conditions (T1- initiation was less in T6 (T2 + C3). The highest sprout per cent (26.43),

Mist house, T2-Shade net, T3-Poly house) were used. In experiment number of sprouts (6), number of leaves (8.91), dry weight (15.41 g), one, the number of days (8.37) taken for sprout initiation was less in number roots (57.42), length of longest root (17.10 cm) and rooting per

T12 (M4 + C3). The highest number of sprouts (9.03), fresh weight cent (35.33) was recorded in T4 (C1 + T2). The highest fresh weight

(13.86 g), length of longest root (15.45 cm) and rooting % (44.87) was 22.47 g was recorded in T3 (T1 + C3), whereas, the highest shoot length recorded in T10 (M4 + C1). The highest number of leaves (8.01), dry of 8.63 cm was recorded in T6 (T2 +C3).

170 Response of pineapple cv. Kew to different levels of nutrients under high density planting in hill zone of Karnataka VIDYA JAYARAMA BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. MANU KUMAR Among different treatment levels, with respect to vegetative (94.68 t), TSS (15.92 °B), Vitamin C (25.67 mg/100 g), reducing parameters T2S5 [Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) + 80 % RDN + 20 % RDN sugars (14.13 %), total sugars (19.23 %) and the lowest acidity through vermicompost + ZnSO4 (10 kg/ha) + Boron (5 kg/ha)] (0.72 %) were recorded in T2S5. Further, the same treatment (T2S5) recorded the highest number of leaves (41.40), D-leaf length (64.00 also recorded significantly the maximum available nitrogen (319.23 cm), D-leaf breadth (3.64 cm), average leaf length (64.00 cm), kg/ha), potassium (294.92 kg/ha), zinc (1.85 ppm), boron (0.91 average leaf breadth (3.67 cm), leaf area (8853.11 cm2) in the crop ppm) in soil and organic carbon (1.52 %) in soil and nitrogen compared to other treatment. Fruit length (19.06 cm), fruit diameter (3.43 %) and potassium (3.07 %) in leaves. The highest net returns (40.33 cm), crown length (36.44 cm), crown diameter (64.08 cm), of ` 7,20,825 and benefit cost ratio (2.73:1) was obtained with the fruit weight with crown (2.18 kg), fruit weight without crown application of Azotobacter (5 kg/ha) + 80 % RDN + 20 % RDN

(1.76 kg), crown weight (416.67 g), fruit weight: crown weight through vermicompost + ZnSO4 (10 kg/ha) + Boron (5 kg/ha) as ratio (5.22) fruit yield per plant (2.18 kg), fruit yield per hectare compared to other treatments. Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka RASHMI INGALAGAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATIL The investigation consisted of four experiments based on age of the maximum TSS: acid ratio was found in Singapore (84.06). In the trees. First experiment consisted 14 cultivars of 22 years old, second third experiment, PKM-4 recorded the maximum plant height (5.56 experiment consisted 7 cultivars of 17 years old, third experiment m), canopy volume (63.71 m3), fruit weight (94.07 g), fruit yield consisted 5 cultivars of 14-15 years old and fourth experiment (70.63 kg/tree). The maximum fruit volume was found in Kalipatti consisted 8 cultivars of 10-11 years old plants. In the first (Udupi) (75.05 ml). The maximum TSS was found in Variegated experiment, DHS-1 recorded the maximum plant height (8.10 m), sapota (22.25 °Brix), the maximum TSS: acid ratio was found in canopy volume (305.25 m3), fruit weight (139.82 g), fruit volume Pala (75.33). In the fourth experiment, Dwarapudi recorded the (77.40 ml), fruit yield (156.25 kg/tree). The maximum TSS was maximum plant height (5.87 m), canopy volume (60.46 m3), fruit found in Oval (24.00 °Brix), the maximum TSS: acid ratio was found weight (110.08 g), fruit volume (87.20 ml), fruit yield (43.67 kg/ in PKM-2 (106.45). In the second experiment, Cricket Ball (ARSA) tree). The maximum TSS was found in Gholwad sapota (24.83 °Brix) recorded the maximum plant height (6.84 m), canopy volume (154.90 where as the maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Calcutta Round m3), fruit weight (102.83 g), fruit yield (111.67 kg/tree). The (85.49). Apart from DHS-1 and Cricket Ball (ARSA), PKM-4 and maximum fruit volume was found in Cricket Ball (Udupi) (84.07 Dwarapudi were found to be superior cultivars for northern dry ml). The maximum TSS was found in Virudhnagar (23.00 °Brix), the zone of Karnataka. Standardisation of Hi-Tech propagation protocol in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) through cuttings ASHIS MALAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. PRAKASHA

In the first experiment, significant differences were recorded among cutting + T1 Shade net) exhibited the maximum sprouting (66.66 %), various treatments. Hardwood cuttings, 500 ppm IBA and cocopeat number of sprouts at 30 DAP (3.67), fresh weight and dry weight have been recorded as the best combintion with respect to both shoot (7.40 and 4.52 g), length of the longest root (11.38 cm) and rooting and root parameters. In the interaction, T57 (C3 Hardwood cutting+ percentage (64.81 %). The treatment T9 (C3 Hardwood cutting + T3

M4 Cocopeat + G1 IBA 500 ppm) exhibited the best response with Mist house) gave the maximum number of leaves at 90 DAP (14.53), respect to the parameters viz., percentage of sprouted cuttings (47.22 length of shoots at 90 DAP (9.15 cm) and number of primary root per cent), number of sprouts at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (4.6, 24.00 and (5.13). The third experiment, among the treatments, T4 (Vikram) 7.40, respectively), length of shoots at 90 DAP (14.59 cm), average recorded the maximum sprouting percentage (91.66 %), length of fresh weight (13.52 g) and dry weight (10.19 g), number of primary shoots at 30, 60 and 90 DAP (1.41, 6.23 and 13.10 cm, respectively), root (11.10), length of the longest root (15.47 cm) and percentage of number of primary roots (4.20), root length (18.70 cm) and percentage rooted cuttings (44.44 %). In the second experiment, significant of rooted cuttings (88.88 %). The study revealed that the combination differences were recorded among treatments. Hardwood cuttings and of hardwood cutting, cocopeat, shade net and 500 ppm IBA was the shade net has been recorded as the best combination with respect to best to induce more shooting and rooting parameters in acid lime cv. both shoot and root parameters. In the interaction, T3 (C3 Hardwood Vikram and other cultivars. Morphological and biochemical characterization of annona (Annona squamosa L.) genotypes for yield and yield attributing traits ANITA M. CHAVAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. PEERJADE The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences were the high yielding varieties. Hence, these can be further assessed among all the traits studied, except, reducing sugar and shelf life, for stability before exploiting them for future use. The highest fruit thus indicating the existence of variation among the genotypes and weight (240.0 g), fruit length (8.20 cm), pulp weight (155.0 g), total scope for crop improvement. Among 12 genotypes Balanagar (6.68 sugar (21.0 %), reducing sugar (17.73 %), TSS (27 %) and shelf life kg/plant), Arka Sahan (6.56 kg/plant) and Island Gem (6.49 kg/plant) (3.33 days) was recorded in Arka Sahan genotype. High GCV and

171 PCV were observed for yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit Mahalanobis D2 analysis 12 accessions were grouped into five and seed width. High heritability was observed for pulp weight, clusters. Cluster V (D2 = 101.94) had maximum intra-cluster peel weight and fruit weight. High genetic advance as per cent over diversity and the maximum inter- cluster distance (D2 = 619.69) mean was observed for yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit was observed between clusters III and V. Maximum divergence was and seed width exhibiting predominant additive component indicating observed between these clusters. Hence the crosses between ample scope for improving these characters through direct selection. accessions of these clusters may be tried for improvement of yield. Total yield per plant was found to be positively and significantly The PCA analysis found to reduce the data of 17 traits in six most associated with canopy spread E-W (0.886), fruit length (0.749), significant variables or components which recorded maximum and fruit width (0.788), fruit weight (0.785) and peel weight (0.543). stable variability among all other characters. The genotypes Path analysis revealed that fruit weight (0.869), fruit width (0.451), corresponding to variables with maximum values would be taken plant height (0.405) and number of seeds per fruit (0.196) had high into consideration for selection of diverse genotypes for future positive direct effect on total yield per plant. By following breeding programmes. Evaluation of seedling progenies of charoli (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.) for their yield and quality under north eastern transitional zone of Karnataka SHASHANK S. MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. SRINIVAS Among the 50 seedling progenies selected for the study, all the genotypes characters viz., number of panicles per plant, number of fruits per were early bearing in nature except KCS-6. The maximum fruit yield panicle and kernel weight had shown significant and positive correlation per tree was recorded in KCS-43 (6.39 kg). The maximum fruit weight with yield per tree (0.746, 0.647 and 0.320 respectively) and there was (1.48 g) and pulp weight (1.10 g) were recorded in KCS-22. The maximum no significant correlation between plant spread (East-West and North- shelling percentage of charoli nuts was recorded in KCS-34 (34.87 %) South), leaf area, fruit weight and nut weight (-0.161, 0.003, 0.033, while, the maximum kernel weight was recorded in KCS-2 (0.10 g). 0.074 and 0.098 respectively). Quality parameters viz., TSS, titrable Regarding the quality parameters of charoli, the maximum TSS (24.00 acidity, protein, fat and total sugars did not show any significant °B) and total sugars (15.87 %) were recorded in KCS-16 while, the correlation for yield. There was positive and significant correlation maximum titrable acidity was recorded in KCS-15 (0.68 %). With between TSS and total sugars (0.714) and protein and number of fruits respect to kernel quality parameters, the maximum protein percentage per panicle (0.372). KCS-27, KCS-33, KCS-43 and KCS-46 seedling in kernel was recorded in KCS-27 (20.69 %) and the maximum fat progenies were found to be superior for yield and quality attributes content in kernel was recorded in KCS-7 (40.69 %). Yield attributing indicating their utility in the future crop improvement programme.

Comparitive evaluation of sapota (Manilkara achras L.) genotypes on their growth, yield and quality parameters C. N. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI

Seventeen genotypes of sapota were evaluated in randomized block (82.80 g), leaf length (11.79 cm), number of fruits per tree (170.50) design with three replications. The analysis of variance indicated and fruit length (5.98 cm). Number of leaves per shoot (15.24) and highly significant differences among all traits studied, thus indicating fruit weight (93.07 g) had high direct effect and fresh pulp weight the existence of variation among the genotypes. The high estimates of (82.80 g) and leaf width (3.28 cm) had high indirect effect on total heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean were recorded yield/plant. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, 17 genotypes were for plant height, stem girth, canopy spread north-south, canopy categorised into nine clusters. Cluster II and cluster I exhibited the spread east-west, shoot length, shoot girth, canopy volume, leaf length, maximum intra cluster distance, whereas the maximum inter cluster leaf width, leaf area, and all yield and quality traits. Therefore, direct distance was recorded between cluster II and cluster VII. The genotypes selection would be more effective in improving these traits. The results such as CO-1, CO-2, CO-3, PKM-4 and Singapore were found to be on correlation and path analysis revealed high positive and significant promising for yield. Genotypes like Cricket Ball, Kalipatti, association of total fruit yield per tree (15.62 kg) with characters viz., Kirthibharthi were found promising for quality parameters indicating fruit weight (93.07 g), fruit width (5.32 cm), fresh weight of pulp their scope for utility in further crop improvement programme. Studies on sex ratio and production potential of different mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties under northern dry zone of Karnataka B. H. SUSHMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. ALLOLLI The experiment with eight mango varieties was laid out in a recorded in Dashehari (554.89 and 3001.00, respectively) whereas, randomized block design with three replications. The result revealed the lowest number of hermaphrodite and staminate flowers per that tree height (3.82 m), canopy volume (14.74 m3) and trunk girth panicle was found in Pairi (233.67) and Baneshan (433.78) (53.44 cm) was maximum in Baneshan. Khadar recorded the maximum respectively. More number of fruits per panicle at harvest was tree spread (north-south and east-west) of 4.40 m and 4.79 m, found in Kesar (285.78) and the highest fruit set was recorded in respectively. Baneshan and Totapuri were the early to full bloom, Totapuri (0.08 %). Highest fruit length (13.48 cm), pulp weight whereas Dashehari and Khadar were late to bloom. Dashehari (232.00 g), pulp to stone ratio (6.15) shelf-life of fruit (13.67 days) produced the maximum leaf area (48.91 cm2) and the highest panicles was reported in Totapuri. The highest fruit width (10.54 cm) and per plant (329.67) while, the minimum number of panicles was peel weight (54.31 g) was recorded in Baneshan. However, highest recorded in Malgoa (156.44). Among the cultivars, the highest stone weight was found in Alphonso (90.48 g). The biochemical number of hermophrodite and staminate flowers per panicle was parameters like highest TSS (19.11°Brix) and TSS to Acid ratio

172 (78.28) were found in Dashehari. The maximum acidity was found suitable and potential varieties for northern dry zone of Karnataka in Kesar (0.34 %). Khadar exhibited the highest amount of reducing owing to their better growth, development and desirable yield sugar (6.42%). Totapuri and Baneshan were found to be the most attributing characters. FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Genetic variability studies in F4 population of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] ANITA HOSALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MUKUND

An investigation was carried out on “Genetic variability studies in F4 and flower diameter in both the F4 population of China aster, suggesting population of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]” with the possibility of simultaneous selection for these characters. Path

the aim to study the genetic variability in two F4 population obtained analysis revealed that duration of flowering, number of flowers per from the crosses viz., AAC-1 × Arka Poornima and Arka Kamini × P plant and individual flower weight had high direct effects, which

G Purple. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant indicated the possibility of increasing flower yield by selecting the F4 difference among the 40 genotypes for all the characters studied population for these characters directly in both the crosses. Expression indicating higher magnitude of variability in the germplasm. The of flower colour indicated ratio of 13:3:4 (Deep pink: Light pink: estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic White) in AAC-1 × Arka Poornima and 16:4 (Purple: Pink) in Arka

coefficient of variation values were higher with high heritability and Kamini × P G Purple. The F4 population of AAC-1 × Arka Poornima high genetic advance as percent of mean for plant height, plant spread had performed better for yield traits compared to Arka Kamini × P G in North - South, East - West and flower stalk length in Arka Kamini Purple. In the cross AAC-1 × Arka Poornima the lines namely, Line × P G Purple and for number of branches and leaf area in AAC-1 × 103, Line 110, Line 86, Line 178, Line 179, and in the cross Arka Arka Poornima indicating the possible role of additive gene action in Kamini × P G Purple lines namely, Line 10, Line 74 and Line 37, Line their genetic control. Yield per plant had positive and highly significant 65, Line 75, were found superior with respect to flower yield and correlation with number of flowers per plant, individual flower weight quality parameters.

Assessment of genetic variability for yield and quality traits in annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.). M. P. BINDHUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. (Smt). B. C. PATIL

Analysis of variance showed significant differences among 20 number of flowers per plant, flower yield per plot, yield per hectare, genotypes of annual chrysanthemum for all the characters studied. test weight and seed yield per plant, indicating the possible role of Magnitude of the Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was additive gene action. Individual flower weight, days to harvest and higher than Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) for all the number of flowers per plant showed highly significant and positive traits, indicating genotype and environment interaction. association with flower yield per plant at both genotypic and Heritability estimates ranged from a moderate 56.31 per cent (plant phenotypic levels. Genotypic and phenotypic path coefficient spread in North-South direction) to high as 99.91 per cent (number analysis revealed that flower yield per plant was directly and of leaves). Estimates of high heritability coupled with high genetic positively influenced by individual flower weight, number of advance as per cent of mean (GAM) were observed for plant flowers per plant, number of leaves and days for 50 per cent height, number of secondary branches, number of leaves, days flowering. Among the genotypes White Majestine, Sarpan Yellow, taken for flower bud initiation, days for 50 per cent flowering, Sarpan White, AACS-2 and AACS-1 were found to be best individual flower weight, days to harvest, duration of flowering, performing genotypes with respect to yield and quality parameters.

Propagation studies in ornamental shrubs AISHWARYA MAJOR ADVISOR : Dr. SATEESH R. PATIL

The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Block (73.33%). In Thuja orientalis early sprouting (11.13 days), highest Design with factorial concept (FCRD) with three replications having number of sprouts per cutting (15.93) and length of longest sprout 30 treatment combinations consisting of three types of cuttings i.e. (5.47 cm), highest number of primary (4.68) and secondary tip cuttings, semi hardwood and hardwood cuttings, five levels of roots per cutting (11.80), length of longest root (7.59 cm) and rooting rooting hormonesi.e. control (zero ppm), 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, per cent (66.80%) was recorded in tip cuttings treated with 4000 3000 ppm, 4000 ppm along with two different type of growing ppm of IBA planted in soil + sand + cocopeat + VAM media. In media viz. soil + sand + cocopeat and soil + sand + cocopeat + VAM Hamelia patens semi hardwood cuttings treated with 3000 ppm of media. In Leucophyllum frutescens tip cuttings treated with 4000 IBA planted in soil + sand + cocopeat + VAM media has resulted in ppm of IBA planted in soil + sand + cocopeat + VAM media early sprouting (6.93 days), highest number of sprouts per cutting recorded early sprouting (6.80 days), longest sprout (12.73 cm), (4.93) and length of longest sprout (5.53 cm), highest number of highest number of primary (5.80) and secondary roots per cutting primary (6.53) and secondary roots per cutting (17.00) and maximum (12.00), length of longest root (10.02 cm) and rooting per cent rooting per cent (68 %).

173 Studies on weed management and methods of planting in different lawn grasses SITHIN MATHEW MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SEETHARAMU

Experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design fresh weight (8.82 g), root dry weight (5.30 g), root length density with 12 treatments combination with an objective to evaluate pre (15.60 cm/gm-3) and root mass density (11.01 g/gm-3). While lowest planting weed control methods in different turf grasses and to total weed count (9.56/m2) and fewer days taken for germination or identify best turf grass species and planting method for early sprouting (11.00 days) was recorded by seed sowing method at 10 establishment. Among the two turf grasses studied Bermuda grass g/m2. Among weed management approaches Dizomet applied plots var. ‘Tif Dwarf’ planted plots showed less number of weeds (4.61/ showed less number of weeds at 40 DAP (9.68/m2) than hand weeded m2), less number of days taken for germination or sprouting (7.28 plots. Interaction effect showed less number of weeds in Dizomet days), high ground cover score (5.00), chlorophyll content (2.48 applied plots established through stolon dibbling (8.46/m2). Stolon mg/g), number of leaves per stolon (30.74), number of roots (124.00), dibbling method of establishment with Bermuda grass var. ‘Tif dwarf’ root length (22.86 cm) and root diameter (1.23 mm) compared to at 160 days after planting recorded highest values for total Mexican grass planted plots. Whereas Mexican grass recorded high chlorophyll content (3.09 mg/g), stolon length (35.57 cm), number leaf length (21.99 cm), average leaf area (2.74 cm2), root fresh weight of nodes (39.61), number of leaves (42.78), root length (25.86 cm), (7.35 g), root dry weight (4.53 g), root length density (17.19 cm/g/m3) root fresh weight (11.51 g) and root dry weight (6.96 g) while the and root mass density (12.40 g/g/m3) after 160 days of planting. interaction effect of establishment by seed sowing method at 5g/m2 Stolon dibbling method of establishment recorded high ground cover with Mexican grass recorded highest number of roots (227.00), root score (4.85), number of nodes (27.51), number of leaves (29.74), length density (19.60 cm/g/m3) and root mass density (14.68 cm/g/ total chlorophyll content (2.68 mg/g), number of roots (179.17), root m3).

Studies on effect of gamma irradiations for inducing variability in gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) C. VIKAS ABHAYA ULLAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. PATIL

Experiment was laid out in FRCBD with 7 treatments combination Whereas, T1V2 (1.5 kR + Local) recorded minimum number of with an aim to identify the best gamma irradiation doses on growth, days to sprouting (7.80 and 9.75 days), maximum sprouts per corm flowering and corm parameters in two cultivars viz., White Prosperity (2.70 and 2.38), number of leaves (15.75 and 14.21), number of spikes

(V1) and Hosur Local (V2). Among interaction effects of different per plant (3.33 and 2.65), number of corms (5.47 and 4.84), number gamma irradiation doses and two cultivars, T1V1 (1.5 kR+ White of cormels (34.87 and 31.27), weight of corms (100.13 and 95.93 g) Prosperity) recorded maximum sprouting per cent (100), plant height and weight of cormels (16.50 and 15.18 g) during both generations at 75 DAP (73.50 and 70.74 cm), leaf length (56.86 and 54.85 cm), respectively. However, treatment control had shown better results leaf area (227.40 and 242.86 cm2), minimum days taken to spike over other treatments as it was not treated by gamma irradiation initiation (57.86 and 59.57 days), minimum days taken to first floret doses. Lower doses of gamma irradiations viz., 1.5kR (T1) and 2.5kR opening (67.46 and 68.39 days), maximum spike length (65.90 and (T2) of gamma rays can be used for crop improvement as a stable 63.71 cm), rachis length (47.36 and 48.57 cm), number of florets per mutant was isolated in cv. Hosur Local having white dots all over the spike (18.40 and 17.38), florets diameter (11.17 and 10.21 cm), vase flowers when treated with 2.5kR (T2) of gamma rays which can be life (9.60 and 9.30 days) and diameter of corms (5.93 and 5.70 cm). successfully employed for further crop improvement studies.

Studies on the effect of micronutrients in China aster (Callistephus chinensis L. Nees) genotypes E. K. LIKITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. (Smt.) B. C. PATIL

The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design flower yield per plant (231.44 g), flower yield per hectare (20829.83 with 16 treatment combinations with an objective to find out the kg), seed yield per plant (5.41 g) and seed yield per hectare (486.54 effect of foliar application of micronutrients on genotypes AAC-1 kg) were recorded in the treatment T13. AAC-1 genotype exhibited and Arka Kamini with respect to growth, flowering, yield and quality. good vegetative growth and yield parameters such as plant height Among the 16 different micronutrients combinations studied the (55.75 cm), number of branches (21.79), leaf area (3537.45 cm2), treatment T13 (ZnSO4 @ 0.4% + FeSO4 @ 0.4% + Boron @ 0.1%) highest number of flowers per plant (59.78), flower yield per plant recorded maximum plant height (65.90 cm), number of branches (235.24 g), flower yield per hectare (21.17 t/ha), seed yield per plant (25.76), leaf area (4288.51 cm2), plant spread (42.80 and 45.23 cm (4.95 g) and seed yield per hectare (445.16 kg) while, the genotype towards E-W and N-S directions, respectively), flower diameter (6.93 Arka Kamini exhibited earliness for flower initiation (64.62days). cm), shelf life (2.36 days), vase life (10.23 days) and dry matter Eventhough the interaction effects of micronutrient and genotypes production (55.80 g) . Similarly for yield attributes such as the highest was non- significant, the highest gross and net returns were from the number of flowers per plant (66.15), single flowers weight (4.03 g), treatment T13 with BC ratio 1:4.98.

174 Genetic variability studies in gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality T. JYOTHILAXMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMREEN TAJ

An experiment entitled “Genetic variability studies in gaillardia BGC 15 (264.40 g/plant). In variability studies, high GCV and PCV (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) genotypes for growth, yield and quality” was recorded for leaf area per plant, number of secondary branches, was carried out using Randomized Complete Block Design, and was total chlorophyll content, flower peduncle length and individual flower replicated twice. Among the 26 genotypes evaluated, maximum plant weight. In correlation studies, flower yield per plant had highly height (66. 40 cm) was recorded in the genotype BGC 11 and early significant and positive correlation for leaf area, number of primary flowering (36.60 days) and days to 50 per cent flowering was observed branches, number of secondary branches, chlorophyll content, early in genotypes BGC 11 and BGC 21 (57.50 and 57.50 days, duration of flowering and number of flowers per plant. In path analysis, respectively). Maximum flowering duration of 142.90 days was plant height followed by number of primary branches per plant, recorded in DGS 1, maximum flower diameter (6.26 cm) was recorded plant spread in east west direction, number of secondary branches in BGC 10 and maximum peduncle length (14.55 cm) was recorded in per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, individual flower weight, BGC 11. Maximum individual flower weight (3.13 g) was recorded in number of flowers per plant, days to first bud initiation, flower BGC 23 (3.13 g). Maximum number of flowers per plant (137.70) peduncle length and flower head diameter showed direct positive was recorded in BGC 15. Flower yield on weight basis was highest in effect on yield per plant.

Variability studies in French marigold (Tagetes patula L.) D. NAGASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BALAJI S. KULKARNI

An experiment entitled “Variability studies in French marigold plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, chlorophyll content, (Tagetes patula L.)” was carried out with two replications. Significant length of peduncle of terminal flower head, flower diameter, flower variations were observed among 25 genotypes for all the parameters yield (g/plant, kg/plot and t/ha), dry flower yield (g/plant) and seed studied. Among them, the genotype Pusa Arpita showed maximum yield (g/plant). With respect to correlation studies, flower yield (g/ plant height (64.90 cm), plant spread in North-South direction (43.00 plant) showed positive and significant correlation with the plant cm) and leaf area (1586.38 cm2). Days to first flowering and 50 per height, number of branches per plant (primary and secondary), plant cent flowering (46.90 days and 63.10 days, respectively) were early spread in both East-West and North-South directions, leaf length, in UHSFm-10. Longer blooming period (53.15 days) and the leaf width, leaf area, individual flower weight and number of flowers maximum flower diameter (5.11 cm) were noticed in Bonanza Mix. per plant.In path analysis, plant height, number of branches per Maximum number of flowers per plant (143.10) was recorded in plant (primary and secondary), plant spread in the North-South IIHRFm-13. Individual flower weight (3.15 g), fresh flower yield direction, leaf width, leaf area, days to first flowering, duration of (388.05 g/plant, 5.82 kg/plot and 15.91 t/ha), dry flower yield (48.51 flowering, flower diameter, individual flower weight and the number g/plant) and seed yield (29.14 g/plant) were maximum in Pusa Deep. of flowers per plant showed the positive direct effect on flower In variability studies, high GCV and PCV values were recorded for yield per plant. Variability studies in gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) PANCHASHEELA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design was recorded in the cultivar Arka Shobha. Maximum floret diameter with 23 genotypes and two replications. Among the 23 genotypes was observed in Suryakiran (11.28 cm). The highest number of cormels evaluated, maximum sprouting of corms was recorded in all the varieties per plant (47.70) and highest (82.21 g) corm weight per plant was except Arka Kumkum (25%). Maximum plant height (110.95 cm) and recorded in Arka Amar. Maximum corm diameter was recorded in Arka least (35.00 days) number of days to spike emergence was recorded in Gold (70.12 mm). Arka Poonam recorded the maximum (20.60 g) cormel Arka Shobha. Whereas, the maximum number of leaves per plant was weight per plant. In variability studies, high GCV and PCV were recorded recorded in Arka Aarati (11.00). Spike length and rachis length were for all the characters studied. Correlation study revealed that the highest in Arka Shobha (77.17 and 65.35 cm, respectively). Arka parameters such as, plant height, sprouting percentage, days to corm Darshan recorded the maximum number of spikes per plant (2.50) and sprouting, number of leaves per plant, spike length, rachis length, number corms per plant (2.70). Highest number of florets per spike (18.90), of florets per spike, weight of spike, number of corms and number of maximum spike weight (48.39 g) and maximum vase life (12.20 days) cormels per plant had strong association with yield. Effect of sewage water on growth, yield and quality of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) M. N. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. M. RAJESH

-1 The results of the study revealed that the treatment T2 (100% Maximum value for total bacteria (5.80 CFU × 106 g of soil), total untreated sewage water) significantly increased all the growth fungi (2.56 CFU × 104 g-1 of soil) and actinomycetes (1.71 CFU × 104 parameters and yield attributes such as maximum plant height (49.70 -1 g of soil) were also recorded in the treatment T2 (100% untreated cm), total number of flowers per plant (65.30), flower yield (18.02 t sewage water). Among the varieties, Cv. Maxima yellow has recorded ha-1) and shelf life of flowers (4.01 days). In the same treatment significantly higher value for growth parameters and yield attributes highest available N, P, K i.e. 712.72 kg ha-1, 66.95 kg ha-1 and 663.45 such as maximum plant height (49.64 cm), total number of flowers kg ha-1, N (2.22%), P (0.73%) and K (4.53%) uptake were recorded. per plant (52.56), flower yield (13.10 t ha-1), shelf life (4.22 days), N,

175 P and K uptake (1.89, 0.43 and 4.33 %, respectively). Among the life (4.10 days), N, P and K uptake (2.42, 0.78 and 4.75%, interactions T2V1 resulted in significantly higher value for growth and respectively). Therefore growth, yield and quality of marigold were yield parameters such as maximum plant height (59.33 cm), total found best in 100% untreated sewage water compared to other number of flowers per plant (71.36), flower yield (21.49 t ha-1), shelf treatments. Effect of different levels of cycocel (ccc) on growth, yield and quality of nerium (Nerium oleander L.) H. R. SHILPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. A. YATHINDRA

Application of cycocel at 1600 ppm increased plant spread to the (101.41days), 50 per cent flowering (119.33 days) and prolonged extent of 4.26, 11.74, 8.21 per cent towards North- South direction duration of flowering (143.33 days). Cycocel at 1200 ppm recorded and cycocel at 800 ppm increased plant spread of 14.76, 16.15, maximum 100 bud weight (26 g), cumulative yield per plant (2.88 and 20.57 per cent in East-West direction at 180, 210 and 240 kg) and cumulative yield per hectare (28.80 t). It also increased DAP, respectively. No significant difference was observed for the flower yield to the extent of 58.71, 46.45, 46.51, 54.21, 47.24 vegetative parameters like plant height, plant spread and numbers per cent during the month of January, February, March, April and of branches up to 90 DAP. Significant differences were observed May, respectively and showed the maximum bud diameter (10.23 after 120 DAP. Maximum reduction in the plant height to the mm), bud length (3.49 cm), corolla length (2.46 cm), corolla tube extent of 10.91, 11.28, 6.87, 7.36, 9.20 per cent was recorded length (12.82 mm) and flower diameter (5.38 cm). It was also from 120 to 240 DAP over the control. Cycocelat 1200 ppm increased the shelf life (9.40 hrs) and minimised physiological increased the number of branches (21.79%), leaf area (11.71%) losses in weight (6.61%) with increased benefit cost ratio (3.17:1). and chlorophyll content (56.48 %). Cycocel at 1600 ppm took Cycocel at 1200 ppm showed significant influence on overall maximum days for bud initiation (67.82 days), first flowering growth, flowering, yield and quality of nerium.

Genetic diversity analysis of dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) genotypes BHAGYASHREE NARAYANA HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. M.

The experiment was laid out in simple randomized complete block days taken to first flowering, number of days taken to 50 per cent design with two replications and thirty five genotypes with a view to flowering, stalk length, length and width of petals, individual flower find out the genetic diversity of dahlia genotypes. Among the genotypes weight, number of flowers per plant and number of tubers per plant, evaluated, HUBD-26 (559.03g) and HUBD-17 (515.88 g) recorded number of flowers per hectare indicating the predominance additive highest flower yield per plant. These genotype performed better gene components and for these traits simple selection can be carried with respect to growth, yield and quality traits. The diameter of out. Flower yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive flower (13.52 cm) and individual flower weight (15.33 g), was maximum association with plant height at 120 DAT, number of secondary in HUBD-30. Whereas, shelf life of flowers was highest in the genotype branches per plant at 120 DAT, number of leaves at 120 DAT, leaf HUBD-34 (6.30 days), more stalk length was noticed for HUBD-12 area at 120 DAT, duration of the crop, number of petals per flower, (14.04 cm). However weight of tuber was maximum in the genotype individual flower weight and number of flowers per plant suggesting HUBD-10 (28.45 g). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant the possibility of simultaneous selection for these traits. Cluster difference among the genotypes for growth, flowering, yield and analysis indicates cluster IV with four genotypes showed maximum quality parameters. High heritability coupled with high GA over per (D2=941.75) intra-cluster distance while, maximum inter cluster cent mean were observed for plant height at 60 and 120 DAT, number distance (D2=6704.46) was observed between cluster V and III. These of secondary branches at 60 and 120 DAT, number of leaves at 30, 60, results indicated the scope for selection within these respective 90 and 120 DAT, leaf area and leaf area index at 60 DAT, number of clusters as they possessed sufficient amount of diversity.

Evaluation of Asparagus and Dracaena species for quality cut foliage and marketability C.T. PRATHEEKSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. M. SHIROL

Cut foliages are one of the most important components of florist (4.91). Asparagus myriocladus produced maximum cladophyll stalk industry for use as fillers in bouquets, background and lining material length (14.57 cm), stalk girth (2.70 cm), internodal length (4.43 cm) in various flower arrangements. Asparagus and Dracaena are excellent and fresh weight (24.14 g) and the maximum B C ratio of 5.26 : 1 was cut foliages which are extensively used for this purpose due to their found in Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’. Meanwhile, the maximum lush green foliage. An experiment entitled “Evaluation of Asparagus vase life of 15.24 days was recorded in A. densiflorus ‘Myers’ in and Dracaena species for quality cut foliage and marketability” was treatment 10 % Sucrose + 25 ppm BA + 0.5 % Boric acid. Among carried out at the experimental block of Division of Floriculture and Dracaena species, D. fragrans Victoriae recorded maximum plant Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka spread (5846.93 cm2), maximum leaf area index (2.70) and leaf width during the year 2018-2019. The experiment was conducted in (8.72 cm). D. massangeana recorded the maximum leaf length (51.45 Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications and four cm), maximum leaf width (8.49 cm), and maximum fresh weight (10.54 treatments in Asparagus and five treatments with four replications g). Dracaena terminalis recorded maximum internodal length (1.31 in Dracaena. Among different species of ornamental Asparagus, cm) and the maximum BC ratio of 4.5 : 1 was found in D. fragrans Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ produced maximum plant spread Victoriae. Meanwhile, the maximum vase life of 32.74 days was (10210.65 cm2), maximum number of cladophylls per plant and per recorded in D. fragrans Victoriae in treatment 10% Sucrose + 200 plot (61.21 and 129.33, respectively) and maximum leaf area index ppm 8-HQC.

176 POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY Standardization of protocol for West Indian cherry (Malpighia glabra L.) beverages and microencapsulated powder R. NAVYA RANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR The study was conducted to standardize the process conditions of recorded the best results for squash preparation. In storage studies of juice, squash and microencapsulated powder. The results of west Indian the west Indian cherry juice powder produced from spray dried cherry juice revealed that chemical constituents like TSS, titratable technology showed that the, physical properties viz., moisture content, acidity, ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, total sugars and antioxidant activity water activity, a* value increased during storage, while the chemical decreased marginally whereas, pH and microbial load value increased properties like TSS and total sugars were increased but ascorbic acid, during the storage period of 90 days. The study also revealed that titratable acidity and anthocyanin content were decreased with increased treatment T7 (pasteurization of juice at 80 °C for 7.5 minutes with 500 storage period. The powder yield range between 8.07 g (T3) to 13.99 g ppm Benzoic acid) showed higher chemicaland organoleptic traits and (T4). Thus, the study revealed that, the treatment T5 (inlet temperature was followedby T4 (pasteurization of juice at 80 °C for 7.5 minutes) 175 °C with 10% maltodextrin) registered greater influence on the during storage. The storage studies of squash showed similar result to physico-chemical characters and organoleptic traits during three months juice. Here, the treatment T8 (27.50 % of West Indian cherry juice + 50 after storage and was followed by inlet temperature of 170°C with 15

ºB of TSS) followed by T4 (West Indian cherry juice 25% + TSS 45 ºB) per cent maltodextrin (T4). Standardization of tinting techniques in gladiolus, gerbera and carnation M. SNEHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR

An investigation was conducted to standardize the colours and time of hours. Using different colour combination and immersion time , gerbera immersion to perform the tinting techniques in the gerbera, carnation and carnation flowers treated with distilled water and immersed for and gladiolus. Wide ranges of variations were observed among the 7.50 hours exhibited higher values of vase life, volume of water uptake, different treatments with respect to physiological and bio-chemical moisture, relative water content, carbohydrates, phenols, peroxidase and post harvest quality parameters. Among three flowers treated with and catalase activity along with least physiological loss in weight and distilled water and immersed for 2.5 hrs duration recorded significantly least was found in yellow and pink combination flowers immersed for higher vase life, volume of water uptake, moisture, relative water content, 12.50 hrs. The intensified xylemic patterns flowers tinted with orange carbohydrates, phenols, peroxidase and catalase activity along with and green, blue and green, yellow and orange combinations which were least physiological loss in weight. Intensified xylem colouration was immersed for 12.50 hrs were found to be superior in dual colour tinted observed in the flowers which were treated with blue, green, yellow gerbera and carnation flowers and based on sensory evaluation these and orange for 7.50 hours and it was lower in Pink colour for 7.50 colours attracted the consumer preference.

Studies on storability, nutritional quality and value addition of orange fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes N. THRIVENI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAMACHANDRA NAIK Among the seven orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) genotypes The cakes were prepared by substituting orange fleshed sweet studied, HUB-66 recorded the lowest firmness on all the days of potato flour in place of refined wheat flour in making standard observation with minimum loss in PLW and volume at the end of recipe at different proportions like 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20 and the storage by exhibiting higher shelf life of 12 days. Highest beta 22.50 per cent. There was an increasing trend in different nutrient carotene content was found in the genotype ST-14 (13.23 mg/100 components like â -carotene (0.11-2.52 mg/100 g), fat (20.33-23.10 g). Lowest per cent of weevil incidence was noticed in TSP16-3 on %), ash content (0.50-1.10%), crude fibre (0.11 to 0.24 %) as the 4 and 8 days after storage (5.05 and 13.20%, respectively). Further, level of substitution of orange fleshed flour increased it also resulted among all the genotypes tested, TSP16-10 showed an optimum in increased calorific value (419.62 to 406.52 K cal/100 g) of OFSP result for all the parameters after HUB-66 and exhibited highest flour enriched cake. Cakes enriched with 20 per cent OFSP flour score for appearance throughout the storage period because of its (T8) scored high for overall acceptability. The maximum organoleptic uniformity in tuber size with excellent flesh colour. TSP16-10 also scores were recorded in T8 (with 20 % level fortification of OFSP showed effective shelf life of 11 days with firmness value of 6.40 flour and 5 per cent defatted soy bean flour) for colour and N; PLW of 24.13 per cent; beta carotene content of 4.83 mg/100 g appearance (8.96), for texture (8.03), taste and flavour (8.37) and even after 8 DAS. With these good parameters, TSP16-10 was for overall acceptability (8.07). Treatment T8 was found to be selected for further studies for preparation of processed products. superior with respect to volume, density and overall acceptability. Development of carbonated drink from wood apple POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SADANANDA Wood Apple is one of the underutilized minor fruit with abundant In the first experiment, juice was extracted by adding pectinase enzyme health beneficial bioactive compounds. Carbonation is one of the to the wood apple pulp at different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 processing methods for development of value added product from wood per cent) and incubated at 40, 50 and 60 °C for 60, 90 and 120 min. The apple with improved taste and consumer acceptability. Wood apple best adjudged treatment (wood apple pulp treated with 0.5 % pectinase carbonated drink was developed after carrying out three experiments. incubated at 50 °C for 120 min) from the first experiment was considered

177 as a base for syrup preparation in the second experiment where TSS drink with 80 ppm sodium benzoate retained 2.20 mg 100 ml-1 ascorbic -1 (11, 13 and 15 °Brix) and CO2 pressure level (80, 100 and 120 psi) was acid, 17.96 mg AEAC 100 ml total antioxidant activity and was altered to get the carbonated drink. In the third experiment, the best organoleptically acceptable for safe consumption after 90 days of treatment (carbonated drink containing 13 °B TSS and 100 psi pressure) storage. It was concluded that the wood apple carbonated drink with obtained from the second experiment was added with different 13 °B, 80 ppm sodium benzoate and 100 psi pressure can be concentrations of sodium benzoate as a preservative (0, 40, 80 and 120 commercialized as a nutritious healthy drink alternative to predominantly ppm) and stored under ambient condition for 90 days. The carbonated existing synthetic carbonated drinks.

Standardization of juice extraction and development of carbonated beverage from soft textured jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.). P. DILEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.R. VASUDEVA

Jackfruit is one of the significant evergreen tropical fruit. People (Pectinase at 0.25 %) was selected for juice extraction from jackfruit prefer natural drinks than synthetic ones and carbonated than non- pulp and developed the carbonated beverage from jackfruit juice by carbonated ones. The present investigation was therefore undertaken altering different carbon dioxide pressure level and stored for the to study on the standardization of juice extraction and development period of 90 days. Pectinase at 0.25 per cent with 110 psi was found of carbonated beverage from soft textured jackfruit. Jackfruit based to be superior in terms of sensory attributes and over 90 days of carbonated beverage was developed after carrying out two storage period TSS (13.26 °B) and total sugars (21.93 %) were experiments. In the first experiment, standardization of juice extraction increased gradually whereas decreasing trend was observed in titratable from jackfruit pulp was done by using different concentration of acidity (0.18 %), ascorbic acid (7.95 mg 100 ml-1), total carotenoids pectinase enzyme. Pectinase at 0.25 per cent concentration was found (0.19 mg 100 ml-1) and the beverage was microbiologically safe to to be best in terms of juice recovery percentage (73.66) with good consume. It is concluded that the jackfruit carbonated beverage can be amount of biochemical composition consisting of 29.70 °B TSS, 0.76 prepared by standardizing the method of juice extraction by pectinase per cent acidity, 29.06 mg 100 ml-1 ascorbic acid, 0.92 mg 100 ml- enzyme at 0.25 per cent and carbonating at 110 psi pressure level. 1total carotenoids and 60.27 mg AAE 100 ml-1total antioxidant activity. The standardized carbonated beverage can be stored up to period of In the second experiment,the best treatment from first experiment 90 days at ambient conditions with excellent acceptability.

