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IL MURO DI FERRO Brenner Lenni Brenner IL MURO DI FERRO il revisionismo sionista da Jabotinskij a Shamir appendice Il muro di ferro (noi e gli arabi) di Vladimir Jabotinskij (1923) Un’analisi storica della corrente revisionista del sionismo, che per lungo tempo fu considerata una semplice scheggia impazzita alla destra del movimento fondato da Theodor Herzl ma che dal 1977, con la prima vittoria elettorale del Likud, è diventata parte dominante dell’ideologia dello stato di Israele e oggi è al potere con Netanyahu. In copertina: manifesto propagandistico dell’Irgun diffuso nell’Europa centrale, 1931 2 indice nota biografica……………………………………………………………………………………………..p.4 Da Jabotinskij a Netanyahu, il Muro di Ferro ancora in piedi…………………………………………..p.5 1. Jabotinskij: i primi anni………………………………………………..…………………….p.6 Odessa / La famiglia e la scuola / Le lingue / Gli esordi / L’Italia / Ritorno a Odessa / Una interpretazione psicoanalitica 2. Il sionismo russo: tradimento degli ebrei…………………………………………..……….p.10 Attività di Jabotinskij 1901 – 1903 / Il pogrom di Kishinev e l’ebraismo russo / Il movimento sionista e l’ebraismo russo / Collaborazione tra Herzl e Von Plehve / Reazioni ebraiche alla collaborazione di Herzl / Jabotinskij e l’autodifesa ebraica / Il marxismo, il Bund e il sionismo socialista / La Rivoluzione del 1905 e le Dume / Chuzbina / Il razzismo di Jabotinskij e le sue radici 3. Jabotinskij a Costantinopoli………………………………………………...……………….p.28 L’importanza della Turchia / Herzl e l’Impero ottomano / La politica sionista verso i Giovani Turchi / La fine dell’Impero ottomano / Il crimine della WZO 4. La Grande Guerra: collaborazione con lo zarismo e l’imperialismo inglese…………….p.32 La Prima guerra mondiale e la Legione ebraica / L’appoggio russo alla Legione / Risposta inglese: il Corpo dei Mulattieri / Reazione dell’ebraismo mondiale alla guerra / Discussioni in Russia / L’Inghilterra e la petizione per la Legione / La Dichiarazione Balfour / La Legione in Palestina / Significato della guerra e dei tentativi di Jabotinskij 5. Il fondatore dell’Haganah……………………………………………………………………p.39 Il sionismo dopo la Grande Guerra / Il supporto inglese / La Palestina dopo la guerra / L’Haganah / La rivolta di Nebi Musa / Processo e sentenza per Jabotinskij / La rivolta di Jaffa e la riproposizione della Legione Ebraica / Ritiro del supporto inglese allo stato ebraico / Discussioni nella WZO / Conclusione 6. Il patto col diavolo. Simon Petljura…………………………………………………………p.47 Dimissioni di Jabotinskij dalla WZO / L’incontro con Slavinskij / La spiegazione di Jabotinskij / Strascichi 7. Principi basilari del sionismo revisionista………………………………………………….p.51 Dopo le dimissioni: nascita del revisionismo / Il Muro di Ferro / La linea del “dominion” ebraico / La componente militarista del revisionismo / La produzione letteraria di Jabotinskij 8. Gli anni del fascismo e del terrore………………………………………………………….p.59 La Palestina negli anni ’20 / Il pogrom di Hebron / Il revisionismo nella WZO: una tendenza fascista? / Un movimento della classe media / Iniziative anti-operaie in Palestina / L’uccisione di Chaim Arlosoroff / Il Congresso sionista mondiale del 1933 / Il processo Arlosoroff / La definitiva scissione dalla WZO / Sempre più vicino all’Italia fascista / La Grande Rivolta Araba / Il revisionismo nella Diaspora / Proposta di esodo / Il piano di invasione della Palestina / Il Congresso del Betar del 1938 / Nuovi piani di invasione / L’ultimo anno di Jabotinskij /Valutazione finale 9. Menachem Begin: i primi anni………………………………………………………………p.77 Fanciullezza / Betar / Il Congresso del Betar del 1938 / Alle soglie della Seconda guerra mondiale 10. Begin durante l’Olocausto………………………………………………………………….p.82 Esodo dalla Polonia / Le ragioni della fuga di Begin / Arresto / Prigionia e interrogatori / L’armata polacca in esilio e la legione ebraica 3 11. La rivolta dell’Irgun e la fondazione di Israele…………………………………………....p.87 L’Irgun divisa in due / Begin diventa capo dell’Irgun / La rivolta del 1944 / Intesa con l’Haganah: il Movimento di Resistenza / L’attentato al King David Hotel e la fine dell’Intesa / Il destino degli sfollati e il supporto USA al sionismo / La rivolta del 1946 – 47 / Verso la partizione / Le posizioni di URSS e USA / Il voto all’ONU / La reazione araba / “Annientarli completamente”: Deir Yassin / L’attacco dell’Irgun a Jaffa / Proclamazione dello stato di Israele / L’Affare Altalena / Il Partito della Libertà (Tnuat HaHerut) 12. Ventinove anni nel deserto………………………………………………………………….p.99 Primo risultato elettorale dell’Herut / La questione delle riparazioni / Isolamento dopo il riot / La crisi di Suez e la questione delle carte di identità / Gli anni ’60: verso la rispettabilità / Primi anni ’70 / Terzo viaggio in Sudafrica / Il Generale Sharon e il Likud / Il declino