Scalability and Improvement of Exchange Bias Properties for Thermally Assisted MRAM

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Scalability and Improvement of Exchange Bias Properties for Thermally Assisted MRAM THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Physique des Matériaux Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Giovanni Maria VINAI Thèse dirigée par Jean-Pierre NOZIERES et codirigée par Bernard DIENY et Ioan-Lucian PREJBEANU préparée au sein du Laboratoire SPINTEC, UMR8191 CEA/CNRS/UJF et de la société CROCUS Technology dans l'École Doctorale de Physique de Grenoble Scalability and improvement of exchange bias properties for Thermally Assisted MRAM Thèse soutenue publiquement le 16 Décembre 2013, devant le jury composé de : M. Olivier FRUCHART D.R. CNRS, Institut Néel, Grenoble (Président) M. Michel HEHN Prof., Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy (Rapporteur) M. Ricardo FERREIRA D.R., International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory INL (Rapporteur) M. Michel VIRET D.R., CEA Saclay (Examinateur) M. Jean-Pierre NOZIERES D.R., CNRS, SPINTEC, Grenoble (Directeur de Thèse) M. Ioan-Lucian PREJBEANU Ingenieur chercheur, CEA, SPINTEC, Grenoble (Encadrant CIFRE) Université Joseph Fourier / Université Pierre Mendès France / Université Stendhal / Université de Savoie / Grenoble INP Summary Introduction 1 1 Exchange bias: physical principles and state of the art 5 1.1 Magnetism in a ferromagnetic layer 7 1.1.1 Magnetic energies 7 1.1.2 The hysteresis loop: Stoner-Wohlfarth model 8 1.2 Exchange bias phenomenon 10 1.2.1 First model: order of magnitude issue 12 1.2.2 Domain wall model 13 1.2.3 Random field theory 16 1.2.4 Polycrystalline structures: structural model 17 1.2.5 Polycrystalline structures: behaviour in temperature 18 1.2.6 Granular model of exchange biased polycrystalline systems 21 1.3 Exchange bias in patterned nanodots 22 Bibliography 25 2 Exchange bias: technological applications 29 2.1 Spin valve 31 2.1.1 From Anistropic Magnetoresistance to Giant Magnetoresistance 31 2.1.2 The role of exchange bias coupling in spin valve structure 33 2.1.3 Technological application: hard disk read head 35 2.2 Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) 36 2.2.1 Tunnel Magnetoresistance 36 2.2.2 First generation MRAM 38 2.2.3 Thermally Assisted MRAM (TA-MRAM) 41 2.2.4 Spin Transfer Torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) 43 Bibliography 46 3 Sample preparation, experimental analysis and atomistic simulation 49 3.1 Sample preparation 49 3.1.1 Sputtering deposition and annealing process 49 3.1.2 Patterning samples: from spin coating to SEM imaging 51 3.2 Sample characterization 53 3.2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy and Magnetic Force Microscopy 53 3.2.2 Focalized Magneto-optic Kerr effect 56 3.2.3 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 58 3.3 Atomistic simulation 59 3.3.1 Heisenberg model and physical parameters 59 Bibliography 65 Summary 4 Exchange bias variability on patterned arrays of IrMn/Co square dots 67 4.1 Aim of the study 68 4.1.1 Finite size effects on exchange patterned dots 68 4.1.2 Variability of magnetic properties on patterned systems 69 4.2 Micromagnetic effects of Co thickness on IrMn/Co square dots 69 4.2.1 Full sheet samples 69 4.2.2 Patterned samples – MFM imaging 71 4.2.3 Patterned samples – Focalized Kerr measurements 73 4.2.4 Patterned samples – Atomistic simulations 78 4.2.5 Micromagnetic effects: conclusions 84 4.3 IrMn grain size effects on exchange bias variability on IrMn/Co square dots 85 4.3.1 How to tailor IrMn grain size? 85 4.3.2 Full sheet samples – Structural and magnetic analysis 88 4.3.3 Patterned samples – MFM and Focalized Kerr measurements 93 4.3.4 IrMn microstructural effects: conclusions 97 4.4 Atomistic simulations – Influence of IrMn anisotropy axis 98 4.5 Conclusions of the chapter 101 Bibliography 103 5 Exchange bias enhancement: (Pt(Pd)/Co)3/IrMn/Co trilayer structure 107 5.1 Out-of-plane anisotropy: (Pt/Co), (Pd/Co) multilayers 108 5.1.1 (Pt(Pd)/Co)/IrMn systems 109 5.2 Effects of trilayer structures on IrMn critical thickness 110 5.2.1 Hysteresis loops at room temperature 110 5.3 Effects of trilayer structures on IrMn/Co blocking temperature 113 5.3.1 Measurements in temperature 114 5.3.2 Blocking temperature distribution 118 5.4 Discussion 120 5.4.1 Structural analysis 121 5.4.2 Granular model: effects of the out-of-plane layer on IrMn/Co coupling 123 5.5 Interest of trilayer structures for technological applications 127 5.5.1 Annealing effects on bilayer and trilayer thermal properties 127 5.6 Conclusions of the chapter 129 Bibliography 131 6 Cu dusting at IrMn/Co interface in bilayer and trilayer structures 133 6.1 Long range exchange bias: an open question 133 6.2 Cu interlayer in IrMn/Co bilayers 134 6.2.1 Effects on exchange bias 135 6.2.2 Microstructural analysis 137 6.2.3 Effects on blocking temperature 137 