Effect of panicle emergence on maturity and quality of mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. Alphonso RAKSHITHA R. SHEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. C. KRISHNA Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is major fruit crop of the tropics and of Horticulture, Bengaluru. The mango var. Alphonso emerged sub tropics.Alphonso is one of the most popular cultivated variety panicles were tagged at weekly interval with different coloured tags. and it is considered as “King of mango fruits”.Variation in mango The various on tree and off tree parameters were recorded during fruit maturity at harvest causes non uniform fruit ripening, poor development of fruit and storage period at 15 and 3 days intervals, skin colour development, skin shrivelling and inferior eating quality respectively. The fruits from first week emerged panicle showed of fruits. Over mature fruit have less firmness, shorter postharvest higher size (90.73mm longitudinal and 69.00 mm equatorial), firmness life, more susceptibility to diseases; hence, they fetch lower market (86.55 N), shoulder development (3.00), fruit pulp temperature prices. Panicle emergence and harvesting dates affect the postharvest (32.31 ºC), volume (236.33 ml) and TSS (20.00 ºB). They also showed -1 -1 quality of the mango fruits. Thus, harvesting of fruits at right maturity the lowest acidity (0.95 %), respiration rate (43.36 mg CO2 kg h ) is imperative to improve the fruit quality and for minimizing the and days taken for ripening (3.0 days) and had maximum shelf life postharvest losses. The present study was carried out to investigate (14.83 days) and followed by second week panicle emerged fruits. the effect of panicle emergence on maturity and quality of Alphonso Fruits from third week and fourth week panicle emerged fruits mango fruits at the Department of Postharvest Technology, College showed poor quality.

Development of kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) based probiotic beverage K. P. SHANTHAKUMARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SADANANDA

Kokum is an important indigenous tree spice crop with abundant physico-chemical, microbial and sensory quality. In the third health beneficial bioactive compounds. Development of kokum based experiment, the best adjudged treatments, juice having12 per cent probiotic beverage is an alternative to the dairy based probiotic WPC & 15 per cent FOS and 12 per cent WPC & 20 per cent FOS products. Kokum based probiotic beverage was standardised after were stored under cold storage (4-6 oC) and retained TSS (22.10 & carrying out three experiments. The required kokum juice was (1:10 24.10 oB), pH (3.42 & 3.45), HCA (5.63 & 7.20 %), total sugar dilution v/v) prepared by adding different concentration of whey (11.09 & 12.19 %), total antioxidant activity (702.17 & 746.10 mg protein concentrate (WPC 35%) and fructo oligo saccharides (FOS) AAE 100 ml-1), and total protein (4.31 & 5.29 g 100 ml-1) after 30 after adjusting the juice pH to 4.28 by using sodium citrate salt (2.5%). days of storage, respectively. The probiotic microbial count was The pasteurized juice was inoculated with 1 per cent of Lactobacillus sufficiently high in both the treatments (upto 108 CFU ml-1) and acidophilus L 10 and incubated for 1 h at 30 oC. In the second organoleptically was acceptable and safe for consumption upto 21 experiment, the best adjudged treatments, juice having12 per cent days of storage. It is concluded that the kokum based probiotic WPC & 15per cent FOS and 12 per cent WPC & 20 per cent FOS beverage could be commercialized as a nutritious and healthy beverage from the first experiment were selected and were analysed for their and as an alternative to dairy based probiotic beverage.

178 Production of jamun fruit bar fortified with chia seeds H. P. VINAYAKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. J. SURESHA

Jamun is an indigenous under utilised fruit with several health scores. The fruit bar with same composition registered 0.55 water benefits. Processed products of jamun fruits are gaining popularity activity, 14.25 per cent moisture content, 10.78 mg 100g-1 ascorbic among the consumers due to nutritional and health benefits. Fruit acid, 18.13 per cent total sugars, 68.14 per cent total carbohydrates, bar is one of the dehydrated products made from fruit pulp with 0.35 per cent fat, 1.19 g 100g-1 total protein, 111.02 mg 100g-1 total added ingredients. Fortification is a simple process where an extra anthocyanin content, 332.23 mg GAE 100g-1total phenolic content, ingredient is added to improve the nutritional benefits in the existing 85.04 mg AAE 100 g-1 total antioxidant activity and minerals P product. Chia seed is rich in protein, dietary fibres and ù -3 fatty (25.91 mg 100 g-1), K (69.84 mg 100 g-1), Ca (34.03 mg 100 g-1), Mg acid. Jamun fruits are low in protein content so, the present (97.65 mg 100 g-1) and S (16.87 mg 100 g-1). The fortified fruit bar investigation was carried out with an aim to fortify the jamun bar recorded 45 per cent increased protein content compared to control with chia. Jamun fruit bar was prepared by mixing jamun pulp with and Benefit : Cost ratio of chia fortified jamun fruit bar was 1.9 :1. appropriate quantities of chia, pectin and sugar. The mixture was The product was found to be microbiologically safe upto 90 days of dried at 60 °C for 6 h. Sensory evaluation (descriptive and 9-point storage. This study demonstrated the potential of utilization of hedonic scale) of fruit bar prepared with 3 per cent chia, 0.5 per jamun fruits for production of fortified fruit bar that reduces the cent pectin and 5 per cent sugar had recorded maximum sensory price fluctuation besides providing nutritional supplementation.

Encapsulation of soursop (Annona muricata L.) pulp using spray drying technique K. S. SHREYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. SADANANDA

Soursop is one of the tropical fruits with abundant health beneficial isolate and gum arabic with different combinations, powder produced bioactive compounds. Encapsulation is one of the techniques to protect were packed in metalized polyester pouches and stored at ambient bioactive components. Encapsulated soursop powder was developed condition for 90 days. The encapsulated soursop powder produced by carrying out two experiments. In the first experiment, spray drying using 20 per cent WPI has retained maximum encapsulation efficiency was carried out at three inlet temperatures (120, 140 and 170 °C) and (85.78 %), 90.51 mg AAE 100 ml•-1 total antioxidants activity, 14.16 with two maltodextrin concentrations (10 and 30 %). Among different mg 100 g-1 ascorbic acid, 5.68 per cent moisture, 0.37 water activity, treatments, powder produced using 10 per cent maltodextrin at 170 p 85.25 per cent water solubility index, hygroscopicity (10.80 %), C had a maximum encapsulation efficiency (69.25 %), total antioxidant colour values (L*-85.70, a*-2.43, b*-12.36), bulk and tapped density activity (73.07 mg AAE/ 100 g), ascorbic acid (13.80 mg/100 g), (0.38 and 0.52 g ml-1, respectively) andmicrobially safe for water solubility index (91.60 %), bulk and tapped density (0.31 and consumption upto 90 days of storage. It is concluded that the powder 0.35 g ml-1, respectively) and minimum moisture (1.34 %), water produced with 10 per cent maltodextrin at 170 p C shows superior activity (0.15), colour (L*-94.46, a*-1.81, b*-0.80). In the second physico-chemical properties and among different wall materials tried experiment, spray drying of enzyme treated soursop pulp was carried 20 per cent WPI is effective treatment with maximum encapsulation with three wall materials viz., Maltodextrin 10 DE, Whey protein efficiency and superior physico-chemical properties. Development of jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) fruit bar fortified with quinoa SOROJA MANNIKERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. J. SURESHA

Jamun is an indigenous underutilized fruit with several health benefits. with appropriate quantities of sugar, pectin and quinoa and dried at Processed products of jamun fruits are gaining popularity among the 55+2 oC for 6h. Sensory evaluation (descriptive and 9-point hedonic consumers due to nutritional and health properties. Fruit bar is one of scale) of fruit bar prepared with 10 per cent sugar, 1 per cent pectin the dehydrated products made from fruit pulp with added ingredients. and 2 per cent quinoa had recorded maximum sensory score. The fruit Fortification is a simple process where an extra ingredient is added to bar with the same composition registered minimum moisture content improve the nutritional benefits in the existing product. The protein (14.85%) water activity (0.53) whereas, maximum ascorbic acid of quinoa seed is rich in essential amino acids, particularly methionine, (10.13mg 100 g1), total sugars (44.12%), total carbohydrates (63.20 threonine and lysine which are the limiting amino acids in most cereal %), total fat (0.232 %), total proteins (0.95 g 100 g1), total anthocyanin grains. Jamun fruits are low in protein content so, the present content (110.46 mg 100g-1), total phenolic content (318.83 mg 100 g-1) investigation was carried out with an aim to fortify the jamun fruit and total antioxidant activity (85.22 mg 100 g-1). The product was bar with quinoa, jamun fruit bar was prepared by mixing jamun pulp found to be microbiologically safe upto 90 days of storage. Studies on development of cookies incorportaed with pomegranate seed powder and defatted soybean flour and evaluation of cookies for hypoglycaemic activity T. HARISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI

The nutrient composition of pomegranate seed powder and defatted different treatments T1 [100 % Refined Wheat Flour (RWF)], T2 [(70 soybean flour was analyzed for moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude % RWF +5% PSP + 25 % DSF], T3 [(65%RWF +10% PSP+ 25% fibre, carbohydrate, calorific value, anti-oxidants, colour values (L*, DSF] and T4 [(60 % RWF +15% PSP + 25% DSF] were found a*, b*) and total phenol content. In the 1st experiment, cookies were optimum by scoring maximum sensory scores among nine treatments. prepared by incorporating pomegranate seed powder (PSP) and In the 2nd experiment, best three treatments from 1st experiment along defatted soybean flour (DSF) in different proportions. Among the with the control were taken for nutritional quality analysis. Treatment

179 T4 [60 % RWF+15 % PSP + 25 % DSF] was high in protein (7.89 %), pomegranate peel powder (PPP-5%) which had reported best result crude fibre (17.10 %), crude fat (24.54 %), ash content (7.54 %) and from the earlier experiment. Cookies incorporated with PSP + DSF total phenol content (18.40 mg GAE/g). This was found superior to and PPP + DSF showed significant reduction in serum glucose level all other treatments and was subsequently taken for hypoglycaemic (62.87 % and 56.92%) and serum cholesterol level (41.94 % and studies by using Wistar albino rats. The experiment on hypoglycaemic 56.33 %), respectively of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats on 21st studies was also conducted for the cookies incorporated with day of the experiment. Studies on Zeolite-LDPE composite bags to extend shelf life of banana and sapota fruits PALLI VENKATA SANTHOSH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH

In this experiment, seven packaging treatments (T1-Silver-zeolite- to peel ratio among the treatments during storage of 21 days. Under

LDPE composite bag, T2-Zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T3-Chlorine- ambient conditions, sapotas packed in T6 showed significantly zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T4-Silver-zeolite-LDPE composite bag minimum TSS/acid ratio (65.94), physiological loss in weight (PLW)

+ CFB, T5-Zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB, T6-Chlorine-zeolite- (11.15%), disease score (28.14 %) and maximum titratable acidity

LDPE composite bag + CFB and T7-Only CFB) were compared with (0.38%) and shelf-life (4.66 days). But, sapota fruits did not show control (T8) to know their efficacy in extending shelf life of banana significant differences regarding, TSS (°B), firmness (N), respiration and sapota fruits under ambient and refrigerated (13 °C) conditions. rate (ml CO2/kg/hr), instrumental colour values (L*, chroma and hue-

Under ambient conditions, bananas packed in T6 showed significantly angle) and sensory scores among the treatments during storage of 6 minimum TSS/acid ratio (55.68), physiological loss in weight (PLW) days. While under refrigerated condition sapotas packed in T6 showed (4.31 %), disease score (41.03 %) and maximum titratable acidity significantly minimum TSS/acid ratio (58.83), respiration rate (164.1ml

(0.38%) and shelf-life (6.00 days). But, banana fruits did not show CO2/kg/hr), physiological loss in weight (PLW) (12.05 %), significant differences regarding, TSS (°B), firmness (N), respiration instrumental colour values L* (45.6), chroma (27.8), hue-angle (39.1), rate (ml CO2/kg/hr), pulp to peel ratio, instrumental colour values disease score (24.29 %) and maximum titratable acidity (0.42%), (L*, a*, b*) and sensory scores among the treatments during storage firmness (5.91 N), shelf-life (17.66 days) and sensory scores. But, no of 6 days. While under refrigerated condition bananas packed in significant differences were recorded regarding, TSS (°B) among the

T6 showed significantly minimum TSS/acid ratio (52.07), respiration treatments during storage of 21 days. Zeolite-LDPE composite bags rate (156.1 ml CO2/kg/hr), physiological loss in weight (PLW) with or without CFB boxes were not found to be economically viable (12.91%), instrumental colour values L* (83.1), a* (-7.2), b*(59.4), to extend shelf-life of fruits under prevailing ambient conditions during disease score (22.91 %) and maximum titratable acidity (0.42%), the course of study. But, under refrigerated condition, the treatment firmness (6.12 N), shelf-life (18.00 days) and sensory scores. But , T6 yielded an additional shelf-life of 6 days and 8 days over control in no significant differences were recorded regarding, TSS (°B) and pulp banana and sapota, respectively. Studies on standardization of harvest maturity indices in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) and effect of pre-treatments on shelf life of jackfruit bulbs SUMA H. BUDNIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A.G. BABU

To standardize harvest maturity of Jackfruit, 10 accessions/trees were TSS and titratable acidity can be used as physico chemical maturity evaluated at different interval for morphological and physico-chemical indices in jackfruit. It is also noted that jackfruit could be harvested traits. The mean stalk length was maximum in tree 10 (5.52 cm) and after 100 days of fruitset. To extend the shelf life of harvested mean stalk breadth was maximum in tree 8 (8.50 cm). Tree 1 recorded jackfruit bulbs, the bulbs were pre-treated with different maximum mean fruit length (39.00 cm), the mean fruit circumference concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2), ascorbic acid (AA) and (41.48 cm), mean fruit weight (5.83kg), mean hollow metallic sound potassium meta bisulphite (KMS), packed in stand up pouches and

(4 point hedonic scale) (2.8),total soluble solids (11.54°Brix), mean stored at 4 °C. In the pretreated bulbs, T9 (1.5 % CaCl2+0.5% AA titra table acidity (0.147 %) and mean seed breadth (3.2 cm).The +100 PPM KMS) recorded lowest total soluble solids (29.16 °Brix), mean number of spines/cm2 was minimum in tree 1 (8.0). The mean maximum titratable acidity (0.442 %), maximum L* value(43.03), seed length was increasing but not significantly and maximum was maximum b* value (41.81), maximum texture (31.78 N), lowest found in tree 3 (3.1 cm). The analysis of variance for morphological physiological loss of weight (3.77 %), minimum microbial count of and biochemical characters of fruit revealed existence of considerable yeast and bacteria (2.95 and 2.84 log cfu/g) and maximum score for genetic diversity among the accessions. Considering morphological overall acceptability (7.85). Among treatments, T9 recorded the 2) analysis, fruit circumference (41.48 cm), low spine density (2/cm , highest shelf life of 7.9 days. It was found that treatment (T9) with moderate to high spreading of spines, presence of sensible hollow 1.5 % CaCl2+0.5 % AA +100 ppm KMS was useful in extending metallic sound (2.8) could be used as the maturity indices of jackfruit. the shelf life upto 7.9 days. Studies on Zeolite-LDPE composite bags to extend the shelf life of pomegranate and lime fruits PRAVEEN GIDAGIRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MD JAMEEL JHALEGAR shelf life of pomegranate and lime fruits under ambient (Pomegranate- In this experiment, seven packaging materials (T1-Zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T -Silver-zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T -Chlorine- 31±1 °C and Lime- 33±1 °C ) and refrigerated (Pomegranate-7 °C 2 3 and Lime- 10 °C) conditions. In pomegranate under both ambient zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T4- Zeolite-LDPE composite bag + storage (AS) and refrigerated storage (RS), fruits packed in T6 showed CFB, T5- Silver-zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB, T6-Chlorine- zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB and T -Only CFB) were maximum TSS (AS- 16.16 °B, RS- 16.51 °B), titratable acidity 7 (AS- 0.33 %, RS- 0.35 %), juice percentage (AS- 77.75 %, RS- compared with control (T8) to know their efficacy in extending

180 79.95 %), colour values (AS- L*-39.02, a*-31.14, b*-21.10, RS- TSS (AS- 7.20 °B, RS- 6.47 °B), TSS/acid ratio (AS- 0.98, RS- L*-40.21, a*-36.58, b*-24.64), shelf life (AS- 22.81 days, RS- 118.22 0.94), PLW (AS- 17.04 %, RS- 14.21 %), a* values (AS- 4.07, RS- days) and minimum TSS/acid ratio (AS- 48.47, RS- 47.63), PLW 3.33), fruit decay (AS- 20.74 %, RS- 24.11 %) and highest sensory (AS- 24.06 %, RS- 13.89 %), maximum respiration rate in AS- 8.25 scores among the treatments during storage of 12 days in AS and 80 ml CO2/kg/hr and minimum respiration in case of RS- 3.21 ml CO2/ days in RS conditions. From this investigation, it can be concluded kg/hr and highest sensory scores among the treatments during storage that chlorine-zeolite-LDPE composite bags with CFB boxes were of 25 days in AS and 120 days in RS conditions. In lime under both found to be economically viable to extend shelf-life of pomegranate ambient storage (AS) and refrigerated storage (RS), fruits packed in with additional 10 days in AS and 59 days in RS compared to

T6 showed maximum titratable acidity (AS- 7.33 %, RS- 7.01 %), control (AS- 13 days, RS- 59 days) and in case of lime fruits the juice percentage (AS- 50.01 %, RS- 51.24 %), respiration rate (AS- same packing material extended shelf-life for additional seven days

11.16 ml CO2/kg/hr, RS- 7.02 ml CO2/kg/hr), texture (AS- 35.27 N, in AS and 40 days more in RS compared to control (AS- 5 days, RS- RS- 44.15 N), colour values (AS- L*-41.80, b*-39.12, RS- L*-44.22, 36 days) which is a better option compared to farmers practice of b*-40.46), shelf life (AS- 11.55 days, RS- 76.44 days) and minimum packing of lime fruits in gunny bags. Studies on Zeolite-LDPE and Zeolite-biodegradable composite bags to extend the shelf life of fresh coriander and fenugreek leaves

K. V. KAVANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH

In this experiment, six packaging treatments (T1-Zeolite-LDPE fenugreek leaves packed in T3 showed significantly minimum composite bag, T2-Silver-zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T3-Chlorine- physiological loss in weight (PLW) (9.57 %), respiration rate (193.26 zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T4-Zeolite-Biodegradable composite ml CO2/kg/hr), instrumental colour values L* (49.60), a* (-8.69), b* polybag, T5-Normal polyethylene bag and T6-Paper wrapping) were (36.44), texture (28.65 N), spoilage index (0.13) and maximum moisture compared with control (T7) to know their efficacy in extending shelf content (71.65 %), chlorophyll (1.73 mg/g), shelf-life (3.00 days) and life of coriander and fenugreek leaves under ambient (30±1 °C, 41±1 higher sensory scores. While under refrigerated condition fenugreek

% RH and 33±1 °C, 36±1 % RH, respectively) and refrigerated (7 °C, leaves packed in T3 showed significantly minimum physiological loss 85-90 % RH) conditions. Under ambient conditions, coriander leaves in weight (PLW) (20.65 %), instrumental colour values L* (52.31), a* packed in T3 showed significantly minimum PLW (15.00 %), (-7.15), b* (41.48), texture (32.66 N), spoilage index (0.58) and respiration rate (153.68 ml CO2/kg/hr), instrumental colour values L* maximum moisture content (69.54 %), chlorophyll (1.49 mg/g), shelf- (50.67), a* (-7.13), b* (29.68), spoilage index (0.12) and maximum life (9.33 days) and higher sensory scores. Respiration rate, under moisture content (71.24 %), texture value (9.12 N), chlorophyll refrigerated condition, did not show significant differences among the content (1.61 mg/g), shelf-life (3.33 days) and higher sensory scores. treatments both in coriander and fenugreek during storage period of

While under refrigerated condition, coriander leaves packed in T3 16 and 12 days respectively. Zeolite-LDPE and zeolite-biodegradable showed significantly minimum physiological loss in weight (PLW) composite bags were not found to be economically viable to extend (20.32 %), instrumental colour values L* (49.68), a* (-7.43), b* shelf-life of coriander and fenugreek leaves under ambient conditions (35.96), spoilage index (0.59) and maximum moisture content (68.42 prevailed during the course of study. But, under refrigerated condition,

%), texture value (14.28 N), chlorophyll content (1.33 mg/g), shelf- the treatment T3 yielded an additional shelf-life of 9 days and 7 days life (11.33 days) and higher sensory scores. Under ambient conditions, over control in coriander and fenugreek, respectively. Development of black carrot value added products and evaluation of anti-diabetic activity in STZ induced diabetic rat G. B. SHARAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEEPA TERDAL

Efforts were made to standardize black carrot RTS by incorporating (901.46 mg/100 ml), tannin (40.68 mg/100 ml) and total flavonoids functional ingredients such as ginger, Aloe vera, holy basil, lime, (38.08 mg/100 ml) in T2 (30 g BCP + 20 g Tamarind). In the second aqueous stevia to black carrot juice (BCJ). Efforts were also made experiment, the oral administration of black carrot RTS on STZ to standardize black carrot pomace spice ball (BCPSB), from black induced diabetic rats decreased lipid peroxidation antioxidant activity. carrot pomace (BCP), jaggery, tamarind and other ingredients. There was a significant reduction in blood serum glucose (53.76, Secondly, the anti-diabetic activity of black carrot RTS in 51.50 and 55.90 %), cholesterol (20.95, 12.97 and 24.10 %), TG sterptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats was studied. In the first (8.04, 13.19 and 16.82 %), VLDL (9.53, 15.60 and 8.04 %) LDL texperiment, physico-chemical, phyto-chemical and sensory (9.87,-2.66 and 12.15 %), increase in HDL (34.75, 82.02 and 60.54 parameters of black carrot RTS and BCPSB were observed. The %) and body weight was restored in G4 (STZ induced + Basal Rat maximum score for sensory evaluation was observed in T5 Diet + T4), G5 (STZ induced + Basal Rat Diet + T5) and G6 (STZ

(40% BCJ +ES+50% Water). The mean maximum total phenol induced + Basal Rat Diet + T6), respectively when compared to (230.73 mg/100 ml), tannin (18.81 mg/100 ml) and total antioxidants diabetic control group. Histopathology examination of pancreas were

(76.07 %) were found in T9 (50 % BCJ+ Aqueous Stevia found to be normal pancreatic architecture with evenly distributed

Extract+40% Water) and total flavonoids (81.57 mg/100 ml) in T8 â-cells in the treated group compared to control group rats on the (50 % BCJ+Edible Sugar+40 % Water). A total soluble solid was 21st day of observations. The results obtained in the present study maintained in all the concentration when sugar used as sweetener revealed that black carrot value added products were appreciable in (15.47p B) and titratable acidity was found to be non-significant. terms of nutritional and sensory attributes. Black carrot RTS with

The maximum score for sensory evaluation of BCPSB was observed functional ingredients (G4, G5 and G6) would maintain serum glucose in T1 (0 g BCP+ 50 g Tamarind). The mean maximum total phenol and lipid profile levels. 181 Post harvest treatment of polyamines on quality and shelf life of papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruits cv. Red lady MARUTI SHANKHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MALLIKARJUN AWATI Papaya fruits were dip treated with different concentrations of GAE/100g), shelf-life and sensory scores under ambient conditions. polyamines (T2: 0.50 mM Spermine, T3: 1.0 mM Spermine, T4: 1.5 While, papaya fruits maintained under cold storage treated with 4 mM Spermine, T5: 0.50 mM Spermidine, T6: 1 mM Spermidine, mM putrescine (T10) also showed significantly minimum physiological

T7: 1.5 mM Spermidine, T8: 2 mM Putrescine, T9: 3 mM Putrescine, loss in weight (13.49 %), respiration rate (16.22 ml CO2/kg/hr),

T10: 4 mM Putrescine) and compared with control (T1) to know an instrumental colour values of peel [L*: 45.60, a*: 2.33, b*: 23.90] and efficacy of polyamines in extending the shelf life of papaya fruits pulp [L*: 47.17, a*: 21.19, b*: 27.23], total soluble solids (10.85 °B), under ambient (33-36 °C) and refrigerated (13 °C) conditions. Among β-carotene (0.57 mg/100 g) and fruit disease index (8.73 %) and the treatments, papaya fruits treated with 4 mM of putrescine (T10) maximum titratable acidity (0.36 %), firmness (7.17 Newton), total recorded significantly minimum physiological loss in weight (16.57 phenols (233.63 mg GAE/100 g), shelf-life and sensory scores

%), respiration rate (21.86 ml CO2/kg/hr), instrumental colour values compared to other treatments. Hence, putrescine at 4 mM (T10) was of peel [L*: 46.24, a*: 3.88, b*: 27.44] and pulp [L*: 48.18, a*: found to be effective in delaying the physico-chemical, biochemical 21.83, b*: 29.74], total soluble solids (10.90 °B), β-carotene (0.76 and ripening of papaya fruits and maintaining the organoleptic mg/100 g) and fruit disease index (11.38 %) and maximum titratable qualities for longer time and also yielded an additional shelf-life of 4 acidity (0.34 %), firmness (6.68 Newton), total phenols (180.92 mg and 6 days over control under ambient and cold storage, respectively. Studies on Zeolite-LDPE composite bags to extend the shelf life of green chilli and okra VEENITH HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. D. JAMEEL JHALEGAR

Seven packaging materials (T1-Zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T2-Silver- ambient conditions, pods packed in T6 showed significantly minimum zeolite-LDPE composite bag, T3-Chlorine-zeolite-LDPE composite bag, physiological loss in weight (19.48 %), respiration rate (112.03 ml

T4- Zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB, T5-Silver-zeolite-LDPE CO2/kg/hr), better colour values [L* (37.95), a* (-6.58), b* (29.64)] composite bag + CFB, T6-Chlorine-zeolite-LDPE composite bag + and maximum chlorophyll (76.27 mg/100 g), texture (28.69 N), shelf-

CFB and T7-Normal polybag) were compared with control (T8) to life (8 days) and highest sensory scores among the treatments during know their efficacy in extending shelf life of green chilli and okra under storage period of 8 days. While under refrigerated condition pods packed ambient (Green chilli-33±1 °C and Okra-28±1 °C ) and refrigerated in T6 showed significantly minimum physiological loss in weight (20.42

(Green chilli-7 °C and Okra-10 °C) conditions. Under ambient %), respiration rate (83.64 ml CO2/kg/hr), better a* values (-6.84) and conditions, green chilli packed in T3 showed significantly minimum maximum chlorophyll (65.29 mg/100 g), texture (27.61 N), better colour physiological loss in weight (15.33 %), respiration rate (72.44 ml CO2/ values [L* (30.76), b* (25.61)], shelf-life (27 days) and highest sensory kg/hr), better colour values [L* (45.33), a* (-7.06), b* (31.83)] and scores during storage period of 27 days. From this investigation, it can maximum chlorophyll (40.26 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid (39.61 mg/100 be concluded that the fresh green chilli and okra can be packed in zeolite g), texture (24.16 N), shelf-life (10 days) and highest sensory scores based composite bags with CFB boxes for better shelf life. Green chilli among the treatments during storage period of 10 days. While under packed in chlorine-zeolite-LDPE composite bag (T3) were able to extend refrigerated condition green chilli packed in T6 showed significantly shelf life by 6 days (10 days storage life) in ambient storage and chlorine- minimum physiological loss in weight (16.00 %), respiration rate (76.15 zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB (T6) by 18 days (36 days storage ml CO2/kg/hr), better colour values [L* (49.56), a* (-5.89), b* (38.05)] life) in refrigerated storage compared to control. Similarly in okra the and maximum chlorophyll (37.98 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid (38.46 mg/ pods packed in chlorine-zeolite-LDPE composite bag + CFB (T6) were 100 g), texture (30.56 N), shelf-life (36 days) and highest sensory able to extend shelf life by 5 days (8 days storage life) in ambient and 14 scores during storage period of 36 days. With respect to okra under days (27 days storage life) in refrigerated storage compared to control. PLANT PATHOLOGY Studies on black rot disease of cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pammel.) T. S. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA KOULAGI Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. Capitata L.) is one of the important by mint (26.35 mm). Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and vegetables grown globally. Black rot of cabbage has become a major their combination were tested for their antagonistic activity against threat to the cabbage production in India and affecting both quality X. c. pv. campestris under in vitro conditions. Maximum inhibition and quantity. During 2017-18 roving survey was conducted in major (98.50 %) was recorded by mixture of P. fluorescence and B. subtilis cabbage growing areas viz., Belagavi and Bagalkot districts of north followed by culture alone (97.52 %). A pot experiment was carried Karnataka and disease incidence ranged from 5.75 to 79.25 per cent. out for managing black rot disease. Among PGPRs, mixture The mean maximum disease incidence was noticed more in Belagavi Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis culture spray (57.91 %) then Bagalkot (17.20 %). Totally 24 endophytes were significantly reduced the disease incidence (87.37 %) and also enhanced isolated from healthy cabbage seedlings. Bacterial endophytes CEBL- plant growth and yield parameters as compared to PGPR cultures 7 (95.20%) recorded maximum inhibition of X. c. pv. campestris used alone. Tulsi leaf extract (at 10 %) was the next best treatment followed by CEBR-8 (93.75 %). Among fungal endophytes CEFS-3 recording least disease incidence (84.77) and maximum yield. The (30.07 mm) recorded maximum inhibition followed by CEFL-4 (28.03 outcome of this study could be more effective in managing black rot mm) under in vitro conditions. Different medicinal and aromatic of cabbage using PGPRs (P. fluorescens and B. subtilis) and botanicals plants were evaluated against X. c. pv. campestris. Tulsi leaf extract (Tulsi leaf extract at 10 %) and also help in reducing usage of hazardous (at 10 %) recorded maximum inhibitory effect (31.58 mm) followed chemicals and their residual effect.

182 Studies on plant parasitic nematodes associated with sweet potato in Karnataka AMARESH HADIMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. KANTHARAJU

Root-knot nematode infection has been identified to be one of the Bidar (46), Chikkamagaluru (42.33) and Vijayapur (33.00). The nematode constraints for sweet potato production. It occurs in several parts of population in root increased significantly with increase in inoculum India wherever this crop is grown. Investigations were carried out on levels of M. incognita. Highest nematode population was observed in the survey for the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes in major plants inoculated with 10000 J2 per pot. The plants inoculated with 10 sweet potato growing districts of Karnataka, pathogenicity of root- J2 per pot showed lowest nematode population. Among the seventeen knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), screening of available sweet genotypes screened genotype Sree Bhadra was found resistant. Other potato genotypes against M. incognita and biochemical characterization genotypes viz., Tsp 12-12, BSP-23 and Tsp 12-8 were found to be of resistance to root-knot nematode, M. incognita in sweet potato. moderately resistant with gall index of 3 and 44038, HUB-98 and Among all the six districts surveyed, the maximum number of galls per Kanhangad Local was found to be highly susceptible with gall index of root system (22.50) was seen in Bagalkot district followed by Belagavi 5 and all other genotypes were susceptible with gall index of 4. Genotype (21.50), Dharwad (20.66), Bidar (20.33) and Chikkamagaluru (19.30) Sree Bhadra has recorded maximum peroxidase (3.12 abs/min/g), as against minimum number of galls (14.75) in Vijayapur. The maximum polyphenol oxidase (0.127 abs/min/g), phenylalanine ammonia lyase gall index (3.10) was seen in Belagavi district followed by Dharwad (22.37 nmol/min/ml) and total phenol (447.00 µg/g) activity followed (3.00), Bagalkot (2.87), Bidar (2.66), Chikkamagaluru (2.60) and by Tsp 12-8 (peroxidase 2.67 abs/min/g, polyphenol oxidase 0.125 Vijayapur (2.25). Maximum soil nematode population (74.25) was abs/min/g, phenylalanine ammonia lyase 21.67 nmol/min/ml and total seen in Belagavi district followed by Bagalkot (65.25), Dharwad (64.60), phenol 432.00 µg/g). Exploration of bio-agents and botanicals for management of cabbage black rot disease POOJA M. KHILARE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA KOULAGI

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.) is important vegetable with pongamia oil cake leachate (18.55 mm) followed by ground nut crop grown throughout the world. Cabbage crop is affected by many oil cake leachates (16.44 mm). Totally 12 endophytes were isolated diseases and among them black rot disease caused by Xanthomonas from healthy cabbage seedlings. Bacterial endophyte, EBL-9 showed campestris pv. Campestris (Pammel.) is the most common and maximum inhibition (13.23 mm) followed by EBR-12 (11.10 mm) destructive disease becoming a major threat to the cabbage production under in vitro condition. A pot experiment was carried out for managing in India and affecting both quality and quantity. The antagonistic black rot disease. Lactobacillus spray recorded highest per cent disease activity of PGPR’s viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis reduction (84.62) and enhanced growth and yield parameters followed and probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus sp. were evaluated against X. c. by sequential spray of Lactobacillus - ground nut oil cake leachate - pv. Campestris under in vitro condition. Lactobacillus recorded the tulsi extract (84.25) and then next best was P. fluorescens (79.16). highest inhibition (17.33 mm) followed by P. fluorescens (12.50 mm). The outcome of this study could be more effective in managing black In hibitory activity of different botanicals were tested under in vitro rot disease of cabbage by using Lactobacillus sp. and botanicals viz., condition. Tulsi leaf extract (10 %) recorded the highest inhibition tulsi leaf extract, pongamia oil cake leachate. This would also help in (22.94 mm) followed by eucalyptus leaf extract (21.05 mm). Among reducing hazardous chemical residual effect and enhancing yield level oil cake leachates evaluated, the highest inhibitory effect was observed under field conditions. Studies on Fusarium wilt resistance in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) S. DEEPTHI GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTA S. BHAT

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important spice and vegetable comprising of twenty five Devihosur chilli accessions, four susceptible crop cultivated throughout India. In recent years, Fusarium wilt disease varieties (Sitara, Byadagi Dabbi, Byadagi Kaddi, GPM-21) and two has emerged as a serious problem in most of the chilli growing tracts resistant varieties (KDC-1 and CO-4) were screened against one of our country. Fusarium wilt is a soil borne disease and difficult to representative isolates of F. oxysporum (FO 22) and F. solani (FS 1). manage by chemical fungicides. Present study included survey and KDC-1 and CO-4 showed resistant or moderately resistant reaction; characterization of the pathogen from different regions of Karnataka, Byadagi Dabbi, Byadagi Kaddi, GPM-21, and Sitara showed highly screening of genotypes for Fusarium wilt resistance and biochemical susceptible reaction against both the species. Nineteen genotypes characterization oyf resistant genotypes. The disease incidence in from Devihosur collection showed immune reaction and six genotypes major chilli growing tracts of Karnataka surveyed during kharif 2018 showed highly susceptible reaction against F. solani. However, all the varied from 10 to 45 per cent. Among the districts surveyed, the 25 accessions from Devihosur were highly susceptible against mean maximum incidence (38.00%) was noticed in Ballari district F. oxysporum. As F. solani is widely distributed throughout Karnataka, followed by Raichur district (32.50%). A total of 51 isolates of fungi the nineteen genotypes identified to be immune against this species were isolated from wilted chilli plant samples collected from different can be further utilized as a source of resistance in breeding program. locations. Among these, three isolates were identified as Fusarium Constitutive and induced levels of biochemical compounds like phenol, oxysporum (distributed in Ballari (2) and Raichur (1)) and forty eight phenyl ammonium lyase and catalase were analysed from susceptible isolates were identified as Fusarium solani (distributed throughout (Sitara, Byadagi Dabbi, Byadagi Kaddi, GPM-21) and resistant Karnataka) based on morphological triats. Molecular study by PCR- genotypes (KDC-1 and CO-4). Both constitutive as well as induced ITS-RFLP analysis also distinctly differentiated the species. Further, levels of biochemical were at higher levels in resistant genotypes than the isolates varied with respect to morpho-cultural traits, in susceptible genotypes. This correlation of resistance with pathogenicity and sensitivity to fungicides. Thirty one chilli genotypes biochemical compounds suggests their role in plant defense.

183 Studies on powdery mildew of coriander and fenugreek MUSTAKBEG M. JAMADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ABDUL KAREEM

The symptoms of powdery mildew on coriander and fenugreek and fenugreek genotypes had higher concentration of phenols than were more pronounced on the leaves as white floury patches appear that of susceptible genotypes. It indicates that total phenol is on both sides of leaves as well as tendril, stems, pods (fenugreek) or positively correlation with degree of resistance. The total sugar and umbels (coriander) and later became more or less greyish brown and non-reducing sugar in resistant genotypes lower than compared to the infected partpresented dirty appearance. The seed in pods/ susceptible genotypes before and after infection and vice versa with umbels do not set or remain very small. Based on microscopic reducing sugars. It indicates that sugars are negatively correlation observations it was confirmed that the coriander and fenugreek crop with degree of resistance. In vitro and In vivo efficacy of fungicides, were infected by Erysiphe polygoni DC and the conidiophores were botanicals, bioagents and organics indicated that maximum spore upright, hyaline, bearing conidia either single or in chain and conidia inhibition and least PDI was observed with fluxapyroxad + were hyaline, unicellular and barrel shape. Out of 95 coriander pyraclostrobin followed by hexaconazole, azoxystrobin and genotypes screened, none of them were found immune and resistant. difenconazole, neemazol and NSKE, arka microbial consortia and However, 19 were moderately resistant, 71 were susceptible and 5 Pseudomonas fluorescens, maximum spore inhibition was observed were highly susceptible. Similarly, out of 26 fenugreek genotypes with butter milk @ 10% + panchagavya @ 5% followed by butter screened, none of them were found immune and resistant. However, milk @ 10% + cow urine @ 5%. Results obtained in this study 3 were moderately resistant, 4 were moderately susceptible, 14 could be utilized for management of powdery mildew in coriander were susceptible and 5 were highly susceptible. Resistant coriander and fenugreek.

Studies on plant parasitic nematodes associated with banana in north Karnataka PRADEEP PUJAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. KANTHARAJU

Banana (Musa spp.), a dessert fruit for millions, also known as district with maximum soil (235) and root (283) nematode “Apple of Paradise”, is one of the major fruit crops of tropics and population and 100 per cent frequency followed by Bagalkot, subtropics forming a staple diet of millions across the globe. Plant Koppal, Ballari and Dharwad. Among the seventeen genotypes parasitic nematodes are one of the major limiting factors to banana screened, Cultivar Rose and Pisang Lilin were found to be moderately production causing an extensive root damage resulting in serious resistant and Ney Poovan was found to be resistant. Three varieties economic losses. The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis Grand Naine, Rajapuri and Poovan were found to be highly (Cobb) Thorne is the economically important parasite of banana. susceptible. In biochemical estimation, Ney Poovan recorded Investigations were carried out on the survey for the occurrence of maximum activity of peroxidase (2.913 mg/g), phenyl alanine different plant parasitic nematodes in banana in major banana ammonia lyase (PAL) (28.243 nmol/min/ml) and total phenols growing districts of North Karnataka, screening of different banana 529.813 (micro gram/g) while variety Cultivar Rose (0.106 abs/min/ genotypes against burrowing nematode, biochemical studies in g) recorded maximum PPO activity. In bioformulation evaluation, genotypes of banana infested with burrowing nematode and among individual treatment T3- Purpureocillium lilacinum and among evaluation of bioformulations in pot cultures against burrowing combination treatments, T6- Purpureocillium lilacinum + nematode. Among all the five districts surveyed, R. similis was Pseudomonas fluorescens recorded maximum plant height, number found predominant. The maximum incidence was recorded in Belagavi of leaves, root length and root weight, minimum nematode population Epidemiology and characterization of pumpkin yellow vein mosaic disease T. R. CHETHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. ANJANEYA REDDY

In the present study the survey confirmed the incidence of mosaic highest per cent disease incidence and highest whitefly population disease in major pumpkin growing districts like Chikkaballapur, were found in summer season followed by kharif and rabi season. Kolar, Bengaluru rural and Tumkuru. The maximum incidence was Among the PYVMV isolates, the highest sequence similarity ( 95.30 found at Kammasandra village of Kolar district (38.10 %) and per cent) was found between SLCCNV-Doddaballapura and minimum incidence was found at Thippaganahalli village, SLCCNV - Maralakunte isolates and the lowest per cent nucleotide Gouribidanuru taluk of Chikkaballapur district (22.60 %). Minimum sequence similarity (90.30 per cent) between SLCCNV - Rayasandra numbers of five or more whiteflies were required for 100 per cent and SLCCNV -Maralakunte isolates. SLCCNV-Doddaballapura transmission of the virus for each plant. The hosts of PYVMD isolate had 97.70 per cent nucleotide sequence similarity with the were restricted to squash; ridge gourd and bottle gourd and none of SLCCNV (AY184487) followed by 96.90 per cent identity with the the other plant species including weeds studied showed any SLCCNV (EU573715). The SLCCNV -Maralakunte isolate had symptoms. Out of eighteen varieties of pumpkin, screened against 97.40 per cent nucleotide sequence similarity with the SLCCNV- pumpkin yellow vein mosaic disease both in artificial and natural (AM286794) followed by 96.70 per cent identity with the SLCCNV field conditions none of the varieties exhibited complete resistance (DQ026296). The results clearly indicate that the begomovirus to PYVMD but showed highly susceptible and susceptible. The infecting pumpkin in southern Karnataka is SLCCNV.

