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Weather and Climate of Portland

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Weather and Climate of Portland 20 Weather and Climate of Portland Chapter 2 Weather and Climate of Portland Daniel M. Johnson Department of Geography Portland State University The climate of Qregpn has always Rainfall is of low intensity, but it is the been 'the subject of ~uch discussion, succession of ,Overcast, dreary days in and it is the persistence of predpitation the winter that establishes a reputation that elicits the most comment, both that is irrefutable. rational and irrational. A common per­ Richard Maxwell Brown (1980) pre­ ception is that the state is suited only sented a delightful historical perspective to salamanders, waterfowl, and cray­ on the subject in an article entitled fish. In the words of Ken Kesey (1963, "Bless the Rain./I Early visitors to the p. 5), Oregonians " . .. have lived and Willamette Valley found the long rainy worked and logged in the wet so long season to be oppressive, and the image that they are no longer capable of dis­ of ince$sant rainfall became a handicap tinguishing it from the dry." In rebuttal, in attempts to attract se~lers. To other Oregonians retort with a certain counter this view, promoters placed amount of smugness that the state as a emphasis on the overall climate and in whole receives less annual precipitation the 1890's developed what Brown called than most other states. The average the "ideology of climate," containing yearly precipitation in the United States the following propositions: is about 29 inches; in Oregon it is only 1. Although rainfall is prolific, it falls 27 inches, less than states like Pennsyl­ gently and does not generally inhibit vania (42 inches), Michigan (30 inches), outdoor work and activity. and many others. This, of course, is a 2. The total amount of yearly rainfall statistical abstraction, given the contrast is about average for the United States between wet western Oregon and dry and only seems excessive because it is eastern Oregon as defined by the crest distributed over a longer rainy season of the Cascade Mountains. Residents than elsewhere. also delight in pointing out that Portlands 3. Even when the I(1)g fall-to-spring official value for annual precipitation rainy season is taken Into account, there of 37.4 inches is less than New York are two notable compensating factors: the City (50 inches), Houston (46 inches), warm weather in comparison to the Atlanta (48 inches), and many other subfreezing temperature and blizzards American cities not known for extremes of the central and eastern United in climate. However, regardless of the States, and the delightfully dry and interpretation of the data, the fact is sunny but not excessively hot summers. that compared to most of the nation 4. The regularity and dependability Portland experiences an extremely large of temperature and rain .is, such that -- . number of rainy days (152 per year), of in stark contrast to other parts of the o-vercast skies (ranging from 88 percent country -- crops never fail west of the cloud cover in December to 42 percent Cascades. in July), and of reduced solar radiation. 5. The climate is unexcelled for the ~ W.eathet and Climate ,Of Portlan4= 21 personal hea1th of the individual, who All three 'ofthese fearures ate" closely benefits in terms of comfort and longevity. associated with the seasonal migration 6., When, for comparative purposes, of the North Pacific subtropical high the Northwest climate is viewed in a pressure cell and of the jet stream and scope beyoJ;ld this country,. that climate associated cyclonic storms which flank . is most analogous to those of England, th~ anticyclone un its nOl:thwi:l!d side France and Japan -- "all regions in­ (Fig\lre 2.2). The minimum coincides Habited by healthy ana progressive with the summer season when 'the sub­ peoples" -- and is therefore not merely tropical anticyclone extends its infll,lence the fipest climate j.n the United States farthest poleward, displacing the jet I b.ut one of the best in the world and the major storm tracks.to the north. (Brown, 1980, p. 27). The single maximum coincides 'wi~h the . · Given thi.s th9roughly optimistic retreat southward of the high and the summary, it is a wonder that our climate advance toward lower' latitudes of the must still be defended. To many Portland jet stream and storm belts. Approxi­ residents the climate is, indeed, ideal. mately 88 percent of the ar(nual pr:~cipi­ . To others, the lengthy winters are the tation in Portland occurs in the months price one must pay for short, idyllic October through May, 9 percent in Jun~ summers. For most of us the reality and September, while only 3 percent lies somewhere in between. comes in July and August. Precipitation GENERAL CLIMATOLOGY is mostly rain with an average of only five days per year that receive me.asurable The climate of Portland .