del Partito Laburista / La vittoria elettorale del Likud 13. La strada per Sabra e Chatila…………………………………………………………….p.107 Sadat e gli Accordi di Camp David / Difetti degli Accordi / L’economia israeliana sotto Begin / Antagonismi intra-ebraici / Bigottismo religioso sotto Begin / Dall’aratro alla spada: l’esportazione di armi israeliane / Supporto USA a Israele / Il Popolo Eletto sceglie ancora: le votazioni del 1981 / L’aumento del razzismo / La situazione in Cisgiordania 14. Olocausto a Beirut………………………………………………………………………….p.117 La programmazione dell’invasione / La crisi del mondo arabo / Il successo militare israeliano in Libano / Il massacro e la commissione di inchiesta 15. Yitzhak Shamir prende il testimone………………………………………………………p.126 Le dimissioni di Begin / Il retroterra di Shamir / L’apice della follia / La morte di Stern / Nuovo corso terroristico / La fase di rispettabilità della Banda Stern / L’assassinio del conte Folke Bernadotte / Da terrorista clandestino e terrorista di stato / Shamir e il massacro di Sabra e Chatila / Shamir al potere: il silenzio è assordante / La crisi economica / L’America viene in soccorso / In futuro Il Muro di Ferro (1923)…………………………………………………………………………………..p.140 Scritti di Jabotinskij……………………………………………………………………………………....p.143 Testi citati…………………………………………………………………………………………………p.144 Glossario………………………………………………………………………………………………….p.147 nota biografica Lenni Brenner è nato negli Stati Uniti il 25 aprile 1937 da una famiglia di ebrei ortodossi. Fin da giovanissimo si è interessato al marxismo, in particolare alla corrente trotzkista, e ha intrapreso l’attività politica militante. Negli anni ’60 si è impegnato nel movimento per i diritti civili dei neri, e poi nel movimento contro la guerra in Vietnam. E’ stato in carcere per più di tre anni, e alcuni giorni in cella con Huey Newton, poi fondatore delle Black Panthers. Negli anni ’90 insieme a un altro storico leader delle Black Panthers, Stokely Carmichael (alias Kwame Ture), ha contribuito alla creazione di un Committee against Zionism and Racism. Il suo primo libro è stato Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (Il sionismo nell’età dei dittatori) del 1983. Successivamente ha scritto: The Iron Wall: Zionist Revisionism from Jabotinsky to Shamir (1984), Jews in America Today (Gli ebrei in America oggi, 1986), The Lesser Evil: The Democratic Party (Il male minore: il Partito Democratico, 1988), 51 Documents: Zionist Collaboration with the Nazis (51 documenti: la collaborazione sionista coi nazisti, 2002) e Black Liberation and Palestine Solidarity (2012, con Matthew Quest). Ha scritto anche più di 100 fra articoli e recensioni, pubblicati da riviste e siti internet. 4 nota introduttiva Da Jabotinskij a Netanyahu, il Muro di Ferro ancora in piedi Il Muro di Ferro di Lenni Brenner ripercorre analiticamente lungo un arco di tempo di circa cento anni (dalla fine del XIX secolo all’ascesa al potere di Shamir nel 1983) il cammino della corrente revisionista del sionismo, che per lungo tempo fu considerata una semplice scheggia impazzita alla destra del movimento fondato da Theodor Herzl ma che dal 1977, con la prima vittoria elettorale del Likud, è diventata parte dominante dell’ideologia dello stato di Israele. Vladimir Jabotinskij, il fondatore del movimento revisionista, dichiarò spesso di ispirarsi al liberalismo inglese, ma nonostante ciò (o in conseguenza di ciò) in teoria e in pratica fu esponente del più chiaro razzismo, colonialismo e imperialismo. Fu lui l’inventore della Brigata Ebraica (nella Prima guerra mondiale denominata Legione Ebraica), tanto celebrata da alcuni sionisti odierni, e il fondatore della dottrina del Muro di Ferro, ovvero la linea per la quale il sionismo non doveva fare compromessi con gli arabi fino a quando non avesse goduto di una supremazia militare tale da imporre qualunque accordo. Dunque per Jabotinskij il primo degli obiettivi doveva essere la costruzione di tale supremazia. In quest’ottica egli fondò e diresse il movimento revisionista negli anni’20 – ’30, mettendolo in stretta alleanza con il fascismo italiano. Nella ricostruzione di questa fase originaria Brenner si sofferma su alcuni temi di straordinario interesse, ad esempio le origini sociali del sionismo in Russia e il suo utilizzo da parte dello zarismo, dal livello diplomatico (Herzl) alle associazioni operaie (Poalei Zion), per sabotare i movimenti di massa che avrebbero portato alla Rivoluzione russa del 1917. Menachem Begin fu l’erede designato di Jabotinskij, e come Yitzhak Shamir comandò le fazioni militari del revisionismo durante la Seconda guerra mondiale e poi nella pulizia etnica della Palestina del 1948. Begin era a capo dell’Irgun all’epoca del massacro di Deir Yassin del 9 aprile 1948. Shamir era nella Banda Stern, il gruppo terroristico
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