184 Bio-intensive management of late blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary N. MAHAVEER SHEBANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. DEVAPPA

Roving survey was conducted in different potato growing areas of was found to be effective, where the clove (T17) and thyme (T9) Karnataka for assessing the late blight severity and collection of were very effective with 100 per cent inhibition against test fungus diseased samples. It was evident that the per cent disease index of even at 5 per cent concentration. In the absence of resistant cultivars, late blight in the southern districts of Karnataka was high and was use of fungicides is an ancient and popular and also quick disease totally absent in north Karnataka. The per cent disease index varied management practice. The best plant extract found during in-vitro with different places and maximum per cent disease index was evaluation (clove - T17) along with other bio-agents and newer recorded in Kolar (Kidiyanuru 69.26 per cent, Yeshawantpura 66.75 fungicides were evaluated under in-vivo condition during kharif- per cent and Masthi 70.00 per cent), the minimum disease observed 2016. Among the different treatments, T10 - Iprovalicarb 5.5 % + was 27.97 per cent (PDI) in Kattaya (Hassan district). In-vitro Propineb 61.25 % WP @ 4 g/l was found to be very effective with evaluation of botanicals for the management of Phytophthora the per cent disease index (PDI) of 17.69 followed by T7-Fenomidone infestans was studied by using 20 botanicals with three different 10% + Mancozeb 50 % @ 3 g/l with the PDI of 23.81 and extraction methods. Plant materials used in the present study were T4-Azoxystrobin @ 0.1 per cent with the PDI of 38.94. These collected in and around Bengaluru. Among the different methods treatments recorded higher yield (T10 -48.43 t/ha, T7- 36.89 t/ha and used for extraction of plant extracts, the ethanol extraction method T4 -29.10 t/ha.) when compared to other treatments.

Characterization and management of leaf blight causing pathogens associated with chrysanthemum in eastern dry zone of Karnataka H. G. SUJATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. ANJANEYA REDDY

Chrysanthemum is one of the important flower crops in India. Among of 6 to 6.5 supported maximum growth of pathogen. The the different diseases, Alternaria leaf blight is one of the destructive temperature between 25 to 30 ºC was best for the mycelia growth. diseases in recent years. Survey conducted during rabi 2018 revealed Among the three combi products tested at in vitro, Zineb 68 % + that the disease severity ranged from 8.00 to 86.00 per cent. The Hexaconazole 4% WP and Tricyclazole 18% + Mancozeb 62% WP highest severity (86%) of the disease was noticed in fields of were able to give 100 per cent inhibition even at 500 ppm. Among Chikkanahalli village in Tumakuru district and the least (8%) in four contact fungicides tested Copper oxychloride 50%WP was Mavahalli village in Kolar district. The molecular study revealed highly effective at all the concentrations tested with radial growth the Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler as causal organism. Among of mycelium (6.67 mm) and 92.16 per cent inhibition at 2000 ppm. the non synthetic media tested, the radial growth of A. alternata Among the systemic fungicides, Hexaconazole 5% SC and was maximum on Potato sucrose agar (74.60 mm). Amongst the Tricyclazole 75 % WP were found to be effective at all the synthetic media, Richard’s agar supported for maximum radial concentrations tested and statistically superior to Azoxystrobin growth (80.00 mm). Amongst the carbon sources, Cellulose 23 % SC (34.40 mm) at 1000 ppm. Under in vivo conditions Copper supported maximum radial mycelia growth (75.00 mm). Amongst oxychloride @ 0.3 per cent was very effective in managing the the nitrogen sources, glycine supported maximum radial growth of disease with 43.33 per cent disease index and effective in increasing mycelium (79.67 mm) followed by asparagine (66.33 mm). The pH the flower yield (12.71 q/ha) in chrysanthemum.

Characterization and management of cucumber mosaic virus in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) TEJASHWINI NEELAKANTH KHICHADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. AMBIKA Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is the most destructive disease of unguiculata cv C152. In Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa cucumber. Survey conducted in six taluks of Bagalkot district during chlorotic local lesions were observed, and in case of Cucumis sativus 2018-19 revealed that, disease incidence ranged from 13.33 to 66.66 severe mosaic symptoms was seen. Aphis gossypii required minimum per cent. The highest disease incidence was observed in Badami taluk of 20 and 30 min acquisition access period for transmission of 100 (49.58 %) and lowest was in Jamkhandi taluk (29.50 %). The virus per cent CMV. Aphis gossypii with 30 min of acquisition and one was transmitted mechanically and by aphids on cucumber. Different hour of inoculation feeding period was enough for 100 per cent symptoms of CMV viz., small greenish mosaic patches on young transmission of CMV. When 10 aphids per plant were used, it can leaves, dark green mottling, down ward curling of leaves and stunting able to transmit 100 per cent of CMV. Virus reacted strongly to CMV of plants were observed. The indexing of host plants has shown specific antisera through DAS-ELISA. PCR product of CMV with symptoms viz., chlorotic local lesions and mosaic on Datura coat protein (CP) primers indicated 163 bp band, which confirmed it stramonium and D. metel. Leaf distortion and mosaic symptoms as the CMV virus. CMV in cucumber was effectively managed by were appeared in Capsicum annuum cv. California Wonder. Whereas, seed treatment with imidacloprid 600 FS @ 9 ml/kg followed by Nicotiana tabacum var. White Burley, N. tabacum var. Samsun showed spray with acetamiprid @ 0.2 g/l and fipronil @ 1 ml/l at 15 days systemic mosaic and N. glutinosa showed mottling of young leaves. intervals which recorded the lowest mean vector population, per cent Necrotic local lesions were observed on Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna incidence, high vine length and higher yield compared to control.

185 Etiology and management of blight of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler A. M. ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. LOKESH

Marigold (Tagetes spp.) is one of the most commonly grown and (359.67 mg) of the fungus, followed by carrot broth (304.00 mg). The commercially exploited flower crops in India. It belongs to the family least growth (47.00 mg) was supported by Corn meal broth. Asteraceae. This crop is affected by several diseases, among them leaf A. alternata grew well at pH 6.0 with a temperature of 30 °C. In vitro spot and flower blight caused by Alternaria spp. is one of the most efficacy of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agents indicated that among destructive disease which causes severe damage to quality and quantity contact fungicides, copper oxychloride was found to be a highly of the flowers. During the survey, highest disease index was recorded effective with maximum mycelial inhibition of 83.45 per cent and least at Haveri (45.12 %) followed by Koppal district (38.14 %), whereas inhibition was recorded in chlorothalonil (59.63). Three systemic least severity of disease index (34.51 %) was observe d at Bagalkot fungicides viz., difenoconazole, hexaconazole and propiconazole district. The pathogen associated with the leaf spot was identified as recorded 100 per cent mycelial inhibition at all the concentrations Alternaria alternata which was similar to the fungal strain Alternaria tested. Botanical, Prosopis leaf extract (5 %) and bio-agent alternata (MK174977). Among the 12 different solid media tested, Trichoderma harzianum recorded the maximum mycelial inhibition. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) was found to be best for the mycelial Field management of marigold blight with effective fungicides, botanical growth and sporulation (86.67 mm) followed by oat meal agar medium and bio agent indicated that two sprays of hexaconazole at 0.1 % and (87.83 mm). The minimum growth of the pathogen was recorded on propiconazole at 0.1 % were found to be effective in recording least Rose Bengal agar (55.67). Among the liquid media/ broth, per cent disease index of 23.73 and 25.21 with maximum net profit potato dextrose broth produced significantly higher dry weight growth of ` 76,469/- and 69,239/- over the check, respectively. Exploration of bio-rationals for the management of bacterial leaf spot of betel vine (Piper betle) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. betlicola B. M. KAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. C. KIRAN KUMAR An intensive roving survey was conducted against bacterial leaf spot in in the isolate M11 (15.33 mm) and M12 (15.33 mm). Among the betel vine during kharif and rabi season of 2018. The results revealed botanicals tested Prosopis juliflora recorded maximum mean inhibition that, maximum severity (11.26 %) and incidence (13.43 %) was recorded with 16.73 mm in water extract and 19.20 mm in alcohol extract at in Mysore and least in Davanagere district. Soil samples were collected 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 20 per cent, respectively. In five different oils, clove to isolate bio-agents. About 60 bio-agents were isolated which were bud oil recorded maximum inhibition of bacterial growth with 0.90 further used for in-vitro evaluation against the pathogen. The molecular µg/ml at 20 ppm concentration. Management under field condition identification of the causal organism was carried out by using species revealed that streptocyclin (500 ppm) + copper oxy chloride (0.3 %) specific primers. The band was amplified at 500 bp and when compared spray was found to be more effective in reducing the leaf infection in NCBI database by BLAST, the sequence showed 100 per cent (55.78 %), leaves infected (57.02 %) and spot per leaf (75.94 %). similarity with the Xanthomonas axonopodis. The activity of different Residual analysis of chemicals was evaluated. Among them residues antibiotics, chemicals, botanicals and bio-agents was evaluated under of copper oxy chloride ranged 0.384 - 0.531 mg/kg and copper in-vitro condition. Among the antibiotics streptocyclin showed highest hydroxide 0.354-0.588 mg/kg, which were found to be within the mean inhibition of 24.67, 29.00 and 32.00 mm at 100, 200 and 500 maximum residual limit (MRL) (20 mg/kg) as per APEDA ppm, respectively and in chemicals copper oxy chloride showed recommendation. The remaining two chemicals namely bactinash maximum inhibition with11.00, 12.33 and 15.00 mm at 1000, 2000 and and streptocyclin were found to exceed the MRL. So, after lowering 3000 ppm, respectively. Among the bio-agents, 10 isolates suppressed the vine streptocycline + COC and 15-20 days before harvesting the growth of causal organism, while maximum inhibition was recorded only application of COC can be recommended for the management. Characterization and management of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. causing stem rot in capsicum [Capsicum annuum L. var. Grossum (Sendt.)] B. SAHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. MANJUNATHA REDDY Capsicum [(Capsicum annuum var. Grossum (Sendt.)] is a member Indra (70.00 %). The varieties Red Inspiration and Delisha were of solanaceous family and mainly grown as vegetable throughout the rated as immune to stem rot disease.The effect of twelve different world including India. During the survey, occurrence of stem rot disease fungicides against the growth of S. rolfsii was studied under in vitro in capsicum cv. Indra, Green pasarella, Yellow Bachata were observed conditions using poisoned food technique. Among the fungicides tested, in serious proportions inflicting heavy losses in major cultivating hexaconazole 5% EC, difenoconazole 25% EC, propiconazole 25% areas of Bengaluru rural, Chikkaballapur and Kolar districts. The EC, propiconazole 13.9 % EC + difenoconazole 13.9 % EC, present investigation was carried out on various aspects to generate tricyclazole 45 % WP + hexaconazole 10% WG, hexaconazole 5 % scientific information on this important pathological problem and to WP + captan 70 % WP, zineb 68 % + hexaconazole 4 % WP and develop suitable management strategies to prevent the crop losses. thiram 50 % WP were highly effective even at a lower concentration The symptoms of the disease were recorded from infected fields. of 25 ppm. Among the bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum was found Among the districts surveyed, Harati village in Kolar district to be effective against S. rolfsii with 84.08 per cent inhibition. Under showed maximum disease incidence of 06.00 per cent in the variety polyhouse conditions, propiconazole 25 % EC and difenoconazole Indra. The disease incidence ranged between 0.00 to 06.00 per 25 % EC each at 0.1 per cent showed 97.05 per cent reduction in cent. Among the 14 varieties/ hybrids of capsicum screened against disease over control. The DNA was isolated, sequenced and the the stem rot disease, highest susceptibility was observed in variety phylogenetic tree was constructed.

186 PLANTATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS Screening and selection of AM fungus and effect of bioformulations and biofertilizers on menthol mint (Mentha arvensis L.) J. S. ASWANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. N. PUSHPA

The plants which were inoculated with Glomus intraradices showed Fungus (Glomus intraradices) (25 kg/ha) + Azotobacter chroococcum highest plant height (49.07 cm), plant spread (29.40 cm), branches + Azospirillum brasilense + phosphorous solubilising bacteria (625 (18.47), dry matter accumulation (42.33 g/plant), fresh (51.98 g/plant) g/ha) + spraying and drenching of panchagavya (0.3 %) + amrutpani and shade dried (28.59 g/plant) herbage, oil (0.25 g/plant) and menthol (0.3 %) + humic acid (0.2%) recorded highest plant height (55.87 yield (0.20 g/plant), highest root colonization per cent (94.45 %) and cm) , plant spread (57.63 cm), branches (49.27), fresh (33.07 t/ha) chlamydospore count in 50 g soil (198.67) at harvest. Experiment no. and shade dried (28.68 t/ha) herbage, oil yield (293.98 kg/ha), menthol 2 was laid out in randomised block design with 12 treatments replicated yield (192.65 kg/ha) and oil content (1.03 %), per cent root thrice. The objective of the experiment is to study the effect of colonization (89.64 %) and maximum number of chlamydospores bioformulations and biofertilizers on growth, yield and quality of (470.00/50 g), highest available N (238.54 kg/ha), P (24.34 kg/ha) menthol mint and to work out the cost of cultivation. Soil application and K (144.70 kg/ha) in the soil, maximum net returns (` 2,84,797) of recommended dosage of fertilizers (150:60:60 NPK kg/ha) + AM and BC ratio (3.44). Response of garlic to bio-inoculants and bio-fomulations under drip irrigation M. S. PRAVEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. HEGDE

Garlic (Allium sativum L.,) is an important bulbous spice crop significantly higher yield attributes such as bulb weight (17.15 g), belonging to family Alliaceace. It contains volatile oil known as diallyl- bulb diameter (35.88 mm), harvest index (0.66), clove weight per bulb disulphide, which is the major flavoring component in garlic. Allicin (13.10 g), number of cloves per bulb (32.33), average clove weight -1 present in aqueous extract of garlic reduces cholesterol in human (0.44 g) with the highest bulb yield (9.59 t ha ) and the treatment T3 blood. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design can be recommended as integrated nutrient component in garlic with nine treatments replicated thrice. The cloves were planted during cultivation. The next best treatment was T8 (FYM + Azospirillum first fortnight of November in raised bed of 3.0 x 1.2 m size at 15 x 7.5 brasilense + Azotobacter chroococcum + VAM + PSB + Trichoderma cm spacing. The results of this experiment revealed that the application harzianum + AP + PG) which can be adopted in organic cultivation. of FYM + RDF (125: 62.5: 62.5 kg NPK ha-1) + Azospirillum Further, significantly higher microbial parameters viz., root brasilense + Azotobacter chroococcum + VAM + PSB + Trichoderma colonization (96.67 %) and number of chlamydospores per 50 g of 6 harzianum (T3) showed maximum growth attributes viz., plant height soil (1249.33) and total count of bacteria (123.00×10 CFU/g of soil), (54.13 cm), number of leaves per plant (8.07), neck thickness (9.93 fungi (157.00×103 CFU/g of soil) and actinomycetes (98.33×104 CFU/ 2 mm), leaf area (439.23 cm ) at 90 days after sowing. It also recorded g of soil) were recorded in the treatment T8.

Studies on efficacy of VAM and bio-formulations in enhancing growth, yield and quality parameters of Turmeric var. Prathibha L. SHARATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHAYA P. PATIL

A field trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with 11 per plot (30.83 kg) and rhizome yield per hectare (22.84 t/ha) and the treatments and three replications. The rhizomes were planted during next best treatment was found to be T9 (RDF + VAM + AP). Further, first fortnight of July on raised beds. The results of this experiment significantly higher quality attributes viz., curcumin content (4.73 revealed that the application of RDF (150:125:250 kg NPK/ha) + %), volatile oil content (3.29 %) and oleoresin content (10.10 %) was

VAM + PG (T8) showed maximum growth attributes viz., plant height recorded in T7 (VAM + PG + AP + Mulch (Trichoderma harzianum

(73.20 cm), number of tillers per clump (8.27), number of leaves per 1.5% + Sugarcane thrash). Treatment T7 showed 100 per cent root clump (88.93), collar diameter (20.43mm), leaf length (42.20 cm), colonization, 1059.33 numbers of chlamydospores per 50 g of soil leaf breadth (18.53 cm) and leaf area (562.97 cm2) at 180 days after and least disease incidence of 24.87 per cent at 180 days after planting. planting. The same treatment (T8) also showed significantly higher Among different treatments higher cost of cultivation (` 1,07,770 -1 yield attributes viz., total number of fingers per clump (27.53), clump ha ) was noticed in T11. Whereas T8 had recorded maximum net returns volume (317.67 cm3), rhizome yield per clump (342 g), rhizome yield (` 2,89,234 ha-1), with higher BC ratio (2.77).

Studies on turmeric cultivation practices followed by farmers in GLBC area SHASHIDHAR ANGADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. SRIKANTAPRASAD

A survey was conducted to find out the correlation of soil, climate, available nitrogen and phosphorous influencing the growth and yield inputs used and management practices on the growth, yield ,quality of negatively. The rainfall in May, rainy days of April and May positively turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and economics of cultivation in GLBC influenced the yield, however the association was negative in June. area during 2018-19. The survey was carried out in three clusters viz., Turmeric is adopted mainly by farmers having multiple water sources Arabhavi (Arabhavi, and Pamaldinni), Kalloli (Kalloli and and cultivated after maize, dicoccum wheat or sugarcane. Experienced Naganur) and Saidapur (Saidapur and Bisnal villages). Soils were low in farmers have realized higher turmeric yield. Early (May) planting and

187 raised bed method influenced the yield positively. Farmers were found in October 2nd fortnight and plant height, spread, number of tillers and to use high seed rate of 30.86(q/ha) with 26.67 per cent seed replacement. number of leaves per plant in December 1st fortnight influenced the Seed rate was positively associated with growth, but not with yield yield positively. The number and girth of finger rhizomes also positively and quality. Use of undecomposed or partially decomposed FYM was influenced the yield. The total dry finger rhizome equivalent yield in found to reduce the yield and quality. The farmers tendency to apply study area ranged between13.75 to 120 (q/ha). The highest yield was nitrogen in lower dose (109.49 kg/ha), phosphatic and potash fertilizers obtained in gravy loam (95.44 q/ha), followed by black clay loam (78.48 in higher doses was noticed, the rate of their application had positive q/ha), deposited silt (75.97 q/ha) and red sandy loam (73.99 q/ha). The influence on yield. Even though preemergent herbicides were used, cost of turmeric cultivation varied from Rs. 190933 to ` 516083 with annual grasses and parthenium were major weeds in turmeric. Length an average of ` 318819 per hectare. The BC ratio ranged between -0.58 and breadths of recently matured leaf, total leaf area and leaf area index to 2.27 with an average of 0.91.

Mulching and nutrient management studies in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) variety CIM-Saumya H. NAYANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. MARUTHI PRASAD

A field experiment was carried out to study the influence of mulches essential oil yield (97.21 and 37.11 kg/ha) in main and ratoon crop, and nutrition on growth, yield and quality of sweet basil (Ocimum respectively. Among different levels of nutrition, N2 resulted in maximum basilicum L.) variety CIM-Saumya with 16 treatment combinations dry herbage yield (7.27 t/ha) in main crop. While, N1 resulted in with three replications in a factorial randomized complete block design. maximum essential oil content (1.21 and 0.7 %) in main and ratoon crop

Four different mulches (M0-no mulch, M1-black plastic mulch, M2- respectively and maximum essential oil yield (31.71 kg/ha) in ratoon silver plastic mulch and M3-organic mulch) each combined with different crop. Maximum essential oil yield in main crop (79.03 kg/ha) was levels of nutrition (N0-100 per cent RDF, N1-combination of 75 per recorded in N3. While, among interaction, M1N1 has resulted in maximum cent RDF and humic acid, N2-75 per cent RDF and microbial consortia essential oil content (1.44 and 0.84 %) and essential oil yield (109.92 and N3-75 per cent RDF, humic acid and microbial consortia) were and 54.88 kg/ha) in main and ratoon crop, respectively. Maximum used. The results from the experiment revealed that among different methyl chavicol content (73.85 %) was recorded in M1N2and maximum mulches, M1 resulted in maximum fresh yield (24.55 and 15.66 t/ha), net returns (` 156157) as well as BC ratio (1.74) on cumulative basis dry yield (8.72 and 5.5 t/ha), essential oil content (1.13 and 0.66 %) and was recorded in M1N1. Studies on varietal performance and effect of elicitors on growth, yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) H. S. ARPITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA

The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized complete block hectare (11.52 q), essential oil yield (3.55 kg ha-1), fixed oil yield design with three replications comprised of fifteen treatment (402.45 kg ha-1), whereas nitric oxide recorded maximum essential combinations involving three varieties (Azad Kalonji, AN-20 and oil content (0.32 %) and salicylic acid recorded maximum Pant Krishna) and four elicitors (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, thymoquinone content (13.82 %). Among the interaction of varieties nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide andwith control). Among varieties, and elicitors, Pant Krishna treated with methyl jasmonate at 100 Pant Krishna recorded maximum plant height (42.7 cm), fresh weight ppm recorded maximum dry weight (8.42 g), number of capsules (39.76 g at 90 DAS), number of capsules per plant (16.9) and fixed per plant (22.60), seeds per capsule (84.28), while highest oil content (35.03 %), while AN-20 recorded maximum essential oil thymoquinone content (27.93 %) and thymoquinone yield (0.922 content (0.33 %), essential oil yield (3.21kg ha-1) thymoquinone kg ha-1) was recorded in AN-20 variety sprayed with nitric oxide. content (19.96 %) and thymoquinone yield (0.673 kg ha-1). Among The maximum net returns (` 1,34,644) and BC ratio (3.54) was different elicitors tried methyl jasmonate at 100 ppm recorded registered in Azad Kalonji variety sprayed with salicylic acid at maximum number of seeds per capsule (79.27) and seed yield per 100 ppm. Standardization of propagation techniques in Decalepis hamiltonii Wight and Arn and Salacia chinensis L. Ret medicinal plants B. L. NAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. R. SMITHA

An experiment was undertaken to study the “Standardization of temperature and 15 °C recorded better viability up to 90 days. here propagation techniques in Decalepishamiltonii and Salacia chinensis- as, seeds of S. chinensis tested on germination paper treated with

Ret medicinal plants” at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru. The work was GA3 500 ppm placed at 20/30 °C recorded maximum germination conducted to standardize protocols for seed germination, seed percentage (85 %) and vigour index (3345). The preliminary storage storage and vegetative propagation through stem cuttings. Influence study on six months stored seeds of Salacia chinenis recorded of media and temperature on seed germination of Decalepis hamiltonii superior values for all the parameters in six months stored seeds Wight and Arn revealed that seeds placed at 20/ 30 °C tested on which was maintained upto 7 and eight months which decreased up between paper method has recorded higher germination percentage to 12 months.Whereas, in fresh seeds interaction effect of storage (96 %) and seedling vigour index (955) than other treatments and temperature and packaging material was non-significant on interactions. Seeds having 8 per cent moisture, packed with germination for first 60 days of storage. In 90 days stored seeds aluminium pouch and polythene cover, stored at ambient viability and vigour index was maximum when the seeds were packed

188 in butter paper, stored at ambient and refrigeration temperature D. hamiltonii and for seeds of S. chinensis tested on between paper,

(6.5 °C), respectively.However, in both the species rooting of treated with 500 ppm GA3 placed at 20/ 30 °C were found to be cuttings was not successful. From this study it could be concluded best for achieving maximum germination and seedling vigour, thereby that seeds tested on between paper, placed at 20/ 30 °C for promoting quality planting material production and conservation. Assessment of organic nutrition and shade requirement in Asiatic pennywort [(Centella asiatica L.) Urb.] S. P. PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SUJATHA Asiatic pennywort is one of the important and highly traded t ha-1) and dry biomass yield (5.38 t ha-1) than Arka Prabhavi and medicinal crops. Improved varieties and standardization of application of recommended dose of FYM (5 t ha-1) + 125 % N production aspects are most important to obtain quality end products through FYM resulted in improved plant growth and increased fresh in medicinal crops. With this background, field experiment was (16.90 t ha-1) and dry (4.72 t ha-1) biomass yield than other nutrition devised in split plot design with two main treatments and six sub levels. The asiaticoside (0.80, 1.10 %), madecassoside (0.94, 1.55 treatments replicated thrice in both shade and open conditions at %) and total alkaloid contents (2.46, 3.77 %) were maximum in ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru during 2018-19. In shade condition, var. Arka Prabhavi in shade and open condition, respectively, but yield Arka Divya was superior in terms of all growth parameters including of asiaticoside (39.26, 55.41 kg ha-1), madecassoside (46.75, 76.93 total fresh (21.76 t ha-1) and dry biomass yield (6.04 t ha-1) than kg ha-1) and total alkaloids (122.11, 177.33 kg ha-1) was maximum in Arka Prabhavi. Among nutrition levels, application of recommended Arka Divya and with respect to nutrition level, recommended FYM FYM (5 t ha-1) + 125% N through FYM resulted in increased plant (5 t ha-1) + 125% N through FYM resulted in maximum yield of height (15.55 cm), number of stolons (12.55), numbers of leaves asiaticoside (56.24, 59.00 kg ha-1), madecassoside (69.86, 88.26 kg (4.78), fresh (21.52 t ha-1) and dry biomass yield (5.92 t ha-1). In ha-1) and total alkaloid yield (170.20, 201.31 kg ha-1) in shade and open condition also, Arka Divya recorded maximum total fresh (19.90 open condition, respectively. Integrated nutrient management in Bhumyamalaiki (Phyllanthus amarus Schum and Thonn.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka N. DIVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEERENDRA PRATAP SINGH

The experiment was conducted on CIM-Jeevan variety and it was laid nutrient uptake by the plants (N- 178.59, P2O5-33.72 and K2O-173.88 out in factorial randomized block design with 24 treatments involving kg/ha), total dry matter accumulation (16.17 g/plant), fresh herbage different combination of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers with yield (14.79 t/ha), dry herbage yield (6.61 t/ha), the highest net return three replications. The three main factors considered having different (` 2,48,709 /ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.01) were recorded with the levels in which 3 levels of FYM (M0, M1 and M2, respectively), 2 combined application of M2V1F2 (15 tonnes FYM, 2 tonnes levels of Vermicompost (V0 and V1, respectively) and 4 levels of nitrogen, vermicompost along with 100: 45: 45 kg NPK per hectare). The phosphorous and potassium (F0, F1, F2 and F3, respectively), Among maximum phyllanthin content (0.98 %) was recorded with the different treatment combinations, application of M2V1F3 (15 tonnes application of organic manures M2V1F0 (15 tonnes of FYM along with FYM, 2 tonnes vermicompost and fertilizer combination of 150: 60: 60 2 tonnes of vermicompost) and acceptable quantity of Phyllanthin was kg NPK per hectare) had recorded significantly maximum plant height obtained with M2V1F2 (15 tonnes of FYM 2 tonnes of vermicompost (79.30 cm), number of leaves per plant (280.33), number of branches along with 100: 45: 45 kg NPK/ha). Hence, it can be concluded, that per plant (59.90) at harvest. Whereas, the maximum plant spread Phyllanthus amarus variety CIM-Jeevan has shown better performance 2 (497.67 cm), leaf area (3.32 cm ), leaf area index (3.29), Cumulative under dry land situation with application of M2V1F2 in terms of growth, growth rate (11.53 g/m2/day), Absolute growth rate (0.23 g/day), the yield, acceptable quantity, quality of phyllanthin and also with regard nutrient content in plants (N-2.70 %, P2O5-0.51 % and K2O-2.63 %), to economics and soil health. Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) in northern dry zone of Karnataka N. P. YASHASWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VIJAYMAHANTESH

The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 10 treatments in three plant-1 (4700.20 cm2), leaf area index (2.61), dry matter accumulation replications with Tulsi variety CIM-Ayu. The integrated nutrient in leaf plant-1 (49.54 g ), stem (68.00 g plant-1) and roots (6.20 g -1 -2 -1 -1 management treatments selected for study comprised of T1: Control plant ), CGR (10.65 g m day ) and AGR (1.92 g day ) were recorded -1 -1 - RDF (125:75:60, N: P2O5: K2O kg ha + FYM 10 t ha ), T2: RD of in Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) compared to other treatments. Similarly, -1 -1 -1 NPK (125:75:60 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha ) + Vermicompost 5 t ha , T3: yield parameters such as fresh herbage yield plant (125.83 g ), dry -1 -1 -1 75 % RDN + RD P2O5 and K2O+ FYM 10 t ha + Azospirillum 10 kg herbage yield plant (74.35 g), fresh herbage yield ha (69.91 q), dry -1 -1 -1 ha , T4: 75 % RDN + RD P2O5 and K2O+ Vermicompost 5 t ha + herbage yield ha (41.31 q), chlorophyll readings by SPAD meter -1 -1 Azospirillum 10 kg ha , T5: T3+ Azotobacter 10 kg ha , T6: T4+ (47.93) and quality parameters such as eugenol content (65.70 %) -1 Azotobacter 10 kg ha , T7: 50 % RDN + RD P2O5 and K2O+ FYM 10 were also significantly higher in T6. Higher net returns (2,18,910 ` -1 -1 -1 t ha + Azospirillum 10 kg ha , T8: 50 % RDN + RD P2O5 and K2O+ ha ) and higher BC ratio (4.11) was also recorded in T6 treatment. -1 -1 Vermicompost 5 t ha + Azospirillum 10 kg ha , T9: T7+ Azotobacter The present study has revealed that the application of 75 % RDN + -1 -1 -1 -1 10 kg ha and T10: T8+ Azotobacter 10 kg ha . The results of the RD P2O5 and K2O+ Vermicompost 5 t ha + Azospirillum 10 kg ha + -1 study revealed that the treatment T6 recorded significantly higher Azotobacter 10 kg ha (T6) is feasible to enhance growth, yield, quality plant height (91.83 cm), number of branches plant-1 (46.77), leaf area and higher returns in Tulsi under northern dry zone of Karnataka.

189 Collection and evaluation of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni.) genotypes for growth, herbage yield and quality under northern dry zone of Karnataka P. SAINATHA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MOHAMMED FAROOQ The field experiment “Collection and evaluation of Stevia (Stevia flowering (26.03) were also recorded maximum in GKVK Stevia-1. rebaudiana Bertoni.) genotypes for growth, herbage yield and quality Similarly, the yield parameters such as fresh herbage yield per plant under northern dry zone of Karnataka” was conducted to evaluate (110.08 g plant-1), dry herbage yield per plant (30.63 g plant-1), fresh nine stevia genotypes viz., CIM Madhu, CIM Mithi, Kodaikanal herbage yield per plot (1.49 kg plot-1), dry herbage yield per plot Local, Pune Local, Zaheerabad Local, GKVK Stevia-1, Indore Local, (0.43 kg plot-1), fresh herbage yield per hectare (7.88 t ha-1) and dry Hyderabad Local and Bidar Local in Randomized Complete Block herbage yield per hectare (2.27 t ha-1) were significantly higher in the Design with three replications. The results of the study revealed that, genotype, GKVK Stevia-1. However, the maximum stevioside content among the different genotypes evaluated, significantly higher plant (%) was observed in the Hyderabad Local (6.52 %) which was on par height (46.02 cm), number of branches per plant (57.60), number of with GKVK Stevia-1 (6.48 %), Indore Local (6.45 %) and Kodaikanal leaves per plant (895.43), plant spread in East-West (31.47 cm) and Local (6.30 %) genotypes. The study has revealed that the genotypes North-South (31.23 cm) direction and chlorophyll reading by SPAD viz., GKVK Stevia-1, CIM Madhu, CIM Mithi and Indore Local meter (53.67) at harvest were observed in GKVK Stevia-1. The were found promising to grow during the rabi season under protective number of days taken for first flowering (21.53) and 50 per cent irrigation in the northern dry zone of Karnataka. Performance of ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi Sprague.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under intercropping system with leafy vegetables K. AKSHATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANAND B. The results of the study revealed that the highest plant height in ajwain the highest harvest index of 5.89 was recorded in fennel + amaranthus. and fennel were recorded in ajwain + coriander and fennel + coriander The fennel equivalent yield was maximum in fennel + fenugreek (31.70 intercropping systems. Number of primary branches per plant, dry q ha-1) and fennel + coriander was recorded maximum (1.65) LER. The matter accumulation and leaf area per plant was recorded highest in sole maximum ATER was observed in fennel + coriander (0.97) crop ajwain which was on par with ajwain + coriander. Similarly, sole fennel combination. Whereas, Highest gross returns were obtained in fennel which was on par with fennel + coriander crop. In ajwain the number of + fenugreek (` 2,71,285 ha-1). Maximum net returns was recorded umbels per plant (166.82) and seed yield per plot (1.40 kg) was recorded when the fenugreek was grown as an intercrop with fennel and ajwain higher in sole ajwain, which was on par with ajwain + coriander. The (` 1,97,059 ha-1 and ` 1,86,482 ha-1, respectively), which was closely maximum harvesting index of 14.87 was recorded in ajwain + dill. Light followed by growing coriander as an intercrop with fennel and ajwain interception was higher in intercropping system compared to sole crop. (` 1,90,116 ha-1 and ` 1,85,683 ha1 , respectively). The benefit cost Ajwain + fenugreek recorded the highest ajwain equivalent yield (21.09 ratio was highest in intercropping of ajwain and fennel with leafy q ha-1), highest LER (1.67) and ATER (0.96) was recorded in ajwain + vegetables compared to sole crop. It could be concluded that, among coriander. The highest gross returns were obtained in ajwain + fenugreek the intercropping system in ajwain crop, ajwain + coriander and ajwain crop system (` 2,53,044 ha-1). Similarly, in fennel the highest number + fenugreek and in case of fennel, fennel + coriander and fennel + of umbels per plant (47.52) and seed yield per plot (1.88 kg) was fenugreek performed better with higher LER, net return and benefit recorded in sole fennel, which was on par with fennel + coriander and cost ratio. Evaluation of coconut hybrids for growth, productivity and tender nut under central dry zone of Karnataka A. G. NAGARATHNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. C. VISHWANATH

The present study entitled, “Evaluation of coconut hybrids for growth, maximum length of mature nut (31.91 cm) and shell weight were productivity and tender nut under central dry zone of Karnataka” recorded in Vasista Ganga (195.10 g). Significantly, highest whole was carried out with nine coconut hybrids and one local variety. nut weight (1246.93 g), breadth of nut (20.17 cm), husk weight Among the hybrids evaluated, WCT × GBGD recorded highest palm (784.84 g), oil yield (6.27 kg/palm) and tender nut characters viz., height (10.59 m) and husk thickness (3.51 cm), where as WCT × maximum volume of nut water (306.67 ml/nut), maximum qualitative MYD recorded highest palm girth (127.95 cm). The number of characters such as TSS (5.77 °Brix), pH (5.35), non reducing sugar functional leaves (34.17), total leaf length (5.25 m), number of female (2.01 g/100 ml), optimum level of sodium (24.80 ppm), potassium flowers produced (23.85), number of bunches per palm (8.83), number content (1771.05 ppm), phosphorous (5.83 mg/100 ml), calcium of tender nuts per bunch (11.84), number of mature nuts harvested (60.33 mg/100 ml), magnesium (19.17 mg/100 ml) and highest per palm (62.33), dehusked nut weight (516 g), copra yield (9.54 kg/ organoleptic score (8.25) in tender nut water were recorded by Abhaya palm), highest reducing sugar (3.77 g/100 ml), total sugar (5.41 g/100 Ganga (GBGD × LCOT). Among the hybrids evaluated, Kalpa Ganga ml), protein content (1.11 %) were recorded highest in Kalpa Ganga (GBGD ° FJT) performed best with respect to yield (62.33), Kera (GBGD × FJT). Kera Sankara (WCT × COD) recorded significantly Sankara (WCT × COD) with respect to oil content (68.70 %) and maximum kernel weight (258.17 g), kernel thickness (1.52 cm), highest Abhaya Ganga (GBGD × LCOT) was found to be best with respect copra content (153.67 g/nut) and oil percent (68.70). Whereas, to tender nut quality under central dry zone of Karnataka.

190 Integrated nutrient management in kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Wall. Ex. Nees) H. E. NALEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. KATTIMANI

The field investigation with different combinations of organic manures (47.97), LAI (2.53), CGR (0.18 g m-2 day-1), RGR (13.07 mg day-1), and inorganic fertilizers were undertaken to know information on NAR (0.74 mg day-1 m-2), lower available N and K (41.63 and 23.63 “Integrated nutrient management in Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata kg ha-1), N and P uptake (126.65 and 26.53 kg ha-1), total dry matter Wall. Ex. Nees. The experiment was conducted on CIM-Megha variety production (12.92 g plant-1), fresh herbage yield (21.47 t ha-1), dry and it was laid out in factorial randomized block design with 24 herbage yield (7.64 t ha-1) and the highest benefit cost ratio (3.29) treatments involving different combination of organic manures and were recorded. Significantly maximum andrographolide content inorganic fertilizers with three replications. The three main factors (4.41%) was recorded with the application of 25 t FYM along with 1 t considered having different levels in which 3 levels of FYM (M0, M1 vermicompost (M2V1F0). Hence, it can be concluded, that and M2, respectively), 2 levels of vermicompost (V0 and V1) and 4 Andrographis paniculata Wall. Ex. Nees variety CIM-Megha showed levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (F0, F1, F2 and F3, better performance under dry land situation with application of 25 t respectively), Among the different treatment combinations, application FYM, 1 t vermicompost along with 75: 75: 50 kg NPK per ha (M2V1F3) of 25 t FYM, 1 t vermicompost along with 75: 75: 50 kg NPK per ha in terms of growth, yield, economics and soil health. Application of

(M2V1F3) recorded significantly maximum plant height (65.67 cm), 25 t FYM along with 1 t vermicompost (M2V1F0) performed better in number of leaves per plant (105.38), number of branches per plant terms of quality (andrographolide content %).

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Assessment of different organic manures on performance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and soil properties BAZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. ANIL KUMAR

The result of experiment revealed that application of vermicompost ha-1) recorded with application of vermicompost equivalent to N equivalent to N content of FYM+100 % N equivalent through content of FYM + 100% N equivalent through jeevamrutha. Microbial 6 -1 panchagavya (T5) as a top dress recorded significantly higher plant population, total bacteria (5.06 CFU × 10 g soil), total fungi (2.46 height (123.53 cm), number of branches (11.53), leaf area (4.65 cm2), CFU × 104 g-1 soil), and total actinomycetes (1.75 CFU × 104 g-1 soil). leaf area index (0.178), number of flower per cluster (6.73), number Total nitrogen (89.67 kg ha-1), phosphorus (46.67kg ha-1), potassium of fruit per cluster (4.68), average fresh fruit weight (120 g), average (57.28 kg ha-1), calcium (15.00 kg ha-1), magnesium (21.54 kg ha-1), dry fruit weight (8.46 g), fruit length (8.45 cm), fruit girth (6.28 cm), sulphur (20.29 kg ha-1), copper (39.24 mg ha-1), iron (171.83 mg ha-1), average yields per plant (4.19 kg), net plot yields (50.28 kg), yields manganese (61.62 mg ha-1) and zinc (92.22 mg ha-1) uptake were per hectare (58.19 t). Available nitrogen (350.88 kg ha-1), recorded recorded significantly higher in T5and higher net returns (` 879070.00 highest with T . Significantly higher available phosphorus (41.87 kg 5 with BC ratio 4.01:1) was also observed in same treatment i.e. T5. Studies on methods of hydrogel application on soil properties and performance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) S. SHARATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. DHANANJAYA Tomato’s growth and yield attributes under field experiment recorded and interaction between six days irrigation interval in combination significantly taller plants, maximum plant spread, fruit length and with soil application of hydrogel. Whereas, significantly maximum diameter including fruit yield per hectare by plants irrigated with root volume and root dry matter were produced in plants irrigation three days interval, combination of both soil application plus seedling with three days interval, combination of both soil application plus root dip of hydrogel and interaction between three days irrigation seedling root dip of hydrogel and interaction between three days interval in combination with soil application plus seedling root dip of irrigation interval in combination with both soil application plus hydrogel. Significantly maximum water holding capacity of soil was seedling root dip of hydrogel. Besides, an incubation study was recorded in combination of both soil application plus seedling root conducted to know the water retention and releasing pattern of four dip of hydrogel. Soils irrigated with twelve days interval and soils different soil textural classes as affected by hydrogel application. without hydrogel application recorded significantly higher available Among them, the maximum per cent retention of water and least

N, P2O5, K2O and exchangeable Ca content of soil. Similar experiment water release over seven days was noticed in loamy sand. However, in pot-culture studies showed significantly maximum root length in crop can survive and produce decent yield with good quality fruits plants irrigated with six days interval, soil application of hydrogel under six days irrigation interval with hydrogel application.

Effect of potassium humate and bio-inoculants on soil fertility, nutrient use efficiency, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) VISHALU HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S.

