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MALAGASY REPUBLIC CONTENTS SOUTHERN AF RICA MAY 1977 VOLUME X NUMBER 4 2 WHO ARE THE REAL TERRORISTS?

THE DEATH OF Our Collective: BASIL NYABADZA Barbara Barnes Carole Benglesdorf Wes 4 SPECIAL REPORTS Cohen Paddy Colligan Jennifer Davis 4 CASTRO IN AFRICA Michael Davis Charlie Ebel Mimi 6 PODGORNY Edmunds Carolyn Fleuhr-Lobban Nancy VISIT: WARNING TO Gear Lynn Goodwin Peggy Halsey Janet Hooper Paul Irish Tami Hultman 7 MOBUTU IN TROUBLE Alan Isaacman Bill Johnston Marci Kerr 9 NOTES ON Richard Knight Reed Kramer Richard 9 CAPSULE CHRONOLOGY Leonard Richard Lobban Edgar 10 THE ANTI-MOBUTU FORCES Lockwood Bill Minter Ruth Minter 11 U.S./U.N. Antonio Neves Dipankar Ray Susan 11 "GIVING ANDY A CHANCE" Rogers Christine Root Karen Rothmeyer 11 WASHINGTON NOTES Mike Shuster Janet Siskind Pat Smith Louise Stack Jinni Stroman John 12 U.S./SOUTH AFRICA Stroman Stephanie Urdang Roberta 12 POLICY PRONOUNCEMENTS Washington Jim Weikart Leiza Zadel NEW TONE, SAME SUBSTANCE 14 CIA'S MAN FOR ANGOLA RESIGNS 15 OVERVIEW 16 NEWS BRIEFS Southern Africa is published monthly, 18 UPDATE except for July-August, when bi-monthly, by the Southern Africa Committee, 156 20 SOUTH AFRICA Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010. 20 HOMELAND SWEET HOMELAND: LIFE IN THE TRANSKEI Subscriptions: Individual (domestic and 21 BOSS IN LONDON foreign)/S8.00; Institutional/S18.00; Air 22 JAPAN'S SUN RISING mail: Africa, Asia, Europe/S20.50; South ad Central America/S17.50. 24 NAMIBIA 24 SHUFFLING TOWARDS "INDEPENDENCE" 25 ZIMBABWE 25 SMITH MARCHES ON 26 ON THE BATTLEFRONT Southern Africa is available on microfilm 27 BOTSWANA HARRIED BY SMITH through University Microfilm, Xerox Com pany, Ann Arbor, Mich. 68206, and is 28 GUINEA BISSAU listed in the Alternative Press Index. 28 PEOPLE'S ELECTIONS 29 ANGOLA 29 ON BUILDING A PARTY 31 BOOK REVIEWS

Cover photo: Black soldiers in the 32 LETTERS Rhodesia Army, under white command. RESOURCES UN/Davis 32 33 ACTION NEWS NOTES

MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 1 UN/Davis Black soldiers in the Rhodesian army on search and destroy training.

As the Zimbabwean war of liberation has escalated in the world to know of the "atrocities"he had seen in Rhodesia and last few months, so have Western press reports of "terrorist wanted to give himself up in Britain to face a driving charge atrocities."Echoing South African and official Rhodesian press brought against him last year. statements, US papers have carriedprominent stories report The Sunday People said Wood backs claims by black ing the "terrorist" murder of priests and nuns and the nationalists that troops were responsible for the massacre of mounting of a campaign of terror so severe that missionaries the Zambesi River from helicopters. "They are fed to the and nuns are being driven to flee the country. crocodiles," he told the paper. He admitted having killed 16 Liberation movement denials of responsibility for these Africans. "One soldier called me a murderer for shooting two deaths, their accusations that the executions are in fact being men who turned out not to have weapons but they were out carried out by Rhodesian government forces, have received during curfew and you can't say, 'Excuse me, have you got a much less prominence. So have statements issued by leading grenade or gun?' members of the Catholic Church in Rhodesia, expressing The Sunday People said Wood back claims by black serious doubts about the veracity of the official allegations. nationalists that troops were responsible for the massacre of Yet despite intense Salisbury censorship and propaganda, seven priests and nuns at St. Paul's mission in February. The evidence is beginning to mount outside Rhodesia that the paper said Wood told its reporter: "It was in the interest of regime's army is heavily implicated in the attacks on both the Rhodesians that missionaries should be stopped from church and general population. helping the blacks." In March The Sunday People, a British weekly, quoted a On March 31 a black Anglican lay preacher was shot at a former soldier in the Rhodesian army as saying he had proof mission station 171 km east of Salisbury. Again security force that a secret commando unit, the Selous Scouts, had killed spokesmen announced that "terrorists"were to blame for the missionaries in Rhodesia. The paper said the ex-soldier killing. But the murdered man, Basil Nyabadza, was a close Gordon Thomas Wood, 37, a Briton, also admitted that they friend of Terence Ranger, the historian, and Ranger was able had killed unarmed, harmless civilians during curfew hours. to break through the smokescreen surrounding the assassina Among them was a 16-year-old boy who was herding cattle. tion. He reportsfor Southern Africa on the true circumstances The Sunday People said Wood talked because he wanted the surroundingthe death of Basil Nyabadza.

2 SOUTHERN , FRICA/MAY 197/ THE DEATH OF BASIL NYABADZA by Terence Ranger On the night of Thursday, March 31, building, feared that it would be set on rigorously interrogated, for a long 1977, two men wearing camouflage fire, and prayed until the enemy retired period before being released on bail. uniforms entered the yard of St. and the church was saved. This may Maurice Nyagumbo was sentenced to a Francis African Church, Rusape, in the have been a vision rather than an further 15 years in prison. Eastern district of Rhodesia (Zim incident; if so, it was a penetrating and From that time on the community at babwe). They woke some of the African prophetic vision. In Rhodesia even a St. Francis was under surveillance. Its nuns and demanded to see the pastor, community like St. Francis, so full of members saw the brutal searches of Basil Nyabadza. Basil Nyabadza came love and joy, so exemplary in its passengers on the buses that passed by out. They shook hands with him. Then dedication to labour and austerity, was the church yard entrance. They had to they walked over to the well standing always surrounded by enemies. regulate their lives according to the by the cross between the house and the As Basil was not the eldest son, he curfew-anyone outside after dark, church. There they shot him. He died at did not expect to inherit this great even in the yard between the church once. The two men joined their fellows responsibility. Neither did we feel that and the houses, could be shot on sight who were waiting by the gate. In the he had inherited his father's remarkable by the security forces. Some time last bright moonlight the murder was wit spiritual gifts. But before his death, year African members of the security nessed by Basil Nyabadza's wife and Francis chose Basil as his successor. By forces, disguised as guerrillas, entered one of the African nuns. the time I met him, Basil had become a the area. They were given hospitality This killing was only one of thousands true leader of his community. It was a and the people who had given them that have taken place in the rural areas job which combined the skills required hospitality were then arrested on the of Rhodesia in the past months. Usually of the chairman of a Tanzanian Ujamaa charge of not having reported the there is simply an announcement in the village with those of a priest. Basil was presence of guerrillas. Among those Rhodesian security forces bulletin-so responsible for the material and the arrested were Victoria Nyagumbo and many curfew breakers shot, so many spiritual life of his community. With the her daughters. Victoria was sent to "shot in the company" of guerrillas, and enthusiastic labor of the sisters the prison for several months. the dead are reduced to the anonymity community undertook enterprise after Meanwhile the "boys"-as the guer of statistics. enterprise. They made bricks. They rillas are called by the people-did But for me, Basil's death was differ grew crops and tended cattle. They indeed enter the area. Customers came ent. I had known Basil very well when I opened a store, and then another store. into Basil's stores with stories and lived in Rhodesia from 1957 to 1963. I It seemed a model community. rumours of their activities. Gradually know his children, many of whom are It was also a very welcoming com the people came to know what sort of now studying in Britain. I am getting to munity. I used to take my students people the "boys" were, what their aims know some of his grandchildren. To me there, to explore the monuments of the were and what they wanted done. The Basil's death is tragic and remarkable surrounding countryside -the great "boys" told people who helped them to and unacceptable-as all these anony caves where Chief Makoni held out protect themselves by reporting the mous deaths have been to people with against the whites in 1896-and to learn presence of guerrillas to the police. The out the means to bring their loss to the what African community was like. community of St. Francis was certainly notice of the world. In telling something But St. Francis could not be isolated not frightened of the "boys." But it was about Basil it is possible to bring from Rhodesian society. Members of the increasingly alarmed at government individuality and personality into the congregation became active in the Ari action. There was a threat to close all death statistics. can National Congress, when it was schools. There was constant searching Basil's father, Francis Nyabadza, was revived in 1957. I remember driving and harassment. With Basil only out on a man with great gifts of teaching, with Basil, his wife Rosemary and some bail, with Victoria Nyagumbo in prison, preaching, healing and prophesying. As of the sisters across the country to a there was every reason to fear further a catechist in the Anglican Church he restriction camp in Matabeleland where action against them. fould little room allowed for the exer a church member was detained after the Then came the uniformed men, and cise of his vocation inside the church roundup of Congress leaders in 1959. Basil's death. When the police arrived structure. Pressed by his followers, he Among the families closely connected to after the shooting and asked the sisters set up his own community on the edge the church was that of the Nyagumbo's, at St. Francis what uniform the killers of the Makoni Reserve. When this and Maurice Nyagumbo emerged as one had worn, they replied, "It was just like community was denied the sacraments of the most fearless of African national yours!" No one at St. Francis has any at the Anglican mission, Francis built ist leaders during this period. He spent doube that Basil was shot by members his own church and with a sense of awe much of the time in prison, while his of the "security forces." took on the task of priest and father to wife Victoria kept the family going. No doubt the community at St. his community. His most devoted Two years ago the sound of tramping Francis will survive the death of their women followers became an order of enemies' feet began coming closer and pastor, sustained by their own faith nuns. A network of families from the closer to St. Francis as it did to every though it is a terrible thing to them to reserve constituted the congregation of African community. At the end of 1974 be without a priest and leader for the the new church. Maurice Nyagumbo was released from first time. But I hope that a regime The new church began in fear as well prison as part of the detente exercise. which can destroy a man like Basil as hope. Its founding was in a way a He came to St. Francis for Christmas. cannot long survive. There is no pre rebellion, though a very gentle rebel But by Easter 1975 Maurice was again tense in Rhodesia any more that "hearts lion. A document preserved at St. under arrest together with many others and minds" are to be won. Hearts and Francis describes how Francis Nya from the Makoni Reserve, all of whom minds are to be coerced. The real badza and his flock, gathered inside the were charged with recruiting for the offense of Basil-and of his father new church, heard the tramping sound guerrillas. Among these arrested was before him-was to possess a free heart of the feet of their enemies all about the Basil. He was held in Umtali jail and and mind in an unfree society. LI

MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 3 Special Repots CASTRO IN AFRICA

