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FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Asymmetries in Linguistic Construal Russian Prefixes and the Locative Alternation Svetlana Sokolova A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor May 2012 Asymmetries in Linguistic Construal Russian Prefixes and the Locative Alternation Svetlana Sokolova A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor University of Tromsø Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education Department of Language and Linguistics CLEAR group: Cognitive Linguistics: Empirical Approaches to Russian May 2012 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1. The notion of construal ............................................................................ 3 1.1.1. Classes of construal phenomena ....................................................... 3 1.1.2. Construal and asymmetry ................................................................. 5 1.2. Organization of the dissertation ............................................................... 7 I. BACKGROUND AND THEORETICAL ISSUES ........................................... 9 2. Main Approaches to the Locative Alternation ................................. 9 2.1. Terminology overview ............................................................................. 9 2.2. Early Approaches to the Locative Alternation ....................................... 11 Fillmore ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Lexical Approaches ................................................................................ 13 Pinker and Levin ........................................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Pinker’s Lexical Rule Approach ..................................................... 13 2.3.1.1. The analysis of verbal semantics within the Lexical approach. Conflation classes. ................................................................................ 13 2.3.1.2. The interaction between verbal semantics and syntax within the Lexical approach. Linking rules and Lexical rule ................................ 15 2.3.1.3. The relation between the two syntactic structures within the Lexical approach .................................................................................. 17 2.3.1.4. Problems with the Lexical Approach ...................................... 18 2.3.2. Levin’s Projectionist Approach ...................................................... 20 2.3.2.1. The analysis of verbal semantics within Levin’s Projectionist Approach. Basic event structure. .......................................................... 20 2.3.2.2. The interaction between verbal semantics and syntax within Levin’s Projectionist Approach. Template augmentation. ................... 21 2.3.2.3. Problems with Levin’s Projectionist Approach. ...................... 22 2.4. Constructional approaches ..................................................................... 23 Goldberg, Boas, Iwata, Lewandowski .......................................................... 23 iv CONTENTS 2.4.1. Goldberg’s Constructional Approach ............................................. 23 2.4.1.1. The nature of the two syntactic structures within Goldberg’s Constructional Approach. ..................................................................... 23 2.4.1.2. The interaction between verbal semantics and syntax within Goldberg’s Constructional Approach. The Semantic Coherence Principle and the Correspondence Principle ......................................... 24 2.4.1.3. Problems with Goldberg’s Constructional Approach .............. 27 2.4.2. Boas’s Frame-semantic Approach .................................................. 28 2.4.2.1. The analysis of verbal semantics within Boas’s Frame-Semantic Approach. Levels of verb Descriptivity. ............................................... 28 2.4.2.2. The nature of the two syntactic structures within Boas’ Frame- Semantic Approach. Constructions vs. frames ..................................... 29 2.4.2.3. Problems with Boas’s Frame-Semantic Approach .................. 30 2.4.3. Iwata’s Lexical-constructional Approach ....................................... 31 2.4.3.1. The analysis of verbal semantics within Iwata’s Lexical- constructional Approach. L-Meaning vs. P-Meaning. .......................... 31 2.4.3.2. The nature of the two syntactic structures within Iwata’s Lexical-constructional Approach. The Hierarchy of constructions ...... 35 2.4.3.3. Problems with Iwata’s Lexical-constructional Approach. ....... 36 2.4.4. Lewandowski’s Constructional Approach ...................................... 36 2.4.4.1. The analysis of verbal semantics within Lewandowski’s Constructional Approach. Three-member classification. ..................... 36 2.4.4.2. Problems with Lewandowski’s Constructional Approach ...... 39 2.4.5. Semantics of verbs and Constructions in the present study ............ 40 3. Main Approaches to Prefixes in Russian ........................................ 49 3.1. An Overview of the Russian Aspectual System ..................................... 49 3.1.1. Grammatical Aspect in Russian ...................................................... 49 3.1.2. Types of Perfective Verbs ............................................................... 50 3.1.3. “Empty” prefixes and Aspectual Pairs ............................................ 52 3.1.3.1. The Notion of “Empty” Prefixes ............................................. 52 3.1.3.2. Criteria for determining “aspectual pairs” ............................... 53 3.1.3.3. Opponents to the idea of “empty prefixes” .............................. 56 3.2. An Overview of the Prefixes NA-, ZA-, PO- ......................................... 58 3.2.1. The Semantics of the Prefix NA- ..................................................... 58 3.2.2. The Semantics of the Prefix ZA- ..................................................... 59 3.2.3. The Semantics of the Prefix PO- .................................................... 63 3.3. The Locative Alternation and Prefixes ................................................... 67 3.3.1. Prefixes as Part of the Verbal Root ................................................. 67 3.3.2. Prefixes as Part of Construction ...................................................... 69 CONTENTS v 4. Constructions ..................................................................................... 73 4.1. Typology of the Locative Alternation constructions .............................. 73 4.1.1. Constructions 1 and 2: Theme-Object Construction vs. Goal-Object Construction .............................................................................................. 75 4.1.2 Construction 3: Theme-Subject construction .................................. 76 4.1.3 Construction 4: Impersonal construction ......................................... 76 4.1.4 Construction 5: Hybrid construction ................................................ 80 4.1.5. Construction 6: Decausative construction ...................................... 82 4.2. Modifications of Constructions .............................................................. 83 4.2.2. Metaphorical extensions ................................................................. 83 4.2.3 Reduced constructions ..................................................................... 86 4.2.4. Elaboration and Hybrid constructions ............................................ 87 4.3. Summary ................................................................................................ 90 II. CONSTRUCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSIAN LOCATIVE ALTERNATION VERBS WITH THE PREFIXES NA-, ZA- AND PO- ............. 93 5. Methodology ....................................................................................... 93 5.1. Database Description .............................................................................. 93 5.2. Methods .................................................................................................. 98 5.2.1. Constructional Profiling .................................................................. 98 5.2.2. Statistical Analysis ........................................................................ 100 6. Alternating verbs with NPs ............................................................ 101 6.1. The verb GRUZIT’ ‘load’ .................................................................... 101 6.1.1. Binary regression model ............................................................... 102 6.1.2. Non-passive forms of gruzit’ ‘load’ and its Natural Perfectives .. 104 6.1.3. Passive forms of gruzit’ ‘load’ and its Natural Perfectives .......... 106 6.1.4. Reduction ...................................................................................... 109 6.2. The verb MAZAT’ ‘daub, smear’ ........................................................ 113 6.2.1. Non-passive forms of mazat’ ‘daub, smear’ and its Natural Perfectives ............................................................................................... 113 6.2.2. Passive forms of mazat’ ‘daub, smear’ and its Natural Perfectives ............................................................................................... 121 6.2.3. Reduction .....................................................................................