The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 13 treatments replicated combined application of RDF + foliar spray of 1 % potassium thrice. Potassium humate was applied as foliar spray (0.5 %, 1 and humate @ 30 DAS + seed treatment with KSB has recorded highest 1.5%) and soil application (20 kg ha-1).The results revealed that plant height (289.10 cm), number of pods per cluster (11.33), number

191 of pods per plant (137.51), pod length (18.45 cm), pod girth (8.29 soil pH (7.35), organic carbon content (0.83 %), available nitrogen mm), vegetable pod yield per plant (1.03 kg), vegetable pod yield (339.31 kg ha-1), available potassium (224.15 kg ha-1), Rhizobium per hectare (28.48 t ha-1) and biological yield (9.69 t ha-1). Highest (6.54 CFU × 104 g-1 of soil) and KSB population (44.16 CFU × 103 crude protein content in seed (22.87 %) was recorded with the g-1 of soil) in soil after harvest of crop. Total N (104.86 kg ha-1), application of RDF + seed treatment with Rhizobium + foliar spray total P (17.09 kg ha-1) and total K (92.70 kg ha-1) uptake in plant of 1.5% potassium humate. Application of RDF + potassium humate was recorded with the application of RDF + foliar spray of 1% @ 20 kg ha-1along with bio-inoculants significantly increased the potassium humate along with bio-inoculants. Standardization of growing media with bio-fertilizers for cultivation of sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Italica Plenck) in grow bags under polyhouse condition C. M. DHARNESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. SHANKARAPPA

The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design vermicompost in 2:1:1 proportion and consortia of N-fixer, P- and replicated thrice with four different media composition viz., solubilizer and K-mobilizer recorded significantly maximum head Red earth + Sand + FYM, Red earth + Sand + Vermicompost, yield (360 g), dry Weight of whole plant (276.92 g), ascorbic acid Cocopeat + Sand + FYM and Cocopeat + Sand + Vermicompost in (86.24 mg/100 g) and TSS (5.10 °B) contents in head with maximum 2:1:1 proportions and five different biofertilizer treatments viz., uptake of NPK by plant (2.30, 1.91 and 1.58 g plant-1, respectively). Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas striata, Fraturia aurantia, Besides, it recorded significantly maximum total bacterial count of Consortia of all and control. Among different treatment 8.66 CFU × 106, total fungal count of 5.33 CFU × 103 and total combinations, the media composition of Cocopeat + sand + actinomycetes count of 6.66 CFU × 104. Standardization of growing media and nutrition for cultivation of European cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in grow bags under protected condition M. CHITHRALEKHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVANNA

The result of the study revealed that growing of European cucumber + Micronutrient consortia) showed maximum Total N, P, K and Ca 1 with M3 media containing Coco peat + Red earth + Vermicompost i.e., 2.52, 0.55, 1.97 and 1.30 %, respectively and N(0.67 g pot ), P significantly increased all the growth parameters, yield attributes such (0.23g pot 1), K (0.58 g pot 1), Ca (0.141 g pot 1). The interaction as average fruit weight (126 g), fruit yield per vine (3.63 kg) and fruit effect of growing media and fertigation level were found statistically yield (121.28 t/ha). The highest Total N, P, K and Ca i.e. 2.24, 0.55,1.92 superior with respect to fruit length, fruit girth, average fruit weight and 1.23 %, respectively in growing media and also N (0.55 g pot 1), (141 g), fruit yield per vine (4.85 kg) and fruit yield (161.71 t/ha) 1 1 1 P (0.22 g pot ), K (0.53 g pot ), Ca (0.128 g pot ) uptake were under treatment M3F4 and treatment M3F1 (Coco peat + Red earth + recorded significantly higher in M3. Similarly, fertigation level 75 % Vermicompost with 150 % RDF in equal splits weekly interval +

RDF in equal splits weekly interval+ Micronutrient consortia (F4) Micronutrient consortia) reveled higher Total N, P, K and Ca i.e., 2.45, significantly increasedfruit yield per vine (3.98 kg) and fruit yield 0.64, 1.94 and 1.34 % in growing media and P (0.25 g pot 1), K (0.60 g 1 1 (132.81 t/ha). Treatment F1 (150% RDF in equal splits weekly interval pot ), Ca (0.158 g pot ) uptake in plant. Comparing uptake efficiency of conventional and nano zinc fertilizers under different methods of application in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) VISHNU A. DYAVANUR MAJOR ADVISOR:Dr. SHANKAR METI

Zinc is an important plant micronutrient and its management is crucial foliar spray and soil application of conventional zinc sulphate recorded especially in alkaline soils. In alkaline and calcareous soils, applied zinc higher growth and yield parameters as compared to other treatments. gets converted to calcium zincate and zinc carbonate and thus, requires Application of nano zinc fertilizers did not increase soil zinc content to high application rates. Therefore, an efficient mechanism to reduce the excess level compared to conventional zinc sulphate but maintained amount of zinc fertilizer application to the soil or foliar without close to critical level. Leaf zinc status was significantly higher in compromising the plant growth, yield and environmental pollution is conventional zinc sulphate treated plants compared to nano zinc very essential. In recent years the application of zinc in nano fertilizer fertilizer treated plants. Total plant zinc uptake in nano zinc fertilizer form is being tested and evaluated for different crops. Considering this, treatment was on par with conventional zinc sulphate fertilizer. Zinc the present investigation on comparing uptake efficiency of conventional use efficiency indices like crop recovery efficiency and zinc uptake and nano zinc fertilizers under different methods of application in brinjal efficiency were significantly higher for nano zinc fertilizers compared (Solanum melongena L.) was carried out with 8 treatments and 3 to conventional zinc sulphate which might have resulted in better replications under RBD design. Brinjal crop responded to all the zinc growth and higher yield. Gross returns, net returns and BC ratio were treatments as initial soil zinc content itself was very low. Soil application found significantly higher with soil application (1:4.68) as well as as well as foliar application of nano zinc sulphate and zinc oxide recorded soil + foliar application of nano zinc sulphate (1:4.48) than other zinc better results in terms of growth and yield of brinjal. The number of sources and method of application and control treatment. Application leaves, number of primary branches and secondary branches, plant of nano zinc fertilizer to soil @ 200 g/ha or soil application of nano height, plant canopy area, SPAD meter reading, LAI and biomass were zinc sulphate @ 100 g/ha + 0.5 per cent foliar spray were found significantly higher in zinc treated plants compared to control. Among better for the good growth, high yield and high economic return zinc fertilizer treatments, soil application of nano zinc sulphate @ 200 from brinjal with better zinc use efficiency and less environmental g/ha, soil application of nano zinc sulphate @ 100 g/ha + 0.5 per cent pollution.

192 Productivity, soil fertility and carbon stocks of different oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) hybrids in Tungabhadra command area K. M. MADHUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANJEEVRADDI G. REDDI

The results of productivity of different oil palm hybrids indicated that standing above ground biomass (54.23 t ha-1) and below ground biomass the palm height (3.45 m) and annual leaf production (17.1) was recorded (16.27 t ha-1) were recorded in NRCOP -1. Corresponding carbon stocks highest in NRCOP-1. While, higher palm girth (2.9 m) was recorded in in the above ground and below ground were found to be 27.12 and 8.14 NRCOP-2. The hybrid NRCOP-9 possessed highest number of total t ha-1, respectively, soil organic carbon stock was recorded in NRCOP- inflorescence (14.9) and the highest sex ratio (62.1%) was observed in 1 (31.54 t ha-1). Total carbon stock was found to be highest in NRCOP- NRCOP- 4. In terms of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield, hybrid NRCOP- 1 (121.08 t ha-1), and total biomass recycled (8.85 t ha-1) was recorded 4 recorded highest (15.6 t ha-1 ). The soil available N and organic carbon in NRCOP-1. Soil inorganic carbon was recorded significantly higher in were highest in NRCOP-1 compared to other hybrids. Whereas, available NRCOP-3 (15.27 t ha-1) and the carbon content stored was highest in phosphorus was significantly higher in the basins of NRCOP-4 (51.26 trunk (52 %). To summarize, oil palm hybrid NRCOP-4 recorded kg ha-1) and the exchangeable calcium was noticed significantly higher in significantly higher FFB yield (15.6 t ha-1) in Tungabhadra command the rhizosphere of NRCOP-7 [39.04 c mol (p+) kg-1], while highest area of Karnataka. The oil palm with perennial nature can store a exchangeable magnesium [9.32 c mol (p+) kg-1] and available sulphur carbon of 121.08 t ha-1 which is substantially higher compared to other (8.76 mg kg-1) were noticed in the basins of NRCOP- 4. The highest agricultural systems. Spatial and temporal distribution of salts in the soils of vineyard at Bagalkot C. N. PALLAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. NAGARAJA

Soils and groundwater of Bagalkot district inherently possess high (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm) and three different stages namely before back salt contents. Grape, a commercially important fruit crop of the pruning (S1), growth Stage (S2) and atharvesting Stage (S3). The district, is highly sensitive to salt. Grape growers practice drip vineyard was also categorized into three different elevation zones - method for both irrigation and fertigation and this encourages salt high (E1), mid (E2) and low (E3) regions to assess movements of accumulation and there by influences both grape yield and quality. salts within the grape rows of the vineyard. In the selected vineyard, A soil survey was carried out in 69 vineyards to assess the soil pH of both surface and subsurface soils varied significantly in the salinity parameters. Majority of soils were found in slight to order D1 = D2 > D3 = D4. In terms of seasons, both surface and moderately alkaline pH range (7.09-8.47) while, the salinity ranged subsurface soils recorded significantly higher pH values in samples -1 from slight to moderately saline (0.69-1.69 dS m ). Water soluble at S1 stage compared to S2 and S3 stages. Higher conductivity values cations in soils were found in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+> Na+> K+ were recorded in surface soils (0.83 dS m-1) compared to subsurface - - 2 -1 while, the anions were in the order- Cl > HCO3 > SO4 . The water (0.74dS m ) at all the 4 distances and 3 elevations during S1and S3 samples were also analysed from 20 vineyards and the water samples stages. The soils present in low lying area (E3) recorded higher mean were mostly observed in slightly alkaline range (6.89 to 7.64).The electrical conductivity (0.91 to 0.99 dS m-1) compared to high (0.55 -1 -1 -1 electrical conductivity of water ranged from 0.16 to 1.42 dS m . to 0.63 dS m ) and mid elevation areas (0.76 to 0.86 dS m ) (E1 and 2+ 2+ The cations in the water samples were in the order of Mg > Ca > E2) of the vineyard. Amounts of individual ions varied w.r.t. to + + - - -2 Na > K while, the anions were in the order Cl > HCO3 > SO4 . A elevations, distances and seasons in the order of E3> E2> E1;D1> detailed study was carried out separately on spatial and temporal D2>D3> D4 and S3 e” S1> S2, respectively. However, the water distribution of salts in a selected grape vineyard. The spatial soluble K+ was differed during growth stage and found in the order -1 distribution of salts at 15cm (D1), 30cm (D2), 75cm (D3) and 120cm S2> S3> S1. Similarly, the Cl among anions in subsurface soils was

(D4) from the plant rows were monitored at two different depths in the order D3 =D1 = D2> D4. Augmentation of native micronutrients availability in guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Sardar through different fertilizer sources A. R. AKARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. PRASANNA

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is one of the most popular fruit grown in change brought in the crop management appreciable changes in growth, tropical and sub-tropical regions of India. Of late guava cultivation is yield and quality could be anticipated in the slightly alkaline situations. expanded in marginal lands where soil salinity and calcareousness are All the fertilizers accelerated acidulation of the rhizosphere and intern the prominent problems associated with normal production. High levels augmented the metallic micronutrients availability. Urea created the of salinity and precipitated calcium carbonate in soils affect the mild acidity whereas ammonium sulphate created stronger acidity. transformations and availability of several essential plant nutrients. Application of ammonium sulphate was more preferable in enhancing This particular problem is more conspicuous as far as metallic the optimum micronutrient availability in alkaline soil. Ammonium micronutrients owing to their precipitation as their respective sulphate performed dual role of reducing the soil reaction and supplied hydroxides under alkaline soil reaction. For this reason, optimum crop sulphur for the crops. By this it can be inferred that urea in general and production in alkaline soils calls for an intervention of special fertilizer ammonium sulphate in particular would be suitable to the mild alkaline management practices to transform large unavailable pools of nutrients (pH 7.8-8.0) soils. However, for strong alkaline soils it is better to opt to available forms. In general localized application of acid forming for the combinations of urea and ammonium sulphate with elemental fertilizers to near the root zone bring vital changes in soil reaction sulphur. Further, in higher alkaline soils inclusion of chelated rendering to augment the micronutrients availability.With this small micronutrients over and above elemental sulphur would be appropriate.

193 Augmentation of native micronutrients availability in brinjal through different fertilizer sources KIRAN ROOGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. PRASANNA

Brinjal is grown across the state irrespective of soil type and climate management appreciable changes in growth, yield and quality could be owing to the preference and requirement of the local population. At anticipated in the slightly alkaline situations. All the fertilizers this junction, even the salt affected soils are not spared for cultivation accelerated acidulation of the rhizosphere and intern augmented the in order to meet the market demand. High levels of salinity and metallic micronutrients availability. Urea created the mild acidity whereas precipitated calcium carbonate in soils affect the transformations and ammonium sulphate created stronger acidity. Application of ammonium availability of several essential plant nutrients. This particular problem sulphate (T2) was more preferable in enhancing the optimum is more conspicuous as far as metallic micronutrients owing to their micronutrient availabilityin alkaline soil. Ammonium sulphate performed precipitation as their respective hydroxides under alkaline soil reaction. dual role of reducing the soil reaction and it supplied sulphur for the For this reason, optimum crop production in alkaline soils calls for an crops. By this it can be inferred that urea in general and ammonium intervention of special fertilizer management practices to transform sulphate in particular would be suitable to the mild alkaline (pH 7.8- large unavailable pools of nutrients to available forms. In general 8.0) soils. However, for strong alkaline soils it is better to opt for the localized application of acid forming fertilizers to near the root zone combinations of urea and ammonium sulphate with elemental sulphur. bring vital changes in soil reaction rendering to augment the Further, in higher alkaline soils inclusion of Chelated micronutrients micronutrients availability. With this small change brought in the crop over and above elemental sulphur would be appropriate.

Effect of partial substitution of chemical fertilizers with FYM and bio-fertilizer consortia in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] SANDESH YALLAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RUDRESH D L. NANDIHALLI The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design proved best among all treatments with respect to growth parameters with 10 treatments and three replications the treatments details are as like plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, fruit diameter, follows T1- 100 % RDF, T2-100 % RDF + biofertilizer consortia, T3- fruit length and fruit quality parameters like nitrogen, phosphorous

75 % RDF, T4- 75 % RDF + biofertilizer consortia, T5-75% RDF + and potassium content and yield parameters like total yield, plant

25 % recommended “N” through FYM, T6-75 % RDF + biofertilizer biomass, plant nutrient uptake, enzyme activities like dehydrogenase consortia + 25 % recommended “N” through FYM, T7- 50 % and phosphatase activity, available soil nutrients, soil microbial recommended dose of fertilizer, T8- 50 % RDF + biofertilizer dynamics and VAM per cent root colonization of okra followed by consortia, T9- 75 % RDF + 25% recommended “N” through FYM, the treatment receiving 75% RDF + biofertilizer consortia + 25 %

T10- 50 % RDF + biofertilizer consortia + 25% recommended “N” recommended “N” through FYM and it was better than treatments through FYM. Observations on growth, fruit yield and fruit quality receiving only chemical fertilizer only. From the observations recorded parameters, nutrient uptake, chemical characteristics of soil, nutrient in the present investigation it is possible to get on par growth and availability, rhizosphere microbial population and soil enzyme yield parameters by replacement of 25 per cent recommended dose activities were recorded. In general, 100% RDF + biofertilizer consortia chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer consortia and FYM.

VEGETABLE SCIENCE Development of value added products from spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) and evaluation of hypoglycemic activity R. HAMSA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI Physico-chemical properties of spine gourd powder revealed that the total phenols (115.00 mg GAE/100 g) and mineral content (calcium: minimun bulk density (0.48 g/cc), drying time (6 hrs), less colour 109.50 mg/100 g, magnesium: 158.75 mg/100 g, iron: 26.00 mg/100 g, change (L*: 78.32, a*: 0.68, b*: 32.28), carbohydrate (61.91%) and zinc: 21.75 mg/100 g) was observed in T4 [Rice Flour (35 %) + Bengal calorific value (283.34 Kcal/100g) with maximum percentage of Gram Flour (35%) + Spine Gourd Powder (30 %)]. In animal study, protein (1.93%), fat (3.12%), ash (8.11%) and crude fibre (14.78) STZ induced Wistar albino rats fed with Khakra T6 (10 g/rat/day) was observed in T2 [Spine gourd slices + Blanching (3 min) + Steeping showed significant changes in feed efficiency ratio with higher in 0.2 % KMS and 2 % Salt (10 min)]. In the quality analysis of percentage reduction in serum glucose (40.62 %) and serum cholesterol Khakra, the highest protein (9.70 %), fat (5.66 %), ash (9.04 %), (48.60 %) whereas, significant increase in serum haemoglobin (36.97 crude fibre (12.34 %), total phenols (366.25 mg GAE/100 g) and %). The results from the present study suggested that pre-treatment mineral content (calcium: 157.00 mg/100 g, magnesium: 218.00 mg/ before dehydration helped in retention of nutrients in powder. The

100 g, iron: 36.03 mg/100 g, zinc: 30.59 mg/100 g) was observed in T6 acceptable Khakra and Ribbon in terms of physico-chemical and [Whole Wheat Flour (30 %) + Bengal Gram Flour (20 %) + Spine nutritional properties could be obtained by incorporating 50 per cent Gourd Powder (50 %)]. In the quality analysis of Ribbon, the highest and 30 per cent of spine gourd powder, respectively. Khakra (50 % protein (4.75 %), fat (16.94 %), ash (6.25 %), crude fibre (7.15 %), spine gourd incorporation) helped in lowering the glucose level in rats.

194 Induced mutagenesis in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] H. N. LAVANYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SMARANIKA MISHRA Induced mutagenesis in cluster bean variety pusa navbahar was studied and genetic advance were estimated. Plant height, pulp to seed ratio and using gamma irradiation. In M1 generation lower doses of 150 to 200 powdery mildew showed moderate GCV and PCV whereas, pod length Gy was found beneficial, whereas higher dose of 600 Gy showed and pod width showed low GCV and PCV. Moderate to high heritability detrimental effect on germination, seedling growth parameters, pollen and genetic advance were recorded for plant height, sedd to pulp ratio, sterility and survival at maturity. M2 generation was grown along with pod length and reaction to powdery mildew. Hence, based on these control (Pusa Navbahar) and three checks namely MDU 1, Swarna and traits, 29 superior lines were selected and subjected for nutrient analysis. Sonali. Total nine types of morphological mutants (dark green leaf, Sufficient variation was observed for all the nutrients and minerals branched, dwarf, white flower, sterile, long pod, short pod, curve pod, studied. It was noted that for improving P, K, Ca and Mg content 350 small leaf) were observed and the mutation frequency was high at Gy was beneficial whereas for N, Cu, Zn and Fe content improvement higher doses whereas both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency 100 to 150 Gy is useful. Hundred Gy was found to be useful in improving showed decreasing trend with increasing dose. M2 geneeration revealed protein, antioxidant and phenol content in cluster bean. This study was significant variations with respect to mutants and mutants over control found successful in generating variability for yield attributing traits and for the traits like plant height, pod length, pod width, pulp to seed ratio nutritional content. Further, evaluation of the identified lines will help and reaction to powdery mildew. For these traits GCV, PCV, heritability in isolating desirable genotype.

Evaluation of white onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes for bulb yield, quality and processing G. PRIYADARSHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. AMARANANJUNDESWARA In the study a total of 28 genotypes were evaluated using RCBD umoll/gram FW) followed by Arka Sona (6.24 umol/gram FW). A design with two replications. For the yield characters ON-14-09 and study on storage behaviour of the genotypes, GJWO-3 and ON-16- GJWO-3 performed better with maximum average bulb weight 27 were indicated the minimum physiological loss in weight after (113.40 and 105.55 g), ten bulb weight (968.75 and 902.45g), bulb three months of storage. In minimally processing, it was found that yield per plot (13.25 and 11.82 kg/plot) and yield per hectare (44.12 the genotypes Telagi White, ON-16-30, ON-16-25, GJWO-3 and and 39.27 t/ha). The highest polar and equatorial diameter was Arka Sona retained the freshness, microbially safe and acceptable recorded in the genotypes Bhima Safeda and ON-14-09 (6.91 and after 14 days of storage. Of different genotypes took 8 to 10 hours 7.36). The highest (°Brix) was registered in genotypes Arka Sona for dehydrated onion for parameters like colour cum appearance, (23.15 °Brix). The maximum firmness of bulb was recorded in GJWO- flavour and overall acceptability were maximum in the cabinet dried 3 (9.85 kg/cm2). The maxiumum dry matter content was noticed in bulbs. The genotypes Arka Sona and Arka Swadista scored highest Arka Sona (21.34%). The genotypes GWO-1 and ON-15-29 mean sensory scores in dehydrated products. Based on the registered the maximum reducing sugar of 3.67 per cent. The maximum performance of different genotypes with respect to growth, yield non-reducing sugar and total sugars were recorded in the genotype quality, storage attributes and processing traits, the genotypes Arka Rose Onion (4.12 and 6.34 per cent, respectively). Among different Swadista, GJWO-3, Bhima Safeda and ON-14-09 were found to be genotypes, the maximum pungency was revealed in Rose Onion (6.55 best suited for cultivation in eastern dry zone of Karnataka.

Assessment of genetic variability of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes for foliage yield and quality parameters PAIDARKER SHIWANGI SUDESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. P. HADIMANI

The investigation was undertaken with RCBD design with two number of branches, fresh stem weight, leaf area, plant height, root replications and 30 genotypes of coriander were used for the study. length, root weight and petiole length. These traits also recorded The analysis of variance revealed highly significant variation among maximum direct effect on foliage yield per plant. Hence, these traits the genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the higher can be considered while selecting for foliage yield per plant in magnitude of variability in germplasm. Higher estimates of coriander. Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 30 genotypes were heritability coupled with high values of genetic advance over per grouped into eight clusters. Cluster II was found to be with maximum cent mean (GAM) were observed for most of the traits studied number with nine genotypes and highest intra-cluster distance was except for plant height at 30 and 40 days after sowing (DAS), observed in cluster V. The genotypes viz., DCC-46, DCC-32, DCC- petiole length and root length at 50 DAS. This indicated the 39, DCC-44 and DCC-37 were identified as best genotypes with predominance of additive components for these traits and hence respect to yield per plant. Genotype DCC-46 was also observed to direct selection could be more effective in improving these traits. have good amount of vitamin C as well as protein content. DCC-44 Foliage yield per plant indicated highly significant and positive possessed higher vitamin C content only. DCC-39 and DCC-37 correlation with dry weight of the plant, stem base diameter, dry recorded higher protein content of coriander leaves. Therefore, these stem weight, dry leaf weight, number of leaves, fresh leaf weight, genotypes could be further assessed for their stability.

195 Heterosis and combining ability studies in sponge gourd [Luffa cylindrica (Roem.) L.] POOJA P. KARISUBBANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. P. HADIMANI

Eighteen crosses derived from six lines and three testers which were 2 × KRCCH-1(19.00 %) for fruit yield per hectare. The crosses evaluated in RCBD and data was subjected to line × tester analysis. SG-2 × KRCCH-1, KRCCH-2 × SG-6 and KRCCH-2 × KRCCH- The magnitude of heterosis over the commercial check (Shubra) was 1 were identified as the good specific combiners and parents high in the desirable direction and it ranged from -16.05 to -40.54 % KRCCH-2 and SG-2 were identified as good general combiners for for vine length at last harvest, -44.09 to 46.24 % for number of total yield and yield attributed traits. Studies on combining ability branches, -14.47 to 40.79 % for days to first male flowering, 12.64 variances revealed that non additive gene action was predominant to 18.39 % for days to first female flowering, 39.47 to 57.89 % for for the characters vine length at last harvest, number of branches at first female flowering node, 8.26 to 9.17 % for days to first harvest, 60 DAS, days to first male flowering, days to first female flowering, -32.33 to 8.13 % for sex ratio, -4.97 to 8.29 % for days to last first female flowering node, days to last harvest, sex ratio, per cent harvest, 22.82 to 50.59% for per cent fruit set, -66.67 to 64.89 % fruit set, number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight, fruit length, for number of fruits per vine, -17.56 to 31.78 % for average fruit fruit diameter, fruit yield per vine and these characters could be weight, -21.32 to -41.76 % for fruit length, -21.54 to 21.54 % for further improved through recurrent selection or heterosis breeding. fruit diameter and -31.82 to 160.00 % for fruit yield per vine. Additive gene action was predominant for first male flowering node Maximum heterosis was found in crosses SG-2 × KRCCH-1 and days to first harvest. Thus these characters can be improved by (54.20 %) followed by KRCCH-2 × SG-6 (51.67 %) and KRCCH- simple selection.

Genetic variability, divergence and character association study in sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica L.) KARIGOUDA R. JATTAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. N. HANCHINAMANI

The characters like number of seeds per fruit, number of primary (31.33 %), number of fruits per vine and number of nodes at main branches, average length of vine, number of fruits per vine, nodes at vine (15.67 %), hundred seed weight (10 %), fruit girth (8.67 %), TSS first male flower, fruit length, hundred seed weight, fruit girth, fruit (7 %), number of seeds per fruit (4 %), average length of vine (3.33%) yield per vine are important traits to be accounted for gaining and number of primary branches (2.33). Over all summary of the improvement in fruit yield per vine since, these traits had high positive experiment revealed that the characters vine length, number of primary direct and indirect effect on fruit yield per vine. Fruit yield per vine branches, nodes at first female flowering, nodes at first male flowering, was significantly and positively correlated with nodes at first male days to first harvest, fruit girth, average fruit weight, number of fruits flower, days to first harvest, number of seeds per fruit, average length per vine, rind thickness, number of seeds per fruit, hundred seed of vine, genotypic and phenotypic level. Hence, success can be weight of sponge gourd genotypes were recorded high GCV, PCV, achieved in improvement of fruit yield per vine by applying selection heritability and GAM. Hence, these characters had lot of variability pressure on these characters. Among the 18 characters studied for D2 with additive gene action. Therefore, these characters are improved analysis, flesh thickness and days to first harvest (67 %) contributed by simple selection. Top five genotypes viz., HUB-13, SG-6, HUB- maximum to the total divergence among the genotypes followed by 4, SG-3, and SG-4 were identified as best genotypes in this study nodes at first male flower and fruit yield per vine (33 %), rind thickness with respect to their fruit yield per vine.

Genetic variability studies in F2 segregating population of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) for yield and quality traits J. SRINIVAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. M. INDIRESH

The investigation on two F2 population of brinjal i.e., Swetha × leaf area in the population of Pusa Shymala × Utkal Anushree. Arka Kusumakar and Pusa Shymala × Utkal Anushree were evaluated Therefore additive component is predominant here, thus there is in un-replicated trails during kharif 2018. Analysis of variance ample scope for improving these characters through direct selection. revealed that highly significant (p=0.01and 0.05) difference among The results on correlation and path analysis revealed positive and two population was observed for all characters studied indicating significant association of yield per plant with number of fruits per the higher magnitude of variability in two populations High GCV plant, average fruit weight, stem girth, fruit diameter in both the and PCV were observed for number of fruits per plant, fruit yield crosses and number flowers per cluster in population of Pusa per plant in both the population. High estimates of heritability Shymala × Utkal Anushree had high direct effects along with positive (>60 %) coupled with high values of GAM (>20 %) were observed significant correlation indicating the possibility of increasing fruit for the characters viz., number of fruits per plant, average fruit yield by selecting these characters in both the segregating weight, fruit yield per plant, number of primary branches, plant populations. More number of fruits and high yield per plant was spread East to West direction, plant spreads North to South direction recorded for the plant number 15, 32, 162, 1 and 232 in Swetha × in both the populations. Fruit diameter, stalk length, stem girth Kusumakar and in Shymala × Utkal anushree plant number 50, 169, recorded high heritability coupled with high GAM in population of 154, 212 and 201. These plants may be forwarded for further Swetha × Arka Kusumakar where as number of flowers per cluster, generation to assess for their stability.

196 Morphological and biochemical characterization studies in fenugreek genotypes B. P. JASHWITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. P. HADIMANI The investigation on Lam, Guntur and 13 genotypes from different plant with characters viz., dry matter content per plant, pod width, parts of Karnataka were evaluated in randomized block design with number of pods per plant, secondary branches at 30 DAS, herbage two replications. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant yield per square meter area and these characters also had high direct and (both at P=0.01 and P=0.05) difference among the genotypes for all the indirect effect on seed yield per plant. Hence, direct selection for these characters studied indicating the higher magnitude of variability in the traits would be more useful in the improvement of yield per plant. germplasm except for days to 50 per cent flowering, number of leaves Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 22 genotypes were grouped into 6 (90 DAS), number of primary branches (30 DAS), number of secondary clusters. The cluster I showed maximum intra-cluster distance (D2 = branches (30 and 90 DAS) and carbohydrate content in the seeds. High 72.13), whereas, the maximum inter cluster distance was observed estimates of heritability coupled with high values of genetic advance between cluster IV and VI (D2 =618.48). Among the 17 characters over per cent mean (GAM) were observed for traits such as number of studied, seed yield per plant (29.00 %) contributing maximum to genetic secondary branches (30 DAS), chlorophyll content in the leaves, dry diversity. Top five genotypes viz., RMt-303, HUB-12, HUB-2, RMt- matter content per plant, petiole length, seed size and number of pods 1 and RMt-305 recorded high foliage yield per plant, whereas, genotypes per plant which indicates predominance of additive components for viz., HUB-5, HUB-4, HUB-3, HUB-1 and HUB-2 recorded high seed these traits and hence direct selection would be more effective in yield while the genotypes RMt-303, RMt-143,LS-2, HUB-12 and improving these traits. The results on correlation and path analysis HUB-2 possessed dual purpose character and therefore, these genotypes revealed high positive and significant association of seed yield per can be further assessed for their stability.

Studies on genetic variability and interrelationship of yield and its component traits in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes T. N. VIJAYA KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. ALLOLI The investigation on twenty different genotypes of garden pea hence direct selection would be more effective in improving these collected from different places were evaluated in randomized traits. The results on correlation and path analysis revealed high complete block design with three replications. The analysis of positive and significant association of pod yield per plant with variance revealed highly significant (both at P=0.01 and P=0.05) characters viz., plant height, number of leaves per plant, days to difference among the genotypes for all the characters studied first flowering, days to first picking, number of pods per plant, pod indicating the higher magnitude of variability in the collected length, pod yield per plot and number of seeds per pod and these genotypes. The very high estimates of heritability coupled with characters also had high direct and indirect effect on pod yield per high values of genetic advance over per cent mean (GAM) were plant. Hence, direct selection for these traits would be more useful observed for traits such as plant height, number of branches per in the improvement of yield per plant. Arka Priya, Goldie, GS-10, plant, number of leaves per plant, number of pods per plant, number Jindal-10 and HUB-8 recorded high pod yield per plant, pod yield of pods per axil, pod length, pod yield per plant, pod yield per plot, per plot, number of pods per plant and other quality parameters. number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 seeds, protein and TSS Therefore, these genotypes can be further assessed for their stability indicates predominance of additive components for these traits and before exploiting them for commercial cultivation.

Nutritional studies on vegetable pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] K. R. YOGEESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVEENDRA JAWADAGI The experiment involving three levels of spacing, two varieties and first flowering and 50 per cent flowering) and yield parameters (pod three different levels of chemical fertilizers was laid out in split- length, pod weight, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant split plot design and replicated twice in block of the Department of and pod yield per hectare) but varying spacing did not affect the

Vegetable Science, Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, quality parameters. Among different varieties, V2 (ICPL-87091) Arabhavi under University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, to recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality parameters. assess the performance of vegetable pigeonpea varieties for With respect to fertilizer treatment, F1 (125 % RDF + 20 kg S) vegetative, yield and quality parameters. Analysis of variance recorded significantly higher growth, yield and quality parameters. revealed highly significant difference among the spacing and treatment Adoption of 90 × 30 cm spacing, 125 % RDF of NPK + 20 kg S combinations. The wider spacing S3 (90 × 40 cm) was found to be along with variety ICPL-87091 (V2) proved to be most productive better for growth parameters (plant spread, number of branches, as well as more economical which resulted in higher gross returns leaf area index and stem girth), flowering parameters (days taken to (` 337560), net returns (` 266145) and BC ratio (3.7). Agromorphological and nutraceutical characterization of portulaca (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions KEDARNATH MAJOR ADVISOR Mr. IMAMSAHEB JATTH Twenty five genotypes collected from different parts of Karnataka high estimates of heritability coupled with high values of genetic advance were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications. The over per cent mean (GAM) were observed for traits such as plant analysis of variance revealed highly significant (both at P=0.01 and height, leaf area, number of leaves, number of branches, number of P=0.05) difference among the genotypes for all the characters studied nodes, number of inflorescence, number of flowers per plant, secondary indicating the higher magnitude of variability in the germplasm. Very branches, plant spread E-W, plant spread N-S, stem girth, 1000 seed

197 weight, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of plant,foliage yield per of yield per plant. Based on Mahalonobi’s D2 analysis, 25 genotypes plant, indicated predominance of additive components for these traits were grouped into 7 clusters. The cluster I showed maximum intra- and hence direct selection would be more effective in improving these cluster distance (D2 = 222.78), whereas, the maximum inter cluster traits. The results on correlation and path analysis revealed high positive distance was observed between cluster VI and VII (D2 =1093.79). Among and significant association of foliage yield per plant with traits viz., the 21 characters studied, plant spread N-S content (28.33 %) plant height, leaf area, stem girth, fresh weight of plant, dry weight of contributing maximum to genetic diversity. Top five genotypes viz., plant, number of leaves, number of branches per plant and these traits HUB-5, HUB-8, HUB-11, HUB-20 and HUB-25 were recorded high also had high direct and indirect effect on foliage yield per plant. Hence foliage yield per plant and quality parameters. Therefore, these direct selection for these traits would be more useful in the improvement genotypes can be further assessed for their stability.

Evaluation of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) grafts for growth yield and yield attributing characters K. S. SUDESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA

An experiment was conducted with the major objectives of monitoring effect of grafting was recorded when S. torvum was used as rootstock. the changes induced by different rootstock-scion combinations in The highest average fruit weight was recorded in T1 (Galine F1 grafted terms of plant growth and yield of brinjal. The experiment was laid onto S. torvum) (257.57 g). Galine F 1 grafted onto SS. torvum (T1) out in Randomized Block Design with two brinjal hybrids Galine-F1 recorded the highest fruit diameter, fruit length and fruit and Mahy-11 grafted onto seven different rootstocks and non-grafted volume.Mahy-11grafted onto S. torvum (T7) observed maximum were used as control. The highest graft success (96.67 %) was recorded number of fruits per plant (30.18) and yield per hectare (61.11 t/ha). in T1 (Galine F1 grafted onto Solanum torvum Swartz). Overall The cost of graft production was ` 4.14 /- and 4.12 /- per graft of vegetative growth was highest in grafted plants. Among different Galine F1and ` 3.61/- and 3.59/- per graft of Mahy-11 when grafted treatments, T1 (Galine F1 grafted onto S. torvum) recorded maximum onto wild rootstock and cultivated rootstock, respectively. The highest plant height (93.00 cm). Maximum number of leaves (372.98) and CB ratio (1 : 2.71) was recorded in T7 (Mahy-11grafted onto S. number of branches (15.29) and number flowers per plant (41.55) torvum). Grafted Mahy-11 performed best in flowering and yield was recorded in T7 (Mahy-11grafted onto S. torvum). A positive characters when S. torvum was used as rootstock.

Development of F1 hybrids in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for ToLCBV resistance RAHUL CHANDEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. T. SADASHIVA

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crop is susceptible to over 200 highest per se value for yield per hectare with least PDI for ToLCBV. diseases among which ToLCD is the major viral disease. Conventional Among the parents IIHR-2919 was found to be a good general disease control strategies are uneconomical and ineffective. Present combiner for number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per investigation was carried out to develop 55 hybrids using eleven cluster, yield per plant (kg), number of locules per fruit, fruit length tomato genotypes in half diallel fashion at ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru. (cm) and yield per hectare (t). However, the combination IIHR- Resultant hybrids along with parents and checks were evaluated for 2902 × IIHR-2852 was best specific combiner for plant height and their mean performance, heterosis and combining ability during average fruit weight. Whereas the cross IIHR-5-3-7-5 × IIHR-2853 summer of 2019. Based on the results obtained, the parent IIHR- for PDI and DSI and hybrid IIHR-2913 × IIHR-2898 was found to 2852 (54.75 t/ha) recorded the highest yield per hectare followed by be the best specific combiner for yield per plant (kg) and yield per IIHR-2853 (48.00 t/ha). The parents IIHR-2852, IIHR-2919, IIHR- hectare (t). For most of the characters studied the var. SCA had 2913, IIHR-2902 and IIHR-2907 were resistant to ToLCBV. The greater estimates than var. GCA and hence for such traits heterosis hybrid combination IIHR-2913 × IIHR-2898 (68.07 t/ha) had given breeding can be exploited.

Effect of fertigation on growth, yield and fertilizer use efficiency in hybrid ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] H.C. ANANDA MURTHY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANIL KUMAR NAIR The experiment was laid out with RCBD design with eight treatments (454.03 g), fruit yield per vine (4.03 kg), fruit yield per hectare and replicated thrice. The treatment T3 (Fertigation with water soluble (53.73 t), fruit girth (18.40 cm), fruit length (49.76 cm) and highest fertilizers @ 150:90:150 kg NPK ha-1) recorded maximum vine length net returns (` 555435.00 per hectare) and benefit cost ratio (2.22) (635.31cm), internodal length (14.52 cm), number of leaves per vine was also highest in the same treatment. From this investigation it can be (239.60), leaf area per vine (6263.78 cm2), number of male and female concluded that, water soluble fertilizers at @ 150:90:150 kg NPK ha-1 flower per vine (304.93 and 29.73) at 90 days after transplanting. is ideal for the maximum growth, yield and quality of hybrid Arka The number of fruits per vine (19.68), average fruit weight Vikram of ridge gourd.