In Tanzania the banners read "Karibu Western press produces the following Ndugu" as Castro stepped off his plane. revision of recent history: The words differed in the language of *the Cuban leader is a stooge, dutifully other places but the meaning was carrying out orders from his "pay always the same: "Welcome, Comrade." masters in Moscow;" This cry swelled up each day of the *his tour was an imposition upon the more than 30 days Fidel Castro spent in African leaders concerned; Africa. It came from thousands of *he had as a hidden agenda further to ordinary citizens who turned out to enmesh his hosts in the economic web catch a glimpse of the leader of a of "Soviet imperialism," and to prepare country whose actions have galvanized plans for delivering southern Africa the entire Third World. into the jaws of the Russian bear. Thus Castro is portrayed in the Castro's tour occupied the whole Western press as a slick advance man, month of March and took him to eight simply greasing the way for a follow-up Libya, Yemen, Prensa Latina countries: Algeria, visit by Soviet Premier Podgorny. Somalia, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozam Crowds great Fidel Castro in Luanda. bique and Angola. Mesmerized by their own fantasy of In each of these nations, tumultuous heavy-handed plotters inside the Krem crowds pressed around him wherever lin, such analysts overlook a crucial tion; they are not taken over by the he went-in motorcades, on foot, at point: Soviets. plazas, historical sites, places of work. While Castro's visit generated mass The "front-line" states support the In Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzanians lined excitement among the people, the liberation struggles in Zimbabwe, the route from the airport to the Soviet leader received a more subdued, Namibia and South Africa also in a capitol, holding aloft placards inscribed though friendly, welcome. conscious exercise of free will. They are with greetings such as: not pliant pawns in a grand foreign The difference exists because the "Ndugo Castro, your actions are a design in which Castro becomes "Mos radiant hope for the oppressed masses;" exchange between Cuba and the African nations is perceived as one involving cow's shuttle diplomat" and Cuba the in the and "Long Live Ndugu Castro, long live equals. The basis of the identification is spearhead of Soviet hegemony proletarian internationalism." whole of southern Africa. a common Third World perspective, and The enthusiasm was genuine and Africa now is breaking up into two often spontaneous. It was manifest in a shared struggle against under development. camps (one progressive, the other reac Mozambique (where Cuba and Frelimo tionary) because of the sharpening of its signed a cooperative agreement in the It does not follow that this identifica own internal contradictions. That impe fields of industry, fishing, education and tion leads directly to a loss of national tus cannot be ascribed to Cuba, a tiny culture) and surpassed only in Angola. independence in a slavish relationship island of eight million inhabitants, There, animated crowds repeatedly with the Soviet Union. located at the other end of the globe and interrupted the Cuban leader's speeches Nevertheless, the Western press acting as a proxy for Moscow. with chants and applause. smells a plot in which the Africans must Liberation Support be unsuspecting dupes, beguiled by the At a press conference just before Community of Interest machinations of Soviet "imperialism." leaving Dar-es-Salaam, Castro denied The people's welcome everywhere The intrigue discerned in all this is charges made by Mobutu and others indicates the extent of a continent's one aiming immediately to subvert implicating Cuba in the popular uprising appreciation of Cuba's internationalist Zaire (thus severing Africa at the in Zaire. He said: stance during the . It middle by means of an uninterrupted "The struggle for independence is springs too from an awareness of the chain, coast to coast, of pro-Moscow first and foremost a task for the people profound community of interest be states), and ultimately to "terrorize" of that country. Each people, with the tween Africa in diaspora and the conti Rhodesia, South West Africa and South solidarity and support of all other pro nent itself, both areas linked in a Africa so that they fall, like lambs, into gressive peoples, must carry forward common struggle to throw off oppres the Kremlin fold. the struggle for independence. That is, sive forms of social order. independence cannot be brough in from On this essential point, the incompre Maintaining Independence abroad. It is obtained from within the hension of the Western press seems to This sinister rendering of African country with the support of progressive devolve from a tendency to view world reality, the result of Western ideo countries. That's what happened in events solely in terms of Good Guys and logical imperatives, denies Africans any Angola. The people of Angola gained Bad Guys, with all that is evil having its independent ability to play determining their independence. Direct foreign aid the Soviet Union. beginning and end in roles in what transpires on their own came about at the time of an attack continent. from abroad. Looking for Stooges In actual fact, Africans see them National liberation there would mean, When the various facets of Castro's selves as rising up against colonial in their eyes, a weakening of global African tour are reduced to simple domination in a conscious exercise of imperialism. Any weakening of imperi functions of superpower politics, the free will. They achieve national libera- alism is conversely a strengthening of 4 SOUTHERN AFRICA i I')/ the Socialist camp, of developing na SWAPO President Sam Nujoma told Socialist reply that proletarian inter tions generally, in a world in which the reporters later that the Cuban leader nationalism is, in the end, the recogni primary confrontation remains that be had "promised to continue to support tion of necessity. Cuba did not need to tween Capitalism and Socialism. SWAPO ... with material assistance, be coerced into assuming a leadership In Zimbabwe, the Patriotic Front and he did the same for other liberation role among Third World nations. It gets Socialists support precisely be movements in southern Africa." assumed that role and engaged in the cause it rejects the Kissinger plan, and battle in Africa because it was one of its ploy of a "development fund" which An Open Agenda the few Socialist nations in a position to would neatly locate a majority-rule The Socialist countries, then, would counter the interventions of external economy in the hands of the US. not appear to have a hidden agenda in forces of reaction, and thus prevent the strengthening of forces hostile to its own survival. Any intervention of the Soviet Union or a Warsaw Pact nation directly into an African conflict could lead to its complete internationalization. Progres sive African nations still have limited capacities to give assistance because of their own internal weakness, and the lack of unanimity in the Organization of African Unity. But when the African nations choose the direction of Socialism, they too are moved by the recognition of necessity. "Times are changing," said Castro, recognizing the African position, in a speech in Luanda. "The progressive African countries long ago staked out their legitimate right to maintain rela tions with those countries they chose. But although this movement for com plete independence began many years ago with Kwame Nkrumah, with , with Amilcar Cabral, with President Marien Ngouabi, it is here in Angola that imperialism has met its strongest challenge so far. Angola means a strong rearguard enabling the frontline states to be utterly firm in their determination to support the liberation struggle in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe-with all this entails for capitalism's exploitation of the three countries' 32 millioin workers and the mineral resources. And Angola has had the courage to stand by Marx ism-Leninism as the only road out of colonial exploitation to independence and a better life for all of its people.... How can one expect a neocolonial regime to be able to answer the needs of the African people?" Some countries in Africa have begun President Samora Machel of Mozambique greets Fidel Castro in Beira. to shape their futures by recognizing that the answer to that question is "It is Is proletarian internationalism just a Africa. Their aims, like those of the impossible." euphemism for Soviet world conquest, neighboring front-line states, are That recognition lies at the heart of to be carried out by stooges behind a clear-nothing less than-the complete the struggle now being fought in Zim screen of Havana cigar smoke? liberation of the southern African babwe, Namibia and South Africa. "I also feel that regarding the coun nations, and their placement on a path While the minority regimes seek to tries of southern Africa, the greatest of non-capitalist development. entrench themselves through record part of solidarity must come from the "Socialism," Fidel told his Dar-es defense budgets and western alliances, African peoples, from the so-called Salaam press conference, "is a matter the people are organizing. front-line countries. We will help them of life or death for underdeveloped Castro spoke about what that can as much as we can." countries. The people will not resign mean for the future in a speech at the A man of his word, Castro conferred themselves to death; they will struggle Stadium in Benadir, Somalia. "There is in Luanda with leaders of the Zim for progress and for their lives." another sun which shines over us, the babwean Patriotic Front, the South For the Soviet Union, Cuba and the sun of revolution and socialism-a sun West Africa People's Organization of progressive African nations, a conver which is rising all over the world. There Namibia, and the African National Con gence of interests now exists in the is a dawn for this sun but there will gress of South Africa. region of southern Africa. never be a dusk." 0 MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 5 PODGORNY VISIT A WARNING TO SOUTH AFRICA

Soviet President Nikolai Podgorny, visiting three African "front line" states in a quick trip beginning March 23 and ending April 4, pledged continuing Soviet support for the liberation move ments in southern Africa. The pledge was welcomed by the "front-line" leaders, who have expressed their impatience with Western delaying tac tics and reluctance to take a stand in favor of the African liberation struggle. Podgorny met with President Julius Nyerere in Tanzania, President Ken neth Kaunda in and President Samora Machel in Mozambique. In Lusaka he also met with representa tives of the South African ANC, Namibia's SWAPO, and the Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe.

Consistent Support All three countries have been pri vately critical of some Soviet actions in Africa, such as the sale of weapons to Uganda's Idi Amin. But even Zambian President Kaunda, at odds with the President Podgorny and President Kaunda in Zambia. Soviet Union during the last two years over Angolan policies, made a strong statement favorably contrasting the general policy of "detente" did not The treaty is thus seen as a warning to Soviet role in southern Africa with that imply compromise of support of the those countries, and to the West, that of the Western countries. liberation struggles in southern Africa. African states would have recourse to Speaking at a state dinner for the The Soviet President met with a powerful allies in the case of a South visiting Soviet President he said: particularly warm reception in Mozam African invasion of their territory. "Since the dawn of the struggle for bique, and the visit was concluded with Just a few weeks before the Pod independence, the Soviet Union has the signing of a Treaty of Friendship gorny visit, Tanzanian President been consistent in its historical role as a and Cooperation. The Soviet Union has Nyerere answered a Time correspon large ally of liberation movements. similar treaties in effect with Angola dent's question about possible Cuban When we, as leaders of Zambia's inde and Somalia. involvement in Rhodesia by noting pendence movement, were frustrated The treaty included a provision to African states' rights to ask for support by Western ambivalence we also turned "continue developing cooperation in the from anywhere. "The West is arming to the traditional allies of freedom military sphere" and a pledge to "coor South Africa," he said, "and if the West fighters, the Soviet Union and other dinate their positions . if situations is arming South Africa in order to socialist countries ... should arise that threaten peace or prevent southern Africa becoming free "The has no record of break peace." Mozambique is particu then we shall also seek support from a Soviet veto on resolutions supporting larly vulnerable to conventional military anywhere, from bigger powers than genuine liberation movements . . . attacks from Rhodesia or South Africa. Cuba even." while other nations have clearly identi fied themselves with the oppressors through vetoes, abstentions and nega tive votes."

No Take-over Top quality white T-shirts dis Support playing the magazine logo and a The three countries also reacted large map of Africa in brown are angrily to Western press reports which Southern Africa available in small, medium and presented the Podgorny visit as a Magazine large. Price $5.00 plus 50 cents Soviet "take-over" bid and an attempt postage. Order from: Southern to promote violence in the subcontinent. Africa Magazine, 156 Fifth Ave., Joint statements stressed the view that In Style Room 707, Npw York, NY 10010. the source of tension in the area is the continued existence of the racist, white minority regimes of South Africa and Rhudesia and that the Soviet Union's --- M

6 SOUTI-HERN AFMICAiMAY 197/ MOBUTU IN TROUBLE

The fighting in Zaire's Shaba (for merly Katanga) province that has con tinued for almost two months now must appear curious to Americans not famil iar with the history of that vast and strategic central African country. Press reports have it that several thousand soldiers "invaded" the copper-rich southern province and occupied almost half its territory within two weeks. The press deliberately avoided posing any questions about the obvious lack of resistance offered by the Zaire army. Yet by early April the safety of the Mobutu regime was so severely threat ened that France decided to airlift troops from Morocco to aid Mobutu's army and the US although still unwill ing to commit direct military aid of its own, moved to send up to $15 million of "non-lethal" supplies. An emergency airlift of American aid to Zaire had begun in mid-March and was defended by Secretary of State Cyrus Vance on the grounds that the invading forces from Angola posed a "dangerous situation" for Zaire's criti cally important copper industry. According to the New York Times, Zaire was told by the State Department that it would not receive any Pentagon aid unless it could prove that Cubans were taking part in the fighting. Few were surprised then, when the Zaire news agency, AZAP, reported that the "invasion" was being led by people "from across the Atlantic, supported by Zaire troops in . a third country for ideological con quest." By the end of April, news reports reached the US that Zaire's Angolan Foreign Minister Paulo Jorge recent refugees from Mobutu's brutal president had re called developments in Shaba an insur rule, went through Shaba "like a knife quested tanks and several hundred rection, a view echoed by Angola's through butter," according to one West thousand cans of Coca-Cola to bolster representative at the United Nations, ern diplomat. By the end of March, his troops' sagging morale. Ambassador de Figueiredo. most of the Americans and some of the "We are committed to peace and we 3,000 Europeans in the mining town of Establishing A Western Base will stay out of the conflict as long as no Kolwezi, the rebels apparent primary One result of these developments is one violates our territorial integrity," target, had been evacuated, and the clear. "Through all this, the West has said de Figueiredo at a UN press Zaire army had moved its operations been able to establish a center for conference April 19. headquarters east to . military operations in an extremely But the leaders of MPLA do not Almost all Western reports said the strategic location in central southern expect the future to be free of conflict. local people had welcomed the Katan Africa," pointed out one diplomatic "Neither Zaire nor the US can accept gese "with open arms." Residents shun source at the United Nations recently. the recent defeat that has been inflicted the government troops and had refused "It's not only Zaire or Angola that they on the Zairean armed forces," Foreign to provide food for the army. One have access to now. It's Zambia, Minister Jorge told a Paris press con Belgian radio reporter said that instead Namibia, Zimbabwe. Shaba is the linch ference several days earlier. "Therefore of fearing the rebels, Kolwezi's popula pin in an extremely complex strategy we do not rule out the possibility of a tion was aiding them. for all of southern Africa." new aggression against us." In the face of the rebel advance, Despite constant assumptions in Wes indiscipline among Mobutu's troops tern reporting that the initial troop Opposition to Mobutu spread. Desertions were frequent. In movements in western Shaba reflected The rebels, some of whom had fled to one instance, half a regiment that an invasion from Angola, no hard evi north-eastern Angola after the abortive Mobutu sent south by rail disappeared dence has yet contradicted Angola's secession of Katanga from the newly within the first 100 miles of the journey. official postion that the fighting was the independent Congo of the early sixties Mobutu's regime itself gave some product of an internal conflict in Zaire. and many of whom appear to be more signs of falling apart. Several members

MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 7 of his family fled the country and some tions in Zaire. The CIA's station in of his own government officials had Zaire is one of its largest in Africa, and contacted foreign embassies for safe in mid-April the Long Island news conduct passes out, according to paper, Newsday, reported that the CIA Afrique-Asie, a bi-weekly radical maga was supporting efforts to recruit merce zine published in Paris. Before the naries from the US and Great Britain to arrival of Moroccan troops, the maga fight in Zaire. The paper said the CIA zine reported, Mobutu himself had had close links with Los Angeles-based packed his bags. David Bufkin, whose activities came to light in 1975 when it was discovered that he was a key recruiter of merce Help on the Way naries to fight with the FNLA in Mobutu had hoped that the US would Angola. The CIA denied the reports and give him direct military aid, but he had said that "Newsday's assertion that the to settle for assistance from France agency had passed the word to the which began shuttling 1500 Moroccan Justice Department that it would not troops, armed and trained primarily by cooperate in a pending investigation of the US, from Rabat to in 11 Bufkin were also untrue." transport planes in early April. "Both France and have been superb By the end of April the military in the crisis," Mobutu told Newsweek. situation in Shaba remained unclear. "I must confess we are bitterly dis Most news reports credited the Zaire appointed by America's attitude." President Mobutu Army and its Moroccan support with But in reality Mobutu may not be all regaining some of the lost territory, that upset. In the wake of the Vietnam while Mobutu renewed his request to war, the constrictions on actual direct Washington for military aid-specifi US military participation in foreign cally the sale of 10 M-60 battle tanks. conflicts are severe. The use of surro military capability, and is thus a logical The proposal was revealed (it appears Washington gates has become the predominant agent for implementing by chance) at the end of hearings before aims. Pentagon strategy. Hassan has also received this tacit the Senate Foreign Assistance Subcom through questioning by Senator 'I think the French have considerably support of richer allies-Iran, Saudi mittee, more leeway in some of these matters," Arabia and Kuwait, according to Dick Clark (D.-Iowa). Clark, citing the commented Secretary of State Harold Afrique-Asie-to finance his new wars. corruption and violation of human rights advance knowl of the Mobutu regime, asked Lucy Brown while denying has been gathering other edge of the French-Moroccan decision, Mobutu Benson, assistant secretary of state for "Both in terms of the international allies too. After visits to Washington security assistance, why the US was reaction to what they do and in terms of and Paris, President Anwar Sadat of still providing Zaire with arms. their own domestic opinion." Still it is Egypt announced he would aid Mobutu Mobutu's disrespect for human rights Numeiry of Sudan. Idi known that French and US military as has President was "not pervasive," she responded. under a NATO cover met Amin visited Mobutu in late April and "Its an on-again, off-again thing." advisors to send military secretly for a month prior to the French expressed willingness move, and Secretary of State Cyrus aid. South Korea also announced it "Our friendship and aid historically Vance met with French President would provide $100,000 worth of mili for Zaire has not been predicated on Valery Giscard d'Estaing several days tary clothing and medical supplies. their perfection in dealing with human before the first flights began. Most importantly, the Washington rights." Post has reported that South African would provide logistical aid for The CIA in its 1977 National Basic Morocco's Angola Mobutu's efforts in Shaba, but the Pretoria government quickly denied Intelligence Factbook, describes the Nor was the choice of Morocco acci political system of Zaire in this manner: dental. Morocco had sent troops as part this. "Mouvement Populaire de la Revolution of the United Nations "peace -keeping" Thus, even without direct US mili (MPR), only legal party, organized from force during the Congolese crisis of the tary involvement, US investments in above with actual grassroots popularity exceeded in Africa by those early sixties. Morocco is itself facing Zaire-only not clearly definable." bitter resistance from the POLISARIO in South Africa-are sure to be pro movement in that region of the Western tected for the present. While the Mobutu regime faces its Sahara which it annexed after the The Post's story on South African most serious challenge from internal ending of Spanish colonial rule in 1975. involvement has yet to be confirmed, forces such as the National Liberation By sending troops to Zaire-pictured in but the South African FinancialMail did Front of the Congo (FNLC), the move the Western press as a country facing a report that trade between Shaba and ment which claims the allegiance of the secessionist movement-King Hassan South Africa continues to be heavy. Katanga guerrillas, the presence of may hope to gain support from other Zaire is South Africa's most important progressive regimes on its borders in moderate Third World and African trading partner north of the Zambezi Angola and Congo- Brazzaville is also countries for this annexation. He would River, the paper said recently, and in perceived as a growing threat by Zaire no doubt like the world press to link the spite of the present troubles in Shaba, and its imperialist backers. In this "invaders" of Zaire with his Sahraoui the major trade routes, particularly the context destabilization efforts and coun dissidents to prepare world public rail lines that carry the greater part of ter-revolutionary plots spawned in opinion to accept a strategy of future Zaire's copper to the South African port Washington, Paris or Johannesburg are "hot pursuit" across the Algerian of East London, are still operating well. likely to be a constant part of the border at Tindouf where POLISARIO political scene in southern Africa as the guerrillas have a major operations base. CIA in Action balance of forces in the region shifts Further Morocco is heavily dependent The French role does not rule out the away from neocolonialism and white on US military aid for maintaining its possibility of covert US military opera- minority rule. 0

8 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 NOTES ON ZAIRE It is difficult to understand current developments in Zaire without some knowledge of the country's history, particularly that of the post indepen dence period. Southern Africa therefore reprints extracts from a Zaire Dossier prepared by Afria News, in an effort to give our readers some useful back ground information. CAPSULE CHRONOLOGY 1892: The Conference of Berlin ratifies the creation of the as the private possession of King Leopold of Belgium. 1908: The Belgian government takes over responsibility for the Congo, partly in response to international criticism of the unrestrained exploitation of the territory, which is thereafter called the . 1960: June 30 - Belgium grants inde 1964: February -The Committe of 1969: June - University students dem pendence to the Congo Republic. July National Liberation opens rebel front in onstrate in Kinshasa; over ten are 12 - Moise Tshombe declares the prov eastern Congo and advances rapidly. reported killed by fire from government ince of Katanga (now Shaba) indepen July - President Kasavubu asks troops. Tshombe dies in prison in dent. July 17 - UN troops arrive in Tshombe to serve as Prime Minister. . response to government appeals for November 24 - US planes and Belgian 1970: King Baudouin of Belgium is help in dealing with Katangan seces paratroopers take Stanleyville, the CNL received warmly on a visit to the sion, troop mutinies, and Belgian inter headquarters. Congo. vention. August 8 - 1965: November 25 - General Mobutu 1971: October - Proclaiming the doc secedes. President Kasavubu and Prime becomes head of state. trine of "authenticity," Mobutu renames Minister Lumumba clash. UN forces, the Congo Zaire. under US influence, lean to the side of 1966: June - Many Congo cities are 1973: January - Mobutu visits Peking. Kasavubu. September 14 - Colonel renamed. Leopoldville becomes Kin shasa and Elizabethville Lubumbashi. October - Zaire breaks relations with Joseph Mobutu takes hold of the central Israel. November - Mobutu decrees government in Leopoldville, which has July - Katangese troops stationed in mutiny and hold out for two the Zairization of the economy; the so far failed to defeat rival claimants to measure affects primarily small busi power, such as Lumumba's supporters months. December - Congo national nesses (Belgian, Greek, Portuguese, izes Union Miniere, a giant Belgian and the Katangan secessionists. and Asian), while American or other 1961: February 13 - Lumumba, hand copper firm; the state company replac ing it (now Gecamines) later signs large firms are for the most part ed over to the Katangese by the central exempt. management and marketing contracts government is killed by Katangan 1974: July - Mobutism becomes the authorities; Lumumba's supporters, with the Belgian owners of Union Miniere. official philosophy of Zaire. Septem under Antoine Gizenga, remain in con ber - Mobutu meets secretly with trol of Stanleyville (now Kisangani). 1967: May - Mobutu forms the Popular General Spinola of Portugal to map out August 7 -A new government is Revolutionary Movement (MPR). efforts to exclude the MPLA from formed in Leopoldville under Prime June - The Congo accepts a monetary power in Angola. Minister Cyril Adoula; Mobutu returns reform plan traced out by the Inter 1975: January - Mobutu steps up sup to his military duties. national Moneary Fund. Tshombe, try port for the FNLA in Zaire; in the 1962: January - The Stanleyville gov ing to return to Congo, is hijacked to second half of the year Zaire troops ernment collapses. Algiers. July - in the move into Angola to bolster FNLA 1963: January - Katangan secession is Congo army mutiny. forces. May - People's Revolutionary ended. July - organizes 1968: October - Mulele, returning to Party guerrillas in eastern Zaire kidnap peasant resistance in Kwilu (now the Congo on a promise of amnesty, is three American students. June Bandundu). executed. Mobutu expels US Ambassador Dean

MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 9 Hinton, charging the CIA with master 1976: January - Zaire troops and November - American private banks minding a plot against him by high FNLA forces retreat from northern close a deal with Zaire on repayment of military officers. October - Zaire's in Angola. June - The "Paris Club" of their loans. ability to meet payments on its growing creditor nations reaches an agreement 1977: March - Fighting breaks out in foreign debt becomes public knowledge. on rescheduling Zaire's foreign debt. Shaba province. THE ANTI-MOBUTU FORCES Reports from Zaire are unanimous Katangese gendarmerie, who were ing the American stake in the giant in citing widespread discontent with the employed by the Portuguese during the Tenke Fungurume copper mine. Falling government of President Mobutu, but colonial war in Angola, and who later copper prices and Zaire's economic and the make-up and objectives of the supported the MPLA during the political problems caused suspension of opposition forces have so far remained Angolan war of 1975-76. The FNLC, that venture early last year. obscure. however, takes issue with his assump Zaire's debts to American creditors tion in a recent communique, saying its are large-$410 million in outstanding Only two groups have been reported armed forces are comprised not of "men Export-Import Bank loans and guaran involved in fighting inside Zaire: the in their forties" but of young men from tees. $500 million owed to other US People's Revolutionary Party (PRP) and all regions of the Congo. Some observ government agencies, and about $350 the Congo National Liberation Front ers believe that the FLNC recruits million to private American banks. (FLNC). PRP guerrillas have main include not only Katangan units but also Mobutu's financial woes, which sur tained a small-scale insurgency in south deserters from the troops Mobutu sent faced in 1975 when copper prices plum ern Kivu province near Lake Tangan to fight in Angola, many of whom are meted, may have indirectly brought on yika since 1969. It is the FLNC, report from the Bandundu area. his expulsion of the US ambassador, edly formed in late 1975, that claims Aside from the groups mounting Deane Hinton, in mid-1975. responsibility for the fighting that is direct military action against Mobutu, Most observers believe Mobutu now threatening Mobutu's control of the several prominent exiled Zairois politi wanted to shake off his pro-American copper mining area of southern Shaba cians are considered significant figures image and shock Washington into pay province. in the opposition movement. One of ing him more attention. Secretary The PRP is lead by Laurent Kabila them is Antoine Gizenga, who directs Kissinger dispatched a top aide on three and in part bases itself on the heritage FODELICO (Democratic Forces for the quick trips to Kinshasa, and the For of the 1964 eastern Congo revolts. The Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa) from administration put together a new and FLNC has been identified with elements Geneva. FODELICO claims to include beefed-up aid package. of the so-called Katangese gendarmes, a the PRP as well as other exile groups. group formed to carry through Tshom The assistance has continued, but the A second is Paris-based Cleophas new administration seems worried be's attempt at secession. Both groups Kamitatu, a 'former minister in the deny having secessionist designs at about the future. The State Department Adoula government. Kamitatu authored is writing a policy option paper, and present, however, calling instead for in 1971, and is a book critical of Mobutu officials are urging President the overthrow of Mobutu and the estab Front some associated with a group called Carter to turn down additional aid lishment of a broadly-based government Socialiste Africaine. that would be socialist in outlook. pleas. But as yet, a decision to alter US Press reports have often implied that The US Interest policy in that way has not been made. much of the Shaba fighting is being US direct investment in Zaire is And new emergency aid shipments are done by seasoned veterans of the estimated at about $250 million, includ- now being proposed. 0

U.S. AID TO ZAIRE (in millions of dollars) e U.S. Fiscal Years 1960-61 1962-65 1966-70 1971-74 1975 1976 1977 1978P Economic Assistance 75.6 221.9 124.2 34.6 3.5 36.7 37.1 25.0 Loans - 35.0 109.5 18.7 0.7 25.9 16.6 20.0 Grants 75.6 186.9 14.7 15.9 2.8 8.8 20.5 5.0 Military Assistance - 16.9 13.8 26.4 3.8 29.5 30.2 32.5 Credits - - - 24.9 3.5 29.0 28.0 30.0 Grants - 16.9 13.8 1.5 0.3 0.5 2.2 2.5 Other U.S. Government Loans and Grants - - 175.2 56.4 50.6 NOT AVAILABLE Export-Import Bank - - 169.8 56.4 44.3 All Other - - 5.4 6.3 TOTAL ECONOMIC AND MILITARY 75.6 238.8 77.9 236.2 63.7 116.8 67.3 57.5

e = estimated p = proposed data source: U.S. State Dept.

10 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 uL/Eu,, "GIVING ANDY A CHANCE"

The Security Council has convened a the "Big Three"-Britain, France, and conciliation, both on the part of the new series of debates on "the question the US which are permanent members African Group and Western members of of South Africa," and the occasion has of the Security Council-have consis the Council. African nations produced brought a complicated set of diplomatic tently vetoed council resolutions calling four draft resolutions designed to avert maneuvers between Western members for arms embargoes and economic sanc Western vetoes by presenting a bare of the Council and the UN's African tions against South Africa. But such minimum of demands. The African Group. The sessions, still to be con vetoes have now become very expen strategy was apparently meant as a test cluded, were first convened on March sive for the West, both diplomatically of new Western initiatives in southern 21, the 17th anniversary of the Sharpe and politically. Some African delega Africa and as a somewhat tentative vote ville massacre in South Africa. US tions hoped that this might make it of confidence in Mr. Young, some Afri delegate Andrew Young presided over possible to move away from what has can delegations arguing quite strongly the opening sessions as Council presi become an annual ritual of tough resolu that it was important to "give Andy a dent for the month of March. tion and US veto. chance." The debates came at a time when the Accordingly, the latest Security "A mandatory arms embargo is not a African policy of the US and its allies is Council debates on apartheid have been violent approach," Ambassador Harri under intense scrutiny here. In the past marked by gestures of compromise and man of Nigeria said of the African resolutions in the opening debate. "Eco nomic sanctions are not warfare. These are the minimum pressures required to taken the position that there was no bar bring about change in South Africa." to its being in Washington as long as it The African Group's apparent willing conformed with the Foreign Agents ness to compromise was met outside the I I Registration Act. Council chambers by an unprecedented diplomatic initiative on the part of Commenting on reports that the Western Council members. Joined by American Government is initiating Canada and West Germany, the Big moves to close down its information Three proposed the approval of a draft office in Washington. Rhodesian spokes declaration in lieu of a formal-and men have said that this will be resisted more potent-Council resolution. This by legal action in any country in which in itself was viewed by some UN it happens. observers as a big step down for the Rhodesia Lobby Threatened Africans, but the plan apparently won Carter Asks Large Increase conditional acceptance from African The Justice Department is reviewing For UN Southern Africa Fund delegates. the lobbying activities of the Rhodesian Information Office in Washington. As The Carter Administration is request part of its pressure on Prime Minister ing $500,000 for a contribution to the Western delegates presented a draft Ian Smith's government, the US is UN Education and Training Program declaration as a consensus agreement known to be supporting a pending UN for Southern Africa for FY 1978. This is their idea of what could be commonly resolution aimed at forcing the closure a tenfold increase from last year. The agreed upon. Africans found this por of offices maintained by Rhodesia in Fund is to be used for training Nami tion of the Western proposal vague and other countries. Several reliable sources bians and Zimbabweans, and is to inadequate, some noting that the US "provide the needed skills said they believe there is a connection when draft could be useful as a preamble to between the Justice Department review majority rule is attained in these the more concrete demands contained in and the State Department's support of territories." the African resolutions. The US-spon the resolution that is expected to win Senator Clark and Congressman sored draft, entitled "Declaration on adoption shortly by the UN Security Solarz plan to offer an amendment Southern Africa," is essentially a "warning" to South Africa to change its Council. The resolution would call on authorizing the same amount for the UN member nations to ban the transfer Namibia Institute, since Carter did not policy. of Rhodesian funds within their include a contribution to this agency in Accompanying the Western draft but borders-a step that would cut off his budget. not in it, however, the five Western Rhodesia's ability to finance the infor nations also gave assurances that in mation offices it maintains in Washing US Sends Food to Angola exchange for agreement on the declara tion they would sent a mission to ton, Australia and France. The DC The US gave Angola $12 million in office was established in February, Pretoria demanding that South African foodstuffs in early March. The grant, Prime Minister John 1966, following Rhodesia's 1965 declara Vorster: part of PL 480, is to be distributed by *take steps to tion of independence from Britain. withdraw South African The UNICEF and the World Food Program troops from Namibian territory; office has no diplomatic or official based in Rome. This is one of the few *cease economic status. Until now, however, and other support of the State aid channels which can be used for Smith regime in Rhodesia. Department, which cut the last diplo countries whose governments the US Once met, these demands were to be matic link to Rhodesia in 1970, has does not recognize. followed by further actions to be taken in the dismantling of the apartheid system in South Africa itself.

MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 11 The five-ambassador delegation, led by US Ambassador Bowdler, made its proposed visit to Prime Minister Vor ster in early April, despite the fact that agreement had not been reached at the UN on the Declaration. It met with a cool reception, the Prime Minister giving no indication that he was inter ested in shifting his positions on Namibia or Zimbabwe. The timing of these proposals-never before considered by the West-left many African delegates suspicious of US motivations. Western delegates have since argued that this was only a preliminary session with the South Afri can leader, designed to open debates with South Africa on the questions of Namibia and Rhodesia. But African delegates have been left wondering why such initiatives had not been forthcom ing at any one of the dozens of occasions when they could have been advanced in the past. At the UN itself, no agreement has been reached on even the limited Decla ration. The African nations drew up an UN/Chen alternative Declaration, with tougher Ambassador Andrew Young (left) seen with Ambassador Harriman of Nigeria at the language, but Western countries and the US showed themselves unwilling to UN Soweto photographic exhibition. really shift old positions. In this context, some UN sources saw willing to take significantly stronger been made in southern Africa. But the Western initiative as designed to positions. African delegates, citing the timing of buy time at a point when Western This view is supported by Western South Africa's plan for an interim policy is being put to a crucial test. The proposals that the debates be postponed regime in Namibia, are asking for a West is desparately seeking to avoid until September, to give the Council the June deadline on the Security Council Security Council vetoes, but is not opportunity to see what progress has floor. 11

Ii. ,/South Atika POLICY PRONOUNCEMENTS NEW TONE, SAME SUBSTANCE

The Carter Administration has made No details have yet been "leaked" or the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. a quick rhetorical break from its prede announced. His initiative was applauded by the cessor on southern Africa policy, setting foreign policy establishment and the a more liberal tone. But the policy being The Human Rights Analogy press, which failed to detect any contra proposed offers little new. This Admini Administration officials have said that diction when Carter requested con stration too appears intent on pressing they view the problems of southern tinued aid to some of the worst violators for moderate solutions in southern Africa in terms of violations of human of human rights. State officials have Africa, trying to capture leadership for rights, so it may be useful to look at now suggested that the notion of tying the western nations rather than allow how Carter has handled his new human human rights concerns to US aid is ing the African liberation movements rights thrust. He has pursued a care "negative" and rigid. It appears that or, as it claims, the Soviet Union to take fully-designed policy to gain praise for Carter does not intend to press the the lead. new rhetoric describing a policy that is human rights issue too hard in countries But substantive policy for the area is actually little changed from Ford's. For whert US economic stakes are high. just beginning to emerge and outlines two years, Washington liberals have are still vague. Carter's Administration been setting the groundwork to cut US Competing With Armed Struggle has just completed a Policy Review aid to repressive governments. Carter So too, on southern Africa, Carter Memorandum (PRM) on southern endorsed a concern for human rights began by setting a new tone. He made a Africa, which will become the successor only in vague terms in the campaign, point of saying that he supports to Kissinger's now-famous "NSSM 39." but, once in office, redirected it toward majority rule not only in Rhodesia and