6.3 Cu interlayer in (Pt(Pd)/Co) 3/IrMn/Co trilayers 140 6.3.1 Effects on exchange bias 140 6.3.2 Effects on blocking temperature 142 6.4 Discussion 143 6.5 Conclusions of the chapter 145 Bibliography 147 Conclusions and perspectives 149 Summary Appendix I Macrospin model in Mi_Magnet simulations 155 AI.1 Coupling between macrospins of the same material 156 AI.2 Coupling at the F/AF interface 157 II Scalabilité et amelioration des propriétés d’échange pour TA-MRAM 159 AII.1 Introduction 159 AII.2 Couplage d’échange: principes physiques et état de l’art 162 AII.3 Couplage d’échange: applications technologiques 163 AII.4 Préparation des échantillons, analyse expérimentale et simulations atomistiques 164 AII.5 Variabilité de couplage d’échange dans des réseaux de plots carrés d’IrMn/Co 165 AII.6 Amélioration du couplage d’échange: la structure en tricouche (Pt(Pd)/Co)/IrMn/Co 167 AII.7 Insertion d’une “poudre” de Cu à l’interface IrMn/Co dans des structures bicouche et tricouche 168 AII.8 Conclusions et prespectives 170 Bibliographie 174 A nonno Pierino e nonna Caterina “Magnetes Geheimnis, erkläre mir das! Kein größer Geheimnis als Liebe und Haß” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Remerciements Ce n’est pas simple remercier en quelque ligne toutes les personnes qui ont été partie de ces quatre ans de vie grenobloise (je considère le stage M2 et la thèse comme une seule expérience), très enrichissants du point de vue humaine et professionnel. Je vais donc faire de mon mieux pour exprimer ma gratitude, même si je sais bien de n’être pas très fort avec les mots. En première lieu, je voudrais remercier les personnes qui ont suivi mon travail de thèse, dans les différentes phases qu’elle a vécu. Pour commencer, Jérôme Moritz, qui m’a introduit au monde du magnétisme à partir de mon stage M1, pour m’avoir transmis sa passion pour la recherche. Je lui souhaite plain de satisfactions dans sa nouvelle aventure professionnelle. Ensuite, je remercie Lucian Prejbeanu pour avoir suivi mon travail, avant à Crocus et après à Spintec, pour sa grande disponibilité et son soutien continu, pour les corrections de ce manuscrit et les nombreux conseils professionnels. Merci également à Bernard Dieny, cœur de Spintec, pour sa culture scientifique impressionnante, sa grande humanité et pour tous les conseils qu’il ma donné pendant la thèse. Merci aussi à Sébastien Bandiera pour avoir continué le rôle de encadrant CIFRE, et pour les discussions quotidiens sur la route vers Crocus avec son première jeune Padawan (moi). Enfin, merci à Jean-Pierre Nozières pour avoir accepté d’être mon directeur de thèse. Le travaille présenté dans cette thèse n’aurait pas pu être là sens l’aide de tous ces personnes, grâce à leurs conseils scientifiques et leur soutien. Je voudrais aussi remercier les membres du jury de thèse: tous d’abord Michel Hehn et Ricardo Ferreira pour leur rôle de rapporteurs, le président de jury Olivier Fruchart et Michel Viret qui a assisté à la soutenance. Merci pour l’intérêt montré vers mon travaille et pour les stimulants questions. Pour bien travailler, c’est très important de pouvoir le faire dans une ambiance amicale et compétente. Pour cette raison je remercie tout le personnelle Spintec pour les bons moments partagé tous les jours au boulot. Merci donc à tous ces qui m’ont aidé dans les différents étapes de la thèse, à mes co-bureau pour avoir supporté mes “discussions” en italien avec l’ordinateur, aux amis de la pause thé, aux compagnons d’aventure dans les différentes conférences, à Vancouver pour les batailles de Jenga, à Rhodes (“Трубы горят !”) et à Denver pour les bold experiences. Merci aussi à l’équipe de Crocus pour leur amitié et pour les discussions philosophiques pendant les repas, à l’équipe de L_Sim pour m’avoir amicalement accueilli dans leur labo de simulation et à l’Institut Néel, en particulier Jan Vogel, Stefania Pizzini et Manlio Bonfim, pour l’aide avec les mesures au Kerr focalisé. Cette expérience n’été pas seulement quatre ans de dur travaille, mais aussi quatre ans de vie dans un pays étranger, où j’ai eu la chance de rencontrer plain de personnes intéressantes et de me faire des vrais, grands amis. Merci donc à La Coloc pour le soutien quotidien, les rituels après boulot (“Je pense que j’ai bien mérité une bière”) et tous les bons moments partagés ensable. Merci à la grande famille italienne – oui, il y a du vrai dans les stéréotypes – maintenant distribué entre Grenoble, Marseille, Hambourg et Jérusalem. Merci aux métalleux pour les excellentes concerts (les inoubliables Hellfest, DTP à Montpellier, les soirée à l’AmpéRage), aux amis Nanotech en Europe et aux US, aux amis du CNRS, aux “pots d’Eric” (“C’est la limite!”), aux Erasmus, aux amis du Quazar, aux nouveaux colocs “russes”, aux rencontres trop brefs et à tous ce qui ne rentrent dans aucune de ces groups mais ont été quand même importants pour moi.
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