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Fisheries Certification in the Era of Market Civilization

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Fisheries Certification in the Era of Market Civilization THE COMMODIFICATION OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? FISHERIES CERTIFICATION IN THE ERA OF MARKET CIVILIZATION PAUL FOLEY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO NOVEMBER 2011 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-88682-3 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-88682-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada Abstract This dissertation examines some of the key characteristics of the emerging global organic crisis through an empirical analysis of a particular mode of environmental governance associated with market civilization. Specifically, this dissertation seeks to understand and conceptualize the emergence and extension of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification system, which was created by the corporation Unilever and the environmental organization World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in the late 1990s as a market-oriented approach to address the global fisheries crisis. Drawing inspiration from the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), which links a performance standard defining sustainability to third-party certification and product eco-labelling, Unilever and WWF designed the MSC to create economic incentives for producing and consuming sustainable seafood. The MSC initiative has become a significant force in the global seafood trade in the early 21st century, with hundreds of fisheries in various stages of assessment and thousands of products displaying the MSC eco-label. Can we understand third-party certification and labelling systems like the MSC as commodified forms of global governance? This dissertation seeks to answer this question by examining not only the object of MSC governance, seafood 'commodity chains,' but also overlooked mechanisms of governance in the MSC system. In the making and extension of the MSC certification system, such mechanisms of governance include: the reliance on consultancy services in the creation of the MSC; the shift in the MSC from depending heavily on charitable donations towards a more self-sustaining commercial entity supported by eco-label licensing revenues; the generation of large- scale demand for MSC-certified fisheries and products principally through oligopsonistic and Northern-oriented commodity chains; and the implementation of MSC certification in specific fisheries by professional certification companies contracted by fishery clients, the certificate 'holders.' The dissertation demonstrates how institutions and processes of third-party certification and labelling governance not only aid markets and commodification but themselves become growing sites of commodification. MSC certification does not displace state-centered management systems but facilitates the redefinition of existing and new governance frameworks in more commodified ways. iv For Patrick Mahoney and Theresa Foley Acknowledgements This dissertation is the product of several years of personal and sometimes solitary work that has nevertheless been supported and influenced by many individuals to whom I extend gratitude. First and foremost, I owe thanks to my supervisor Dr. Stephen Gill for demonstrating the virtue of scholarly collaboration and for his enthusiasm for, and support of, my research. Like many other students from around the world, I applied to York University's Graduate Program in Political Science to learn from and possibly work with Stephen, a path-breaking scholar of globalization and global governance. Stephen's work played a crucial role in my intellectual development before and after we first met in September 2006. Above all, I thank Stephen for reminding me along the way to keep an eye on the broad-based relevance of my often quite specific empirical research interests. Without Stephen's encouragement, assistance and intellectual guidance, this dissertation would not have been possible. I feel extremely lucky to have had Stephen as my advisor during the formative years of my intellectual life. The PhD core course in International Relations in which I first met Stephen provided an unexpected entry point into my then new research interest in global fisheries governance. I'd like to thank Dr. Susan Henders, who taught the second half of this course, for introducing me to Dr. Peter Vandergeest, Principal Investigator of the research project 'Privatizing Environmental Governance: A Global Analysis of the Effects and Effectiveness of Environmental Certification for Farmed Salmon and Shrimp.' I owe a debt of gratitude to Peter and to York Centre for Asian Research vi Coordinator Alicia Filipowich. Through this project, I also met Dr. Derek Hall, who kindly agreed to join my dissertation committee and who provided a key source of guidance for this project. I owe Derek many thanks for his sharp advice and encouragement over the past few years. Thanks are also due to Dr. Robert Latham for participating on my dissertation committee, to Dr. Isabella Bakker for participating on my dissertation examination committee, and to Dr. Jennifer Clapp for agreeing to serve as external examiner for my dissertation defense. I also owe a debt of gratitude to York University's Graduate Program in Political Science. I am grateful to faculty members who taught courses that I had the pleasure to take at York University. In addition to taking some of Stephen's courses, I was very fortunate to have taken courses taught by Dr. Stephen Hellman, Dr. Susan Henders, Dr. Jonathan Nitzan, Dr. Ananya Mukheijee Reed, Dr. Gabrielle Slowey, and Dr. Ellen Meiksins Wood. And as anyone who has spent a lot of time• in• the south end of the 6 th floor of the Ross Building can appreciate, I am infinitely indebted to the staff at York University's Graduate Program in Political Science, particularly Judy Matadial, Marlene Quesenberry, Jlenya Sarra, and Angie Swartz. Special thanks go to my former housemate Julian Germann, whose striking intellect and warm friendship accompanied all stages of my PhD studies. Looking back, I now realize that my first three and a half years at York University developed through an informal and intimate peer review process that I'm happy to say wasn't guided by principles of anonymity. I am also extremely grateful to Chris Wolsky for inviting me to vii join an intramural hockey team at York University in the fall of2006. This meant a lot to me after being off the ice the previous year during my MA studies in Halifax. I'm also tremendously thankful for Rob Batarseh's friendship on and off the ice. Countless other colleagues at York University provided intellectual and moral support during PhD studies through a range of outlets from the classroom to hockey pools to bars stools. In addition to support from colleagues and friends at York University, I am lucky to have a large circle of family and friends who enriched my life outside the academe. Many thanks go to my parents, Allan and Ann Foley, for their encouragement and for giving me the opportunity to grow up in Tilting, a place I will always call home. I was lucky to have been able to visit home many times during my five years of PhD studies in Toronto. Other friends from or still living in Tilting, perhaps Joe Bryan most of all, helped energize me along the way as well. Andre ('Onge') Foley and Trish Foley deserve special thanks for always providing a warm, welcoming, and fun place to stay while I visited St. John's. I'm also grateful to Charmaine Foley and Gus Broders for allowing me to stay at their homes while I conducted research in Halifax and to my sister Melissa for allowing me to stay at her apartment while I carried out research in New Brunswick. Back in Ontario, spending time with Wayne, Brenda, and Michael Mahoney in Mississauga and with Chris, Jessie, and Brooke Burke and the Brookings family in Pontypool provided regular sources of grounding and rejuvenation over the last three years. I also extend thanks, gratitude and well wishes to all the people in Atlantic Canada who agreed to take time out of their busy lives to talk to me about my research project. This includes but is not limited to academics, government officials, environmental organization employees, certification organization employees, and seafood industry workers. Deepest gratitude is due to my best friend and partner, Andrea Mitchell, for all her patience, support, understanding and love through this academic journey.
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