198 Assessment of genetic variability of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for growth, yield and

quality parameters in F4 and F5 generations N. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTHI KATTEGOUDAR

An investigation was carried out to assess the genetic variability of days to flowering, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for growth, yield and quality fruit yield per plant, fruit length, fruit width, number of locules, TSS, parameters in F4 and F5 generations of cross Kashi Hemanth × 16P2. pericarp thickness, fruit firmness, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid and

A total of 796 and 782 plants were planted in F4 and F5 generations, lycopene content in both F4 and F5 generation. High level of GA has respectively. With respect to variability, high genotypic coefficient been observed for plant height, number of fruits per plant and average of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient variation (PCV) were fruit weight in both F4 and F5 generation. Moderate levels of GA have observed for plant height, number of branches, number of fruits per been observed for ascorbic acid content in F4 generation, while GA plant, average fruit weight, yield per plant, number of locules per was low for all other traits, mainly because of less selection pressure. fruit, fruit firmness, lycopene content and titrable acidity in both F4 High level of genetic advance as per cent mean noticed for noticed for and F5 generations, it gave an evidence for larger variability for the all the characters in both F4 and F5 generation except days to flowering mentioned characters in the material. The magnitude of phenotypic in F5 generation, whereas moderate GAM was observed for that coefficient of variation was slightly higher than their respective character. The characters showing high estimate of GAM suggests genotypic estimates for all the characters under the study, indicating that selection for such traits may be economical. A total of 25 plants expression of true genetic potential of the plants. The estimates of for average fruit weight, 36 plants for yield per plant and 21 plants high heritability value was noticed for plant height, number of branches, for lycopene content were selected for further advancement. Evaluation of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Cerasiforme) genotypes for growth, yield and quality parameters NAJIBULLAH ANWARZAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTHI KATTEGOUDAR

Twentyone cherry tomato genotypes were evaluated for growth, yield COHBT-198 and COHBT-208. Genotype COHBT-198 recorded and quality parameters. Among different genotypes, COHBT-199 maximum average fruit weight (43.90 g). The maximum fruit yield per recorded maximum plant height (261.10 cm) at the final harvest and plant was recorded in the genotype COHBT-198 (2.30 kg). COHBT- minimum height was recorded in COHBT-206 (179.50 cm). Genotype 70 genotype recorded maximum total soluble solids (8.55 °Brix) and COHBT-199, COHBT-27 and COHBT-70 recorded maximum number minimum acidity was recorded in COHBT-31 (0.30 %). Among all of branches per plant (23.80) and minimum number of days were genotypes pericarp thickness varied between 2.50 and 5.50 mm. The recorded in COHBT-198 (20.50). Earliness reported in COHBT-199 maximum number of locules per fruit was recorded in COHBT-208 (24.00 days) and maximum was recorded in COHBT-217 (32.50 days) (4.00). COHBT-209 genotype recorded maximum chlorophyll content for 50 per cent flowering. COHBT-199 genotype recorded maximum (9.90 mg/g). The maximum lycopene content was recorded in genotype number of flowers per cluster (10.64) and number of fruits per cluster COHBT-44 (13.5 mg/100 g). Among the genotypes studied, genotypes (8.75) and minimum number of fruits per cluster was recorded in COHBT-198 and COHBT-199 recorded higher values for yield COHBT-191 (3.00). Among different cherry tomato genotypes, parameters and the genotype COHBT-44 recorded higher values for maximum fruit length was recorded in COHBT-198 (5.00 cm). quality parameters indicating their suitability for utilization in further The maximum fruit girth (4.00 cm) was recorded in COHBT-209, breeding programmes. Evaluation of different brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) grafts for bacterial wilt resistance N. R. PRAVEENKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA

In field experiment, sixteen graft combinations were made to assess (13.25) and flower clusters per plant (31.75). The maximum average growth, yield and to identify the brinjal graft resistance against fruit weight was recorded in T13 (PLR-2 on Solanum mammosum) bacterial wilt over non-grafts (3 check varieties). The minimum (131.95 g). Arka Kusumakar on Surya (T7) recorded maximum number of days taken for germination was recorded in PLR-2 (4.83 number of fruits per plant (74.23) and yield per hectare (50.69 t/ days). Solanum torvum recorded maximum seedling girth at grafting ha). The highest infection was observed in non-grafted plants Arka stage (4.36 mm). At 7, 15 DAG (Days After Grafting) and 15 DAT Kusumakar (check-1) and PLR-2 (check-2). The plants grafted with

(Days After Transplanting) T1 (Arka Kusumakar on S. torvum) S. torvum, Solanum indicum, S. mammosum, Arka Keshav and Surya recorded maximum per cent of graft success (99.30%). Among exhibited resistant reaction followed by moderately resistant reaction different treatments, T1 (ArkaKusumakar on S. torvum) recorded in plants grafted with Solanum khasianum against bacterial wilt maximum plant height (84.50 cm). T7 (Arka Kusumakar on Surya) infection while Solanum macrocarpon and CO-2 recorded recorded maximum number of leaves (301.83), number of branches susceptible reaction. Fertigation studies on sprouting broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) under polyhouse condition SHAH SAMAND SAMANDARY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MEENAKSHI SOOD

Investigation on “Fertigation studies on sprouting broccoli (Brassica yield of broccoli. Among different levels of nutrition, 125:75:50 kg oleracea var. Italica) under polyhouse condition” was conducted NPK ha-1 through drip irrigation in six equal split doses with water with nine treatments and three replications to study the effect of soluble fertilizes (WSF) resulted in significantly higher plant height different fertilizer doses and method of application on growth and (81.40 cm), higher stalk length (19.66 cm), number of leaves per

199 plant (18.86), head volume (88.96 cc), height weight (254.24 g), which was on par with the same levels of fertilizer when given maximum number of spears per plant (3.60) and total soluble solids through drip irrigation using CF. It was evident that application of (9.56 ºBrix). The same treatment also resulted in highest uptake of different fertilizer levels enhanced the growth, yield and quality of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Treatment involving 125:75:50 sprouting broccoli except days taken to head initiation and days Kg NPK ha-1 through drip irrigation with conventional fertilizers taken to 50 per cent head maturity. Application of 125:75:50 kg (CF) resulted in maximum leaf area per plant (1,940.01cm2) and leaf NPK/ha through drip irrigation with water soluble fertilizers in six area index (24.55). Significantly higher yield per plot (5.97 kg) and split doses at equal weekly intervals resulted in better growth, yield yield per hectare (7.62 t/ha) was recorded with 125:75:50 kg NPK and quality of broccoli. Best cost benefit ratio was also obtained ha-1 through drip irrigation with water soluble fertilizers (WSF), with this treatment. Studies on genetic variability and its character association in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.] T. R. BHAGYALEKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. D. GASTI Twenty three genotypes of watermelon were evaluated in randomized studies revealed that the fruit yield per vine had significant and positive block design with two replications and significant differences were association with number of branches, average fruit weight, number of observed among genotypes for all the characters studied. High PCV fruits per vine, rind thickness, flesh thickness, pulp to seed ratio, and GCV were observed for the characters vine length, number of days to first male flowering and fruit diameter. Path coefficient analysis branches, node at first female flower appeared, sex ratio, average fruit revealed that number of fruits per vine, average fruit weight and pulp weight, number of fruits per vine, fruit yield per vine, fruit yield per to seed ratio had high direct positive effect on fruit yield indicating plot, fruit yield per hectare, rind thickness, pulp to seed ratio, number their true positive and significant association with yield. Based on of seeds per fruit and hundred seed weight. This indicated maximum Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the 23 genotypes were grouped into four variability and offers good scope for crop improvement by simple clusters. The cluster III showed maximum intra-cluster distance, selection. High estimates of heritability coupled with high values of whereas, the maximum inter cluster distance was observed between GAM were observed for the characters under study except days to cluster II and IV. Fruit yield per vine contributed maximum to genetic first male flowering and days to first harvest indicates predominance diversity. Genotypes viz., WM-12, WM-13, WM-14, WM-23 and of additive component for these traits and hence direct selection would WM-10 recorded high fruit yield per vine. Therefore, these genotypes be more effective in improvement of these traits. Character association can be further assessed for their stability. Studies on genetic variability and character association in processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) genotypes S. K. GAJENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VASANT M. GANIGER

Forty genotypes of tomato were evaluated in randomized block design effective in improvement of these traits. Character association studies with two replications and significant differences were observed among revealed that the fruit yield per plant had a positive and significant the genotypes for all the characters studied. Higher GCV and PCV of association with traits like number of branches per plant, average >20.00 % were observed for average fruit weight (g), size of the fruit fruit weight, number of locules per fruit, lycopene, fruit length and (cm), density of fruit (g/cm3), yield per plot (kg), number of fruits per fruit breadth. Path coefficient analysis revealed that plant height, plant, number of locules per fruit, pulp to seed ratio, colour of the number of branches, average fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit (L*), pericarp thickness (mm), TSS: Acid ratio and lycopene number of locules per fruit, TSS, ascorbic acid, seed weight per fruit, (mg/100g). This indicated the presence of sufficient variability in the lycopene and fruit length had high direct positive effect on fruit yield genotypes studied for the above traits which offered good scope for indicating their true positive and significant association with yield. crop improvement by simple selection strategies. Higher estimates of Based on Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the genotypes were grouped heritability (>60.00 %) coupled with high GAM were observed for into ten clusters. Cluster VI showed maximum intra-cluster distance, plant height (cm), number of branches, average fruit weight (g), number whereas, the maximum inter cluster distance was observed between of fruits per plant, size of the fruit (cm), density of the fruit (g/cm3), cluster VII and IX. Yield per plot contributed maximum to genetic yield per plant (g), number of locules per fruit, pulp to seed ratio, diversity. Among the genotypes studied, P-54, RHREC-D4, P-55, TSS (°Brix), ascorbic acid (mg/100 g), colour of fruit (L*,a* and b*), RHREC-D2 and COHBT-53 recorded high fruit yield per plant, while pericarp thickness (mm), TSS: Acid ratio, texture quality (N), lycopene P-70, P-54, P-14, P-67 and P-69 were found good for processing. (mg/100 g) and acidity (%) indicating the predominance of additive Therefore, these genotypes could be further useful for the processing component for these traits and hence direct selection would be more purpose in the tomato breeding programmes. Genetic variability studies in chilli (cv. Byadgi Dabbi) variants collected from Kundagol area of Dharwad district A. SUSHMITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. ALLOLLI

Twenty nine Byadgi Dabbi chilli accessions were evaluated in randomized fruits per plant, dry fruit yield per plant, yield per plot, yield per complete block design with two replications to study the variability, hectare and capsaicin content. Very high heritability coupled with very correlation, path and divergence studies at the Horticultural Research high GAM were recorded for number of fruits per plant, dry fruit yield and Extension Centre, Devihosur (Haveri). Analysis of variance revealed per plant, yield per plot, yield per hectare, weight of 100 dry fruits, that highly significant difference existed among accessions for all the number of seeds per fruit and capsaicin content indicating the traits studied. Very high GCV and PCV were observed for number of predominance of additive gene action, hence direct phenotypic selection

200 is useful with respect to these traits. Yield per plant was positively showed maximum intra-cluster distance and the maximum inter- cluster and significantly associated with plant height at 120 DAT, plant spread distance was observed between cluster I and VI. Capsaicin contributed (E-W) at 120 DAT, plant spread (N-S) at 120 DAT, secondary branches, maximum to the total diversity. The highest cluster mean for fruit yield days to first flowering, number of fruits per plant and average fruit per plant was observed in cluster III. Maximum divergence was weight at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed observed between these clusters. Hence the crosses between that plant height at 120 DAT, plant spread (N-S) at 120 DAT, secondary accessions of these clusters may be tried for improvement of yield. branches and number of fruits per plant had high positive direct effects The high yielding accessions,namely, DKK-G-3, DKS-DD-2, DKS- on dry fruit yield per plant. By following Mahalanobis's D2 analysis, ND-2 and DKHBD-1 can be further assessed for stability before 29 accessions of chilli were grouped into 6 clusters. The cluster III exploiting them for future use.

Genetic variability and character association studies in slicing cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) SANA SHAHAPURI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKANTH EVOOR

A field experiment on “Genetic variability and character association analysis revealed that the fruit yield per vine had significant and positive studies in slicing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)” was carried out with association with average fruit weight, fruit length, number of branches twenty six genotypes replicated twice in randomized block design. at 75 DAS, fruit diameter, vine length at 60 DAS and flesh thickness Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among all the and total soluble solids. Path coefficient analysis revealed that average genotypes for all the characters under study. The characters such as fruit weight, fruit diameter and number of fruits per vine had high direct number of branches, fruit length, average fruit weight, fruit yield per positive effect on fruit yield indicating their true positive and significant vine, fruit yield per plot and fruit yield per hectare recorded high PCV association with yield. Based on Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis, the 26 and GCV. This indicated maximum variability and offered good scope genotypes were grouped into five clusters. The cluster III showed for crop improvement by simple selection. High estimates of heritability maximum intra-cluster distance, whereas, the maximum inter cluster coupled with high values of GAM were observed for all the characters distance was observed between cluster III and II. Average fruit weight under study except for days to first male flowering, days to first female contributed maximum to genetic diversity. Genotypes viz., Noida flowering and number of fruits per vine, this indicates predominance of collection, Poinsette, Cucumber green, Maharaj and Koppal local-6 additive component for these traits and hence direct selection would be recorded high fruit yield per vine. Therefore, these genotypes can be more effective in improvement of these traits. The results of correlation further assessed for their stability.

201 Theses Abstracts of UAHS Shivamogga ABSTRACTS OF THESES Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees by the University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga during 2019 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Studies on heterosis for fruit yield, quality and yellow vein mosaic virus resistance in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) SHASHIKALA S. KOLAKAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD

The present investigation on screening, heterosis and combining Heterosis study recorded that the crosses which had significant ability for fruit yield, quality and resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic heterosis over standard check were IC45818 × IC43735 for days to Virus (YVMV) in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] was 50 per cent flowering, IC45818 × VRO103 for plant height, Arka carried out during summer and kharif seasons of 2016 and summer Abhay × Halubende for fruit length, IC45980 × Halubende for season of 2017 at the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research average weight of fruit and IC45980 × Parbhani Kranti for fruit Station, Brahmavar and Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, yield per plant. These hybrids can be used for exploitation of hybrid College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural vigour on commercial scale. Combing ability analysis revealed that Sciences, Shivamogga respectively. The results of the experiment both general and specific combing ability variance were highly revealed that, there were significant variation among the genotypes significant for almost all the characters. Parents IC45818, IC45980, for fruit yield and its component traits and incidence of YVMV Parbhani Kranti, Arka Abhay and Halubende were proved to be disease. Broad sense heritability and genetic advance was higher for good general combiners and Arka Abhay × Halubende was good almost all the characters studied. Direct and indirect association specific combiner for most of the fruit yield and its component analysis revealed that number of fruits per plant had highest direct traits. Lowest incidence of YVMV disease was recorded in the cross effect followed by average fruit weight on fruit yield per plant. IC45980 × Halubende. The biochemical analysis recorded higher Diversity analysis for all the genotypes based on Mahalanobis D2 nitrogen and sugar contents in susceptible genotypes while mucilage values were grouped into 12 clusters. Cluster I was largest consisting content, peroxidase activity and polyphenyl oxidase activity were of 30 genotypes. The YVMV incidence contributed maximum higher in resistant genotypes. Genotypes IC45818, IC43735, followed by average weight of fruit for the divergence. None of the IC45980, NO.135 and UAHS1-1 with the low disease incidence genotype was immune or free for the YVMV disease incidence. values can be further tested in hot spots to confirm their potentiality.

Assessment of morpho-physiological, molecular parental diversity and heterosis for salinity tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) R. MADHURI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

The present investigation composed of 100 rice genotypes conducted Randomised Complete Block Design with two replications. Among the at Farmer’s field, Thyavanige, Davangere district, Karnataka were hybrids, Pusa-44 x CSR 10 and Sarjoo-52 × CSR 27 were identified as screened under augumented design along with five checks during kharif best specific combiners for grain yield per ha under salinity condition 2016. Analysis of variance revealed that significant differences present for Karnal and Davangere location, respectively. Parental molecular among the genotypes for the 10 quantitative traits studied. High diversity was assessed using 500 SSR markers, out of these 168 markers estimates of PCV and GCV was observed for chlorophyll content exhibited polymorphism between 11 parents. The similarity coefficient (45.29 and 42.65%, respectively) followed by yield (39.02 and ranged from 0.22 to 0.81. The maximum similarity coefficient was 36.51 %, respectively) and indicated wide range of variability for observed between PR-123 and CSR 36 (0.48) which indicated that these traits. Based on screening results, Kishora, Kartha and Ragoli these genotypes were more closely related. While, the minimum were identified as salt tolerant genotypes at reproductive stage. Six similarity value of 0.15 was observed between the genotypes CSR 30 susceptible high yielding genotypes were selected and hybridized with and CSR 66, which indicated that these two varieties were highly divergent. five tolerant rice genotypes in Line x Tester fashion to produce 30 F1s. Correlation was negatively significant for grain yield per ha (r = - 0.40

These F1s were evaluated at ICAR- Central Soil Salinity Research and - 0.39) under both the saline situation and significant positive Institute, Karnal, Haryana and Farmer’s field, Thyavanige, Davangere correlation for grain yield per ha (r =0.34) was estimated from the estimates district, Karnataka during kharif 2017 and kharif 2018, respectively in of SSR based molecular divergence and mid parent heterosis.

202 SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Status and behaviour of zinc in soils under paddy land cover of hilly zone in Karnataka T. M. SHRUTHI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. CHIDANANDAPPA

An investigation was carried out in order to study the dynamics of zinc varied from 0.20 to 6.62 mg kg-1, it was noticed that 85.38 per cent of in soils under paddy land cover of hilly zone in Karnataka. Soil samples the soils recorded suffiecint. The contribution of different fractions to were collected from 12 taluks under the zone and were analyzed for the total zinc was in the order of water-soluble < carbonate bound < chemical properties, available zinc status, fractionation and adsorption organic matter bound < easily reducible manganese bound < iron and behaviour of zinc. A pot experiment was conducted to study the response aluminum oxide bound

Soil properties as influenced by levels of biochar and FYM application under aerobic rice-pulse cropping system B. R. ARUNKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. THIPPESHAPPA

Two field experiments were conducted at the ZAHRS, Navile, UAHS, oxidizable carbon and soil microbial biomass carbon contents were Shivamogga, during summer and kharif 2018 to know the effect of significantly increased due to combined and alone application of biochar and FYM on soil properties, soil carbon pools, yield of aerobic biochar and FYM compared to absolute control and RDF alone. The rice and green gram. The experiment was planned in RCBD design TOC and TC contents in soil increased with increase in biochar rate with 16 treatments consisting of four levels of biochar at 2, 4, 6 and but statistically non-significant effect. Combined application of biochar 8 t ha-1 and two levels of FYM at 5 and 10 t ha-1 which were applied @ 8 t ha-1+ FYM 10 t ha-1 with RDF recorded significantly higher alone and in combinations. The recommended dose of fertilizer was aerobic rice grain (6184.0 kg ha-1) and straw (7724.0 kg ha-1) yield and applied commonly to all the treatments with three replications. The yield parameters viz. number of panicles per hill and number of grains result revealed that combined application of 8 t ha-1 biochar + 10 t ha-1 per panicle. Residual effect of applied @ biochar 8 t ha-1 + FYM 10 t FYM with RDF(100:50:50 kg ha-1) to soil significantly influenced ha-1 with RDF (20:50:50 kg ha-1) increased the soil physical, physico- the soil BD, porosity, MWHC, FC, PWP and water stable aggregates, chemical, available nutrients status, soil carbon pools, soil enzymes, pH, EC, CEC, available nutrients status, soil enzymes and microbial microbial biomass and significantly higher yield of green gram biomass compared to absolute control and RDF alone treatments. (871.0 kg ha-1) and stover (1708.0 kg ha-1) as compared to absolute Soil carbon pools viz., potassium dichromate and permanganate control and RDF alone.

Productivity of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and dynamics of NPK in soil as influenced by NPK levels T. KANTHARAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. CHIDANANDAPPA

Field experiments were conducted at the Zonal Agricultural and of N30P15K20, which enhanced significantly superior interaction Horticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamogga during 2017 and effect on growth, yield and quality indices of foxtail millet. The 2018 to study the influence of NPK levels on productivity of foxtail nutrient content and uptake by foxtail millet was significantly millet and their dynamics in soil. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 15 and superior in N30P15K20 compared to other combinations. The NPK -1 -1 30 kg N ha ), two levels of phosphorus (0 and 15 kg P2O5 ha ) and combination at N30P15K20 enhanced the values of grain quality -1 -1 three levels of potassium (0, 10 and 20 kg K2O ha ) were tried in a indices viz., crude fibre (8.4 %), protein (12.5 %), zinc (3.2 mg 100 g ) factorial randomized block design with three replications. Results and iron (4.6 mg 100 g-1). Increase in the levels of NPK and their of the experiments indicated that the combination N30P15K2O was combinations were increased the available N and P2O5 status in found to have significantly higher positive influence on plant height post-harvest soil. However, the treatment receiving N30P15K20 -1 (130.2 cm), number of tillers per row length (49.3), number of leaves recorded significantly higher available N (173.9 kg ha ) and P2O5 -1 -1 per plant (25.8), panicle length (18.3 cm), grain yield per panicle (29.1 kg ha ). The available K2O (54.25 kg ha ) values significantly (6.15g), test weight (3.79g), grain yield per ha (1388.6 kg) and straw reduced with increased N levels during consecutive of two years yield per ha (2834.6 kg) of foxtail millet compared to all other study. The dynamics in post-harvest soil revealed that the greater treatment combinations. The extent of individual influence of reduction in organic-P and K fractions with increase in N levels nutrients at higher levels was lesser than the combined application except nitrogen and inorganic-P fractions.

203 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Survey, feeding preference of lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) and maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) and their management on stored maize K. C. NARAYANA SWAMY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. HANUMANTHASWAMY

Investigation was carried out during 2016-2018 at the Department of seed damage and number of adult survival without affecting the moisture Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of content and seed weight loss by R. dominica and S. zeamais upto 120 Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga on lesser grain borer, days after treatment followed by plastic containers and glass bottles. Rhyzopertha dominica and maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamaisin stored Based on different biological parameters the maize hybrids Hema and maize. Survey revealed that among the three districts selected in CP818 proved tolerant against both R. dominica and S. zeamais. The Karnataka, the highest number of stored insect pests were recorded in hybrids RMH-462, Nithyashree and NK6607 were more susceptible Shivamogga district as compared to rest of districts and lowest number based on oviposition period, fecundity and developmental period. of pests were recorded in Chitradurga district. Various storage insect Evaluation of botonicals and animal origion bioproducts revealed that pests were noticed in three disricts. Among different storage insect application of Acarus calamus rhizome powder @ 2 per cent was pests the Sitophilus oryzae was most dominant, whereas Trogoderma found to be most effective against both R. dominica and S. zeamais granareum was least dominant in all the above three districts. Evalution even upto 180 days after storage followed by Annona squamosa @ 2 of different storage containers revealed that maize seeds stored in per cent and cow dung ash powder @ 2 per cent and maintained seed polythene bags of 700 gauge was found to be most effective in reducing quality parameters above minimum seed certification standards. Molecular characterization of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and its transmission efficiency of potato viruses KAVITA HEGDE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY

The present investigation on molecular characterization of Myzus were efficient transmitters of PVY and PLRV, respectively than persicae and their endosymbionts was carried out during 2017- , Chikkaballapura and Dharwad clones. Among the three 2019. At the same time, the transmission efficiency of two major antibiotics (tetracycline, rifampicin and ampicillin trihydrate), potato viruses i e., PVY and PLRV and colony developmental tetracycline @ 50 µg/ml was most efficient in reducing the behaviour on potato varieties was studied. Efforts were also made transmission efficiency of PLRV. Colony development behaviour in field condition to understand the influence of primary infection results showed that Kufri Jyothi and FC 3 varieties were more of viruses in seed tubers and its effect on secondary spread of PVY. preferred by adults and nymphs of M. persicae than FL 1533. All the 124 M. persicae populations collected from various Aphids were found preferring mixed infected plants (PVY + PLRV), geographical regions in Deccan Plateau of India on diverse host than healthy and single infection of PVY and PLRV. When 100 per plants exhibited 95 per cent nucleotide similarity with M. persicae. cent healthy tubers of Kufri Jyothi were used for sowing, the virus The phylogenetic analysis formed eight different clusters separately incidence was significantly low (21.67 %) and recorded the maximum suggesting the host associated genetic differences within M. persicae average plant height (54.24 cm), number of stems per plant (4.83), population in Deccan Plateau of India. A primary bacterial number of tubers per plant (5.79) and yield per plant (374.23 g) in endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola was successfully detected by kharif 2018. The similar trend was recorded in rabi 2018-19. Among 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis in all the populations collected. the different insecticides evaluated, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.5 g/l Transmission efficiency analysis of five geographically separate was found to be superior with the maximum yield (20.38 t/ha, 20.79 M. persicae clones showed the efficient transmission of PVY and t/ha and 20.58 t/ha) and cost: benefit ratio (1:4.32, 1:5.20 and 1:4.56) PLRVbut at different rate. Hassan clone and Chickmagalur clone in rabi 2017-18, kharif 2018 and pooled as well, respectively.

Bio-ecology and evaluation of different management modules against spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cucumber M. LATHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MANJUNATHA

Investigations were carried out on bio-ecology and evaluation of with an average of 24.90±1.98 days in male and 29.13 to 32.87 days different management modules against spider mite, Tetranychus with an average of 31.40±0.98 days in female. The innate capacity of macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard on cucumber between 2016 and 2018 increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) of T. macfarlanei reached at the College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural maximal values (0.123 and 1.131) at 32 °C. The mean generation time Sciences, Shivamogga. The survey revealed that incidence of spider (T) and doubling time (DT) were shortest (12.31 and 2.43) at 32 °C. All mite was observed in all the places. Tetranychus macfarlanei was the the life stages of predatory mite preferred eggs followed by larval most common species found in Shivamogga district. The highest mean instars and least were on adults and duetonymphal stages of spider population (19.14±2.1 mites/sq. inch) of spider mites recorded in mite. Among the four modules evaluated against spider mite in cucumber Shivamogga taluk followed by Honnali taluk of Davangere district grown under polyhouse condition during kharif and summer season, (12.31±1.1mites per sq. inch). Among eleven places; higher mean mite lowest mean mite population was recorded in M1-Chemical intensive population was seen in polyhouse condition. Correlation studies module (4.30 mites per sq. inch) in kharif and M2-IPM module (5.37 revealed that maximum temperature, predatory mite and predatory mites per sq. inch) in summer season. Highest BC ratio (3.63 and 4.34) coccinellids showed highly significant positive correlation. The total was obtained with M2-IPM module and produced highest yield (33.12 life period occupied by T. macfarlanei varied from 21.60 to 27.46 days and 30.04 t ha-1) in kharif and summer crop.

204 PLANT PATHOLOGY Molecular detection and management of mycotoxigenic fungal contamination in maize (Zea mays L.) K. AJITHKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. NAIK

Mycotoxin contamination in maize is the major post harvest through ELISA and the results revealed that, all the isolates were constraint, affects quality and quantity of the produce, there by affects toxigenic in nature. Twenty isolates of Fusarium spp. were confirmed exporting of maize and effects on human as well as animal health. The as Fusarium verticillioides based on cultural and morphological survey results revealed that, the maximum per cent severity of characters, of which only 18 F. verticillioides isolates were amplified mycotoxigenic fungus in the field was noticed in Shivamogga, Koppal at 550 bp with ITS primers. For toxigenic conformity isolates were (8.70) and Haveri district (17.64) as against the least severity in amplified with VERTF-1, VERTF-2 and were also detected through Raichur district with 3.81 and 2.38 during 2017-18 and 2018-19, LC-MS and the results revealed that FM-6, FM-15, FM-16 and respectively. The higher per cent incidence in godowns and markets FM-19 were positive for fumonisin production. The response of 125 was recorded in Shivamogga (40.40) and Ballari (58.67) districts maize germplasm for mycotoxigenic fungi showed that none of them whereas minimum incidence was recorded in Haveri (22.73 %) during expressed immune or resistant reaction. An integrated approach was 2017-18 and Mandya, Shivamogga (31.87 %) during 2018-19. attempted for the management of mycotoxin contamination in maize. Culturally and morphologically identified Aspergillus flavus isolates The soil enrichment with neem cake, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens and were further confirmed molecularly, wherein the ITS region of rDNA foliar spray of carbendazim were effective in reducing the infection of all 20 isolates were amplified at 550 bp. For toxigenic conformity, with maximum yield of 60.59 and 57.61 q/ha and highest BC ratio of isolates were amplified with aflJ-R, aflJ-F and were also detected 3.34 and 3.15 in first and second circumstances, respectively.

Studies on the impact of increasing temperature and CO2 on fusarium wilt disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) SUDHARANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK

The Fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. combination of CO2. To improve the resistance level, attempts were ciceris (Foc) is one of the major production constraints in many parts made to understand the molecular basis of chickpea x Foc interaction of the world. Under changing climatic scenario, elevated CO2 and through quantitative PCR (qPCR) to quantify the expression of several temperature have shown potential impact on host pathogen candidate chickpea defence and Foc virulence related genes in both interaction, plant resistance mechanisms and pathogen virulence. cultivars. As compared to elevated CO2, the expression of defence Hence, the present study was focused to assess the impact of elevated and virulence response genes in chickpea inoculated seedlings were

CO2 (ambient, 550 and 700 ppm) and temperature (25, 30 and 35 °C) highly up-regulated in ambient CO2 condition in combination with 25 on incidence of Fusarium wilt of chickpea in JG 62 (susceptible) and and 30 °C when compared to 35 °C. Our results suggests that among WR 315 (resistant) cultivars. Irrespective of temperature, the the different defence related genes studied, peroxidise gene is highly incubation period was delayed in elevated CO2 (550 and 700 ppm) expressed in WR 315 cultivar, there by restricting the Foc colonization when compared to ambient CO2 condition. In JG 62 at 25 °C and by providing an evidence of efficient defense mechanism in the resistant

30 °C with ambient and 700 ppm CO2 combination, maximum disease cultivar. Moreover, in JG 62 secreted in xylem (SIX 14) gene was incidence of 100 per cent was observed when compared to 550 ppm highly expressed as a virulence gene as it mainly helps in colonization

CO2. Moreover, at 35°C least disease incidence was recorded in all of Foc by defeating its defense in susceptible cultivar.

Investigation on maize cyst nematode Heterodera zeae Koshy et al. in Karnataka N. RANI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Maize is considered as the queen of cereals and third most important Chitradurga, Davanagere and Shivamogga populations showed crop after rice and wheat. Heterodera zeae reported to cause maximum length. Second stage juveniles of Chitradurga population significant losses in maize. However, little work has been initiated appeared longer, while maximum tail length was noticed in on this tiny hidden enemy of maize crop in Karnataka. Hence, the Chitradurga and Davanagere population. Cysts were lemon-shaped, present investigation on maize cyst nematode H. zeae was fenestra was ambifenestrate. The highest mean value of cyst body undertaken. Survey was conducted in all the 13 major maize growing length, width and cone top height was observed in Chitradurga districts of Karnataka which revealed that, it was widespread and population. Molecular study using PCR amplification at 1050 bp distributed in all the surveyed districts. Sandy loamy soil and and restriction of the same indicates that, variation was present monocropping system supported the maximum nematode infection. among 10 populations. Among different bio-agents, botanicals and All the genotypes grown were found susceptible for H. zeae. green nano products, Trichoderma harzianum, papaya leaf extract, Haralahalli, Katihalli, Isuru, Siddapura, Goravarahatti and Chiluru- and ZnPfs, were found best under in-vitro juvenile mortality test. kadadakatte villages recorded highest cyst hence were considered as Field management study during 2017 and 2018 revealed that, ‘hot spots’ for H. zeae in Karnataka. Total life cycle was completed application of consortium of P. fluorescens + T. harzianum + within 23 days after inoculation of second stage juveniles. Twelve B. subtilis at 20g/m² was found most effective in reducing nematode plants belonging to family Poaceae were found to be hosts for population, cysts with increased yield and maximum BC ratio in H. zeae. Morphology and morphometrics comparisons of eggs of both the locations and seasons tested.

205 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCE GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Genetic variability and molecular diversity in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.,) for Aspergillus flavus seed colonization and aflatoxin contamination HASANALI NADAF 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. HARISH BABU

In recent times, edible groundnuts have attracted major attention in colonization. The present study revealed an increase in aflatoxin the international market. Aflatoxin contamination and pesticide contamination under moisture stress as compared to normal moisture residues are the major obstacles in its export. Hence, development of condition. Genotypes viz., ICGV-15119, Dh-234, Dh-246, Dh-216, cultivars with resistance to seed colonization by Aspergillus flavus Dh-101, Dh-86, K-9, SB-T13, SB-T14, VB-T31, SB-T2 and J-11 and aflatoxin contamination is a major objective in groundnut breeding. recorded no aflatoxin contamination under both normal moisture and In the present investigation, significant differences were noticed among moisture stress conditions indicating their tolerance to aflatoxin 66 groundnut genotypes for in vitro seed colonization by A. flavus contamination. The molecular diversity analysis with 30 SSR primers (IVSCAF), aflatoxin contamination, yield and its component traits revealed that, germplasm line ICGV 15143 and cultivar Dh-101 were (under both normal moisture and moisture stress condition). Yield found to be most divergent genotypes. Single marker analysis revealed traits viz., number of primary branches per plant, pod yield (kg/ha) that, marker S-21, S-80 and GM-1954 have significant association and kernel yield (kg/ha) exhibited high heritability coupled with high with tolerance to aflatoxin contamination. Four markers viz., GM- genetic advance over mean indicating better scope for selection for 1954, GM-1883, pPGPseq2F05 and S-03 were linked to IVSCAF. these traits. The genotypes SB-T10, ICGV-15138 and ICGV-15124 The marker GM-1954 was found to be associated with tolerance to showed high level of resistance to Aspergillus seed colonization. both aflatoxin contamination and in-vitro seed colonization by Popular cultivars TMV-2 and GPBD-4 were susceptible to seed Aspergillus flavus.

Genetic analysis in segregating population of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] for yield and its related traits S. R. PRIYANKA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. GOWDA

The present investigation was aimed to assess the extent of genetic length, number of seeds per fruit, number of picking and yield per variability, character association, path analysis and identification of plant. The highest positive and significant correlation coefficient of transgressive segregsnts in F2 population of cross Phule Utkarshi × yield per plant has been noted with plant height at maturity, number of Arka Anamika along with the parents as checks. This study was carried branches per plant, number of internodes, number of fruits per plant, out at the ZAHRS Navile, Shivamogga during kharif 2018. The analysis fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, number of seeds per fruits and of variance revealed that existence of significant amount of variability number of picking,indicating that these are the primary yield determinant for all the traits studied in the segregating population. High phenotypic characters in okra. Path coefficient analysis revealed that number of coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation fruits per plant had highest positive direct effect followed by fruit (GCV) were observed for number of branches per plant, number of weight. Thus, selection for number of fruits per plant and fruit weight fruits per plant, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruits, number of traits might be rewarding. Among the studied population, identified picking and yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic superior transgressive segregants viz., P-137, P-144, P-147, P-28, advance as percent mean was observed for traits like plant height at P-129, P-68, P-145, P-67, P-115, P-233, P-243, P-27, P-132, P-186 maturity, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit width, fruit and P-14, for higher yield can be tested across location.

Assessment of genetic variability in segregating population (F2) of cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. Var. Cerasiforme) RAJESHWARI A. TELI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD The present investigationwas carried out to assess the extent of genetic except for days to first flowering, number of locules per fruit, TSS variability and identification of transgressive segregants in segregating (Brix) and pulp content (%). Correlation analysis revealed fruit yield

(F2) population (250) of cross IIHR 2358 (Tomato) and Australian per plant had significant and positive association with number of clusters red (cherry tomato) for yield and quality traits. The experiment was per plant, number of fruits per plant, plant height (cm), number of undertaken at the ZAHRS Navile, Shivamogga during kharif-2018. branches, average fruit weight (g) and fruit width (mm). Path coefficient Genetic variability analysis showed that existence of sufficient amount analysis had showed positive direct effect of fruit yield on number of of variability formost of the traits. High estimates of phenotypic clusters per plant, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation average fruit weight (g) and fruit width (mm). Among the 250 F2 plants (GCV) were observed for number of cluster per plant, number of P-165, P-128, P-168, P-59, P-17, P-03, P-64, P-48, P-18 and flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, primary branches per P-41identified superior transgressive segregants can be evaluated for plant, pericarp thickness (mm) and lycopene content (mg/100 g). The further advanced to stabilization and can be used as parents in estimates of heritability and GAM were high for all studied traits hybridization programmefor yield and quality traits.

206 Genetic and morphophysiological studies for submergence tolerance in rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.) G. V. RANJITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

The present investigation was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural grain yield per plant. High GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and Horticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamogga. One hundred and genetic advance as per cent mean was recorded in number of rice landraces including four checks viz., FR13A, Hemavathi, Tunga tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, and Jyothi constituted the experimental material and were laid out in spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight, harvest index and grain yield per augmented design to screen for submergence tolerance during summer plant. Correlation studies showed that panicle length, spikelet fertility, 2018. Forty six rice landraces showing more than 50 per cent survival 1000 grain weight and harvest index had significant positive correlation and four checks were selected and further evaluated for with grain yield per plant. Mahalanobis D2statistics grouped the 46 morphophysiological traits, genetic diversity and variability for 13 landraces and four checks into eight clusters. The maximum inter yield and yield related traits using Randomized Complete Block cluster distance was found between cluster V and cluster VIII. Design during kharif 2018. Analysis of variance revealed significant Molecular diversity analysis using six SSR markers showed the differences among the landraces for all the traits. Physiological traits presence of high molecular diversity among landraces grouping them like survival per cent, chlorophyll content, absolute growth rate and into seven clusters. Landraces such as Halagabatta, Kangalli, Shasti, harvest index had significant positive correlation with grain yield per Guddapairnel and Muttinas annaare identified as submergence tolerant plant. Whereas stem elongation showed negative correlation with and can be further utilized in crop improvement programme.

Assessment of genetic variability in F2 tomato population of cross, IIHR 2373 × Arka Alok (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) SANGAMESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD

The present investigation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) was cluster indicating that most of the traits were less influenced by undertaken during kharif, 2018 at the Zonal Agricultural Horticultural environmental factors for their phenotypic expression. High Research Station, Navile, UAHS, Shivamogga, to study variability heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was parameters, correlation, path analysis and identification of observed for all the traits except fruit diameter, days to first flowering transgressive segregants in respect to fruit yield and its component and number of fruits per cluster indicating wide scope for improvement traits in F2 population of the cross, IIHR-2373 (high shelf life) and through selection most of these traits. The highest positive and Arka Alok (high yield). The distribution pattern indicated large number significant correlation coefficient of fruit yield per plant was noted of genes with dominance based complementary interaction in the with plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter and average fruit weight. inheritance of plant height, number of branches, fruit length, fruit Path coefficient analysis revealed that average fruit weight had highest weight, shelf life and fruit yield per plant and duplicate type of positive direct effect followed by plant height, indicating that these interaction was noticed for pH content and days to first flowering. are the most important character contributing towards fruit yield. Variability analysis showed the presence of sufficient amount of Superior transgressive genotypes (P-34, P-12, P-180, P-127, P-227, variability among all the traits studied in the segregating population. P-212, P-157, P-237, P-66 and P-47) that exhibited higher fruit yield Very little differences were observed between GCV and PCV for all per plant with extended shelf life were identified in the cross for the characters except days to first flowering and number of fruit per advancing to the next generation.

Identification and characterization of rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.) for salinity tolerance P. K. SRAVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MALLESHAPPA

The present investigation was carried out in farmer’s field at productive tillers per plant. The correlation analysis revealed that, Thyavanige village of Davanagere district. Sixty rice genotypes the characters viz., total number of tillers per plant, number of including four checks viz., Pokkali, CSR 27, CSR 36 and Jyothi were productive tillers per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, number screened for salinity tolerance using randomized complete block design of spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, test weight, chlorophyll with two replications during kharif 2018. Most of the plants of content and L/B ratio had significant positive association with grain highly sensitive genotypes were died as recorded in visual scoring of yield. The highest direct positive effect on yield was exhibited by genotypes for salt injury based on Standard Evaluation System at number of filled grains per panicle followed by total number of tillers seedling stage. The remaining 54 genotypes were studied for yield per plant. The Mahalanobis’ D2 analysis grouped the genotypes into and yield attributing traits under saline condition. The analysis of eight clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was noticed between variance revealed highly significant difference among genotypes for cluster III and cluster VIII. Seven SSR markers revealed the presence all the characters studied. High heritability and high genetic advance of high molecular diversity among the genotypes grouping them into as per cent mean along with high to moderate GCV and PCV were seven clusters. The present study showed that the genotypes noticed for days to 50 per cent flowering, number of filled grains per Marnavamidoddiga, Shivadappavalya, Tulasoimog, Gulvadi Sannakki, panicle, spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, plant height, grain and Kavalakannu are salinity tolerant genotypes and could be further yield per plant, number of tillers per plant, L/B ratio, test weight and used in salinity tolerance introgression breeding programme.

207 Assessment of morphological characteristics and genetic variability studies in landraces of rice (Oryza sativa L.) SUJATA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHRIDEVI A. JAKKERAL

Present investigation was carried out to characterize 51 landraces of productive tillers per plant and test weight. Correlation analysis of rice at the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, revealed that traits viz.,total number of tillers per plant, number Shivamogga, during the kharif 2018, Shivamogga using Randomized of productive tillers per plant, test weight, panicle length and complete block Design. Forty one qualitative and 13 quantitative panicle fertility showed significant positive correlation with grain characters were evaluated as per DUS guidelines given by PPV & yield per plant. Path analysis revealed that days to 50 per cent FRA, 2001. Five characters such as the presence of leaf ligule, flowering, leaf width, the total number of tillers per plant, number split shape of leaf ligule, absence of male sterility and presence of of productive tillers per plant, panicle length and test weight secondary branching characters were common in all the 51 landraces showed a direct and positive effect on yield.Mahalanobis’ D2 of rice. Remaining 36 characters were unique and distinct among clustered the landraces of rice into eight clusters, cluster IV and the landraces of rice. Analysis of variance revealed a significant cluster V showed highest inter-cluster distance. The study will be difference for all the characters. The high GCV, PCV and heritability useful for breeders, researchers and farmers to identify and choose with maximum genetic advance percent mean was recorded for the restoration and conservation of beneficial genes for crop days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, leaf length, stem improvement and also to seek protection under Protection of Plant thickness, plant height, total number of tillers per plant, number Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act, 2001. Assessment of genetic variability and diversity in advanced breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) R. V. SUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

The present investigation was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural spikelet fertility, test weight and harvest index showed significant and Horticultural Research Station, Navile, Shivamogga during kharif positive correlation with grain yield per plant. The highest direct

2018. Forty advanced breeding lines of F4 generation with four positive effect on grain yield per plant was exhibited by straw yield checks viz., KMLT-4, JGL-1798, KPR2 and Jyothi constituted the per plant followed by harvest index. Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics experimental material and were laid out in Randomized Complete grouped the forty advanced breeding lines and four checks into Block Design to study genetic variability, diversity, character seven clusters. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded association and path analysis for fourteen yield and yield attributing between clusters IV and VII. The maximum percent contribution traits. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among towards divergence was made by days to 50 per cent flowering and the advanced breeding lines for all the characters studied. High GCV number of spikelets per panicle. The advanced breeding lines viz., and PCV coupled with high heritability and GAM was recorded for KMLT-4 × KPR2 1-4-1-3, KMLT-4 × KPR2 2-15-1, KMLT-4 × number of productive tillers per plant, number of spikelets per KPR2 2-12-1, JGL 1798 × KPR2 1-8-6-1, JGL 1798 x KPR2 2-2-1-1, panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and straw yield per JGL 1798 × KPR2 2-2-3-2, KPR2 × Jyothi 1-4-3-1 and KPR2 × plant. Correlation studies revealed that days to 50 per cent flowering, Jyothi 3-9-4-1 exhibited higher mean yield performance compare to number of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, the checks. Hence these lines should be advanced to next generation number of spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, and evaluated for stability and adaptability.

AGRONOMY Variability in rainfall and rice production in Karnataka and their association with El nino southern oscillation SHILPA CHERIAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SRIDHARA

Monsoon fluctuations due to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) district recorded highest per cent positive deviation (23.46 %). Kharif have a reflective influence on rice productivity, which is the major rice yield was less than normal in 15 major rice growing districts of food grain in India. The impact of ENSO on spatial variability of Karnataka and highest negative deviation from normal was observed summer monsoon rainfall was analyzed for the period of 1950-2018 in Bidar district (-25.09 %) during El Nino (strong, moderate and and that on kharif rice production for the period of 1998-2016. It was weak) years. Kharif rice yield was more than normal in 18 major rice clear from the analysis that El Niño Southern Oscillation had varied growing districts of Karnataka and highest percent change from normal influences on rainfall as well as rice productivity over different rice was observed in Belagavi district (41.31 %) during La Niña (strong, growing districts of Karnataka. It was found that during El Niño moderate and weak) years. The correlation between southwest (strong, moderate and weak) years, S-W monsoon rainfall was below monsoon rainfall and kharif rice productivity during the El Ninno normal in all the districts of Karnataka wherein, the highest negative years indicated that August rainfall contributed major share in deviation from the normal was recorded in Mysuru district (-22.76 %). variations in rice productivity. Analysis of ENSO impact on spatial During the La Nina (strong, moderate and weak) years, S-W monsoon rice productivity could be useful for formulating farm-level site specific rainfall was above normal in 13 districts in which Bengaluru rural management planning and policy decisions.

