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University of Huddersfield Repository Raikes, Sophie Six Years in Halifax: A Short History of the Henry Moore Studio, Dean Clough from 1986 to 1992. Original Citation Raikes, Sophie (2021) Six Years in Halifax: A Short History of the Henry Moore Studio, Dean Clough from 1986 to 1992. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/35496/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ SIX YEARS IN HALIFAX: A SHORT HISTORY OF THE HENRY MOORE STUDIO, DEAN CLOUGH FROM 1986 TO 1992. SOPHIE RAIKES A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield in collaboration with the Henry Moore Institute February 2021 1 1. Foreword (p.5) 2. Recovering the Henry Moore Studio, Dean Clough, Halifax: a research journey. (p.22) 1. Introduction to the Henry Moore Studio 2. Lots of Catalogues and a Few Useful Articles 3. Fifteen Bulging Boxes 4. Some Long Conversations 5. A Doctoral Symposium 6. The Conceptual Framework 1. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (1993) 2. Lucy Lippard, Six Years: The Dematerialisation of the Art Object from 1966 to 1972 (Verso, 1973/1997). 3. Stuart Hall, political essays. 4. ‘An Earthquake in People’s Minds’. 5. Six Years as a model for my own study. 3. A Spiralling History of Halifax (Figs 1 – 5) (p.46) 1. Giuseppe Penone, Contour Lines I-IV, 1988/9 2. Uncovering Reality 3. The Local Reality of Halifax 4. ‘The Eroded Steps’ 5. The Structure of History 6. A Factory in Time 7. The New Workers of Halifax 1. Chris 2. Paul 3. David 8. The Ideological Terrain of Dean Clough 2 4. ‘A Fascinating Place’ (p.79) (See Figs 6 – 21) 1. ‘A Unique Time’ 2. New Art in Yorkshire 3. ‘A Certain Sense of Regional Self Determination’ 4. ‘The Place of Place in Art’ 5. Art at Dean Clough 6. ‘It was Kind of Amazing’ 7. ‘A Magical Place’ 8. ‘This idea of the North’ 9. ‘Halifax as the New Cultural Centre of Britain’ 10. Abandon London (1986) 5. ‘A Passion for Enterprise’ (p.126) (See Figs 22- 30) 1. ‘Reinventing the North’ 2. Business and the Arts 3. ‘The Economic Situation of the Visual Artist’ 4. North and South 5. One Man’s Mill (1987) 6. The North Moves Southwards (‘Welcome to the North, Prime Minister’) 7. ‘Things Turned Around’ 8. ‘An Enterprising Art Culture’ 9. ‘New Contemporaries’ in Action: Young Artists in the Late 1980s. 10. Signals: Making It Happen (October 1988) 6. Penone Comes to Halifax (p.180) (See Figs 31 – 36) 1. A Northern Powerhouse of the Arts 2. ‘You’ve Got to Connect to Certain Things’: Paul and Robert get together. 3. An Imagined Community of the North 4. Like Stones in a Stream 7. The Ideological Terrain, 1988/9 (p.194) (See Figs 37 – 39) 3 1. A Pivotal Moment of Change 2. ‘The Context of So-Called Curating in Britain’ 3. ‘Why Should We Fund the Arts?’ 4. ‘The Shock of Serota’ 5. The Old Art Establishment 6. A European Art World 7. ‘The Tsar and Rasputin’ 8. A Cultural Enterprise 9. Falls the Shadow: Recent British and European Art (1986) 10. ‘A Space for Things to Happen’ 11. ‘The Patrician’ and ‘The Provocative’ 12. ‘Unequivocally a Space for Artists’ 13. ‘Money was No Object’ 14. A Production Company 15. ‘You Could Not Ignore the History’ 16. ‘A ‘Unity’ Out of Difference’ 17. ‘Thatcherite Colluders or the Inheritors of Punk’s Tradition’ 8. Conclusion (p.243) 9. List of Illustrations (p.245) 10. Bibliography (p.248) 11. Appendix 1: Illustrations (see separate attachment). (p.257) 4 1. Foreword Looking back now over the course of my PhD study, which feels like it has been a very long journey, it appears to me as a series of revolutions: that is, transformations in my way of thinking (hard now to contemplate that I have come out the other end of them) which completely changed my view, not just of my subject - the Henry Moore Studio at Dean Clough - but the art world within which I was working, and the way I wanted to write about it. When I embarked on the study in 2016, I was working as a collections curator at Leeds Art Gallery, based at the Henry Moore Institute. As the Institute is affiliated to the Henry Moore Foundation, which is the parent body of the Henry Moore Studio, I was – in theory - an insider to the project. In reality, the Studio had closed many years before I arrived on the scene, and I had never met Robert Hopper or any of the core group of people who worked