12 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 Namibia, but also in South Africa itself. (Ford's spokesmen consistently refused to be pinned down on this point.) Ambassador Andrew Young caused a flap by taking this to its logical conclu sion and talking about an illegal South African government, but State and the White House backed off supporting that! Carter asked Andy Young at the first National Security Council meeting to travel to Africa to demonstrate his strong interest in the region. To give these general statements credibility, Vance and Young pushed successfully to get Congress to repeal the five-year-old Byrd Amendment. But the US still sees its interests threatened by any militant liberation struggle. Our role, said Andy Young, at the UN, is "to compete" with those who advocate armed struggle." This goal is probably uppermost in the minds of American policy-makers following the Podgorny and Castro trips to southern Africa. Opposition to armed struggle is /*i based on still a main tenet of US policy, Mike Peters!Dayton Daily News the belief that if radical Africans gain the battlefield (with arms control on by asking Congress to authorize $100 this will On February 23, US and British from socialist countries), million of Security Supporting Assis power and influ officials held talks in Washington with solidify Communist Zimbabwe Development according to the Ambassador "Pik" Botha, now the tance for the ence. For example, money was needed to help Washington Post, US Embassy officials Foreign Minister of South Africa, to Fund. The smooth the path for renewed negotia in Kinshasa fear that "Shaba's fall could discuss Smith's position and South give the Communist bloc the potential Africa's possible role in pushing him tions. toward settlement. Rhodesia was on the for a land bridge across Africa, extend Since June last year, news stories agenda at the March 9 meeting between ing from Angola through the Congo, that Kissinger, Cal President Carter and Prime Minister have circulated southern Zaire and Mozambique." laghan and Vorster were proposing a Callaghan of Britain, as it was also on multi-national plan to assure the "sta March 23 when Carter met with Botha. Zimbabwe Plans bility" of an independent Zimbabwe. The British/American plan involved The proposals were reportedly designed of African radicali Based on this fear symbolic gestures toward African sensi to reassure the white Rhodesians, who zation via guerrilla war, the Adminis Amendment fear economic disaster for themselves first planning priority seems bilities (repeal of the Byrd tration's under majority rule. The details were aimed at the establishment of a wester and appointment of the British Foreign UN Ambas fuzzy, but in September Smith Zimbabwe under "majority Secretary rather than the kept managed sador as chairman of renewed talks); explained the Fund as point 6 in the rule." the Kissinger proposal the text of which, he Secretary of State Vance's rationale new suggestions for how to manage (eliminate the said, read: for concentration on Rhodesia was put question of transition problem by proceeding to write a con 6. Substantial economic support will way to the Senate Foreign Rela this stitution), and a very large carrot be made available by the inter tions Committee: intended to pacify white fears (the national community to provide assur Rhodesia situation is of great The Zimbabwe Development Fund). ance to Rhodesians about the eco urgency for the extent of armed nomic future of the country. A trust conflict is broadest and the threat of The Administration reasoned that fund will be established outside Rho escalation most immediate .... If the until the Byrd Amendment was re desia which will organize and finance Rhodesian authorities ... persist [in pealed neither Smith nor the national a major international effort .... The maintaining themselves in power] the ists would take the US position on fund will, inter alia, support the inevitable outcome will be a bitter majority rule seriously. Andrew Young internal and external economic cir legacy for the future of all the inhabi argued forcefully that "Repeal of the cumstances of the country and pro tants of the territory. vide development assistance, guar Intensified conflict in Rhodesia also Byrd Amendment is a kind of referen dum on American racism. It is viewed antees and investment incentives to a entails serious adverse economic wide variety of projects. effects on countries in the region. that way by the heads of state of the obvi Furthermore, the possibility of non black majority nations." Young Smith described the Fund again on credibility African forces interfering cannot be ously recognized that his own March 15. He said that its location ability to head off hardline discounted. and his outside Rhodesia was designed to on southern Africa at the proposals remove white fears. He said the object current session of the UN would be of the Fund would include large-scale Getting Negotiations Going Again: strengthened by repeal. The British-American Plan financing of the development of the Since the breakdown of the Geneva country's resources. He reiterated that talks in December, Great Britain and The Zimbabwe Carrot the Fund would underwrite guarantees the United States have been urgently In March, the Administration moved of "pension rights, the investment of seeking a way to revive them. to strengthen its negotiating capactiy the individual in his own home and/or MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 13 farm, and the remittances overseas of these funds, although their economies on a rapid buildup of armed struggle. an individual's liquid resources within have suffered a great deal from the Mozambique and ZIPA will unquestion levels yet to be stipulated." effects of the Rhodesian struggle. By ably get defensive material such as Details Revealed putting all its emphasis on the effort to anti-aircraft weapons that will enable persuade the whites to settle, the them to protect the civilian population Talcott Seelye, Deputy Assistant Administration seemed also to be pun against Rhodesian air incursions. Secretary of State for African Affairs ishing the front-line states for their Thus the United States is on the gave the first detailed US account of the united stand in favor of guerrilla war. horns of a dilemma. If the guerrilla war Fund to the Subcommittee on Africa of No African country has ever received proceeds, the leadership that will the House International Relations Com in a comparable period any sum emerge from that struggle is likely to mittee. He revealed that: remotely close to the $520 million now re-orient the country along socialist *18 nations have been asked to contri being proposed for Zimbabwe as an lines and give support to guerrilla bute to the Fund over a five year allocation for the coming five years; warfare against South Africa. The period. Great Britain has pledged 75 $520 million represents 11 percent of South Africans and the Rhodesians tend million pounds but other countries the total of US economic aid for all to lump all the external nationalist have not yet responded. The US share African countries in the thirteen year leadership together as Communists, but will be 40 percent of the total, or $520 period 1962-75. the United States and Britain know that million, out of a projected total of Nkomo and Mugabe are comparatively $1.$1.5 billion. pragmatic as compared to the leader -The Fund is to be administered by the Settlement Price Climbs ship that they fear will emerge from World Bank, which would respond to While the US clearly wants a quick ZIPA under Mozambican tutelage. requests for project funding by an settlement, it is still clinging to the On the other hand the chance of independent Zimbabwe government, hope that it will be able to buy one achieving a quick and effective nego only after independence. easily. But it is not obvious that such tiated peace are slight. The US is *If independence comes by military tactics will work. Smith remains intran keenly aware that an "internal" settle victory, rather than through negotia sigent, and the Zimbabwean move ment that does not include the Patriotic tion, the Fund would become a "dead ments are less and less likely to compro Front is a "non-starter." It cannot work letter" and would not be made avail mise, fighting now from a position of because it will not bring peace. On the able to the new government. growing strength. contrary, it might well escalate the Under questioning he hotly denied The visits of President Podgorny of level of fratricidal bloodshed. that the Fund represents a scheme to the Soviet Union and of Premier Fidel The only real path to a negotiated "compensate" or "buy out" whites. Castro to the front-line states, are likely transfer of power lies in bringing down According to Seelye, such criticism was to lead to an increase in the supplies the Smith government, either by force a misunderstanding of the true purpose and training given to the Zimbabwean of arms or by a real tightening of of the Fund: guerrilla forces. The warmth and cor sanctions which includes sealing the Our purpose is to encourage whites to diality with which the Zambian govern South African leaks. The US has stay, not to abandon their jobs or ment greeted Podgorny is some indica already rejected the first option their homes .... Where you have tion of the seriousness with which support for guerrilla war. The second moderate and constructive leaders, Kaunda has turned away from the option is theoretically possible, but we believe that whites will be more Western strategy of negotiation and there are few signs now that the US is willing to stay ... toward support. for the Nkomo wing of prepared to move vigorously in that It is essentially to assure the via the Patriotic Front in its new emphasis direction. El bility of the economy .... The blacks are not skilled. If they are left on their own, it would all fall apart. The reaction of the Subcommittee to these revelations ranged from outraged opposition to cautious skepticism. Con CIA'S MAN FOR gressman Stephen Solarz (D-Brooklyn) stormed, "I have never heard of a more half-baked, assinine scheme." Chairman Diggs declared himself adamantly opposed to any fund which was ANGOLA RESIGNS designed to get whites to stay although he said he might consider a fund John Stockwell was recruited into the throws on CIA activities in Africa in designed to help racist whites to leave. CIA in 1964 at the age of 27. At the general, and Angola, in particular, we beginning of April, after 12 years of are printing lengthy extracts from the Help In The Wrong Places service and filled with disillusionment, letter. The Subcommittee was also dissatis he resigned. He grew up in Zaire, and fied with the inequalities involved in knew the country well. Most of the allocating so huge a sum of money to 12-year period was served in Africa, My disillusionment was progressive Rhodesia to solve a political problem including Zaire, Burundi and A bidjan, throughout four periods of my career. created by white intransigence while as well as a tour of duty in Vietnam. His First, during three successive assign allocating relatively little to black Afri last assignment was chief, Angola task ments in Africa from 1966 through 1977, can states which have suffered the force. I increasingly questioned the value and consequences of that intransigence. He explained the reasons for his justification of the reporting and opera Botswana's share of Security Support resignation in a detailed letter to tions we worked so hard to generate. ing Assistance for 1978 has been Admiral Stanfield Turner, the new In one pbst, Abidjan, there was no reduced to $3 million from $10 million in director of the agency, which was or Communist presence, no 1977. Zambia, Tanzania, Angola and published in The Washington Post, subversion, limited United States inter Mozambique will receive nothing from April 10, 1977. Because of the light this ests and a stable government. The 14 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 Overview

Dear Readers, Southern Africa magazine is going to fold. Southern Africa magazine is in dire financial straits. For the first time in its ten year history, its existence is threatened. Yes, we have often appealed to our readers for donations. But now it is a question of survival. We must increase our subscription list by 4000 by the end of 1977 to cover our minimal budget. With limited funds and limited office staff, we concentrated our efforts for the first month of the year on conceiving and producing a new magazine. Our readers have responded extremely enthusiastically. But now we must raise funds to keep Southern Africa magazine alive through the summer, as well as undertake a substantial promotional campaign. Southern Africa magazine is going to fold unless you help now! We are asking all our readers to do at least one of the following: *become a sustainer - if you believe as we do in the political necessity for the magazine, become a Southern Africa magazine sustainer for $25-50 this year *encourage a friend to become a Southern Africa magazine sustainer 'send us a donation - however big or small *find at least one more subscriber; get your local library to subscribe. Southern Africa magazine is needed now more than ever. With your support we can pull through. A Vit6ria 6 Certa! The Southern Africa Collective

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MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 15 The expected buyer is Harry Oppen ment Bill, which applies to white heimer's Anglo-American mining workers, provides for the Minister of empire which already owns 18% of the Labor to declare an industry an essen bank, Barclays National Bank of South tial service. In an industry so desig Africa. A son of Oppenheimer was nated, strikes are illegal and both sides named recently to the bank's board. must submit to binding arbitration. The purchase of the defense bonds The other, the Bantu Relations Regu became known through a series of ads lation Amendment Bill, puts increased in the South African press proclaiming emphasis on a prohibition against the purchases as evidence of Barclays' strikes and lockouts involving black patriotism. Zambia and Nigeria, among workers and regulates the settlement of others, are reported to have protested labor disputes. that the purchase was incompatible with Barclays' professed support of their countries. Following a visit to South Africa by Barclays chairman Anthony Tuke, a decision was made to Britain's Ambassador to South sell the bonds. Africa, Sir David Scott, recently told a Cape Town audience that Britain finds tracted to build 100 Mirage F-1 it increasingly difficult to defend itself a# fightersSOUTH underAFRICA French has license. con against criticism that it is leaning over The French plane is one of the Ford Co. is expected to be asked backwards to defend South African most modern of its kind and can travel shortly to recognize the black United internal policies. twice the speed of sound. It is good for Auto, Rubber and Allied Workers of Scott told the group, "unless you can low altitude flying, can carry heavy South Africa as bargaining agent follow give us more ammunition we may not payloads and does not require hard ing an announcement by Ford, General be able to go on doing so." He said he surface runways. France has consis Motors and Volkswagen that they will couldn't elaborate on his statement, recognize black unions if they represent adding, "I think the fields where this tently opposed a mandatory arms 50% embargo against South Africa in the or more of black workers. Black could be done are fairly well under UN. Under France's "voluntary" arms unions are not recognized by the gov stood." embargo it can sell South Africa "defen ernment, which has kept many workers He noted that the only four occasions sive weapons, only excluding guns. from joining them out of fear of on which Britain has exercised its veto harassment. in the U.N. Security Council during the life of the present Labor government have been in support of South Africa. He said Britain has spoken up for South South African coal continues to fuel Africa because "we have so many inter US electric plants owned by Gulf Power The Israeli industrial conglomerate Koor Industries is acting as an inter ests in common with you, which we Co. of Florida. want if possible to maintain." Under a ten-year contract between mediary enabling the South African the Transvaal Coal Owners Association Iron and Steel Corporation (ISCOR) to and Southern Co., parent of Gulf trade in the European Economic Com Power, the first of 7.7 million tons of munity, according to Mr. Hillel Seidel of coal was to begin arriving in Mobile, the Israeli right wing opposition. Israel is an associate member of the EEC and Two South African conscripts who Ala., in April. From there it will be sent have refused to participate in opera on barges to plants in Panama City and receives preferential trade tariffs from other members. South Africa has been tions in Namibia are fighting a test case Pensacola, Fla. in Britain to establish whether they, The Southern Co. declined to disclose denied membership. and subsequent South AfriCan de the cost of the coal, but based on known Koor officials have refused to com ment other than to say "Koor Industries serters, have a right to political asylum. present prices, it can be estimated at The two, Laurence Bartlett and well over $200 million. denies it is representing South African steel in Europe." However, vast Kevin Lane, are currently appealing an Southern's new contract, which was application for asylum which was signed last year, is not its first with amounts of ISCOR steel are exported to Israel and a joint Iscor-Koor steel initially rejected by British officials with South African coal producers. In 1973, the explanation that they were "not despite widespread opposition, it signed servicing center in Israel is scheduled to open later this year. South African satisfied that your fear of persecution is a three year contract for 2.5 million tons well-founded." of coal. semi-processed steel and iron will be rolled and cut to size at the servicing Under the South African Defense Act The Independent Press quotes a the men could be sentenced to 10 years Southern Co. spokeswoman as saying, center and then exported. ISCOR steel comprised over 40 per in prison. "We're assured no slaves work for Both Bartlett and Lane underwent Transvaal Coal Co. It's not a penal cent of South Africa's exports to Israel during the fiscal year 1975/76. Trade basic training when they were 17 and colony-they're regular workers and have served further training periods there are no slave labor conditions." between Israel and South Africa from January to December 1976 exceeded since. $92 million. Bartlett left South Africa a year ago after being told to join his regiment for Barclays Bank is expected to speed three months' "anti-terrorist" training up plans to sell its controlling interest in at a base camp from which Namibian a South African subsidiary following a operations were launched. His call-up flap over the subsidiary's purchase of The government has introduced two papers advised him to prepare a will close to $10 million in South African bills which extend the already far before going. defense bonds. Plans now call for the reaching prohibition against strikes. Mr. Lane was recalled last year bonds to be sold. One, the Industrial Conciliation Amend- specifically for service in Namibia.