208 Effect of sewage water and sludge on productivity of green chilli and soil properties K. S. SACHIN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. K. VEERANNA

A field experiment entitled ‘Effect of sewage water and sludge on which were significantly superior to normal water. However, the yield productivity of green chilli and soil properties’ was conducted during parameters were on par with treated sewage water irrigation. Among summer 2018 and 2019 at the College of Agriculture, Shivamogga. The manure levels, application of sewage sludge @ 25 t ha-1 recorded maximum experiment consisted of three sources of irrigation water (I1: Normal number of fruits per plant (79.61), yield per plant (525.74 g), green chilli water, I2: Treated sewage water and I3: Untreated sewage water) and yield (14.98 t/ ha) and were significantly higher compared to FYM @ 25 t three levels of two manure sources (M1: FYM @ 25 t ha-1, M2: Sewage ha-1. Untreated sewage water with sewage sludge @ 25 t ha-1 recorded sludge @ 25 t ha-1 and M3: Combined application of FYM and Sewage significantly higher total nitrogen uptake (106.71 kg/ha), phosphorus sludge each @ 12.5 t ha-1. The experimental design adopted was RCBD uptake (21.88 kg/ha) and potassium uptake (102.75 kg/ha) as compared with factorial concept having nine treatment combinations with three to irrigation with normal water. The pH, EC, OC, available nitrogen, replications. Experimental results indicated that among the different phosphorus and potassium content in soil increased due to application sources of irrigation water, green chilli crop irrigated with untreated sewage of untreated sewage water and sewage sludge @ 25 t ha-1. The highest net water recorded higher yield parameters viz., number of fruits per plant returns (` 99409) and BC ratio (2.5) were recorded in the treatment (79.94), yield per plant (524.55 g) and green chilli yield (15.36 t/ ha) irrigated with sewage water and sludge applied @ 25 t ha-1.

Influence of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) M. BHAVYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. J. SRIDHARA

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, UAHS, plant height (56.04 cm), number of leaves per plant (8.46), leaf area Shivamogga during late kharif 2018, to study the influence of foliar (5.37 dm2 plant-1), total dry matter production (22.16 g plant-1), number application of water soluble fertilizers on growth and yield of green of pods per plant (22.10), number of seeds per pod (12.65), pod gram. The texture of the soil was sandy loam having acidic pH (6.19) length (8.92 cm), seed yield (1038.82 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1675.28 withorganic carbon of 4.56 g kg-1, available nitrogen 240.32 kg ha-1, kg ha-1) and the same treatment recorded significantly higher total available phosphorous 76.09 kg ha-1 and potassium 136.73 kg ha-1. nutrient uptake of nitrogen (67.90 kg ha-1), phosphorus (5.69 kg ha-1), The variety used was KKM-3. The experiment was laid out in a potassium (60.75 kg ha-1). The yield increment was 25.07 per cent Randomized Complete Block Design with 13 treatments replicated over the package of practice. Higher gross returns (` 76470 ha-1) and thrice. The treatments comprised of water soluble fertilizers (viz., 2 net returns (` 49020 ha-1) were registered with foliar application of % DAP, 1 % 19:19:19, 2 % 19:19:19, 1 % monopotassium phosphate, monopotassium phosphate and 19:19:19 each @ 1 per cent at 30 and 2 % monopotassium phosphate,) along with package of practice. 45 DAS along with package of practice whereas, higher BC ratio Among different treatment combinations foliar application of (2.84) was obtained with foliar application of monopotassium monopotassium phosphate and 19:19:19 each @ 1 per cent at 30 and phosphate and 19:19:19 each @ 1 per cent at 30 DAS along with 45 DAS along with package of practice recorded significantly higher package of practice.

Effect of integrated nutrient management in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southern transitional zone of Karnataka HANAMANT S. HARIJAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYANA S. MAVARKAR

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural of leaves per plant (108.42), more number of tillers per plant (22.56), Research Station, Bhavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga during kharif 2018, higher the leaf area (798.33 cm2), more total dry matter production to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in direct seeded (80.23 g) and yield parameters like more number of panicles per plant rice (Oryza sativa L.) in southern transiitional zone of Karnataka. (17.18), panicle weight (3.20 g), test weight (24.65 g), more number The texture of the soil was Sandy loam and having acidic pH with low of filled grains (104.20), higher grain yield (4916.67 kg ha-1), higher organic carbon and available nitrogen. Available phosporous and straw yield (5476.67 kg ha-1) and more harvest index (0.48) as compared potassium were medium. The variety used was Jyothi. The experiment to other treatments and total nutrient uptake of nitrogen (137.38 kg was laid out in Randomized complete block design with nine ha-1), phosphorus (28.83 kg ha-1) and potassium (118.17 kg ha-1). The treatments and three replications. The combination of treatments control plot will gave lesser growth parameters and yield parameters were 100 % RDF, 75 % RDF with different nutrient sources like as compared to rest of the treatments. Higher gross returns (` 100560) FYM, PGPR and 20:20:20 water soluble fertilizer (1 % spray at 30 were registered with 100% RDF + FYM+PGPR + 20:20:20 water and 60 DAS). Among the different treatment combination, application soluble fertilizers whereas, higher net returns (` 61550) and benefit of 100 % RDF + FYM (10 t ha-1) + PGPR + 20:20:20 water soluble cost ratio (2.68) was obtained with application of 75 % RDF + FYM fertilizers gave significantly higher growth parameters like more number + PGPR + 20:20:20 water soluble fertilizers.

209 Conjunctive use of sewage and irrigable water on performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soil properties NISCHITHA D. GOWDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K. GIRIJESH A field experiment to study the “Conjunctive use of sewage and irrigable NPK ha-1). Among the conjunctive mode one irrigation with irrigable water on performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and soil water followed by two irrigations with untreated sewage water and properties” was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Shivamogga irrigation alternatively with irrigable water and untreated sewage water under irrigated condition during summer 2018. The experiment was laid have recorded higher pod yield (2489 and 2442 kg ha-1), oil yield (843.14 out under randomized complete block design with nine treatments and 807.51 kg ha-1), protein content (25.57 and 25.27 %), respectively, replicated thrice. Irrigable water, treated sewage water and untreated along with increased nutrients availability in soil (292.75, 83.01, 128.23 sewage water alone and in conjunctive mode in different proportion of and 291.91, 81.66, 127.09 kgNPK ha-1). Highest gross returns (` 1,00,360 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 were used as treatments. Irrigation with untreated sewage ha-1), net returns (` 70,933 ha-1) and BC ratio (3.41) were realized by water alone recorded significantly higher pod yield (2534 kg ha-1), oil irrigating with untreated sewage water alone. Sewage water containing yield (893.11 kg ha-1), protein content (25.73 %) of groundnut along with toxic substances, heavy metals and harmful microorganisms within the increased available nutrient status in the soil (296.16, 84.13, 128.84 kg permissible limit can be used safely for irrigating crops like groundnut. Economic feasibility of sewage water on soil properties and productivity of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] C. A. POOJA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. DINESH KUMAR

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2018 at Agronomy -1 -1 P2O5(82.46 kg ha ) and available K2O (68.19 kg ha ) followed by field unit, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga. The experiment was UTSW. Soils being a good bio filter, the impacts of salts and nutrients laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 10 treatments added were meager. Among the different treatments, application of replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental site was acidic in treated sewage water performed better for growth and yield reaction, low in available nitrogen, medium status with respect to components. It recorded higher number of branches (4.47 plant-1), available phosphorus and potassium. The test variety was ‘Arka total dry matter accumulation (125.12 g plant-1), number of fruits Anamika’. The treatments comprised of different sources of water per plant (71.83), fruit yield (32.35 t ha-1). This was seconded by viz., normal water (NW), treated sewage water (TSW) and untreated application of one time normal water followed by two times treated sewage water (UTSW) alone and in conjunctive mode. The chemical sewage water (29.24 t ha-1). Plots receiving UTSW yielded 16 and characteristics of different sources of water used were within the 49 per cent lesser than NW and TSW application. Net returns standards except N, P and K. Due to richness of nutrients, TSW (` 3,23,200) of treatment receiving treated sewage water recorded added higher amounts of available N (43.56 kg ha-1), available highest with BC ratio (2.99). Response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to humic acid and graded levels of fertilizers in coastal zone of Karnataka K. H. SACHIN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. SUDHIR KAMATH

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural and results revealed that application of 125 per cent RDF + humic Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi, Karnataka acid at 7.5 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher grain and straw coming under University of Agricultural and Horticulture Sciences, yield (5480 and 6452 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to Shivamogga to evaluate the response of rice to humic acid and recommended dose of fertilizers alone (4508 and 5506 kg ha-1, graded levels of fertilizers in Coastal Zone of Karnataka during respectively). The same treatment combination recorded kharif season of 2018. The experiment was laid out in Randomized significantly higher plant height (98.72 cm), number of tillers per Complete Block Design consisting of 12 treatment combinations hill (19.72), number of green leaves per hill (9.43), total dry matter and replicated thrice having three levels ofhumic acid and graded production (61.32 g hill-1) at harvest and yield attributing characters levels fertilizers viz.,75% RDF (T1), 100% RDF (Check,T2), 125% like number of productive tillers per hill (16.71), panicle length -1 RDF (T3), T1+ humic acid @ 2.5 kg ha (T4), T1+ humic acid @ 5 (22.80 cm), panicle weight (4.47 g per panicle), number of filled -1 -1 kg ha (T5), T1+ humic acid @7.5 kg ha (T6), T2+ humic acid @ grains per panicle (111), harvest index (0.45) and total nutrient -1 -1 -1 2.5 kg ha (T7), T2+ humic acid @ 5 kg ha (T8), T2+ humic acid uptake of NPK (112.79, 47.60, and 72.16 kg ha , respectively) -1 -1 -1 @ 7.5 kg ha (T9), T3+ humic acid @ 2.5 kg ha (T10), T3+ humic with higher net returns (` 61.434 ha ) and benefit cost ratio (2.25) -1 -1 -1 acid @ 5 kg ha (T11), T3 + humic acid @ 7.5 kg ha (T12). The followed by 100 per cent RDF + humic acid at 7.5 kg ha . Studies on integrated nutrient management in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) under hilly zone of Karnataka SHREESHAIL 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. HANUMANTHAPPA

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural and combination includes T1- 100 % RDF, T2- 100 % RDF + FYM, T3-

Horticultural Research Station, Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru district, 100 % RDF + Glyricidia equivalent to FYM, T4- 100 % RDF +

Karnataka to investigate the integrated nutrient management in paddy Eupatorium equivalent to FYM, T5- 100 % RDF + FYM + PGPR, under hilly zone of Karnataka during kharif season of 2018. The T6-100 % RDF + Glyricidia+ PGPR, T7– 100 % RDF + Eupatorium+ experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design PGPR, T8- 100 % RDF + PGPR, T9- 100 % RDF + Glyricidia consisting of 10 treatments and replicated thrice. The treatment (50 %) + Eupatorium (50 %) + PGPR and T10- 100 % RDF +

210 Glyricidia (50 %) + Eupatorium (50 %). The organic manures were 61.55 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to recommended dose of incorporated in soil at 25 days before transplanting of paddy. The fertilizers alone (4952 and 6293 kg ha-1, respectively). Significantly result revealed that application of 100 % RDF + Glyricidia (50 %) + higher grain and straw yield (5843 and 7477 kg ha-1, respectively)

Eupatorium (50 %) + PGPR (T9) recorded significantly higher plant was recorded with application of 100 % RDF + Glyricidia (50 %) + height (99.06 cm), number of tillers per hill (20.37), total dry matter Eupatorium (50 %) + PGPR 100 % RDF + Glyricidia (50 %) + -1 production (72.60 g hill ) at harvest and yield attributing characters Eupatorium (50 %) + PGPR (T9). The same treatment combination like number of productive tillers per hill (18.41), panicle length (22.29 recorded higher net returns (` 64.844 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio -1 cm), panicle weight (4.13 g panicle ), number of filled grains per (2.11) followed by 100 % RDF + Glyricidia + PGPR (T6) over other panicle (128) and total nutrient uptake of NPK (110.81, 48.47 and treatment combinations. Performance of ragi (Eleusine coracana G.) varieties under different sowing dates in southern transition zone of Karnataka YALLAPPA B. DONI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. SUNIL A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural taller plants (96.48 cm), leaf area (904.57 cm2 plant-1), total dry matter Research Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga to study the accumulation (31.27 g plant-1), number of ear heads per plant (2.93), performance of ragi (Eleusine coracana G.) varieties under different number of fingers per ear head (6.59), grain weight per ear head (4.74 g), sowing dates in southern transition zone of Karnataka under rainfed grain yield (2886 kg ha-1), and straw yield (5754 kg ha-1). Among the condition during kharif 2018. The experiment was laid out in Factorial varieties, KMR-301 recorded significantly taller plants (94.17 cm), Randomized Block Design with three replications. There were 12 leaf area (760.85 cm2 plant-1), total dry matter accumulation (26.48 g treatment combinations comprised of four sowing dates under plant-1), number of ear heads per plant (3.13), number of fingers per different fortnight intervals (July 2nd fortnight, August 1st fortnight, ear head (6.90), grain weight per ear head (3.97 g), grain yield August 2nd fortnight and September 1st fortnight) and three varieties (2425 kg ha-1), and straw yield (4860 kg ha-1). Hence, for achieving (GPU-48, ML-365 and KMR-301). Among the different dates of higher yield in finger millet the best sowing date was found to be July sowing crop sown during July 2nd fortnight recorded significantly 2nd fortnight for KMR-301variety. Weed management in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Bhadra command area of Karnataka C. S. ABHISHEK GOWDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. KUMARA

A field experiment entitled “Weed management in direct seeded rice followed by Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded lower weed (Oryza sativa L.) under Bhadra command area of Karnataka” was population, weed dry weight, weed index (1.81) and higher weed conducted during kharif 2018 in Agricultural and Horticultural control efficiency (76.89 to 89.29 %). The same treatment Research Station, Kathalagere with 12 treatments combinations viz., combination recorded higher growth and growth attributes. Higher inter cultivation, pre-emergent (pre em.) herbicides viz., pretilachlor grain yield (5212 kg ha-1), straw yield (5928 kg ha-1) and major 30.7 EC, pendimethalin 38.7 CS, oxadiargyl 80% WP and post- nutrients uptake by crop also recorded in above mentioned treatment. emergent (Post em.,) herbicides viz, bispyribac sodium 10% SC, These results are on par with inter-cultivation at 20 DAS fbbispyribac chlorimuron ethyl + metsulfuron methyl 20 WP and Ethoxysulfuron sodium10 % SC @ 20 g a.i ha-1. Among herbicide combination 15 WDG. Four hand weeding practices at 15 days interval and treatments, pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 (Pre. em.) weedy check were included and the experiment was laid out in followed by bispyribac sodium 10 % SC @ 20 g a.i ha-1 (Post. em.) RCBD with three replications. The predominant weed flora observed recorded higher growth and yield attributes without being phytotoxic in the experimental site were Grasses like Echinocloa crusgalli, to the crop.The maximum BC ratio (2.82) was achieved in treatment Echinochloa colonum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Sedges like Cyperus Pretilachlor 30.7 EC @ 0.3 kg a.i ha-1 with safener (Pre. em.) fb rotundus, Cyperus iria and broad leaf weeds like Digera arvensis, inter-cultivation at 40 DAS. There was no residual effect of Physallis. The experimental results revealed that Inter cultivation herbicides on soil microbial population and succeeding crop. SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Effect of biochar on soil physical properties, carbon pools and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) P. V. SHILPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N.THIPPESHAPPA A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural biochar at 4 t ha-1 + 50 per cent FYM + RDF. But soil application of Research Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga during the year 2018, biochar at 4 t ha-1 + 100 per cent FYM + RDF recorded significantly to know the “Effect of biochar on soil physical properties, carbon higher soil carbon pools like PDOC (10.89 g kg-1), PPOC (494.01 mg pools and productivity of maize (Zea mays L.)”. Two levels of cob kg-1), MBC (365.77 mg kg-1), CWEC (160.64 mg kg-1), TOC rind biochar combination with and without three levels of FYM were (11.17 g kg-1 , TIC (0.82 g kg-1) and TC (11.99 g kg-1), soil available applied to field. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized nutrients like nitrogen (316.10 kg ha-1), phosphorus (55.18kg ha-1) Complete Block Design with nine treatments and replicated thrice. and potassium (253.33kg ha-1), growth and yield parameters like plant The result revealed that application of higher level of biochar 4 t ha-1 height (182.20 cm), number of leaves (13.56), total dry matter + 100 per cent RD-FYM + RDF, significantly increased the water production (295.00 g), grain yield (86.40 q ha-1), stover yield holding capacity (37.41%) and porosity (32.93%) of soil compared (104.20 q ha-1) and nutrient concentration like nitrogen (1.65 and to control treatment received RDF + RD- FYM. Increase in soil pH 1.00 %), phosphorus (0.29 and 0.22 %) and potassium (0.49 and and electrical conductivity was observed with the application of 1.07 %) in grain and stover of maize was observed.

211 Performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as influenced by organic nutrient management under rainfed condition N. J. GOWTHAMCHAND 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAPATHI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2018-19 at the application @ 500 l ha-1) + 100 % RDN through vermicompost + Organic Farming Research Centre, Zonal Agricultural and Foliar spray of Panchagavya @ 3 % (15.42 and 2.60 t ha-1). Lower Horticultural Research Station, UAHS, Shivamogga to study the green pod (8.07 t ha-1) and haulm yield (1.76 t ha-1) was recorded in the performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as influenced treatment which received only Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + by organic nutrient management under rainfed condition. The Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 l ha-1). These treatments also experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design showed similar trend with respect to growth and yield parameters with 10 treatments and three replications. In this investigation, the and also nutrient content and NPK uptake by plants. There was results revealed that application of Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + significant improvement in soil available nutrient status, Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 l ha-1) + 100 % RDN through dehydrogenase, phophatase and urease activities at different growth vermicompost + Foliar spray of Panchagavya @ 3 % recorded higher stages of crop. Higher BC ratio (4.19) was recorded with application green pod (16.43 t ha-1) and haulm yield (2.82 t ha-1) and on par with of Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil application @ application of Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil 500 l ha-1) + 100 % RDN through FYM + Foliar spray of application @ 500 l ha-1) + 50 % RDN through FYM + 50 % RDN Panchagavya @ 3 % and lower BC ratio (3.36) was observed in the through FYM + Foliar spray of Panchagavya @ 3 % (15.81 and treatment which received only Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + 2.75 t ha-1) and Beejamrutha (seed treatment) + Jeevamrutha (soil Jeevamrutha (soil application @ 500 l ha-1).

Dynamics of potassium in soil under ragi (Eleusine coracana L.) crop as influenced by levels and split application of potassium A. N. KAVYASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M CHIDANANDAPPA

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural to all other treatments except the treatments which received 37.50 kg -1 Research Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga during the kharif season K2O ha in two splits and lowest growth and yield parameters was of 2018 to know the dynamics of potassium in soil under ragi crop as observed in treatment without application of potassium. The uptake influenced by levels and split application of potassium. The experiment of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) were recorded significantly higher -1 was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments in the treatment which received the potassium level (31.75 kg K2O ha ) and replicated thrice. Different levels of potassium @ 18.75, 25, 31.25 in two splits compared to all other treatments except the treatment -1 -1 and 37.5 kg K2O ha were tried as basal and also in splits. Among the which received the potassium level of 37.50 kg K2O ha . An increase in -1 different levels and split application of potassium, the treatment the level of potassium application (18.75 to 37.50 kg K2O ha ) either -1 received potassium @ 31.75 kg K2O ha in two splits (15.87 kg K2O as basal or in splits increased the available potassium, water soluble -1 -1 ha as basal + 15.87 kg K2O ha at critical stage) significantly increased potassium, exchangeable potassium, non- exchangeable potassium and the plant height (110.30 cm), number of leaves per plant (32), number total potassium in soil at harvest of crop. Whereas lattice potassium of tillers per hill (5.20), finger length (7.24 cm), test weight (3.32 g), was decreased with increasing the potassium level of potassium straw yield (5851.05 kg ha-1) and grain yield (2596.67kg ha-1) compared application.

Influence of levelsof areca husk biochar on carbon fractions and growth and yield of field bean (Dolichus lablab L.) K. MADHUPRIYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. DHANANJAYA

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Horticultural bulk density decreased and maximum water holding capacity, primary Research Station (AHRS), Bhavikere, Karnataka, during rabi 2018 to nutrients, secondary nutrients and DTPA extractable micronutrients study the response of fieldbean (Hebbalavare - 4) towards different status of soil were increased due to application of biochar at 10 t ha-1 levels of arecahusk biochar with FYM. Levels of biochar @ 5, 7.5 and with 100 per cent recommended FYM. Similar trend was also observed 10 t ha-1 in combination with100 per cent (15 t ha-1) and 75 per cent for total carbon, total organic carbon and total inorganic carbon (11.25 t ha-1) recommended FYM were tried in a randomized complete fractions of soil during the different growth stages of field bean. Positive block design with three replications and nine treatments. Results of response for soil enzyme activities such as dehydrogenase, acid the experiment revealed that application of high level of biochar @ phosphatase and urease activity at different growth stages of field 10 t ha-1 with 15 t ha-1 FYM significantly increased the growth, yield bean was noticed with high rate of biochar application and highest and yield attributes of field bean. Higher values of nutrient content values were recorded with treatment receiving biochar @ 10 t ha-1 in and uptake by field bean were recorded in the same treatment. The combination with FYM @ 15 t ha-1.

212 Assessment of soil organic carbon fractions in soils under different land use systems of Somawarpet taluk, Kodagu district SEEMA ANANTA RAJJUJIN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. RAVIKUMAR

A study was conducted at the UAHS, Shivamogga to know the carbon phosphorous and available sulphur was observed in natural forest. sequestration of soils under different land use systems in Somawarpet Among the different land use systems, the higher mean value of PDOC taluk, Kodagu district, Karnataka. One hundred representative soil (18.06 g kg-1), PPOC (292.41 mg kg-1), CWEC (313.98 mg kg-1), SMBC samples were collected from different land use systems viz., natural (411.46 mg kg-1), TOC (35.05 g kg-1), and TC (35.43 g kg-1) contents forest, sacred groves, coffee based agroforestry-indigenous, coffee were observed in natural forest and decreased with increasing soil based agroforestry-exotic and paddy land use systems at 0-20, 20- depth. The E4/E6 value was lower than 6 in all the studied land use 40, 40-60 and 60-80 cm soil depths. The present investigation revealed systems. The soils under natural forest system have recorded the that, texture of the soil was loam to clay loam. The pH was acidic in highest mean value of Humic acid (4.87) and Fulvic acid (5.48). The all the land use systems and electrical conductivity was normal. The highest mean value of carbon sequestration was observed in natural highest BD was observed under paddy land use system. The highest forest (4140.23 t ha-1), followed by sacred groves (3995.12 t ha-1) and mean value of available nitrogen was observed in coffee based lowest mean value of carbon sequestration was observed in paddy agroforestry-indigenous and highest mean value of available land use system (2171.45 t ha-1).

Characterisationof soils and leaf composition of healthy and crown choking (Hidimundige) affected arecanut gardens in Chitradurga district, Karnataka M. SUJAINA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAJNA B. SALIMATH

An investigation on “Characterisation of soils and leaf composition (from 1.63-1.84 Mg m-3) and Hosadurga (from 1.84-1.96 Mg m-3) of healthy and crown choking (Hidimundige) affected arecanut gardens taluk at lower depth.The drainable porosity decreased significantly in Chitradurga district, Karnataka” was under taken at the College of in affected gardens compared to healthy gardens of Holalkere (from Agriculture, Shivamogga during 2018-2019 to delineate the causes for 33.54-25.69 %) and Hosadurga (from 25.79-21.23 %) taluk at lower hidimundige syndrome in arecanut. Soil samples from two depths 0 depth.In all taluks, majority of the soils from both healthy and affected to 30 cm and 30 to 60 cm were collected at 60 cm away from the trunk arecanut gardens were neutral to alkaline in reaction. There was no of arecanut from both healthy and affected gardens of Holalkere, significant difference between the electrical conductivity and organic Hiriyur, Chitradurga and Hosadurga taluks. The collected soil samples carbon content of healthy and affected gardens of Chitradurga district. were analysed for various physical and chemical properties and also The study showed that availability of N, P, K, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and B for macro and micro nutrients. Similarly, leaf tissues from and also the content of exchangeable Ca and Mg was quite corresponding healthy and affected garden were also collected from heterogeneous in both healthy and affected gardens. Whereas, available 4th and 6th leaf of the arecanut trees and subjected to analysis for zinc status in the soil showed significant decrease in affected gardens macro and micro nutrients. The results of the investigation indicated compared to healthy gardens of Hiriyur, Chitradurga and Holalkere that soils coming underaffected gardens showed the high mean clay taluks. Among the leaf tissue nutrients, concentration of zinc decreased content than healthy gardens.There was a significant increase in bulk significantly in affected gardens compared to healthy gardens which density of affected gardens compared to healthy gardens in Holalkere were less than the normal level.

Effect of hydrogel on soil properties in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under central dry zone of Karnataka M. S. VIVEK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PARASHURAM CHANDRAVAMSHI

A field experiment entitled ‘Effect of hydrogel on soil properties in content (1.345 mg g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll stability index (81.37 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under central dry zone of %), number of pods (25 plant-1), pod yield (1470 kg ha-1) and haulm Karnataka’was conducted during kharif 2018 under rainfed condition yield (3114 kg ha-1). Soil physical, chemical and biological properties at the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur such as MWHC (25.12 %), FC (15.46 %), AWC (13.32 %), moisture farm, Hiriyur. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete content (9.92 %), OC content (4.91 g kg-1), available nutrients such as -1 -1 Block Design with 10 treatments replicated thrice, the treatments N, P2O5, K2O and S (283.05, 46.97, 367 kg ha and 11.84 mg kg , comprised of various levels of hydrogel applied at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and respectively), exchangeable Ca and Mg (5.97 and 2.86 kg ha-1), 4.0 kg ha-1 along with recommended dose of fertilizers and FYM at microbial population viz., bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and soil 10 t ha-1. Among the different levels of hydrogel application, treatment enzymatic activity viz., dehydrogenase, urease and alkaline that received hydrogel at 4 kg ha-1 along with RDF and FYM at phosphatase were recorded significantly higher in treatment with 10 t ha-1 was recorded significantly higher growth, biochemical and application of hydrogel at 4 kg ha-1 along with RDF and FYM at yield parameters such as plant height (38.74 cm), total chlorophyll 10 t ha-1 when compared to control.

213 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Diversity of fruit sucking moths (Erebidae: Lepidoptera) in fruit crops ecosystem and their management G. DURGA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARA SWAMY

Fruit sucking moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) are serious pests on fruit Achanthodelta, Artena, Ophuisa and Thyas were recorded as primary crops by sucking the juice which results in yield loss. There is a lack of piercers and species of Erebus, Grammodes, Hypopyra, Mocis, Spirama information about their taxonomy, ecology, ethology and hence it is and Ericeia were recorded as secondary piercers. DNA barcodes for all quite difficult to manage the same. Therefore, studies were aimed at the species identified morphologically were developed and the sequences characterizing species diversity of fruit sucking moths and developing of their mtCOI genes were submitted to the NCBI Gene Bank database. DNA barcodes in order to use them as a database for future studies. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed that, species of same genera Studies were also conducted to identify an efficient trap in order to clustered together based on the similarity of the mtCOI sequence. In attract and manage the fruit sucking moths. A total of 421 fruit sucking conclusion, morphological species identification of fruit sucking moths moths were collected on Guava, Pomegranate, Starfruit and Barbados was generally congruent with molecular methods. Among different cherry in different places of Karnataka like, Shivamogga, Mudigere and types of fruit baited traps evaluated, significantly higher number of Hiriyur among which, species of subfamilies Catocalinae and Calpinae moths were attracted to traps in which ripened banana was placed at were high in number. Fruit sucking moths belonging to the Genus two positions (23 moths/ trap/ week) followed by ripened banana Eudocima, Ercheia, Pericyma, Anomis, Calyptra, Oraesia, Serrodes, placed at one position.

Evaluation of hybrids and insecticides against serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on tomato PARSI HIMABINDU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. HANUMANTHASWAMY

Study on incidence of serpentine leaf miner was carried out during 8.48, 3.04 and 1.56 per cent, respectively. Screening of hybrids against 2018-19. The mean number of live mines per five compound leaves leaf miner revealed that the hybrids Namadhari (3.61 mines) and ranged between 1.52 and 17.21 with an average of 10.04 mines and Moulya (4.81 mines) recorded lowest number of mines and the hybrids percent damaged leaves ranged from 20.00 to 57.95 with an average of Soubhagya (14.53 mines), Arka Rakshak (15.12 mines) and PHS-448 46.64 per cent. Peak activity based on mean number of live mines was (17.68 mines) recorded highest number of mines. Evaluation of observed during December and January and highest percent damaged insecticides against leaf miner indicated that a significant reduction in leaves were noticed from 4th week of December to first week of number of mines and per cent damaged leaves was observed in February. There was a significant negative correlation between number emamectin benzoate 5 SG, spinetoram 11.7 SC, fipronil 5 SC, acephate of mines and minimum temperature (°C) (-0.782*), morning relative 75 SP and imidacloprid 17.8 SL whereas, azadirachtin 1 EC was least humidity (%) (-0.556*), evening relative humidity (%) (-0.580*) and effective. Emamectin benzoate recorded highest per cent increase rainfall (mm) (-0.573*) and a positive significant correlation with (25.26%) in yield followed by spinetoram (21.91%), fipronil (18.14%) wind speed (km/hr) (0.598**) was observed. Three parasitoids species and acephate (14.78%) over control. The highest benefit cost ratio namely Opius dissitus Muesebeck, Neochrysocharis formosa was obtained with emamectin benzoate 5 SG, followed by spinetoram Westwood and Neochrysocharis sp. have emerged from reared larvae 11.7 SC, fipronil 5 SC and acephate 75 SP with BC ratio of and pupae of leaf miner with an average per cent parasitization of 3.75, 3.58, 3.44 and 3.31, respectively.

Bee forage resources and seasonal development of Apis cerana Fab. colonies in different ecosystems A. P. RACHANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. N. KENCHARADDI

Studies on “Bee forage resources and seasonal development of Apis two ecosystems of Semi malnad and Maidan. The colony cerana Fab. colonies in different ecosystems” were carried out at developmental indicators had a positive correlation with maximum three locations representing Maidan (AHRS, Bavikere) Semi malnad temperature and morning relative humidity where as these were (UAHS, Shivamogga) and Rain forest (Thirthahalli) ecosystems during negatively correlated with minimum temperature, evening relative 2018-19. During the investigation, maximum number of bee forage humidity and rain fall. Across the ecosystems the highest pollen species were recorded in Semi malnad followed by Rain forest and diversity was observed in Maidan ecosystem, followed by Rain forest Maidan ecosystems. Seasonal development of bee colonies in three and Semi malnad ecosystems. The physical characteristics of honey ecosystems indicated a significant difference between the ecosystems, collected from three ecosystems during the months of November- between the fortnightly periods and between the fortnightly periods December, did not show any significant difference in respect of any and ecosystems. Among the three ecosystems by considering all the of the parameters, whereas the honey samples collected during the colony developmental indicators viz., total brood, pollen and honey months of March - April showed a significant difference in respect of area, Rain forest ecosystem proved to be good compared to the other moisture per cent and TS (%) content.

214 Insect pest complex in yard long bean with special reference to sucking pests and their management RAMESH M. MARADI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAJASHEKHARAPPA

Investigations on Insect pest complex in yard long bean with special in Udupi district highest poupation of insect pests and natural enemies reference to sucking pests and their management were carried out under were recorded in kharif as compared to rabi. Seasonal incidence of field condition during 2018-19 at the Agricultural and Horticultural sucking pests revealed that during kharif, the peak population of aphids Research Station, Bhavikere, UAHS, Shivamogga, Karnataka. The survey was recorded during first week of September, leaf hoppers population was conducted at fortnightly intervals during the crop growth period in third week of September, mites in first week of November and thrips during 2018-19 in the farmers’ field of Shivamogga and Udupi district. during fourth week of September. During rabi, the aphid population The results of survey revealed that eight species of insect pest viz., was maximum during first week of January and thrips population aphids, Aphis craccivora, leafhopper, Emposca terminalis, mites, during second week of March. While, leafhopper and mite population Tetranychus urticae, thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus, Spotted pod was highest during second week of February. Among the different borer, Maruca vitrata, Gram pod borer, Helicovepa armigera, pod insecticides tested imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.50 ml/l and acetamiprid bug, Riptortus pedestris and green plant bug, Nezara viridula and natural 20 SP @ 0.30 g/l were found effective against aphids, leaf hoppers and enemies like, Chrysoperla zastrowi, Spiders and Coccinellids like, thrips. Whereas, spiromecifen 22.9 SC @ 0.50 ml/l and diafenthiuron Coccinella transversalis and Cheilomenes sexmaculata were recorded. 50 WP @ 1.00 g/l proved highly effective against mites. The fruit yield The maximum population of insect pests and natural enemies were and CB ratio was relatively higher in imidacloprid (15.57 t/ha and recorded in rabi as compared to kharif in Shivamogga district. Whereas, 1:4.76) treated plots followed by acetamiprid (15.10 t/ha and 1: 4.73).

Studies on insect pest complex of castor with special reference to Lepidopteran pests T. R. RANGANATH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. SHIVANNA

Studies on insect pest complex of castor with special reference to influence with maximum temperature. Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) lepidopteran pests” was carried out at the Agricultural and had significant negative correlation with maximum temperature, Horticultural Research Station, Bhavikere during 2018-19. During whereas, it had significant positive correlation with morning relative the investigation, 11 insect species were found feeding on different humidity, evening relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed. Crop parts of the crop. Among them, seven species were leaf feeders, three loss estimation studies revealed maximum yield loss in untreated were sucking pests and one was capsule borer, besides, two larval control by recording 53.10 per cent, followed by protecting the parasitoids, Microplitis maculipennis (Szepligeti) and Euplectrus crop up to 30 days (50.03%), up to 60 days (24.63%), up to 90 leucostomus (Rohwer) were recorded on castor semilooper and days (16.95%) and up to 120 days (6.14%) with chlorantraniliprole Eriborus sp. on capsule borer. Correlation studies with weather 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml per litre compared to the treatment covered with parameters on Acathodelta janata (Linnaeus) and Spodoptera litura nylon net. Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.2 ml per litre and (Fabricius) showed significant negative correlation with wind speed, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 ml per litre were found to be whereas, it had significant positive correlation with maximum highly effective in managing the lepidopteran pests of castor by temperature. Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenn.), Empoasca flavescens recording the highest yield of 13.10 q/ha and 13.80 q/ha with a CB (Fabricius) and Nezara virudula (Linnaeus) had negative significant ratio of 1:3.06 and 1:3.05, respectively. These were followed by influence with minimum temperature, morning relative humidity, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml per litre and indoxacarb 15.8 EC @ 1.00 evening relative humidity and rainfall, while, it had positive significant ml per litre in reducing the larval population.

Population dynamics and management of red spider mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae) in brinjal SHIVARAJ METI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. PRADEEP

Studies on “Population dynamics and management of red spider was noticed on fifth week of March and the peak predatory mite, N. mite, Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard (Acari: longispinosus (2.38 mites / leaf) was noticed during fourth week of Tetranychidae) in brinjal” was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural March. Among eight brinjal varieties screened against red spider and Horticultural Research Station, Shivamogga during kharif and mite, T. macfarlanei, Arka Shirish recorded lowest mean number of rabi seasons of 2018-19. During the study, phytophagous mite mite population (4.48 mites / 2.5 cm2 leaf area) with a total yield of species, T. macfarlanei and its natural enemies were recorded. The 13.55 t/ha. The variety CVK recorded highest number of mites natural enemies comprised of predatory mite, Neoseiulus (12.01 mites/ 2.5 cm2 leaf area) with total yield of 8.16 t/ha. Among longispinosus (Evans) and insect predator, Scolothrips sexmaculatus the eight acaricides tested against red spider mite, T. macfarlanei (Pergande). In kharif 2018, the peak incidence of red spider mite, T. the spiromesifen 22.9 SC (0.8 ml/l) proved to be highly effective in macfarlanei (19.17 mites /2.5 cm2 leaf area) and the peak activity of reducing the red spider mite population with a highest fruit yield of predatory mite, N. longispinosus (1.92 mites/ leaf) was observed 14.76 t/ha followed by propargite 57 EC (1.5 ml/l) which recorded during fourth week of September. In rabi 2018-19, the peak activity 13.72 t/ha. The cost-benefit ratio was also highest in spiromesifen of red spider mite, T. macfarlanei (24.52 mites / 2.5 cm2 leaf area) (1:4.37) followed by propargite (1:4.25).

215 Investigation on insect and mite pest complex of marigold with special reference to the management of sucking pests SHREELAKSHMI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYALAXMI NARAYAN HEGDE The research entitled “Investigation on insect and mite pest complex aphids/5 cm twig). During rabi season, the aphid population was of marigold with special reference to the management of sucking maximum during December third week (24.36 aphids/5 cm twig). pests” was carried out at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Correlation studies revealed that aphids had significant positive Shivamogga during 2018-19. During the research study, 18 insect correlation with maximum temperature and had negative correlation pest species including two mite species were recorded on marigold. with minimum temperature and rainfall. The population of mites Out of the 18 species, 10 species were sucking pests, three were attained peak during September second week during kharif (0.86 flower feeders and five were foliage feeders. Out of these, thrips, mites/leaf), and during rabi season the population was maximum Neohydatothrips samayunkur Wahab, aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), during February first week (13.64 mites/leaf). Correlation studies mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch and borers, Spodoptera spp. were revealed that mite population showed positive correlation with the major ones. During kharif, the population of thrips attained maximum and minimum temperature and had negative correlation peak during August first week (8.24 thrips/flower). During rabi with rainfall and relative humidity. Flonicamid 50 WDG @ 0.30 g/l, season, the thrips population was maximum during January fourth imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.30 ml/l and diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1.00 g/l week (19.64 thrips/flower). Correlation studies revealed that there were found to be most effective in managing thrips, aphids and was positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature mites of marigold, respectively. Cost benefit ratio was highest with and negative correlation with rainfall. The population of aphids imidacloprid 17.8 SL (1: 2.54) by recording highest yield (9.5 t/ha). attained peak during September second week during kharif (17.42 Insect pest complex in okra ecosystem with special reference to sucking pests and their management SUSHEELKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAJASHEKHARAPPA The present investigations were carried out on ‘Insect pest complex (Fabricius). The peak population of insect pests and natural enemies in okra ecosystem with special reference to sucking pests and their were noticed during kharif in October and during January in rabi. management’ under field cultivation during 2018-19 at the AHRS, Studies on screening of fourteen okra genotypes revealed that Arka Bhavikere UAHS, Shivamogga district, Karnataka. The survey was Anamika and Pusa A-4 recorded least number of aphids, leafhoppers conducted at fortnightly intervals during the crop growth period to and mites population, while least whitefly population was observed collect the different insect pests and their natural enemies in okra on Phule Utkarsh. Among the insecticides, Acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.3 during 2018-19 in the farmer's field of Shivamogga districts. During g/l was found effective against leafhopper whereas, Imidacloprid 17.8 the survey 11 pest species of insects were recorded viz., leafhopper, SL @ 0.5 ml/l was most effective treatment in reducing aphid and Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida); aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover); whitefly population. Acaricide, fenazaquin10 EC @ 2 ml/l, followed whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.); shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella by diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1 g/l proved highly effective against mite. (Fab); fruit borer, Helicovepa armigera (Hubner), dusky cotton bug, The fruit yield was relatively higher in imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Fab); mite, Tetranychus urticae (Boisd.); ml/l (12.51 t/ha), followed by acetamiprid 20 SP @ 0.3 g/l (11.80 t/ green plant bug, Nezara viridula (Linn.); blister beetle, Mylabris ha) treated plots. The cost-benefit ratio was highest in imidacloprid pustulata (Thunb.); and Grey weevil, Mylloceru ssp. And natural 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/l (1: 4.02) treated plots followed by acetamiprid 20 enemies like Chrysoperla zastrowi, Spiders and Coccinellids like, SP @ 0.3 g/l (1:3.84) compared to untreated control plots which Coccinella transversalis (Fab.) and Cheilomenes sexmaculata recorded lowest cost-benefit ratio (1:1.93).

PLANT PATHOLOGY Bioefficacy and shelf life of Trichoderma spp. against Pythium and Phytophthora spp. PAVITRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK Trichoderma is an important biocontrol agent plays an important role asperillum and Trichoderma aureoviridae showed moderate antagonistic in managing various soil borne plant parasites. These fungi have been effect. The antagonistic or inhibitory effect of Trichoderma species widely studied for their biocontrol activities viz., micoparasitism, was observed more in dual plate and culture filtrate tests compare to antibiosis, competition for nutrient and space, niche exclusion, stress invert plate technique under in vitro. Compatibility studies of tolerance, induced resistance in plants as well as inactivation of the Trichoderma spp. with other Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria’s pathogen’s enzymes by producing various antimicrobial compounds. showed that, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mucilogenus showed The present study was conducted to study the bioefficacy of three 100 per cent compatibility with all the three species of Trichoderma. Trichoderma species viz., T. asperillum, T. virens and T. aureoviridae Whereas Azotobacter are moderately compatible and Pseudomonas against different plant pathogens, their compatibility of with PGPRs. fluorescens showed least compatible. Shelf life studies of all the three Apart from that, shelf life of Trichoderma species under different species of Trichoderma on both solid and liquid formulation showed formulations was studied using different carrier materials. Antagonistic survival capability of the organism in both the conditions. However, effect of all the three Trichoderma species were tested against Pythium the organism showed maximum shelf life in liquid formulation followed myriotylum, Pythium aphanidermatum, Phytophthora capsici, by FYM and areca nut husk compost even after eight months of storage. Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora meadii. Among the three Finger printing of T. virens, was carried out using different SSR markers. species of Trichoderma tested, Trichoderma virens showed maximum Among them SSR- 3 marker was found to be the specific genetic marker antagonistic effect against all the plant pathogens. Whereas, Trichoderma which showed polymorphic banding pattern.