there, so I came with little prior or special knowledge of the organisation. However, that is not to say that I came to the project empty-handed. Quite the opposite. As I see now (but only in retrospect), I was carrying around in my head an encompassing view of the art world, which permeated my professional practice. This did not relate to my work at the Institute or Leeds Art Gallery specifically, but a career spent working in and around institutions: from my art historical training (undertaken in a traditional university department), through several years of curatorial practice, latterly within the framework of a municipal gallery and specialist centre for the study of sculpture. Essentially, my job at the time was to categorise, evaluate and document works of art; then place them within the established canon of art history by displaying them in thematic, chronological or genre-based configurations; and, initially, I intended to explore the Henry Moore Studio in exactly this way. I wanted to define what it was, then compare it with other similar art organisations and situate it within a particular segment of art history, so that it could be better understood within my art world; and possibly used to inform future practice. It was not that I felt this method would be best particularly, but that I didn’t really know any other way. 5 From reading around the subject, I knew that the Henry Moore Studio had been a making and exhibition project, which generated a series of large-scale projects, in which the site was often a key element. Whilst the Studio had been funded by the Henry Moore Foundation, I understood that it had been run on the ground by a group of artists, based at Dean Clough, Halifax, under the leadership of Paul Bradley, who had been highly instrumental in the first project by Giuseppe Penone and subsequently managed most aspects of its programme. As a project operated by artists for other artists, under the auspices of an institution, I attempted to sketch a lineage for the Studio amongst artist-led initiatives, as they had evolved in the post-war period, specifically from the 1960s to the 1980s. Having emerged in the 1950s, I understood that the artist-run scene had flourished particularly in the ‘travelling culture’1 of the 1960s, when young people, including artists, were able to travel and mingle much more freely, establishing new galleries and places for art across Europe and America. In line with other counter-cultural and protest movements of that decade, it had been defined in opposition to mainstream commercial and institutional art systems, empowering artists to live and work in alternative ways. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, artist-led galleries had become crucibles for new types of practice, now considered art historically under the headings of minimalism, post-minimalism, conceptualism, Arte Povera and performance, which existing art systems had been unable or unwilling to accommodate. Through the later 1970s, and certainly by the 1980s, as art in the expanded field of post-1960s practice was absorbed into established systems, their oppositional character had started to dissipate. Increasingly, they were defined not so much against, as within mainstream systems, plugging holes in existing infrastructures; highlighting new talent; and providing an essential platform for young artists to show their work; hone their skills; and connect with the established art world. This overarching history has been documented in a British context by Andrea Tarsia (2003) and Claire Glossop (2003), who look principally at developments in London; Gabriel Gee, in Art in the North of England, 1979 – 2006 (2017) which explores grassroots activity in northern Britain; and texts by Sarah Lowndes (2003) and Craig 1 Youth Movements: Travel, Protest, and Europe in 1968. Author(s): Richard Ivan 6 Richardson (2016), which focus on the Glasgow art scene specifically. It can be sketched loosely as a journey from the Arts Lab, Drury Lane, London (1967-69), which ‘provided a space and a context for almost any type of cultural experimentation’2; to the artist-organised exhibition, Freeze (1988), which propelled its young protagonists, many of whom are now associated with the Young British Artist (YBA) movement of the 1990s, towards commercial success almost instantly.