16 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 The two men said in a statement in the jurisdiction of the UN Council for . RHODESIA has been receiving London, "We see the struggles of the Namibia. US manufactured military black people in southern Africa as a just i planes. Rockwell International one, and we refuse to fight anywhere and Lockheed Aircraft have for the white minority South African been accused of supplying aircraft in government. We are proud to be directly to Rhodesia in violation of the regarded as traitors to apartheid and Word from Namibia is that the arms embargo. In a little-noted Los deserters from racism." Rossing uranium mine is now in produc Angeles Tmes account, correspondent tion-after many delays due to equip Jack Foisie reported from Rhodesia ment trouble and labor unrest-and that a US-manufactured mili 0 Feb. 28 that initial small shipments of the pre tary plane-the OV-10-is being used cious ore are underway from the port of by the Rhodesian Air Force. The An increasing number of South Afri Walvis Bay bound for the United OV-10, a double-fuselage spotter plane can families are emigrating to Aus Kingdom. Rossing is estimated to com that was used in Vietnam, is manufac tralia, according to a story in the prise the largest field of low-grade tured by Rockwell International in Cali Johannesburg Star. uranium ore yet discovered. Rio Tinto fornia. Foisie says that the planes were The Star quotes Cecil Fredericks, a Zinc, a British Company, has the con apparently purchased as "civilian air 28-year-old Coloured building company trolling interest in the uranium mine. It craft" by Rhodesia's white-minority supervisor now living in Australia as has been severely attacked by British regime "through roundabout channels." saying, "Job opportunities here are supporters of SWAPO for continuing to A spokesperson for Rockwell said, based on your ability, not on your skin operate in Namibia, in defiance of UN "We could not sell these planes to color... And coloured people in Aus resoltuions. Rhodesia without a US government tralia can buy a home in any suburb permit," adding that Rockwell records they desire. There are no worries about did not show any sales of the plane to whether it is a whites only suburb." MOZAMBIQUE'S port of Beira Rhodesia. He declined to say how the A white immigrant, Gus de Brito, experienced a drop in cargo and planes might have got there. The Rock now a leading journalist, is quoted as revenue last year following the well spokesperson described the OV-10 saying, "I had a great life in South closing of the country's border as a "counterinsurgency" observation Africa. And I was better off financially with Rhodesia. Beira previously had plane, armed with machine guns, and than here in Australia. But I could not been the main exit point for Rhodesian said it had been sold to Indonesia, live with Apartheid, which to me is a goods as well as the main entry for Thailand, Venezuela and West Ger form of slavery." imports into the country. The number many. Internews

of ships tying up at Beira dropped to 0 834 ships in 1976 compared with 914 in 1974. A Maputo radio report gave last An American pilot who flew to Zam year's total tonnage figure as one bia after deserting from the Rhodesian million, compared with nearly three armed forces has been deported to the j / TORTURE IN NAMIBIA is the million in 1974. It gave no revenue US. In Johannesburg, a white US mer focus of an Amnesty Inter figures. cenary serving in the Rhodesian army is national report on South Afri being held without bail. He is wanted ca's occupation of the territory. by Rhodesian authorities for alleged The report charges South Africa with Mozambique and Tanzania have robbery and theft. the use of widespread detention without agreed to pool their civil aviation and trial to suppress political opposition and telecommunications resources for intimidate opponents of continued South "mutual benefit." The agreement fol Rhodesia's Great Trek continues. African rule, the torture of political lows the unilateral Kenyan takeover of detainees, application of South African East African Airways, which had been Over 1,400 Whites emigrated in Janu security laws, the use of the death ary and a mere 443 (compared to 1,040 jointly owned by Kenya, Tanzania and in January last year) entered the coun penalty for certain political and criminal Uganda. Earlier this year Mozambique offences, and the imposition of emer try according to official figures released loaned Tanzania an aircraft for domestic in Salisbury in February. gency rule in northern Namibia. flights. The report is detailed and specific and Last year saw a net loss of 7,072 itemizes torture 'almost on a routine Whites, and it looks as if the trend will basis.' Deputy Commissioner of Police continue in 1977. Amongst the profes Lt. Gen. Michael Geldenhuys retorted: LESOTHO-SOUTH AFRICAN sions hard-hit in 1976 were accountants 'The allegations are totally unfounded relations have sharply deterio (net loss 100), engineers (98), teachers and ridiculous. There are very few rated since Lesotho's refusal to (85) and doctors (46), contributing political detainees in South West recognize the farce of Transkei towards an overall drain of 506 profes Africa.' independence. Numerous incidents of sional men. harassment have been reported at the These figures are actually low, since border posts in the Transkei region they do not include those who have left 0 between the two countries. South on temporary visas but who will never Africa has withdrawn a R2.5 million return. The illegal white minority Barclays Bank decided in late March maize subsidy, formerly granted regime will face increasing problems of to separate its branches in Namibia Lesotho. manpower in the future, since it is from those in South Africa-with an eye Lesotho has applied to the UN -and losing many of its most skilled citizens. to the Turnhalle-style independence in the Common Market for funds to over This exodus has taken place despite the works. The Standard Bank of South come hardships related to the border laws restricting removal of money. Africa was studying the same proce dispute as well as for development According to some reports youths are dure. In early April a SWAPO delega projects designed to decrease overall being taken off trains leaving the coun tion met in London with Barclays offi dependence of this impoversihed land try to make sure that they will be cials to demand that the bank recognize locked nation on South Africa. available to fight. MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 17 On the diplomatic front, the Zim Rhodesia rather than relying on South babwe movements have declared their Africa's leverage with the white regime opposition to an American role in the in Salisbury. settlement effort, and have said they The Mondale-Vorster meeting will will not participate in a conference apparently focus on Namibia and the partially sponsored by the U.S. possibility of elections there. Under Western pressure, South Africa has L L L Botswana Names First. reportedly agreed to "internationally Army Commander supervised" elections in Namibia, but Pretoria has yet to meet the SWAPO The Botswana government has liberation movement's demands for UN Soweto Students appointed former Deputy Police Chief involvement and the prior withdrawal Mompati Merafhe as the first com of South African troops. Urge Rent Strike mander of its army and charged him Students in the sprawling Johannes with the task of organizing the coun burg township of Soweto took to the try's new fighting force. SWAPO Doubtful streets again in late April to protest Botswana's decision to establish a On Western Diplomacy across-the-board rent increases ranging standing army came in the wake of from 30 to 80%. repeated incursions by Rhodesian Secu The South West African Peoples' Faced with police dogs and tear gas, rity Forces. In a formal complaint to the Organization (SWAPO) is taking a "wait the demonstrators dispersed but threat UN, Botswana said the Rhodesian and see" attitude towards the Western ened to organize a rent strike if the attacks had taken the lives of its diplomatic campaign now underway in increases are put into effect on May 1 as citizens and damaged property in South Africa. scheduled. A one month delay was border areas. Theo Ben Gurirab, the movement's announced following the protests. A special UN mission visited Bot UN representative, says a just-com Before the announced hikes, the swana earlier this year and recom pleted SWAPO leadership meeting has average rent for Soweto was $14 per mended that the country be given worked out plans for intensifying the month according to the South Africa emergency assistance because of the guerrilla war. "Our fighting capability Institute of Race Relations, while the war on its eastern border. has been greatly enhanced," Gurirab average monthly wage for Sowetons is The USSR's Ambassador in Zambia told AFRICA NEWS. "We are now in a $60 per month. has offered Soviet military aid to Bot better position because we have Angola Just prior to the rent protests, South swana, but Botswana has not responded as our rear base. We are also in a African Prime Minister Vorster prom officially to the offer, according to position to receive sophisticated weap ised new legislation to make home Agence France-Presse. ons from our friends." ownership possible for Africans in the A SWAPO communique issued in township. His pledge came in a letter to Rhodesian Front Luanda in April claimed that South the Associated Chambers of Commerce, African forces had lost 25 vehicles, 3 which is pressing the government to Sets Back Rightists helicopters and more than 100 soldiers institute reforms. Rhodesia's ruling white party, the since January. The communique also Enactment of home ownership mea Rhodesian Front, has expelled thirteen reported clashes inside Namibia be sures, however, probably will not dissi members who recently opposed legisla tween SWAPO and the dissident Angol pate support for the student protests. tion aimed to relaxing certain race laws. an guerrilla groups, UNITA and FNLA. Most township residents are simply too Those ousted include twelve members poor to purchase homes. of parliament and the deputy chairman of the party. Kellogg Rejects African Unions ZANU, ZAPU to Try Again The desegregation moves are part of Kellogg-South Africa, a subsidiary of On Join Fighting Force Prime Minister Smith's quest for an the giant U.S. cereal manufacturer, is "internal settlement" with moderate having labor troubles at its Springs The Zimbabwe nationalist move African leaders. The Rhodesian Front's plant. ments, ZANU and ZAPU, which formed now-discredited right wing, however, Four black workers who were fired a political alliance as the Patriotic Front felt the proposed amendments to the last month say they were victimized for at the Geneva Conference last fall, are Land Tenure Act were very inconsis trade union activities. now taking steps to bring together They say they their tent with party principle. were harrassed by white supervisors fighting forces. ever since they began organizing in the Patriotic Front co-leader Robert Mondale to Meet Mugabe announced factory, where they now say a full 65% in Dar es Salaam of the black employees has joined the recently that the two movements South African Premier are Sweet, Food and Allied Workers attempting to reconstitute the Zim Union. The White House has announced that Kellogg vice president Dan Harrison babwe People's Army (ZIPA). Under Vice President Walter Mondale will denied the charges, saying "We haven't ZIPA, ZANU and ZAPU would have travel to Austria and meet with South joint military training for their recruits ever had an employee come to us and African Prime Minister John Vorster on make any complaint." as well as joint field operations directed May 14. Black unions have no legal standing by a unified high command. in Mondale's consultation with Vorster South Africa, but they are now out is part of the Carter administration's lawed. Employers can recognize and diplomatic initiative on southern Africa, bargain with them if they wish. UPDATE is written by Africa News which aims to find peaceful settlements Apparently Kellogg, like many other Service, which also publishes a for Rhodesia and Namibia. firms, is either unaware of the provision weekly digest available to individuals British and American officials met for or chooses to ignore it. Says Kellogg's for $28 per year. Address corre two weeks in London at the end of April Harrison: "A formal relationship be spondence, to P.O. Box 3851, to plan a Rhodesia strategy, and indica tween a company and a union repre Durham, NC 27702. tions are that the two governments senting native workers is not permitted intend to bring direct pressure on within the law." 18 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 three of us competed with State with profound reservations about the These are the men who took the CIA Department officers to report on Presi real value of the operational games we money but fled the first time they dent Houphouet-Boigny's health and play in the field. encountered heavy shelling. local politics. Some of us in the Angola program After Vietnam I received the assign were continuously frustrated and dis I attempted to rationalize that my ment of chief, Angola task force. This appointed with headquarters' weak responsibility was to contribute and not was despite the fact that I and many leadership of the field, especially its to evaluate the importance of my con other officers in the CIA and State inability to control the Kinshasa station tribution, which should be done by Department thought the intervention as it purchased ice plants and ships for supergrades in Washington. However, irresponsible and ill-conceived, both in local friends, and on one occasion tried this was increasingly difficult as I terms of the advancement of United to get the CIA to pay Mobutu $2 million looked up through a chain of command States interests, and the moral question for an airplane which was worth only which included, step-by-step: (A) the of contributing substantially to the esca $600,000. All of this, and much more, is branch chief, who had never served in lation of an already bloody civil war, documented in the cable traffic, if it Africa and was conspicuously ignorant when there was no possibility that we hasn't been destroyed. of Black Africa ... (B) the chief of would make a full commitment and I came away from the Angolan pro operations, who was a senior officer ensure the victory of our allies. gram in the spring of 1976 determined although he had never served an opera From a chess player's point of view to reassess the CIA and my potential tional overseas tour and was corres the intervention was a blunder. In July, for remaining with it. pondingly naive about field operations, 1975, the MPLA was clearly winning, While I was still serving as the and . . . (C) the division chief, who was already controlling 12 of the 15 prov central branch chief in Africa division a political dilettante who had never inces, and was thought by several last fall, a young officer in my branch served an operational tour in Africa... responsible American officials and sena was delegated away from my super Their leadership continuously reflected tors to be the best qualified to run vision to *rite a series of memos their inexperience and ignorance. Angola-nor was it hostile to the discussing with the Justice Department United States. The CIA committed $31 the possibilities for prosecution of an In Burundi we won a round in the million to opposing the MPLA victory, American named David game of dirty tricks against the Soviets. but six months later it had nevertheless Bufkin. Shortly after my arrival we mounted an decisively won, and 15,000 Cuban regu Bufkin had been involved in the operation to exploit the Soviets' vulner lar army troops were entrenched in Angola conflict, abilities of having apparently receiving a disproportionately Angola with the full sympathy of much monies from Holden Roberto, quite large embassy staff and a fumbling, of the Third World, and the support of possibly from funds he received from obnoxious old ambassador, and discredit several influential African chiefs of the CIA. In anticipation of the possi them in the eyes of the Barundi. We state who previously had been critical of were apparently successful, bility that during a trial of Bufkin the as the any extra-continental invervention in defense might demand to see his CIA Barundi requested that the ambassador African affairs. not return when file under the Freedom of Information he went on leave, and Act, it was carefully purged. they ordered the Soviets to reduce their At the same time the United States staff by 50 per cent. was solidly discredited, having been exposed for covert military intervention Certain documents containing infor in African affairs, having managed to mation about him were placed in other We were proud of the operation, but ally itself with South Africa and having files where they could easily be re a few months later the Soviets assigned lost. trieved but would not be exposed if he a competent career diplomat to the This is not Monday-morning quarter demanded and gained access to his own post, and he arrived to receive a cordial backing. Various people foresaw all this file. I heard of this and remonstrated, welcome from the Barundi, who were and also predicted that the covert but was told by the young officer that in more than a little nervous at their intervention would ultimately be ex his previous agency assignment he has brashness, and eager to make amends. posed and curtailed by the United served on a staff which was responding For the rest of my tour relations were States Senate. I myself warned the to senate investigations, and that such remarkably better between the two interagency working group in October, tactics were common-"We did it all the countries than before our operation. 1975, that the Zairian invasion of North time"-as the agency attempted to pro The operation nevertheless won us ern Angola would be answered by the tect incriminating information from some accolades. However, it left me introduction of large numbers of Cuban investigators. El troops- 10,000-15,000. 1 said-and would invite an eventual retaliatory invasion of Zaire from Angola. Is anyone surprised that a year later the Angolan government has permitted DOING A MAILING? freshly armed Zairian exiles to invade the Shaba province of Zaire? Is the CIA HAVING A CONFERENCE Whether you are doing a mailing a good friend? Having encouraged ON SOUTHERN AFRICA? of 50 or 5000, you can help build Mobutu to tease the Angolan lion, will it Southern Africa by including our help him repel its retaliatory charge? Sell Southern Africa magazine. brochures. Contact us and let us Can one not argue that our Angolan We will send them to you for 60c know how many you need. Write program provoked the present invasion each. Also distribute our brochure. Southern Africa magazine, 156 of Zaire, which may well lead to its loss We need your support. Contact Fifth Avenue, Room 707, New of the Shaba's rich copper mines. Southern Africa magazine, 156 York, NY 10010. We need your Yes, I know you are attempting to Fifth Avenue, Room 707, New support. generate token support to help Zaire York, NY 10010. meet its crisis-that you are seeking out the same French mercenaries the CIA sent into Angola in early 1976. MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 19 South AtIrka HOMELAND SWEET HOMELAND:

If the Transkei is meant to be the Those whose assets are mainly on the population actually living in Transkei model for bantustan independence, then hoof, and who disclose cash incomes was R55 ($63.25) a year, R4.58 ($5.26) a recent developments show the oppres generally too low to attract general tax, month. The total monthly income of a sive nature of such apartheid schemes. have for too long been contributing too family of 7 would, therefore, be R32.06 Less than one year after South Africa little to the exchequer." ($36.81) but the household subsistence level (the officially estimated poverty granted "independence" to the Transkei Migrant Poverty as part of its bantustan policy the line) for Umtata, the capital, was Transkei "government" has drastically In fact there is already rampant R97.15 ($111.72)/a month in October increased taxes, passed strict security poverty in the Transkei, which the 1975. legislation and is repressing political taxes will simply intensify. In 1970 The new taxes have already sparked opponents. Transkei had a de jure (official) black protests. The outcry was so strong that population of 2,978,240. Of these 44%, 2,500 Per Cent Tax Increase the proposed tax on livestock was cut in over 11/4 million, live and work tempo half. (Originally taxes were scheduled Under new tax laws the yearly tax of rarily or permanently in "white" areas to increase some 5,000 per cent.) It is most peasants in the Transkei will go up of South Africa. 65% of males ages still likely that there will be a virtual at least 2,500 per cent. One of the most 15-64 are temporarily or continuously revolt when the tax collectors come burdensome taxes, the hut tax, has absent from Transkei, which has no jobs around. been increased 1000%, rising from RI for them. ($1.15) to R10 ($11.50). The de jure population refers to the In addition a new tax on livestock has official population associated with the Five On Trial been introduced. Cattle and donkeys Transkei. This includes those actually Opposition to the Matanzima regime will be taxed R5 ($5.75) per head, R2.50 living there and those classified as of has also shown itself in other ways. ($2.88) for each horse or mule and RI Xhosa origin, who live and work in Thus five people are currently on trial for every sheep and goat. Thus a "white" areas. These people are offi in the Transkei on charges under the peasant family with four huts, 10 head cially classified as temporary or perma Suppression of Communism Act, one of of cattle and some small livestock will nent migrants, but, in fact, "permanent South Africa's security laws. Under the pay about R100 ($115.00) as compared migrants" are actually permanent urban Transkei constitution criminal proceed to R4 ($4.60). The effect may be to force residents who may never have migrated ings begun before independence shall the sale of livestock, thus further in their lives and who have no ties with continue "in all respects" as if the impoverishing the population. the Transkei. Transkei had not become independent. Transkei "Finance Minister" Tsepo The income from migrant workers in the five, who were originally arrested Letlaka defended the higher taxes say 1973 comprised 69.6% of the total gross under Proclamation 400 (a law allowing ing that the "Transkeian peasantry's national income of Transkei. For 1973 for indefinite detention, without trail), virtual tax holiday is at an end .. . the per capita income of the black are accused of having set up Marxist

20 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1971 cells and a poultry farm to raise money South Africa! The South African Jay Parker has been hired to build a to further their political aims. government has rejected the land good image for the Ti'anskei in the US. The Transkei constitution states that claims. According to the contract Parker will South African security laws will remain Since South Africa trains and supplies act as the Transkei's "exclusive agent in in effect until such time as they are the Transkei "army" it is impossible for the United States for the planning and removed by the bantustan government. it to take any independent action. conduct of all its public relations South African security laws still on the Further, Matanzima has no popular activities." books include the Suppression of Com support and will need his army for A major target of the campaign is the munism Act, the Terrorism Act and police work in the Transkei. press. The contract specifies that Jay Proclamation 400. According to Trans If the first six months of Transkei Parker will "cultivate and maintain kei "Minister of Justice" Chief George "independence" shows anything, it is contact with editors and columnists"; Matanzima these laws will soon be that sham independence will only bring "arrange interviews for spokesmen for replaced. "They will be replaced by more repression and greater poverty the Republic of Transkei with editors of Transkei security laws. No country in for the large majority of those who live United States based media"; and seek the world is without security laws." in the bantustans. Bantustan "indepen coverage for Prime Minister Matan dence" is not the solution, it is part of zima's statements in the United States New Security Legislation the problem. press." The bantustan government has Jay Parker will also "arrange visits to announced in advance that the new US Image Building the Transkei for key representatives of security legislation which has yet to be While it intensifies repression at the United States based media" and passed by the bantustan parliament will home the Transkei government has "make sure they see the appropriate make it illegal for anyone to ques signed a contract with Jay Parker government officials." Perhaps Parker tion the Transkei's independence or Associates, Inc., a Washington, D.C. will also find a way to provide dark criticize a government official. Violators public relations firm, involving a yearly glasses that block out anything inappro will face death by hanging. retainer of $120,000 and "out of pocket" priate-such as the sight of the victims The mass rejection of "independence expenses of $5000 a month. of poverty and repression. El makes it necessary for Matanzima to seek repressive powers. "It has become increasingly common for political cockerels in the Transkei to cast reflec tion on the sovereignty of the Transkei BOSS IN LONDON and against office bearers of the State. Legislation will be passed ... making it BOSS (the South African Bureau for an offense to do so," said Transkei At least three or four times a year, State Security) is an intelligence agency "President" Chief Botha Sigcau, opponents of apartheid in London are announcing the legislation. faced with a mystery to solve. whose task it is to gather information Another factor involved may be the on "all matters affecting the security of bad relations currently existing The British Anti-Apartheid Move the state." In practice, it clearly works between Lesotho and South Africa. ment recently circulated a petition call hand-in-glove with the security police. to its internal activities, Lesotho, which has a common border ing for an end to British military In addition with Transkei, has refused to recognize collaboration with South Africa. It was BOSS handles matters of external security and has overseas espionage the bantustan's independence. There is soon discovered that there was not only networks set up which it is able to a Basotho secessionist movement in the one petition in circulation but two: one Transkei that wants to integrate much genuine and one a forgery. There were maintain through South African diplo of the Transkei into Lesotho. slight, almost indiscernible, but pointed matic, tourist, trade and press agencies differences. For example, where the in foreign countries. All genuine petition read, "Civilized opinion That Blusters Is Not Bold BOSS seems to operate on two fronts Until recently Lesotho had not throughout the world called for an end to the supply of arms to South Africa," in London: the harassment of apar encouraged the secessionist movement. theid's opponents and attempts to dis But days before the security legislation the forged version read, "Following Sharpeville, Moscow called for an end to credit Labour Party leaders. (The was announced Chief Jonathan, British Labour Party is not as favorably Lesotho's Prime Minister, made a the supply of arms." The purpose of the altered wording of the petition seems to disposed towards South Africa as the speech in which he said that Transkei Conservative Party.) was "fraudulently" taken from Lesotho be an attempt to link the A.A.M. with and then acknowledged efforts being Soviet communism thereby discrediting made by the Basotho in the "conquered the movement in the eyes of Western territories" towards re-integrating the moderate opinion. Harassment Transkei into Lesotho. This apparently Recent years have seen at least a tough stance vis-a-vis South Africa is, This effort appears to be part of dozen burglaries of the homes or hotel perhaps, an attempt to gain the support South Africa's propaganda campaign rooms of black South African leaders in of his own people. His basic position, against any move to enact a United London. In almost every case, premises however, is one of total alliance with Nations arms embargo. The Club of were ransacked, files and papers dis South Africa, which he needs to help Ten, which operates as a clandestine turbed, confidential documents stolen control his population. pro-South African group in London, has while cash and valuables were left In a similar search for an improved recently been placing extensive anti untouched. Not one arrest has been image Transkei "Prime Minister" arms embargo ads in major Western made in connection with these burgla Kaiser Matanzima has claimed large newspapers. These events coincided ries. Stolen documents and photo tracts of land in southern Natal and with the current session of the UN graphs, taken from his London flat, eastern Cape provinces. He backed up where attempts to pass an arms were submitted as evidence in the 1972 his land claim by saying that if the land embargo against South Africa are being terrorism trial in South Africa of was not "returned" peacefully the only made. Speculation has it that this is yet Moumbaris. A photograph taken in option was "armed struggle" against another BOSS brainchild. Ireland was submitted as evidence in MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 21 the terrorism trial of the Dean of Liberals and had previously organized a African embassy in London, Mr. Johannesburg-who was later ac campaign to stop a tour of South Roussouw, had tried to obtain a copy of quitted. In 1971, files relating to spon Africa's cricket and rugby team. He was a "blue movie" reputed to involve a sored visits to Britain by South African acquitted, but only after a considerable British politician. He claimed to be church members were stolen from the fight. interested in the movie from a purely Society of Friends' London head In March 1976, Prime Minister "personal point of view." Mr. Russouw quarters. Wilson accused South African business was recalled. interests of financing a massive smear Since BOSS' operations are covered campaign against Jeremy Thorpe, by a cloud of secrecy, it is not possible Labour Party leader of the Liberal Party. Thorpe is to positively verify that they are in fact In 1976, an elaborate attempt was an eloquent apartheid opponent. The responsible for these events. However, made to pin a London bank robbery, smear campaign involved the claim of a given that these mysteries so consis involving about $860, on Peter Hain. male model that he had had a homo tently and with such tailormade preci Someone had exercised considerable sexual affair with Thorpe 15 years ago. sion serve South African interests, it is ingenuity in establishing false evidence. In May 1976, it was reported in the hardly possible to arrive at any other Hain was president of the Young Guardian that an official of the South conclusion. 0