216 Studies on brown spot of paddy (Oryza sativa. L) incited by Helminthosporium oryzae L. PRASHANTHNAIK 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. HOSAGOUDAR

Rice is the most extensively cultivated food crop of Asia and it is moderately susceptible reaction and another 34 genotypes showed affected by several diseases. The Brown spot caused by susceptible reaction. A total of 17 genotypes showed highly Helminthosporium oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal susceptible reaction. Cultural and morphological studies revealed that diseases causing significant yield loss in all the rice growing regions of radial growth of Helminthosporium oryzae was maximum on potato the world. The present survey conducted for the disease in hilly dextrose agar (76.74 mm). In vitro evaluation of all the fungicides zones of Karnataka, revealed highest mean disease severity in Kodagu tested were effective in inhibition of pathogen at all the concentrations (40.90 %) followed by Shivamogga (17.63 %) and the least mean and maximum inhibition was recorded in Trifloxystrobin + disease severity (16.22 %) was observed in Chickmagaluru district. Tebuconazole 89.04 per cent at 100, 250, 500 ppm concentration. Among 99 rice genotypes screened, two genotypes (Swardhan and The field evaluation of fungicides, revealed that Trifloxystrobin 25 Tetep) were found to be highly resistant, three (IET 26576, IET per cent + Tebuconazole 50 per cent WG at 0.4 g/l recorded the least 27502 and IET 27506) were resistant and nine (IR-64, IET 27507, brown spot severity (2.72 %) followed by Carbendazim 50 per IET27503, IET 7501, IET 25830, IET 25841, IET 27504, IET 27505 cent WP @ 1 g/l (5.50 %) with the highest yield of 53.46 q/ha and and Ajeya) were moderately resistant. Thirty four genotypes recorded 51.75 q/ha, respectively.

Studies on tomato leaf curl virus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) S. RAJENDRA SWAMY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GANESHA NAIK

Tomato leaf curl disease caused by Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) is among which none of the lines expressed highly resistant or resistant transmitted in nature by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is an reaction and all the genotypes expressed highly susceptible and economically significant problem due to the potential yield loss it susceptible reaction to ToLCV. The suspected ToLCV symptomatic causes. This is becoming a major constraint in tomato cultivation in leaf samples collected during the survey were tested for the major tomato growing regions of Karnataka. With this background, confirmation of the presence of virus by polymerase chain reaction the present study was carried out to understand the disease incidence, (PCR)using a set of Begomovirus specific primers P1F its distribution along with identification of resistance source, molecular (5’-ATGGCGAAGCGACCAGC-3’) and P1R confirmation of the pathogen and to identify the best management (5’ - TTAATTTGTTACGCAATCATA-3’). All the samples tested practice for the virus and the vector. A roving survey was conducted were found positive to To LCV with an amplicon size (780 bp) during 2019 (summer) to assess the incidence of leaf curl virus on after gel electrophoresis. In a field experiment on management tomato in Shivamogga, Davanagere and Chikkamagaluru districts of studies, among the different treatments imposed, raising tomato southern Karnataka. Among the districts surveyed, the highest seedlings under nylon nets in nursery followed by four sprays with (70.82 %) and the lowest (34.07%) disease incidence were recorded imidacloprid (0.5 ml/l) in the field was found to be the best in the in Davanagere and Chikkamagaluru districts, respectively. An attempt management of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) and the whitefly was made to screen a total of 50 tomato genotypes for resistance, (Bemisia tabaci).

Studies on rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola Golden and Birchfield S. R. SACHINGOWDA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Rice root knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola is the most was noticed in ZnNPs at all the concentrations and time intervals important pest and is prevalent in major rice producing countries of the followed by AgNP which showed 100 per cent juvenile mortality at world in all types of rice cultivation and is considered as the most 750 ppm after 24 hrs time intervals. Molecular characterization of the havoc problem in Karnataka. Infection by M. graminicola resulted in three populations of M. graminicola isolated from Shivamogga, Mandya wide fluctuations in peroxidase (PO) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Davanagere districts of Karnataka were taken up. The amplification activity in rice plants. In this regard five different rice varieties one of 5.8S rRNA gene has been successfully performed. The sequence size moderately resistant (MTU1001), two susceptible (Daksha and IR- of ITS is 790 bp. The strains of Davanagere and Shivamogga shows 64) and two highly susceptible varieties (Jyothi and Raksha) were 93.80 and 98.08 per cent homology with M. graminicola isolate of analyzed for isozyme activity through pot culture experiment. Higher Hyderabad (MF320121.1) whereas Mandya strain shows 99.75 per PO and PPO activity was seen in root than in leaves. The maximum PO cent homology with other isolate of Mandya (MF320123.1). The and PPO activity was found in MTU1001 which was followed by different treatments tested in vivo revealed that the least nematode Daksha and IR-64 and the least isozyme activity was observed in population (275.00), better plant growth (124.36 cm plant height, 7.12 Jyothi and Raksha, before inoculation, 30, 60, 90 and at harvest stage g fresh root weight, 3.35 g, dry root weight, 23.13 cm root length) and after nematode inoculation. In vitro, evaluation of two different nano maximum yield (44.60 q/ha) in carbofuran 3G alone application followed products AgNP and ZnNPs (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 ppm) against M. by consortium of bioagents viz., P. lilacinum + T. harzianum + B. graminicola juveniles was carried out. The 100 per cent juvenile mortality subtilis + B. megatherium + vermicompost.

217 Screening of Trichoderma isolates for their potential biosorption of copper and iron in malnad regions of Karnataka N. SAGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK

Trichoderma spp. plays an important role in maintaining ecology by colony colour varied from white to light green. Atomic Absorption actively participating in decomposition of plant residues, Spectrophotometer analysis of absorbed copper and iron in dry biodegradation of manmade chemicals and bioaccumulation of high mycelia and residual copper and iron in culture broth demonstrated amounts of various metals from the soil. Roving survey conducted to that Tr22 isolate was found to be the most prominent bio-sorbent collect rhizosphere soil from different taluks of malnad or hilly regions organism for both copper and iron, followed by other isolates. Under of Karnataka revealed the presence of copper and iron in higher the in vivo condition, the maximum mean Colony Forming Units concentration their by creating a toxic soil environment. Biosorption (CFU’s) was recorded with Tr22 at all the concentrations of copper ability of Trichoderma isolates tested under in vitro condition showed and iron amended to the soil medium, followed by Tr29, Tr14, Tr2 excellent mycelial growth at all the concentrations of copper and iron and Tr7 as compared to control. Molecular characterization of amended PDA (potato dextrose agar) media. Most of the Trichoderma Trichoderma isolates revealed that Tr2, Tr7 and Tr29 were identified isolates exhibited light green to dark green colony colour while reverse as T. asperellum, Tr14 as T. asperelloides and Tr22 as T. aureoviride.

Investigation on wilt complex of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) SANDEEP RAMESH KAMATAGI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

The present investigations were carried out on ‘Investigation on wilt more damage than any of the other combination of pathogen and complex of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)’ during 2018-2019 at caused early wilting symptoms and reduction in plant growth. These the Univarsity of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, results indicate that the nematode can predispose tomato to infection Shivamogga.The disease was noticed in all the surveyed locations of by F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and R. solanacearum. In vitro Shivamogga and Davanagere districts during 2018-19. The severity of evaluation of zinc and chitosan based silver nanoparticles against disease complex was more in Honnalli taluk of Davanagere district tomato wilt pathogens showed that, zinc nanoparticle was more (31.09%) followed Davanagere taluk (22.29 %) and minimum disease effective at 1500 ppm concentration against F. oxysporum (97.03 %) incidence was recorded in Badravati taluk (14.44%). In the interaction compared to silver nano particle at 1500 ppm (12.22 %). In case of R. studies among the individual pathogen inoculation, Ralstonia solanacearum, silver nanoparticle was more effective at 750 ppm solanacearum was most aggressive pathogen, followed by Fusarium (24.00%) compared to zinc nanoparticle at 1500 ppm (22.33 %) and oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita. In with respect to M. incognita, zinc nanoparticle showed hundred per simultaneous inoculation of all the three pathogens which caused cent juvenile mortality in all the tested concentrations as compared to silver nanoparticle.

Detection, host resistance and management of leaf curl disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) SUNITA ANKALAKOTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GANESHA NAIK

Tobacco leaf curl disease caused by Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) is field conditions against TLCV revealed that the seven genotypes viz., an economically important disease which limits the crop growth and FCJ-27, FCJ-28, FCK-7, FCR-50, FCR-63, FCJ-35 and Tobios-6 yield. TLCV belongs to Begomo virus which is transmitted by whitefly showed resistant (R) reaction with disease incidence from 0.10 to 5.0 (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent manner. Among major diseases occurring per cent. Suspected TLCV infected samples collected from surveyed on tobacco, TLCV is one of the most common and serious problem in areas were tested by PCR using coat protein (CP) specific primers, Karnataka. The present study was conducted to know the hot spots which amplified 780 bp. The sequence of CP of TLCV-SSN shared and distribution of the disease, resistance source and the best nucleotide identity of 96.66 per cent with Chilli leaf curl multan virus management practice against the disease as well as vector. Roving (HM007100.1) and 88.07 per cent similarity with Tobacco leaf curl survey was conducted during kharif 2018 to assess the leaf curl virus (AY007615.1).Management of TLCV and its vector under field disease incidence in major tobacco growing areas viz., Mysuru, Hassan, condition using different insecticides and biorationals revealed that, Davangere and Shivamogga district, revealed the occurrence of disease the seedling dip in imidacloprid (0.5 ml/l) and spraying with in the range of 10.17 to 43.50 per cent. Among the districts surveyed, acetamiprid (0.3 g/l) three times at ten days interval gave least disease the highest disease incidence of 40.12 per cent and lowest incidence incidence (18.12 %), whitefly population (0.22 plant-1) and highest of 12.30 per cent were recorded in Mysore district and Davangere yield (Green leaf yield of 10968.99 kg ha-1 and cured leaf yield of district respectively. Twenty eight genotypes were screened under 1520.10 kg ha-1, respectively).

218 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

A Study on entrepreneurial skills acquainted by students of UAHS Shivamogga through agricultural experential learning programme (AELP) J. CHAITHRASHREE 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. AMARESH KUMAR

The study was conducted in four different colleges of University of (95.83 %), staffing skills (43.33 %) and budgeting skills (81.66 %). Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga of Karnataka Majority of AELP student’s families had low annual income and state during 2018-19. A total of 120 students who undergone had medium scientific orientation, self-confidence, leadership ability Agricultural Experiential Learning Programme during the academic innovativeness, risk orientation, achievement motivation, marketing year 2016-17 and 2017-18 were purposively selected. The data was orientation, management and decision making abilities. The strength collected using pretested interview schedule. The results revealed and weakness of AELP course was expressed by the students that that about 40.00 per cent of respondents had completely understood AELP was a merging of theory and practice (100.00 %) and the course content and 41.66 per cent of respondents mentioned inadequate availability of trained man power (87.50 %). With respect their source of information was senior friends, teachers and by own to opportunities and threats of AELP was expressed by the AELP interest. Cent percent of respondents understood the scope of AELP, students was demand from external agencies for products (85.83 %) majority of an equal (92.50 %) per cent of them understood the and stringent financial rules and regulations (85.00 %). Cent percent aspects like concept of AELP and placements in AELP. Nearly of AELP students expressed non-availability of appropriate three fourth of the AELP respondents had moderately acquired technologies was a major constraint. Majority (78.33 %) of AELP (78.33 %) the entrepreneurial skills. Majority of the respondents students suggested that giving preference to student’s interest while had moderately acquired planning skills (81.66 %), organizing skills choosing a module.

A Study on knowledge and adoption of paddy seed production practices by the farmers of Davanagere district B. M. CHETAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMAPPA PATIL

The present study was carried out in Davanagere district of Karnataka participation and 64.16 per cent of respondents had medium market state during the year 2018-19 to know the knowledge and adoption of orientation, while 69.16 per cent of paddy seed production farmers paddy seed production practices by the farmers of the district. A had medium cosmopoliteness and majority (83.34 %) of the farmers total sample consisting of 120 respondents from four major paddy had medium innovativeness. Majority of paddy seed production seed producing taluks of the district were selected wherein three farmers had medium (73.34 %) to low (15.00 %) knowledge level. villages from each taluk and 10 farmers from each village were More than half of them had medium (65.84 %) to high (21.66 %) interviewed using pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed adoption level with respect to overall adoption of paddy seed production that majority (48.34 %) of the respondents were middle aged, having practices. Lack of labours (76.66 %) and difficulty in maintaining education upto PUC level (44.16 %) with medium (80.83 %) family recommended spacing (75.83 %) were the major constraints expressed size, nearly half of the respondents were medium size land holder and by the respondents. The major suggestions given by respondents were 59.16 per cent of respondents had high farming experience and exactly early payment for produce sold in respective seed production agencies half of respondents had moderate seed production experience. Whereas (82.50 %) and promotion of mechanization or custom hiring system nearly half of the respondents (49.16 %) were under medium income (69.16 %). Hence, seed certification agencies should provide adequate category. About 77.50 per cent of respondents had medium extension training to the paddy seed production farmers to enhance their level of contact and 76.66 per cent of the respondents had medium social knowledge and adoption of paddy seed production technologies.

A study on performance of farmer producer organizations in Shivamogga district of Karnataka B. M. DHARMARAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BEERANNAVAR

The present study was conducted in the year 2018-19 to assess the (58.33 %) of members had medium education category, about performance of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPO) in Shivamogga (40.00 %) of the members were semi medium farmers and less than half district of Karnataka state. An expost-facto research design was engaged. (42.50 %) of the them had low income. About 44.16 per cent of the A total of 120 members out of six FPO from four taluks were considered members had medium level of extension contact, 46.66 per cent of the as the sample for the study. Data is collected through pre-tested semi members had medium level of extension participation and 42.50 per structured interview schedule. The study revealed that exactly half of cent of them belong to medium level of organizational participation. the FPOs (50.00 %) were having medium level of overall performance Less than half of them (45.84 %) were distributed in medium level of followed by high (33.33 %). All the FPOs were performing activities economic motivation. Just below 50 per cent (48.34 %) of the members like custom hiring services, input supply, auditing of accounts, conduct had medium category of credit orientation. Majority of the members of meetings, rules and regulations of the FPO,book keeping and expressed the constraints such as problems related to lack of processing documentation followed by 83.33 per cent of the FPOs possess internet units (83.33 %), non-existence of procurement system (53.33 %). The facility and offering farm advocacy. Just above half of the farmer suggestions like establishment of processing units (71.66 %), members (52.50 %) were possessed medium level of knowledge and Procurement system to be improved (59.76 %), about 55.83 per cent (52.50 %) of them belonged to middle aged group, more than half of members expressed that credit facility can be enhanced.

219 A study on farmers practices on irrigation methods in arecanut growing areas of Chitradurga district V. N. NARENDRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SAHANA

The study on farmers practices on irrigation methods in arecanut irrigation (` 1,04,544.16/acre) and flood irrigation (` 98,247.23/acre). growing areas of Chitradurga district was conducted in Chitradurga Net returns from drip irrigation was found to be highest of ` 3,10,000.00 district of Karnataka during 2018-19.By simple random sampling 40 per acre. Majority of the farmers belonged to middle age category each from drip, sprinkler, flood irrigation adopted farmers in arecanut, having medium farming experience. Majority of the farmers were constituting sample size 120. The data was collected using pretested educated up to PUC and had medium sized land holding. Majority of interview schedule. The result showed that majority of the farmers the farmers had medium level of innovative proneness, risk bearing (66.67 %) had medium level of awareness on operational aspects of ability, extension participation, extension contact, mass media exposure, different irrigation methods. It was observed that water use efficiency cosmopoliteness, information seeking behavior, social participation. in drip irrigation was 9.81 liters followed by sprinkler irrigation (13.15 More than half of the farmers had high level of annual income. Major liters), flood irrigation (19.18 liters). High economic efficiency observed constraints faced by farmers ‘high installation cost’ in drip irrigation. in drip irrigation was ` 5.87 (net returners per acre rupee of irrigation ‘Nozzle blocking’ in sprinkler irrigation. ‘High labour cost’ in flood cost) followed by sprinkler irrigation (` 4.58) and flood irrigation irrigation. The suggestions included ‘MSP facility should be provided (` 3.89). The average arecanut yield obtained per acre under drip, for arecanut’ in drip irrigation farmers. ‘Regular supply of electricity’ sprinkler and flood irrigation was 9.62, 8.56 and 8.22 q, respectively. in sprinkler irrigation farmers. ‘Need of training for effective management Cost of cultivation of drip irrigation (` 98,868.94/acre), sprinkler of soil crusting’ in case of flood irrigation.

A study on knowledge and perception of farmers on soil health card in Shivamogga district U. H. SANJANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SUDHEENDRA The study was conducted in Shivamogga district of Karnataka state cent of them were educated up to high school level. More than half of during 2018-19 to assess the knowledge and perception of farmers on the farmers had medium (51.66 %) social participation. Majority of the soil health card and to ascertain the constraints and suggestions for respondents had medium (70.00 %) level of mass media participation, effective implementation of soil health card scheme. A total of 120 63.33 per cent of the respondents had medium scientific orientation respondents were considered as a sample for the study. The study and majority of the farmers had medium (73.33 %) level of source of revealed that majority of the respondents possessed medium information. Variables like education, extension contact, mass media (61.66 %) level of overall knowledge regarding soil health card. The participation, scientific orientation and source of information showed respondents had high level of knowledge on soil health (63.33 %), soil highly significant results with the knowledge. Variables like education, sampling and testing (59.16 %) and contents of soil health card farming experience, and extension contact showed positive and (52.50 %). The respondents were found to have a medium (61.66 %) significant association with the perception level of respondents. Soil and low (21.67 %) level of perception about soil health card. Majority testing labs should be available at the hobli level was suggested by of the farmers perceived that soil health card gives crop wise 72.50 per cent of the respondents. There is a need for conducting more recommendation of fertilizers and nutrients (57.50 %). About 45 per training programmes in shaping the capabilities and improving the cent of the respondents belonged to middle age group and 38.33 per knowledge of the farmers towards soil health card.

B. HORTICULTURE FRUIT SCIENCE

Standardization of pot culture media for economic cultivation of strawberry in vertical farming system under naturally ventilated polyhouse K. H. LAKSHMIKANTH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. MADAIAH

The experiment was conducted to standardize pot culture media for (4.54 cm), berry diameter (3.58 cm), number of berries per plant economic cultivation of strawberry in vertical farming system under (19.68), yield per plant (391.24 g), shelf life (3.10 days), net income naturally ventilated polyhouse at the Department of Fruit Science, (` 1,22,183 /1032 m2) and benefit to cost ratio (2.04) recorded in the College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2018-19. The experiment media combination having soil + cocopeat + vermiculite + was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with seven treatments vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1:1:1. The minimum days were observed and three replications. The significant differences were observed for first flower emergence (50.13) and minimum titratable acidity among the treatments for different parameters. The maximum plant (0.98 %), whereas maximum values for TSS (7.73 ºBrix), chlorophyll height (29.13 cm), number of trifoliate leaves per plant (27.80), plant (2.36 mg g-1), total sugar (6.45 %), ascorbic acid (54.80 mg/100 g) and spread in North-South and East-West direction (31.27 cm and sugar to acid ratio (6.58) were recorded in the media combination 30.21 cm, respectively), leaf area (108.26 cm2), number of crowns having soil + cocopeat + vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1:1. Based on per plant (4.56), number of runners per plant (6.13), plant dry weight the results obtained, the plants grown in soil + cocopeat + vermiculite (38.50 g) at harvest, number of flowers per plant (24.61), duration of + vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 showed the best response to flowering (70.54 days), berry weight (19.01 g), berry length obtain growth, yield and also maximum returns in vertical farming system.

220 Effect of foliar nutrients and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse T. RUCHITHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar nutrients and yield per plant (299.36 g) was recorded in the treatment GA3 and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of (150 ppm). Whereas the maximum fruit weight (17.22 g), fruit volume strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated (21.78 cc), fruit length (4.18 cm) andfruit diameter (3.90 cm) was polyhouse at the Department of Fruit Science, College of recorded in boron (0.6 %). Total chlorophyll content (2.35 mg/g of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. The experiment was laid fresh weight), total sugars (7.27 %), sugars to acid ratio (10.53) and out in Completely Randomized Design with eleven treatment and minimum titrable acidity (0.67 %) was noticed higher in the plants three replications. The results revealed that, the maximum plant supplied with ZnSO4 (0.6 %). The maximum shelf life (2.89 days) height (19.21 cm), plant spread in North-South and East-West was recorded with the application of CaNO3 (0.6 %) and highest directions (28.15 cm and 24.79 cm, respectively.), number of trifoliate benefit: cost ratio (2.59) was noticed in GA3 (150 ppm). Among leaves (25.20), number of crowns (4.93), leaf area (127.78 cm2), leaf different treatments GA3 (150 ppm) proved to be best for growth area index (3.94), total dry matter (27.31 g), minimum number of and yield parameters. Whereas, the zinc sulphate (0.6 %) improved days taken for flowering (85.81), number of fruits per plant (19.08) the quality parameters of strawberry. Studies on foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality of sapota (Achras zapota L.) A. SHIFA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. KANTHARAJ The field investigation was carried out during the year 2018-19 in the (34.49 %), benefit:cost ratio (2.03), and low mummified fruits per Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Mudigere, to cent (35.60) and quality parameters were TSS (17.89 0B), reducing study the foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality of sapota sugar (7.57 %), non- reducing sugar (8.19 %), total sugar (15.76 (Achras zapota L.). The experiment was laid out in Randomized %), ascorbic acid (23.90 mg / 100 g) and the minimum titratable Complete Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. acidity (0.12 %). Among post-harvest quality the maximum fruit The study observed that among growth and yield parameters spraying texture (2.85 kg/cm2), shelf life (11.91 days), physiological loss of 19:19:19 (1.0 %) + zinc sulphate (0.5 %) + magnesium sulphate in weight (10.73 %) and days taken to ripen (9.19 days) was (0.5 %) + boron (0.5 %) recorded significantly the maximum current recorded in 19:19:19 (1.0 %) + calcium chloride (1.0 %). On season shoot length (12.48 cm), number of leaves per shoot (20.09), the basis of present investigation foliar application of 19:19:19 leaf area (21.35 cm2), chlorophyll ‘a’ (1.89 mg/ g), chlorophyll ‘b’ (1.0 %) + zinc sulphate (0.5 %) + magnesium sulphate (0.5 %) + (0.96 mg/ g), total chlorophyll (2.85 mg/ g), number of flowers per boron (0.5 %) at monthly interval for three times has significantly shoot (12.50), number of fruits per shoot (2.45), fruit length increased the yield and quality attributes and spraying of 19:19:19 (5.83 cm), fruit diameter (6.17 cm), fruit volume (87.25 cc), fruit (1.0 %) + calcium chloride (1.0 %) maintains the post-harvest weight (90.33 g), yield per tree (46.10 kg), per cent increase in yield quality attributes.

Variability studies on bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa) genotypes of Sakharayapattana (Chickamagalur district) R. N. AMULYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR

An experiment was conducted on variability studies on bael genotypes Quality parameters like TSS (SB-297 : 9.50 °B), acidity (SB-209, SB- of Sakharayapattana during 2018-19 at Sakharayapattana, 187 : 0.32 %), vitamin C (SB-203 : 10.26 mg/100 g fruit pulp), total Chickamagalur district with an objective to assess morphological and sugar (SB-305, SB-73 : 9.93 %), sugar : acid (SB-73 : 83.13), TSS : acid qualitative characters of 356 genotypes. The analysis of different (SB-297 : 50.11) were recorded during investigation. The RAPD marker characters was carried out in the University of Agricultural and analysis on different bael genotypes revealed that the highest number Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga. The genotypes (356) showed of bands were observed with primer OPX-17 (197) and lowest with variation in terms of tree height, plant growth habit, bark color, bark OPN-03 (42). The highest (0.77) PIC value was observed in primer splitting habit, leaf color, leaf shape, leaf base, leaf margin, thorn length. OPM-12 and highest similarity (0.95) was found between the genotypes The analysis of variance revealed a significant difference concerning SB-147 and SB-90. Investigation revealed that among 356 genotypes fruit and quality parameters. The maximum fruit length (13 cm), fruit SB-353, SB-305, SB-73 and SB-203 genotypes were found most volume (310 cm3), fruit weight (320 g) and pulp weight (202.40 g) was promising for growth, yield and quality parameters. These genotypes observed in SB-353 genotype. The highest number of seeds (67) and can be used either for further evaluation or selection as a commercial seed weight per fruit (39.57 g) was recorded in SB-209 genotype. cultivar or as a gene source in bael improvement programme. Effect of planting densities on growth and yield in banana Cv. Nendran (AAB) RAVI BASAVARAJ SOMAKKANAVAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. S. YALLESH KUMAR The field experiment was carried out at Bandigowdanahalli, of two suckers per hill spaced at 3 x 3 m) showed highest plant girth Chamarajnagar during 2018-19 to know the effect of planting densities (63.67 cm), number of leaves (14.54), number of suckers (9.80), leaf on growth and yield in banana cv. Nendran (AAB). The experiment length (211.67 cm), leaf breadth (86.67 cm), leaf area (21.34 m2), was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 11 treatments chlorophyll content (2.32 mg/ 100 g) and lowest days taken from and three replications. Among the treatments the treatment T9 (Planting planting to shooting (186.67), shooting to harvest (83.67) and planting

221 best in T showing highest green life (8.87 days), shelf life (9.60 days), to harvest (270.33). The treatment T9 also showed highest bunch yield 9 (14.00 kg per plant), length of bunch (59.67 cm), internodal length pulp weight (139.00 g), peel weight (43.33 g), TSS (26.13 °Brix), (7.27 cm), number of hands per bunch (7.67), weight of hand (2.27 kg), reducing sugars (17.04 %), non-reducing sugars (6.81 %), total sugars number of fingers per bunch (63.90), finger weight (182.33 g), finger (23.86 %) and lowest acidity (0.44 %). Hence, this study shows the positive effect of high density planting on yield parameters. Whereas, length (22.93 cm) and finger girth (13.63 cm). The treatment T2 (Planting of three suckers per hill spaced at 2 x 2 m) showed highest yield per wider spacing showed the positive effect in improving growth and hectare (80.00 t). However, the quality parameters were found to be quality parameters of banana plants. Standardization of organic manures for dragon fruit in central dry zone of Karnataka P. RASHMI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLANAIK An experiment was conducted to know the influence of organic manures poultry manure per pillar had beneficial effect on growth, flowering, on growth, flowering, yield, quality and economics of dragon fruit yield and quality parameters. Significantly maximum plant canopy cultivation in the farmers field of Bhuttanatti village, Hiriyur taluk of spread (7.55 m2) chlorophyll a (1.78 mg/g), chlorophyll b (0.12 mg/g), Chitradurga district during 2018-2019. The experiment was laid out total chlorophyll (1.90 mg/g), number of fruits (23.20/pillar), fruit in Factorial Randomised Complete Block Design with 27 treatments length (12.36 cm), pulp weight (321.00 g), peel thickness (1.75 mm), involving different combination of organic manures with three fruit yield (10.04 kg/pillar), fruit yield per hectare (11.04 t/ha) and replications. The treatments consisted of three organic manures and ascorbic acid content (7.70 mg/100 g). However, The highest net three levels Farm yard manure (0, 15, 30 kg/pillar), Vermicompost (0, returns of ` 8,88,276 per hectare and benefit cost ratio of (5.12) was 2, 4 kg/pillar), Poultry manure (0, 250, 500 g/pillar). Among different obtained by the combined application of 30 kg FYM, 4 kg of levels of farm yard manure (FYM), vermicompost and poultry manure, vermicompostand 500 g poultry manure per pillar under situation application of 30 kg farm yard manure, 4 kg of vermicompost and 500 g in central dry zone of Karnataka. Effects of different sources and levels of potassium through foliar application on yield and quality of pomegranate Cv. Bhagwa SHEKHAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. NARAYANASWAMY

The field investigations were carried out during 2018-2019 in the spray. The highest rind thickness (4.14 mm) was recorded in RDF through experimental fields at the College of Horticulture, Hiriyur, Chitradurga fertigation with 2 per cent K2SO4. MgSO4 spray. The quality parameters district of Karnataka to study the “Effects of different sources and levels like TSS (16.54 °Brix), sugar: acid ratio (38.28), reducing (14.27 %), non- of potassium through foliar application on yield and quality of reducing (1.74 %) and total sugars (16.12 %), juice (89.53 %), ascorbic pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa”. The experiment was acid (17.87 mg/ 100 g FW) and anthocyanin content (8.55 mg/ 100 g FW) laid out in a randomized complete block dresign (RCBD) with 20 were highest in RDF through fertigation with 2 per cent K2SO4 spray, treatments with three replications. The RDF through fertigation and soil besides, minimum physiological loss in weight (10.83 %), with highest application was applied as per the package of practices and foliar spay of shelf life (14.67 days). The highest TSS (16.64 °Brix) and juice content K was started four and half months after flowering and was given thrice (88.43 %) with minimum acidity (0.39 %) during storage and maximum at 15 days interval. The results revealed that the yield parameters like leaf K (1.71 %) after spray were recorded in RDF through fertigation average fruit weight (443.33 g), diameter (93.74 mm), volume (469.45 with 2 per cent K2SO4 spray. The present findings can be commercially ml) and yield per plant (10.63 kg/plant) and different aril parameters like used in making pomegranate production more profitable (1: 2.42) by total aril weight (363.69 g), weight of 100 arils (37.95 g) and aril percentage application of RDF through fertigation with 1 per cent K2SO4 spray in

(82.23) were maximum in RDF through fertigation with 2 per cent K2SO4 Bhagwa variety of pomegranate. VEGETABLE SCIENCE Studies on genetic divergence and variability for yield and quality characters in garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) A. B. ASHA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEVARAJU An investigation on genetic variability studies in garden pea was ample scope for improving these traits through direct selection. carried out in the experimental block of the Department of Vegetable Correlation studies showed that pod yield per plant exhibited positive Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2018-19. The and significant phenotypic and genotypic association with number of experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design. pods per plant and weight of 10 pods. Path analysis revealed that Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among highest positive direct effect on pod yield per plant was shown by the genotypes for all the characters under the study. High heritability number of pods per plant followed by weight of ten pods and length coupled with high genetic advance as percent over mean was recorded of pod. Based on Mahalanobis D2 analysis, 30 genotypes of garden for plant height, number of branches per plant, node at first flower pea were grouped into ten clusters. Among the traits studied pod appears, days to first flowering, days to 50 per cent flowering, days yield per plant (38.16 %), plant height at 60 DAS (27.59 %), days for taken for first picking, length, width and thickness of pod, number of first picking and number of pods per plant (8.05 %) contributed seeds per pod, weight of 10 pods, weight of green seeds, shelling per maximum to the total genetic diversity. In this study five promising cent, number of pods per plant, pod yield per plant, pod yield per ha, genotypes viz., Arka Priya, IIHR-44, GS-10, Arka Pramodh and TSS, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugar content indicating the Arka Apoorva have been identified for higher yield, which can be prevalence of additive gene action for these traits. Thus, there is utilized for further crop improvement programme.

222 Effect of plant geometry and nutrition on growth, yield and quality of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) A. S. CHANDINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA The study was conducted to find out the optimum spacing and number of tubers per vine, tuber length, tuber girth, fresh and dry nutrition levels in sweet potato at the Department of Vegetable weight of tuber, tuber volume and tuber yield per plant. The maximum Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. The tuber yield per plot and tuber yield per hectare were obtained under experiment consisted of three levels of spacing (40 × 20, 60 × 30 & 80 closer spacing (40 × 20 cm) and F3 nutrition (100:75:100 kg NPK/ ha)

× 40 cm) and four levels of nutrition (50:25:50, 75:50:75, 100:75:100 level. With respect to quality parameters, S2 (60 × 30 cm) spacing and

& 125:100:125 kg NPK / ha) in all possible combinations were F3 nutrition (100:75:100 kg NPK/ ha) level recorded maximum values. assessed for growth, yield and quality parameters. Among the different Interactions of spacing and nutrition levels were found significant spacing and nutrition levels, S3 (80 × 40 cm) and F3(100:75:100 kg with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters. The treatment

NPK/ ha) recorded maximum vine length, number of auxiliary branches combination S3F3 (80 × 40 cm + 100:75:100 kg NPK/ ha) recorded per plant, number of leaves per plant, vine girth, fresh and dry weight significantly higher values with respect to growth and yield. However, of leaves, stem and root, leaf area per plant, absolute growth rate, the maximum benefit cost ratio (3.90) was recorded in S2F3 (60 × relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, total chlorophyll content, 30 cm + 100:75:100 kg NPK/ ha) treatment combination.

Genetic variability studies in F2 segregating population of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) K. CHITHRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEVARAJU The present investigation was carried out to understand the extent of Correlation studies in both the crosses revealed that the number of genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis between fruits per plant, average fruit weight and fruit diameter had significant yield and its component traits in F2 segregating population of the two positive correlation with fruit yield per plant. Whereas, the characters brinjal crosses viz., Surya×Harita and Swetha×Utkal Anushree at the days to first flowering and days to first picking showed negative and experimental block of the Department of Vegetable Science, College of significant correlation. Path analysis for both the crosses for fruit yield Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2018-19. The analysis of data per plant revealed that the fruit diameter, average fruit weight and the indicated that the prevalence of sufficient genetic variation among the number of fruits per plant had high positive direct effect indicating the genotypes for all the characters. High heritability (>60 %) coupled possibility of increasing fruit yield per plant by selecting these characters with high GAM (>20 %) was observed for plant height, number of directly. The superior segregants identified with respect to fruit yield primary branches, plant spread from North to South, plant spread per plant in F2 segregating population of the cross Surya×Harita were from East to West, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit weight, P-10 (2.40 kg), P-15 (2.35 kg) and P-233 (2.03 kg). Whereas, in the number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per plant in both the crosses cross Swetha×Utkal Anushree, P-16 (2.25 kg), P-19 (1.95 kg) and indicating the involvement of additive gene action for these traits. Thus P-183 (1.92 kg) were identified as superior segregants, which can be there is a ample scope for improving these traits through direct selection. utilized in further crop improvement programme. Effect of bioregulators on productivity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) under hill zone of Karnataka D. SAHANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA

An investigation on effect of bioregulators on productivity of sweet vine girth (17.80 mm), fresh weight of leaves (464.73 g), fresh weight potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) under hill zone of Karnatakawas carried of stem (216.10 g), fresh weight of root (1137.73 g), dry weight of out in the experimental block of the Department of Vegetable Science, leaves (77.33 g), dry weight of stem (36.21 g), dry weight of root College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Karnataka during 2018-19. The (343.73 g), leaf area (22724.8 cm2/ plant), relative growth rate (0.02674 experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with g / g / day), crop growth rate (39.40 g / m2 / day), net assimilation rate three replications consisting of different bioregulators viz., Gibberllic (0.515 mg / dm2 / day),number of tubers per plant (6.20), tuber length acid, Cycocel and Triacontanol at 250 ppm and 500 ppm. Biozyme, (24.07 cm), tuber yield per plant (835.83 g), tuber yield per hectare Biovita and Cytozyme at 0.3 % and 0.4%.The results showed (46.44 t), total sugar (2.25 %) content, crude protein (4.48 %) and significant differences among the treatments for various characters. â-carotene (0.43 mg/100 g) content. Maximum total leaf chlorophyll

Among different treatments, spraying of GA3 at 200 ppm recorded (2.68 mg/g) content, shelf life (33.22 days) under cold storage maximum vine length (176.00 cm), number of auxillary branches (5.73), conditions and highest benefit cost ratio (3.61) was found with number of leaves per plant (391.33), vine internodal length (6.03 cm), application of CCC at 500 ppm. Studies on spacing and fertigation in pole type French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under protected cultivation T. M. NEETHU 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPA

-1 The present investigation entitled “Studies on spacing and fertigation S3: 60×45 cm) and six fertigation treatments [T1- 44:70:53 kg ha (Control); -1 -1 in pole type French bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) under protected T2-55:87.5:66.25 kg ha (125% control); T3-33:52.5:39.75 kg ha (75% -1 cultivation” was carried out during kharif 2018 at the ZAHRS, Navile, control); T4- 44:70:53 kg ha (control) + mulching + micronutrient -1 Shivamogga. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three spray; T5-55:87.5:66.25 kg ha (125% control) + mulching+ -1 replications. There were 18 treatment combinations comprised of three micronutrient spray; T6-33:52.5:39.75 kg ha (75% control) + mulching different spacing treatments (S1: 60×75 cm; S2: 60×60 cm; + micronutrient spray [IIHR Vegetable special 0.5 %]. The results of

223 the experiment showed statistically significant difference among the and micronutrient spray. The maximum plant height (480.5 cm), pod treatments. However, highest number of primary branches (8.70), yield (13.06 t) 1000 m-2 and BC ratio (2.48) was recorded in the plants secondary branches (8.50), leaf area (6613.76 cm2), number of pods which was grown under the the closer spacing (60×45 cm) with the per plant (220.02), number of clusters per plant (6.50), pod length combination of 44:70:53 kg ha-1 (N:P:K), mulching and micronutrient (20.66 cm), pod girth (2.95 cm), pod weight (17.69g), pod yield per spray. Hence, it could be concluded from the study that, the closer plant (4.65 kg), maximum soil nutrients, leaf macro and micro nutrients spacing (60×45 cm) with the combination of 44:70:53 kg ha-1 (N:P:K), were recorded in the plants which was grown under the wider spacing mulching and micronutrient spray results in higher pod yield of pole of 60×75 cm with the combination of 44:70:53 kg ha-1 (N:P:K), mulching type French bean and economically profitable.

FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Studies on diversity and characterization of wild orchids in Western Ghats of Chikkamagaluru H. P. CHAITRA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. NATARAJ The investigation on “Studies on diversity and characterization of wild Design (CRD) with three replications under shade house. The maximum orchids in Western Ghats of Chikkamagaluru” was carried out at the plant height was recorded in Aerides maculosum Lindl. (49.60 cm) Orchidarium, Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, among monopodials and in Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. (98.07 cm) College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. Survey of wild among sympodials. The maximum number of leaves per plant was orchids of Sringeri was under taken to assess the diversity of orchids. observed in Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. (58.67). The highest number Twenty nine species belonging to 22 genera of wild orchids were recorded of in florescence were found in Liparis viridifolia (Blume) Lindl. (17.67) of which 27 species were epiphytic and two were terrestrial. and maximum number flowers was observed in Schoenorchis smeeana Hopeaponga (Dennst.) Mabb. was observed as the best host among all (Rchb.f.) Jalal, Jayanthi and Schuit (256). Molecular characterization host trees hosting about 176 wild orchids belong to different genera. of 22 wild orchids was performed using 17 SSR markers and the cluster Cleisostoma tenufolium (L.) Garay was densely populated in the study analysis grouped them into eight different genetic clusters. The highest area (41.33). The highest Shannon’s diversity index was observed for PIC value 0.37 was observed for OA 18, DNESSR 24 and DNESSR 85. Koradakallu (2.34) and the highest Simpson’s diversity index was The highest genetic similarity of 89 per cent was observed between recorded for Kunchebailu and Koradakallu (0.87each, respectively). Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl. and Coelogyne nervosa A. Rich. and the Morphological characterization of 39 species of wild orchids were least genetic similarity of 10 per cent was observed between Aerides taken up in the present study using Completely Randomized Block ringens (Lindl.) C.EC. Fish. and Dendrobium aqueum Lindl.

Effect of foliar application of bio-stimulants on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus cv. Summer Sunshine K. HARISH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR An experiment was conducted to know the influence of bio-stimulants day). With respect to flowering and quality parameters, Biozyme at on growth, flowering and quality of gladiolus Cv. Summer Sunshine in 0.4 per cent recorded minimum daystaken for initiation of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College inflorescence (75.00), first floret opening (80.67days), 50 % of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19.The experiment consisted flowering (84.67 days), duration of flowering (22.00 days), spike with 11 bio-stimulants viz.,T1-Humic acid (0.4%), T2-Humic acid length (87.87 cm), rachis length (43.47 cm), number of florets per

(0.6%), T3-Biovita-(0.4%), T4-Biovita (0.6%), T5-Biozyme (0.4%), spike (16.07), floret diameter (12.48 cm), floret length (12.95 cm),

T6- Biozyme (0.6%), T7- Spic cytozyme (0.4%), T8-Spic spike girth (10.49 mm), spike weight (74.92 g) and vase life (12.59 cytozyme(0.6%), T9-Recharge (0.4%), T10- Recharge (0.6%), and days). The yield parameters like number of spikes per plant (1.51),

T11-Control and replicated thrice in Randomized Complete Block spike yield per plot (45.30) and spike yield per hectare (2,26,500) Design. The results revealed that application of Biozyme @ 0.4 per recorded in Biozyme at 0.4 per cent. The maximum corm parameters cent recorded maximum plant height (76.07 cm), number of leaves were recorded in Spic cytozyme at 0.4 per cent, corm weight per (11.33), leaf area (1251.96 cm2), leaf area index (2.09), leaf dry weight plant (102.53 g), corm weight per plot (2.54 kg), diameter of the (8.90 g/plant), flower dry weight (9.10 g/spike), total dry matter corm (5.14 cm), corm yield per plant (2.53), corm yield per hectare accumulation (27.27 g/plant), crop growth rate (0.22 g/m2/day), relative (12683.33 kg). Biozyme @ 0.4 per cent recorded maximum cost growth rate (0.0094 g/g/day) and net assimilation rate (0.041 g/dm2/ benefit ratio (1:2.40).