-- relatively snow. Seldom do more than 2 - 3 inches wet, mild winters and clear, dry summers of snowfall acc;umulate, and it generally -- can be cfassified as" a modified west lasts only a day or so. The greatest coast marine type; relevant statistics are official measurement of snowfali in 24 presented in Table 2.1. A mid-latitude hours was six inches in January, 1950: location (45 d.egree~ North) accounts for part of a monthly totC\1 o~ 41.4 inches, seasonal contrasts of, temperature and also a record. Snow has been recorded precipitation, and the long rainy season in every month of the year in POl:tland is primarily the res1Jlt qf the prevailing except July. westerlies. Precipitation is associated Although latitude is the dominant With cyclonic storms embedded in the control of climate in Portland, topography westerly flow of maritiI11e airstreams and distance from the P.aqfic O~ean apd exhibits - a well-defined annual also play significant roles. ,Locate<j 65 cycle (Figure 2.1). The annual march of miles inland, the city lies in ~ Willamette precipitation is representative of con­ Valley midway between th~ Coast 'Range Qitions common to the entire west coast and the higher Cascade Range to the qf North America (Trewartha, 1981, p. east (Figure 2.3}. The Coast Range is 298): 1) there is a conspicuous single both a buffer protecting Portland from maximum in the annual profile of pre­ the full imp.acf Qf Pacific storms and a cipitation which occurs in ilie winter; modifier of Incoming air masses. Marine 4) a marked single minimum o.c.cl1rs, in air is ,ooled as it moveS inland 'and the summer; and 3) the month of max­ over the'Coast ~nge, restilting in more imum precipitation is a function of than 150 inehes bf annual. precipitatio~ latitude, occurring later with decreasing in the mountains west of Portland. latifude. Therefore, air that descendS' into the ~ Tabl~2.1: Climatic summary for Portland, Oregon, 1941-1985. Data are for the National Weather Service station located six miles north-northeast of downtown Portland on the Cplumbia River. Elevation i~ 21 feet above sea lever Normals are based on the 1951-1980 record; extremes are for the en'tire period of record (fiolar radiation data are from Western SUN, 1980, p. 16; all ~ oth,er data are from NOAA, 1986). t"D ~ Annual l Jan Feb Mar Apr May June, Jp.ly Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average .... ~ Solar Radiation (BTUIFT2-Day) =~ Total Horizontal Insolation 310 554 895 1308 .1663 1773 2037 1674 1217 724 388 260 1067 n Direct Beam Normal Incidence 952 1302 1583 2159 2603 2494 3111 2825 2413 1746 1143 698 1960 ..... Percent of Possible Sunsrune 27 37 47 53 58 55 70 66 61 42 29 22 47 - Percent"of Mean Clopd Coyer 84 83 81 77 72 68 47 52 56 72 82 87 72 ~ Temperature (Qegrees F) t"D Q Normals ..... Daily Maximum 44.3 50.4 54.5 60.2 66.9 72.7 79.5 78.6 74.2 63.9 52.3.. 46.4 62.0 "'d Daily Minitnum 33.5 36.0 37.4 40.6 46.4 52.2 55.8 55.8 51.1 44.6 38.6 35.4 44.0 Q - Monthly 38.9 43.2 46.0 50.4 56." 62.5 67.7 67:2 62.7 54.~ 45.5 40.9 53.0 a Extremes ~ ~ Record High 62 70 80 87 100 100 107 107 101 90 73 64 Year 1964 1984 1947 1957 1983 1982 1965 1981 1944 1980 1975 1980 Record Low -2 -3 19 29 29 39 43 44 34 26z: 13 6 'Year 1950 1950 1955 1955 1954 1966 1955 19~ 1965 1971 1985 i?64 ~ Precipitation(inches) Water E~uivalent -Norma .. 6.2 3.9 3.6 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.5 1.1 1.6 3.1 5.2 6.4 37.4 Maximum Mont4ly 12.8 9.5 7.5 4.7 4.6 4.1 2.7 4.5 4.0 8.0 11.6 11.1 Year 19~3 1949 1957 1955 1945 1~s4 1983 1968. 1982 1947 1944 196& Minimum Monthly 0.1 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.5 T' 0.0 T T. 0.4 0'.8 1.4 Year 1985 1964 1965 1956 1982 1951 1967 1970 1975 1978 1976 197q Maximum in:24 Hours 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.1 1;5 2.4 :2.2 2.6 2.6 Yeat 1974 1982 1943 1962 1968 1958 1978 1977 1982 194~ 1973 ~977 Snow; I~e pellets Maximum Monthly' 41.4 13.2 12.9 T 0.6 T -.,.
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