Standardization of potting media for Nephrolepis undulate J. Sm under protected condition G. B. KAVANA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR

An investigation on “Standardization of potting media for Nephrolepis + Coir pith + Vermicompost (2:1:1), T4 - Soil + Cocopeat + FYM + undulate J. Sm under protected condition” was carried out in Vermicompost (2:1:1:1), T5 - Soil + Perlite + Coir pith + Vermicompost experimental block of the Department of Floriculture and Landscape (2:1:1:1), T6 - Cocopeat + Sand + FYM (2:1:1), T7 - Cocopeat +

Architecture. College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2018-2019. Vermicompost + Coir pith (2:1:1), T8 - Cocopeat + Vermicompost +

The experiment consisted of 10 treatments viz., T1 - Soil + Sand + FYM (2:1:1), T9 - Cocopeat + Perlite + Sand + Vermicompost

FYM (2:1:1), T2 - Soil + Cocopeat + Vermicompost (2:1:1), T3 - Soil (2:1:1:1) and T10 - Cocopeat + Perlite + Coir pith + Vermicompost

224 (2:1:1:1) with three replications with Completely Randomized Design. leaflets per frond, sori per leaflet (135.00 and 63.00), total chlorophyll The suckers were planted in the 12" pots during October 2018. The and visual plant grade (2.96 mg/g of fresh weight and 4.85, respectively), significant differences were observedin the treatments. Among them shelf and vase life (8.00 and 20.33 days, respectively), N, P and K the plants which are grown in the media soil + cocopeat + FYM + (5.10, 0.59 and 2.65 %, respectively) with maximum net returns and vermicompost recorded the maximum plant height (95.30 cm), plant benefit cost (2.15) ratio. From the investigation, it is concluded that, spread in EW and NS (72.00 and 73.67 cm, respectively), number of media containing soil + cocopeat + FYM + vermicompost has shoots (6.17), number of croziers (3.10), number of fronds (12.00), significantly enhanced the vegetative, reproductive and quality frond length and width (87.00 and 15.67 cm, respectively), number of parameters of Nephrolepis fern. Effect of bioagents on growth, yield and management of Fusarium oxysporum f. Sp. callistephi in China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.] Cv. Kamini G. KRISHNA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. NATARAJ

The present study consisting of two experiments, one on effect of (2.46 g), flower yield per plant (119.56 g), flower yield per hectare bioagents on growth and yield of China aster cv. Arka Kamini with (13.28 t), root length (12.78 cm), root weight (15.59 g) and minimum seven treatments were replicated thrice using Randomized Complete disease incidence (13.44 %) were observed with Trichoderma Block Design in field condition, while another experiment on effect harzianum, while colony forming units found maximum at 90 days of bioagents and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. callistephi challenge of application in Arka Microbial Consortium (92.50 cfu and 75.00 inoculation on growth, yield and management of Fusarium wilt of cfu at 10-1 and 10-2 dilution, respectively). Similarly, among China aster with 14 treatments were replicated thrice using bioagents and challenge inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. Completely Randomized Design under pot condition at the sp. callistephi, vegetative growth, flowering, flower quality and Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of flower yield were found maximum with Trichoderma harzianum Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. The maximum plant height and no disease incidence was observed. While, colony forming units (60.38 cm), number of branches (12.67), stem girth (1.30 cm), plant were found maximum at 90 days application in Arka Microbial spread (568.82 cm2), days to flower bud initiation (58.00), first Consortium (92.50 cfu and 66.50 cfu at 10-1 and 10-2 dilution flowering (65.33 days), 50 per cent flowering (69.87 days), duration respectively). The antagonistic activity of different bioagents against of flowering (40.07 days), flower head diameter (5.75 cm), flower F. oxysporum f. sp. callistephi was evaluated under in vitro and stalk length (18.22 cm), vase life (8.60 days), shelf life (39.00 hrs), highest inhibition of 90.06 per cent noticed with Trichoderma number of flowers per plant (48.60), individual flower weight harzianum. Effect of bio-regulators on growth and development of Asiatic lily under protected condition B. K. RAGINI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR An experiment on “Effect of bio-regulators on growth and initiation (37.67 days), flowering (67.47 days), 50 per cent flowering development on Asiatic lily under protected condition” was carried (73.20 days), bud length (5.83 cm), bud diameter (15.96 mm), length out at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, of petiole (7.23 cm), diameter of the flower (20.84 cm), petal length College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. The experiment (11.54 cm), petal breadth (5.01 cm), number of spikes per m2 (28.97), was laid out in a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) and length of the stalk (80.40 cm), stalk weight (99.33 g), diameter of the replicated thrice with 13 treatments viz., Gibberellic acid(GA3) (100, bulbs (11.00 cm), weight of bulbs (109.67 g), yield of bulbs per plot 150 and 200 ppm), Benzyl adenine (BA) (150, 300 and 450 ppm), (2.27 kg), number of scales (24.27), length of scales (2.75 cm) and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (100, 150 and 200 ppm) and breadth of scales (2.40 cm). CCC @ 2000 ppm recorded the maximum Chlormequat chloride (CCC) (1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) along with diameter of petiole (6.42 mm), days taken for flower senescence on control. The bulbs were dipped in different bio-regulators for 12 the plant (20.67), vase life of flowers with anthers (14.17 days) and hours. The results revealed that GA3 @ 200 ppm recorded minimum vase life without anthers (16.63 days). The treatment BA @ days for sprouting (3.33), maximum plant height (98.44 cm), number 150 ppm recorded a maximum number of buds per plant (9.17), of leaves per plant (80.93), leaf length (12.53 cm), leaf breadth maximum number of bulbs per plant (3.00), number of bulblets per (2.77 cm), leaf area (1704.60 cm2), leaf area index (5.68), early bud plant (6.07) and also recorded highest benefit-cost ratio (1:2.26).

Performance of Liliums under protected cultivation in transitional zone of Karnataka P. SANDESH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK

The present investigation entitled “Performance of Liliums under was higher in Meriva Zanlorva. The Cv. Indian Summerset recorded protected cultivation in transitional zone of Karnataka” was carried maximum chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘b’ and total chlorophyll content and the out under the polyhouse structure at the Department of Horticulture, Cv. Indian Summerset took minimum number of days for the flower College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural bud emergence (28.56) and days taken to 50 per cent flowering, days Sciences, Shivamogga during the 2018-19. Among the seven lilium to flower harvest and flower senescence in plant. The maximum length cultivars studied the Cv. Yelloween was found to be superior with of flower stalk, weight of flower stalk and stalk girth, was noticed in respect to plant height (56.93 cm) and number of leaves per plant Cv. Yelloween. The highest number of florets per spike was produced (69.24), leaf area and leaf area index at peak growth stage and the cv. by the Cv. Yelloween. The maximum bud length and bud diameter Justina Zantrijus recorded maximum leaf length. While, leaf breadth was recorded in the Cv. Meriva Zanlorva, while, Cv. Yelloween

225 recorded maximum vase life both in with anthers and without anthers. weight, number of bulblets per bulb, weight of bulblet, bulb diameter, Significant differences were observed among cultivars with respect to number of scales per bulb, length and breadth of scale, followed by number of spikes per square meter. The Cv. Yelloween (23) recorded Justina Zantrijus. While it was recorded minimum in the Cv. Indian the maximum number of spikes per square meter followed by Pavia Summerset. The Cv. Yelloween (2.22) realized maximum net returns (22), while it was recorded minimum in the Justina Zantrijus (16). and benefit to cost ratio followed by Cv. Pavia (2.13) compared to all With respect to bulb parameters Yelloween produced maximum bulb other cultivars.

Standardization of vase chemicals for longevity and quality of multiple cut flowers SATISH GOPALASETTI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. KANTHARAJ

The present investigation was carried out on Standardization of vase experiment-III Benzyladenine@ 75 ppm (13.41 days) and 100 ppm chemicals for longevity and quality of multiple cut flowers, at the (12.29 days) recorded significantly maximum vase life. Further, the Department of Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, best two concentrations from earlier experiments were selected and Mudigere, during 2018-2019.Total four experiments were conducted. their effect were studied in experiment-IV. Among 17 treatments In 1 to 3rd experiment standardization of sucrose, germicide/ mineral combinations, it was found that multiple cut flowers were placed in salts and bio-regulator concentration were studied and that of sucrose (6.0 %) + Aluminium sulphate (75 ppm) exhibited the experiment-4 combined effect of all these chemicals were studied. maximum cumulative water uptake (301.14g), cumulative transpiration The experiments were laid out in Completely Randomized Design loss of water (323.22 g), cumulative (-22.08 g), relative with three replications and each conical flask was containing 500 ml fresh weight (66.96 %), final fresh weight (88.29g), vase life (15.25 of vase solution with eight flowers (rose, carnation, gerbera and day) and average sensorys core (4.92) with the lowest bacterial count anthurium two flowers each). In experiment-ISucrose @ 4.0 per cent (7.08 CFUc × 104 ml-1), final pH (3.24) and vase chemical cost (` 6.08/ (13.75 days) and 6.0 per cent (12.27 days), experiment-II Aluminium day/ flowers). Hence, above treatment combination maintaining the sulphate @ 75 ppm (10.21 days) and 50 ppm (9.86 days) and longevity and quality of multiple cut flowers. Response of microbial consortia at graded levels of N P K on growth, flowering, quality and yield of Asiatic lily under protected cultivation P. V. SHILNA MUKUNDAN 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK

The study was conducted to find out the suitable combination of graded flowering (14.88 days). Flower quality also influenced by T14 for levels of N P K and biofertilizers on growth, flowering, quality and length of flower stalk (35.69 cm), floret stalk diameter (5.53 mm), yield of Asiatic lily Cv. Indian Summerset under protected cultivation diameter of bud (23.75 mm), flower diameter N-S (17.45 cm) and E-W during 2018-19 in the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, (17.09 cm), number of florets per spike (5.00), number of florets per Shivamogga. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with three m2 (46.33), vase life with anthers (11.15 days) and vase life without replications laid at Complete Randomized Design. The significant anthers (12.37 days). The bulb parameters like weight of bulb (11.23 differences were observed for growth, flowering, flower quality and g), bulb diameter (28.33 mm), number of bulblets (3.07), similarly yield parameters. Among the treatments studied, the treatment at 75 % biochemical parameters like chlorophyll a, b, total (1.27, 0.52 and 1.77 RDF + Azotobacter croococcum + Aspergillus awamori + Bacillus mg/g) and nutrient status like N P K initial (116.44, 32.66, 141.49 kg/ musilogenesis (T14) recorded significantly higher values with respect ha) and final (249.99, 45.40, 432.36 kg/ha) was also found maximum in to plant height (55.09 cm), number of leaves (54.21), leaf area index the same treatment. On the basis of results obtained in the present

(0.83) and the flowering parameters like least number of days to first investigation, it could be concluded that, the treatment T14 has flower bud emergence (23.08 days), minimum number of days to 50 significantly enhances the growth, flowering, flower quality and yield per cent flowering (47.05days) and significantly maximum duration of attributes of Asiatic lily Cv. Indian Summerset.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Diversity of carabids collected by light and pitfall traps under different ecosystems of Mudigere S. SHILPA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. SUCHITHRA KUMARI

A study on diversity of carabids collected by light and pitfall ecosystem, respectively. The diversity values of Shannon-Weiner traps was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in three agro- and Simpson’s reciprocal index showed that cardamom ecosystem ecosystems viz., coffee, cardamom, and mixed cropping at as diverse (1.47 and 4.53, respectively) than other two Mudigere. One UV light trap and six pitfall traps were set up at ecosystems with respect to light trap collection while pit fall weekly intervals in all the three ecosystems. The collected traps in coffee trapped diverse (1.309 and 3.823, respectively) carabids were processed and identified possibly up to species carabids than other two ecosystems. The diversity values for level. A total of 1,782 individuals and 45 species were collected Shannon-Weiner and Simpson’s reciprocal index for the pooled comprising 14 subfamilies, 37 genera and 20 tribes from all the data of both traps was 2.23 and 5.30, respectively in cardamom three ecosystems, representing 677, 527 and 578 individuals and which was higher than the other two ecosystems. Similarly, when 45, 42 and 43 species in coffee, cardamom and mixed cropping the traps used were compared higher diversity of carabid beetles

226 was found with light traps in all three ecosystems i.e., 1.44, sampling. According to Wolda’s classification of seasonality, the 1.47, and 1.40 in coffee, cardamom and mixed cropping ecosystem, carabids could be grouped into eight classes out of nine classes. respectively than the pitfall traps with diversity values of 1.30, The activity of the carabids was significantly correlated with 1.19 and 1.11. Both parametric and non-parametric species one or the other weather parameters considered in the study estimates anticipated nearly eight to 20 species more in each except for rainfall which did not have significant effect on species ecosystem at Mudigere through extended and more acute richness. Studies on sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fab.) (Brentidae: Coleoptera) under hill zone of Karnataka B. MANASA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. HANUMANTHARAYA

Studies on bioecology, screening of sweet potato genotypes and BSP-25, BSP-26, BSP-28, BSP-29, BSP-32, BSP-34 and BSP- management of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fab.) 38 genotypes were recorded as moderately resistant. Further, the (Brentidae: Coleoptera) was carried out at the College of genotypes, BSP-30, BSP-33 and BSP-40 were found to be Horticulture, Mudigere, Karnataka during 2018-2019. The results moderately susceptible. However, BSP-37 was recorded as from the bioecological study revealed that the average egg period, susceptible to sweet potato weevil. Among the insecticidal larval period, pupal period and adult longevity of both male and treatments applied for the management of sweet potato weevil in female lasted for 7.53, 31.40, 5.47, 93.6 and 89.7 days, respectively the local sweet potato variety, Sree Bhadra, foliar sprays of with an average fecundity of 124.70 eggs per female. The duration chlorpyriphos 20 % EC @ 2 ml/l, vine treatment with taken for completion of total life cycle from egg to adult was 38 to chlorpyriphos 20 % EC @ 5 ml/ l and vine treatment with 49 days at temperature and relative humidity that ranged from imidacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 1 ml/l were found effective in reducing 21.8 to 26.6°C and 80 to 85 per cent, respectively. The varietal sweet potato weevil population and recorded significantly lower preference studies of eighteen sweet potato genotypes evaluated per cent damaged tubers, higher marketable tuber yield, higher against sweet potato weevil indicated that, the genotypes, BSP- gross return, net return and BC ratio than recommended in package 23, BSP-18, BSP-35 and BSP-39 were found to be resistant and of prectice. Whereas, vine treatment with azadirachtin 10,000 ppm recorded significantly lower per cent damaged tubers and higher @ 3 ml/ l and foliar sprays of malathion 50 % EC @ 2 ml/l were marketable tuber yield. Whereas, BSP-17, BSP-19, BSP-21, recorded as less effective in managing sweet potato weevil.

Studies on tomato varieties and traps against tomato pin worm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) K. N. MOHAN RAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GIRISH

Studies on tomato varieties and traps against tomato pin worm maximum number of leaf mines (2.67), number of larvae (1.90) per was conducted in field conditions at Devagondanahalli village of plant and fruit infestation (55.50%) were recorded during February Chikkamagaluru taluk and district of Karnataka. Screening of 10 2019, which also recorded positive correlation with maximum tomato varieties against tomato pin worm during 2018-19 showed temperature and negative correlation with rainfall. While, least that, all of the varieties were susceptible to the pest attack except infestation was found during June, 2018 with nil larval mines, Arka Rakshak which recorded lowest number of leaf mines, larvae number of larvae (0.10) per plantand fruit infestation of 5.15 per and fruit infestation per plant (0.37, 0.03 and 16.67 %, cent. Studies on three different pheromone traps along with tomato respectively) with higher trichome density (36.90/cm2).The leaf miner lure (TLM) showed significantly maximum number of correlation studies carried out between biochemical constituents moth catches per trap with an average of 120.28 in delta trap, and average number of larval mines per plant showed a positive followed by yellow sticky trap (40.05) and minimum number of correlation with chlorophyll content (0.79) and total sugars (0.83). moth catches in wota trap (6.92). Delta trap with TLM lure proved Whereas, it was negatively correlated with total phenols (-0.87). superior over other traps with maximum number of moth catches The field observations on seasonal incidence during May, 2018 to throughout the cropping season. Maximum number of moth catches April, 2019 indicated that, infestation was noticed in all three during crop growth was found at second fortnight and continued stages viz., seedling, vegetative and fruiting stages, however up to fourth fortnight. Studies on major insect pests of chrysanthemum and management under naturally ventilated polyhouse condition A. N. RAJESHWARI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. HANUMANTHARAYA

An investigation was carried out on screening of chrysanthemum nymphs/2 cm2 and 2.46 adults/leaf, respectively) was resistant to genotypes and management of whitefly, (Trialeurodes whitefly. Whereas, genotypes, Poornima White, Paper White, Rose vaporariorum Westwood), serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii and Poornima Yellow (2.60, 3.17, 3.27 and 3.85 mines/leaf, Burgess) and aphid (Macrosiphoniella sanborni Gillette) by using respectively with 20.14, 24.54, 24.59 and 25.71 % leaf miner newer insecticides and botanicals. The experiment was carried out infestation/plant, respectively) were categorized as resistant to in a naturally ventilated polyhouse condition during 2018-19 at leaf miner. Further, genotypes viz., Kavery, Rose, Poornima White, the College of Horticulture, Mudigere. Fourteen genotypes of Violet, Chandini, Poornima Yellow and Red Ruby (6.76, 6.77, 7.90, chrysanthemum were evaluated among them, Kolkata Orange (0.61 8.47, 11.73, 13.21 and 15.31 aphids/2 cm apical shoot,

227 respectively) were categorised as moderately resistant to aphids. Whereas, dinotefuron 20 SC, flonicamid 50 WG and fipronil 5 SC Among the insecticides tested, diafenthiuron 50 WP, dinotefuron were proved to effective in reducing aphid population. Among

20 SC and flonicamid 50 WG were found to be superior in reducing scheduling, T7 (fipronil 5 SC + flonicamid 50 WG + diafenthiuron the whitefly population whereas, dinotefuron 20 SC, flonicamid 50 WP + thiamethoxam 25 WG) schedule proved to be better in 50 WG, thiamethoxam 25 WG, fipronil 5 SC and triazophos 40 EC reducing whitefly, leaf miner and aphid population of were proved to be effective in reducing leaf miner infestation. chrysanthemum under naturally ventilated polyhouse condition.

Novel approaches for management of coffee stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) K.M. BASAVARAJ 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANNA REVANNAVAR

Novel approaches for management of coffee stem borer, number of infested plants (23 out of 30 plants) and 2.55 rings Xylotrechus quadripes was studied during 2018-19 in the per plant were noticed in helical gum-line treated plot. The Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Mudigereand highest per cent decrease in infestation and rings over control coffee plantations of Coffee Day Global Pvt. Ltd. in Chandrapore was recorded in gum-line treatment with 81.82 and 71.23 per village, Kollibylu coffee estate and Chenniga village of Mudigere cent, respectively. The number of male and female beetles trapped taluk. Male x quadripes beetles emerged one week before was 10.25 and 7.5 in Gum-line and Gummy plastic twine emergence of female x quadripes beetles. The peak beetle treatments, respectively. The number of beetles trapped in cross- emergence was noticed during the third week of November across vane trap with pheromone lure (2.5 beetles) andcross-vane trap four coffee types viz., Selection-9, Selection-795, Catimor and without pheromone lure (2.25 beetles) treatments did not differ Hemavathy. The earliest emergence of male and female x quadripes significantly. Among uprooted coffee stumps disposal methods, was noticed in Catimor during the third week of October 2018 uproot and store in mesh house method was superior with respect and second week of November 2018, respectively. The lowest to trapping beetles and net returns.

CROP IMPROVEMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic diversity studies in vegetable amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) genotypes for yield and its component traits ANNAPOORNA H. AGADI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKALA S. KOLAKAR

Anexperiment was conducted to study genetic diversity in vegetable number of branches per plot, stem weight of plant per plot and amaranthus (Amaranthus tricolor L.) genotypes for yield and its foliage yield per plant. High positive direct effect was observed component traits at the Department of Crop Improvement and between foliage yield per plot with stem girth, number of branches Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2018-19. per plant, leaf length, stem weight of plant per plot,which are The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with two important characters to be accounted for gaining improvement in replications including 20 amaranthus genotypes. Analysis of variance yield. Twenty genotypes were grouped into six distinct clusters based revealed that highly significant difference was observed among the on Mahanolobis’s D2 statistic.Twenty amaranthus genotypes were genotypes for yield and its component traits indicating existence of grouped into six distinct clusters. Cluster V was the largest cluster genetic variability among the genotypes. The estimates of phenotypic having five genotypes followed by cluster-III with four genotypes, coefficient of variation were higher than the genotypic coefficient of cluster II, cluster I and cluster IV included three genotypes each variation with narrow differences. The high estimates of heritability and cluster VI included two genotypes. Number of nodes per plant coupled with higher values of genetic advance as per cent mean were (78.42 %) contributed maximum to the total genetic diversity. Arka observed for all the parameters indicating predominance of additive Arunima, Chikmagalur local, IC-551486, IC-551494 and IC-551466 gene action and amenability for phenotypic selection in early recorded high foliage yield per plot and these could be utilized in generations. Total yield per plot was significantly correlated with further breeding programme.

Morphological and molecular characterization of arecanut (Areca catechu L.) germplasm D. G. KIRAN KUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. LAKSHMANA

The present investigation was carried out in a randomized block design selection for genetic improvement. Dry kernel yield per palm was and replicated twice. Significant differences among 25 arecanut postively and significantly correlated with palm height, husk accessions were observed for most of the characters under study. thickness, kernel breadth and dry weight of kernel at both genotypic High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean, and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed that positive direct effects high GCV and PCV were observed for number of female flowers per on dry kernel yield was showed by palm height, leaf length, number inflorescence per palm per year, number of nuts per inflorescence, of nuts per palm per year, fruit set (%), husk thickness, kernel length fresh fruit weight, dry weight of nuts, dry weight of kernel, dry and kernel recovery (%). Twenty-five accessions were grouped into weight of husk and fresh nut yield indicated lesser influence of ten clusters based on Mahalanobis's D2 statistic, where Cluster I was environment on expression of these traits and prevalence of additive the largest containing 9 accessions followed by Cluster III (5 gene action in their inheritance. Hence, these traits are amenable to accessions). The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between

228 cluster IV and cluster IX followed by cluster III and cluster IV. Highest on SSR data ranged from 0.458 to 1.00. UPGMA dendrogram revealed intra cluster distance was observed in cluster III. Dry weight of husk three major clusters divergent at 72 per cent similarity level. contributed maximum to the total genetic diversity followed by Kernel Considering the magnitude of cluster mean and agronomic performance recovery (%). Molecular diversity using SSR markers revealed high Boko, Amchup, Ketakibari and Kumargaon were considered as promising genetic diversity among accessions and the dice similarity index based and could be utilized for future crop improvement programmes. Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and yield attributes in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) under hill zone of Karnataka SUSHMITHA J. SHETTY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKALA S. KOLAKAR The study on heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and ArkaHarit (138.71 %) and over Pusa Do Mousami (106.95 %) for yield attributes in bitter gourd was undertaken during 2018-2019 at fruit yield (t/ha). The studies on combining ability revealed that, the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of additive variance was higher than dominance variance for majority Horticulture Mudigere. Twenty eight hybrids derived by crossing of characters indicating preponderance of additive gene action. The eight parents in half diallel mating system were evaluated along parents Hiriyur local and Hubli local were identified as good general with parents and standard checks in a randomized complete block combiners for overall characters studied. Similarly, crosses design. The variances due to genotypes varied significantly for all Chamrajpet local × Villupuram green long and Dharwad local × the characters studied. The mean performance of majority of the Chitradurga local were identified as good specific combiners. Hybrids hybrids was better than parents for almost all qualitative and Hiriyur local × Hubli local (18.46 t/ha) and Chamrajpet local × quantitative parameters. The magnitude of heterosis over mid parent, Villupuram green long (15.70 t/ha) were considered as most better parent and standard checks Arka Harit and Pusa Do Mousami productive hybrids and Chamrajpet local × Villupuram green long were in desirable direction for characters studied. The cross Hiriyur (67.20 %) and Villupuram white long × Chamrajpet local (47.77 %) local × Hubli local exhibited significant positive heterosis over check were considered as most heterotic hybrids.

Survey and assessment of genetic variability for yield and yellow leaf disease in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) VIRUPAKSHI HIREMATA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NARAYANA SWAMY The present investigation was carried out to assess the genetic was also recorded natural escapes for the YLD were it ranged from 2 variability for yield and yellow leaf disease in eight years old arecanut to 5 in number and the maximum numbers were observed in the plantation at the AHRS, Sringeri which is located in the Western Honnavalli, Bandlapur, Kachkal, Hoskoppa. Higher PCV and GCV Ghats of Karnataka during kharif and rabi seasons of 2018-19. Ten were observed for most of the traits and highest heritability was arecanut cultivars viz., Sumangala, Sringeri Local, Mohithnagar, SAS- observed for recovery percentage. The association of fruit yield per 1, Hirehalli Dwarf, Keladi Local, Sagar Local, Thirthahalli Local, palm was positively significant with fifteen fruit and quality characters. Sreemangala and Mangala were laid out in Randomized Block Design Path analysis revealed that nineteen of thirty eight characters showed with three replications. Survey for incidence of Yellow Leaf disease positive direct effect on fruit yield per palm. Genetic diversity for on arecanut was carried out in major arecanut growing Malnad areas YLD resistant and susceptible genotypes revealed that RAPD marker of Karnataka namely Sringeri and Koppa during kharif 2018 and produced the four clusters, ISSR marker produced the six clusters and RGP observed high incidence of YLD as it ranged from 86.59 to marker produced the five clusters which indicates variability exist in studied 96.20 per cent. Highest disease incidence and disease index was genotypes of arecanut. These resistance plants can use in the further crop recorded in Muruvinakombe village followed by Talamakki and it improvement and resistance breeding for YLD disease of arecanut. PLANATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS Effect of liquid nutrition and pinching in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) mother block on quality planting material production under polyhouse S. K. HARSHITH 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. S. RAVI An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of liquid nutrition plantable cuttings (42.00) at 120 DAT. While, the vines applied and pinching on quality planting material production of black pepper with19:19:19 at 1 per cent + ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Borax at 0.5 per mother block at the ZAHRS, Mudigere, during 2018-19 in FCRD cent each and pinching at 10 days before harvest of orthotropic shoot 2 with three replications. The factor 1 consisted of nutrients at four (T12) resulted in maximum leaf area (84.13 cm ), chlorophyll content levels (N0 - 10:5:5 g of NPK per vine as soil application (control), (62.26 SPAD unit), carbohydrates (7.04%) and total sugars (2.15%).

N1-19:19:19 @ 0.5% + ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Borax @ 0.10% each, The shoot parameters such as days taken for 50 per cent sprouting

N2-19:19:19 @ 0.75% + ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Borax @ 0.25% each (21.27), sprouting percentage (80.15), length of new shoot (16.80 2 and N3-19:19:19 @ 1% + ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Borax @ 0.50% each) cm), number of leaves (5.93), leaf area (73.39 cm ), fresh (21.64 g) and factor 2 consisted of pinching at three intervals (P0 – without and dry weight (8.25 g) of shoots per cutting were recorded pinching, P1-5 daysand P2-10 days before harvest of orthotropic significantly maximum at 120 DAP in T12. Similarly, T12 was also shoot). The results revealed that mother vines treated with 19:19:19 recorded maximum root parameters viz., rooting percentage (78.86),

@ 1% + ZnSO4, MgSO4 and Borax @ 0.5% each and without pinching number of primary roots (7.89), length of the longest root (18.37

(T10) recorded significantly maximum vine length (178.06 cm), number cm), root volume (5.30 cc), fresh (4.80 g) and dry weight (1.76 g) of of internodes (24.67), number of leaves (90.53) and number of roots per black pepper cutting.

229 Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth and yield of French basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) L. LAKSHMI SAGAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. RAVIKUMAR

Field experiment was carried out to study the “Effect of foliar (22.67 kg/plot), dry yield per hectare (16.79 t/ha) and oil yield per application of micronutrients on growth and yield of French basil hectare (188.10 kg/ha), absolute growth rate (1.43 g/plant/day), (Ocimum basilicum L.)” during 2018-2019 at the Agricultural and cropgrowth rate (9.62 g/m2/day), relativegrowth rate (0.0044 g/g/day) Horticultural Research Station, Thirthahalli. The experiment was laid and net assimilation rate (0.00020 g/dm2/day),chlorophyll-a out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with nine treatments (0.087 mg/g), chlorophyll-b (0.217 mg/g) and total chlorophyll content and three replications. Results revealed that among different (0.304 mg/g), nitrogen content (37.47 g/kg), phosphorus content treatments, plants treated with micronutrient mixture @ 0.5 per cent (2.42 g/kg), potassium content (49.88 g/kg), copper content (18.60 recorded higher plant height (82.07 cm), maximum number of primary ppm) and iron content (141.66 ppm) in leaves, where as lower residual branches (37.87) and secondary branches (112.20), plant spread nitrogen (195.73 kg/ha), phosphorous (14.37 kg/ha), potassium (N-Sand E-W) 50.87 cm and 71.33 cm, respectively, number of leaves (50.27 kg/ha), copper (3.74 ppm), iron (5.16 ppm), zinc (0.48 ppm) (538.73), leaf area per plant (4370.39 cm2), leaf area index (3.24), and boron (0.22 ppm) contentwas found in soil after harvest in same Total dry matter (249.60 g), higher fresh yield per plant (476.33 g/plant), treatment. The economic analysis clearly indicated that foliar fresh yield per plot (43.87 kg/plot), fresh yield per hectare application of micronutrient mixture @ 0.5 per cent realized maximum (32.49 t/ha), dry yield per plant (231.40 g/plant), dry yield per plot net returns (` 1,00,740/ha) and BC ratio (2.02).

Effect of foliar application of nutrients on yield and quality of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genotypes under hill zone of Karnataka MAHANTESH YAMAKANAMARDI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADASHIV NADUKERI

Field experiment was carried out to study the “Effect of foliar reducing sugar (8.16 %), non-reducing sugar (4.58 %), total sugar application of nutrients on yield and quality of cashew (Anacardium (12.82 %) and juice content (70.68 %) were noticed in the micronutrient occidentale L.) genotypes under Hill zone of Karnataka” during mixture (2 %) treatment. Maximum number of flowering panicles 2018-19 at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere. The experiment (22.28 / m2), kernel length (27.50 mm), reducing sugar (8.59 %), total was laid out in split plot design with six varieties as the main plot sugar (12.94 %) and juice content (76.47 %) was observed in and four different nutrients foliar spray as a subplot with three Vengurala-4. Maximum number of staminate flowers per panicle replications. Results revealed that plants treated with urea @ 2 per (278.13) and flower duration (109.26 days) in NDR-2-1. Highest cent recorded maximum number of flowering panicles (22.41/m2), number of perfect flowers (76.01), sex ratio (0.36), fruit set (34.53 %), male flowers (233.27), perfect flowers (77.50), sex ratio (0.34), nut yield (4.14 kg / plant and 1000 kg / ha) was noticed in Karntaka. fruit set (30.71 %), cashew apple length (68.57 mm) apple width Maximum apple weight (106.28 g), apple volume (114.44 ml), apple (36.30 mm), apple weight (94.13 g) and apple volume (107.10 ml), length (76.18 mm), nut length (32.19 mm), nut weight (10.51 g), nut length (30.63 mm), nut width (18.75 mm), nut weight (8.58 g), kernel weight (3.16 g) was recorded in Priyanka. The economic analysis kernel length (24.35 mm) kernel width (16.75 mm), kernel weight clearly indicated that foliar application of urea @ 2 per cent realized (3.02 g) and nut yield (3.48 kg / plant and 950 kg / ha). Maximum maximum BC ratio (3.14).

Genetic variability and diversity studies in bird’s eye chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) S. SREELAKSHMI 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. BHOOMIKA

An investigation on genetic variability and diversity in 35 accessions characterisation of the accessions was done based on UPOV guidelines of bird’s eye chilli collected from different geographical regions of of chilli. High to moderate estimates of GCV and PCV were reported Karnataka was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design for most of the characters studied indicating the presence of wide with three replications at the experimental block of Plantation, Spices, variability among the accessions. High heritability coupled with high Medicinal and Aromatic crops, College of Horticulture, Mudigere genetic advance as percent mean was noticed for most of the yield during 2018-19. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of related traits indicating the predominance of additive gene action for significant differences among the accessions for the characters studied. the expression of these characters. Correlation studies indicated Mean performance of each accession for different growth, yield and positive association of fruit yield per plant with weight of seeds per quality traits were assessed. Acc.15 was found to be superior in fruit, fresh weight of ten fruits and fruit length. Out of 19 characters terms of growth parameters viz., plant height (79.81 cm), number of studied, 16 characters showed direct positive effect on yield per primary branches (7.17) and plant spread (46.46 cm2). The Acc.160 plant. Based on Mahalanobis's D2 analysis, the accessions were (12.14 kg per plot) and Acc.158 (11.39 kg per plot) were found to be grouped into six clusters with inter cluster D2 values ranging between higher yielders of green chilli, Acc.18 (26.67 days) was early maturing 172.33 to 1275.15. Fruit width contributed maximum (45.38%) to type and Acc.133 (120.17 mg per 100 g) and Acc.164 (2.16%) recorded the genetic diversity. Assessment of molecular diversity using SSR high ascorbic acid and capsaicin content, respectively. Morphological markers revealed monomorphism.

230 Studies on the influence of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) S. P. VIDYA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R. BHOOMIKA Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is an underground rhizomatous intervals and significant differences were recorded for almost all the crop belonging to family Zingiberaceae. The rhizomes find wide parameters under the study. Application of ZnSO4 10 (kg/ha) + Borax application in pickling industry due to typical raw mango flavour and (10 kg/ha) (T9) performed better with respect to plant height (73.97 found growing in Southern states of India like Kerala, Karnataka and cm), number of leaves (7.00), leaf area (133.27 dm2), LAI (1.48) and Tamil Nadu. The studies on agronomical requirements of the crop are chlorophyll content (63.44 SPAD units) at 150 days after planting. scarce. Hence, the present investigation entitled “Studies on the The same treatment recorded significantly more number of secondary influence of micronutrients on growth yield and quality of mango fingers per clump (16.44 cm), rhizome width (16.39 cm), fresh weight ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.)” was carried out at the College of (192.13 g/plant) and dry weight (58.30 g/plant), total yield (29.08 t/

Horticulture, Mudigere during 2018-19. The treatment consisted of ha) and essential oil content (1.00%). However, the treatment T6 two micronutrients viz, zinc and boron at 0, 5 and 10 kg/ha each, (ZnSO4 5 kg/ha + Borax 10 kg/ha) recorded maximum primary fingers which were applied at all possible combinations. Hence, there were (5.93/clump) and rhizome length (17.17 cm). Nutrient uptake analysis totally nine treatments replicated thrice. The rhizomes were planted revealed that uptake of N, P, K, S, Zn and B by plant was maximum at a spacing of 30×30 cm on raised beds. The plot size was 3 × 1.2 m. in T9. The same treatment recorded maximum BC ratio of 1.91: 1 and Different growth and yield parameters were recorded at regular the least BC ratio of 1.49: 1 was recorded in control.

Morphological characterization, seed propagation and tissue culture studies in Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch. Ham.) Oken VIGHNESHA BHAT 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY

An investigation was taken up to study the morphological characters, initiate germination (35 days), maximum rate of germination (0.91), seed propagation and tissue culture techniques in Hydnocarpus germination percentage (63.42 %), seedling vigour (2028.63) seedling pentandra (Buch. Ham.) Oken at the Division of Plant Genetic height (30.46 cm), fresh and dry weight of seedling (5.76 and 3.12 g, Resources (PGR), ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research respectively) and shoot to root ratio (1.66) compared to control. For (IIHR), Bengaluru during 2018-19. Among the five accessions of H. tissue culture, shoot tips were used as explants and cultured on MS pentandra, four were male and only one was female accession. media with different concentrations of growth regulators such as BAP, Qualitative and quantitative traits differed significantly among the IAA, Kinetin and Thiadiazuron (TDZ) either in singly or in accessions. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were combination. Among the treatments shoot tips cultured on MS media high for plant height and leaf area. Moderate genotypic and phenotypic with combination of BAP (1.0 mg/ l) + TDZ (0.5 mg/ l) gave maximum coefficients of variation were found in leaf length, leaf width, petiole number of shoots per explant (3.86) and highest shoot length (2.06 length and stem girth. All the characters exhibited high heritability. cm). Callus production was noticed in BAP at lower concentrations Among the different germination inducing treatments, the seeds treated (0.2-0.5 mg/ l) in combination with IAA (0.05 mg / l) and kinetin (0.05 with GA3 (350 ppm) showed minimum number of days taken to mg/l).

C. FORESTRY FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES Studies on vegetative propagation techniques in Diospyros ebenum J. Koieng: an important endangered tree species VILASKUMAR 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. MAHESWARAPPA

Diospyros is a large genus belongs to family Ebenaceae among which method of propagation. The present study was undertaken with an Diospyrosebenumis a valuable tree species native to India and Sri objective to identif suitable vegetative propagation techniques and Lanka. The tree species of the family were slow growing in nature determining the different concentration of IBA with air layering and which grows up to 30 m height. Wood of this species is known as different types of cuttings. The experiment was conducted at College black ebony and resistant to insect attack and fungi and export to of Forestry, Ponnampet with standard procedures using different China and Europe for furniture and fancy wood. The usage of the concentrations of IBA, vegetative propagation methods viz., air species made considerable loss in number and its frequency and layering, softwood cuttings, semi hardwood cuttings and hardwood categorized endangered as per IUCN. The vegetative propagation cuttings. The findings of the research indicated the higher mean root techniques plays important role in conserving such species when number (6.16) in air layering treated with 2000 ppm of IBA. Rooting there is a problem of natural regeneration and recalcitrant seed to success (9.48%) in semi hardwood cuttings treated with 2000ppm of store for a year with improper germination envisage an alternate IBA with fresh shoot and root weight (0.46 g and 0.43 g, respectively).

231 Performance of trees and intercrops in teak based mixed plantation S. SHILPA SHENOY 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMAKRISHNA HEGDE

Agroforestry is gaining importance in the context of rising demand did not set the grain. The grain yield of cowpea ranged from 1228.26 for wood coupled with availability of farm lands. Development of kg/ ha to 3545 kg/ha wherein, sole crop recorded relatively higher suitable tree crop combination and assessment of productivity is the value. Soil chemical properties at the beginning of the experiment major field to be considered in agroforestry. Present study was revealed that they did not differ significantly between the treatments conducted with the objective to assess the performance of trees, except organic carbon. Soil chemical properties between the different intercrops and to study the impact of intercrop cultivation on soil treatments consisting of only trees did not vary significantly. After nutrient status in teak based mixed plantation. Cowpea and green the harvest of green gram there was significant difference in soil pH, gram were cultivated in the interspaces of tree rows and also as sole CEC, available K and OC. After the harvest of cowpea CEC, available crop. Results revealed that performance of teak with and without N, K and OC were significantly higher in the treatments wherein, intercrop was on par. Average of growth parameters of Casuarina trees and cowpea were cultivated together. Differences soil pH, EC, junghuhniana and Albizia lebbeck were higher when grown without available P values between the different treatments was not evident. intercrops. Biomass of green gram and cowpea varied from 320.00 kg/ It was found that soil nutrients except N decreased due to cultivation ha to 666.67 kg/ha and 4733.33 to 6250.00 kg/ha, respectively. Green of intercrops whereas, soil nutrients increased wherein no gram as sole, failed to establish and as an intercrop it established but intercropping was done.

Carbon stock assessment of prominent agroforestry practices in parts of southern transition zone, Karnataka MITALI MEHTA 2019 MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. DEVAGIRI

Agroforestry plays an important role in global carbon cycle and Among the four practices, highest tree density, basal area, biomass, regulating the earth’s climate. Thus, the importance of agroforestry biomass carbon, soil organic carbon stock, total carbon was recorded as a sustainable land use system has received a wider recognition as in block plantations followed by the MPT’s on farmlands and an important strategy for adaptation and mitigation of global climate boundary plantations, whereas lowest was recorded in control. Stems change. Present study was conducted with the objective of assessment per hectare across different practices varied between 247 to 996 stems of biomass and carbon stocks under different agroforestry practices ha-1. The basal area ranged from 3.95 m2 ha-1 to 15.51m2 ha-1. Total in Periyapatana and Hunsur taluk of Mysore district, Karnataka. The biomass and biomass carbon varied from 3.92 Mg ha-1 to 63.39 Mg ha-1, other important objective was to know about the carbon sequestration 1.84 Mg ha-1 to 29.79 Mg ha-1, respectively. The SOC stock ranged -1 potential of different agroforestry practices in the region. Based on from 13.14 to 22.05 Mg ha . Total carbon stock and CO2e across the the reconnaissance survey four prominent practices viz; multipurpose different practices ranged from 14.98 Mg ha-1 to 51.84 Mg ha-1 and trees (MPT’s) on farmlands, block plantations, boundary plantations 54.96 Mg ha-1 to 190.25 Mg ha-1, respectively. Based on these results and control (i.e. agricultural crop without trees) were selected for the it can be concluded that block plantations and MPT’s on farmlands present study. The results revealed that the selected agroforestry were found to be the suitable agroforestry practices for higher biomass systems have a great potential to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. production and carbon storage.

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