In 1961, the South African govern trade-travel mainly in Japanese-made ment granted "honorary white" status ships. to the Japanese. Since then, a steady Further enhancing prospects is the parade of Japanese businessmen, armed fact that trade totals between the two with contract forms and a willingness to countries have remained nearly in overlook occasional lapses in racial balance, an issue of particular interest etiquette, has been beating a track to South Africa because of its chronic south. balance-of-payments problems. In 1975, trade between the two coun tries rose to nearly $1 billion, up from Balancing Act about $17 million in 1960, making Japan South Africa's fourth largest trading The Japanese government, caught partner. At last count the number of between its own needs and the criti Japanese firms represented in South cisms of Third World countries, has Africa had risen to 66 (about 50 South been trying to maintain a balancing act African firms are represented in Tokyo) in its attitude toward the South African and the Japanese community in South minority regime. Adding to the delicacy Africa had grown to 600. of the task is the fact that many of the Indications are that expanding trade Third World countries-to whom it relations are ahead. Last year, the would like to appear as a leader-also representative in South Africa of have resources Japan wants and needs. Japan's government- subsidized external among these are oil from Nigeria and trade organization (JETRO) was quoted Angola, iron ore from Swaziland, in the Johannesburg Star as saying he Angola, and Mozambique, copper from was convinced "that there is potential to Zambia, and niobium (used in the pro more than double in the next five years duction of alloys) from Nigeria and the current volume of Japan-South Mozambique. African trade." In 1968 the Japanese government The Star noted that JETRO, which banned direct investment in South previously had been keeping a rela Africa, and a spokesman says there are tively low profile, was now planning no plans for a change in this policy. In extensive new contacts in the country. 1974 Japan took the further step of Both South Africa's ruling white SUN. RISING banning financing of South African minority and Japan stand to gain more trade by its export-import bank. In that than additional dollars from any further Toyota's sell well same year it stopped granting visas for trade growth. in South Africa. sporting events and it ordered the Japan -International Bank to cease Seeking- Sufficiency Japan -International Bank to cease mak The South African government has SA ing loans to South African borrowers. been engaged since the early 1970s in a At the same time, Japan has massive industrialization program materials-it is South Africa's top increased its foreign aid to Africa-the aimed at making the country self mineral customer-but is also finding percentage rose to 3.1% of the total $1 sufficient in an increasingly hostile welcome new markets. billion in 1975 from 1.8% in the pre world. Several major ral and harbor In 1975, South Africa was Japan's vious year-and it has opened its first projects undertaken in connection with fourth-largest car and truck customer, African aid office in Nairobi. this goal, owe their existence to huge and at the end of last year it appeared Japanese concern, however, appears long-term mineral contracts with Japa that South Africa was about to jump to to be more cosmetic than real. The nese firms. The most important of these second place. South Africa's Orange South African Financial Mail, in a is the Sishen-Saldanha project, which River electricity project, the largest recent special report, said that Ex-Im will involve close to $1 billion worth of ever undertaken in the country, is being financing is known still to be available ('oking coal. supplied with power generators from to Japanese firms in South Africa. Japan, for its part, is not only gaining Japan, and South African sugar exports It also said that a considerable needed agricultural products and raw to Japan-the largest single item of amount of Japanese capital is believed 22 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 to be finding its way into South Africa cities as far as Japanese are concerned." below Ford and General Motors' 56 through the "back door" of third But unpleasant things still occasionally cents and Citroen's 47 cents ... all of country subsidiaries, and, indirectly, happen, Mr. Nakamura added, recalling which give black workers pay packets through the large-scale sale of patents, an incident which occurred while he was too lean to even meet bare subsistence franchises, and expertise. attempting to get his drivers' license needs. The report commented, "It seems endorsed for South Africa. clear that many Japanese companies "I was told by a woman to move Strengthening Economic Base have succeeded-perhaps with the tacit round to the blacks-only counter," Mr. The most important of the current approval of their government-in cir Nakamura said. "A male official soon industrialization-linked projects include cumventing the spirit, if not the letter, put things straight but the woman did a port at Richards Bay, opened a year of official Japanese policy." not apologize." ago, which is the largest such facility on That policy, as outlined by Foreign Yet their own problems haven't the east coast of the continent, a Minister Zentaro Kosaka in December, blinded the Japanese to the economic railway to Richards Bay, and west coast calls for a continued hands-off attitude. advantages that come with the apar development in the form of a railway "Japan is basically opposed to South theid regime. from the Sishen iron ore and coal mines Africa's apartheid policy," Mr. Kosaka Border Industries to Saldanha, the expansion of the said. "Therefore we have banned direct A number of South African firms with Saldanha port, and the construction at investment in the Republic. But when it Saldanha of a semi-processed steel comes to trade there are many ramifica Japanese connections have set up "border plant. tions. Our basic position is to let private operations in the so-called industrial areas" where they can take The Japanese have been reluctant to business concerned make its own expose their participation in these pro decision." advantage of cheap labor on the bantu stans. One such firm is Toyota, which jects, but the Financial Mail com according to a report prepared for mented, "It is an open secret [that] the At the United Nations several church groups and published by Japanese are the mysterious unidenti Japan's voting record in the United the UN unit on apartheid, moved in fied partner in the semis plant at Nations has reflected its desire to stay 1971 from Durban to a border area. The Saldanha" and described the total out of world controversy over South report notes that Toyota's black package of improvements as "the first Africa as much as possible while prac workers struck the plant in 1974, major South African projects to owe ticing this laissez-faire approach. demanding an increase in their mini their existence to the Japanese trading Last year, Japan abstained or failed mum wage. An accompanying table connection." to vote on most key issues involving shows that in 1974 Toyota paid a South Africa, while voting in favor of minimum hourly wage of 38 cents to its Nuclear Connection motions which did not directly affect its black workers, better than Datsun Looking to the future, the most South African interests. Among these Nissan's 25 cents but considerably worrisome Japanese involvement in latter were resolutions condemning countries which violate the ban on trade with Rhodesia and reaffirming the right to self-determination for Namibia and Zimbabwe. But Japan's role has not gone un noticed in the world body. In 1974 the UN sent a mission to Tokyo to express concern over Japan's increased trade with South Africa, and last year a motion was passed naming Japan, among others, as guilty of assisting the minority regime. That motion condemned "the collabo ration of all states, particularly France, the Federal Republic of (West) Ger many, the United Kingdom, the United States, Israel and Japan ... with the racist regimes of Southern Africa, espe cially in the economic, military and nuclear fields," and described such countries as "accomplices" in the prac tices of racial discrimination, apartheid, and colonialism.

Dodging Apartheid For the Japanese living in South Africa, their own lives have not been completely free of the indignities racial discrimination fosters, despite their honorary white status. Shigeru Nakamura, general manager in South Africa of the Nissho-Iwai trading firm, told the Financial Mail that "the days of quibbling over park benches certainly seems to have dis appeared from South Africa's major MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 23 southern Africa is in South Africa's A 1975 UN report noted that "apart The report adds, "it is clear that the development of enriched uranium. from its potential significance for the South African regime hopes to take production of weapons-grade uranium (a advantage of its position as a major Faced with spiraling world oil prices, possibility which the South African producer of uranium, and eventually of Japan has looked increasingly to nuclear government claims it eschews at this enriched uranium, to involve the major power to fill its energy needs, and it point) the enrichment plant is of major industrialized countries more closely in currently relies on South Africa for 43% importance to South Africa for economic the apartheid economy and thereby to of its crude uranium. South Africa in as well as political and strategic strengthen their vested interest in return has sought Japanese assistance reasons." These, the report says, support of the status quo in South in developing a uranium enrichment include greater energy self-sufficiency Africa." plant and the two countries have dis to lessen the impact of any potential cussed potential enriched uranium international boycott of petroleum So far, there's been no indication that sales. supplies. Japan finds the prospect unsettling. 0

Namibia SHUFFLING TOWARDS "INDEPENDENCE"

The South Africa government and its David Preus, president of the American "final concept" for an "interim govern minions have long insisted that SWAPO Lutheran Church, talked as well about ment" for an "independent South West has influence only among a small section South African, domination of the terri Africa." of the Namibian people, the Ovambo, in tory. Dr. Marshall went on to say, "for The Ministers Council of South West the north. Hiding behind these blinders, the black population ... the govern Africa, the governing body, will be members of the puppet Turnhalle dele ment is a police state, with all the evils composed of one representative "for gations have been touring the country, that go with that.' each population group." In other words, touting support. The hostility with there will be a representative for each which they were met underscores the Phony Interim Government Planned At the Turnhalle itself-the name of of the 11 ethnic groups singled out widespread support that is actually according to the officially prevailing accorded SWAPO throughout Namibia. the hall in which the meetings are taking place-the South Africa-spon race and ethnic distinctions designated In the small town of Gibeon, in the by the apartheid regime. Its president south, the speaker from one of the sored conference which has dragged on for one and a half years so far has will be appointed by the South African Turnhalle contingents unwisely de State President, "in consultation with" clared, "SWAPO has not been able to reached the end of the first stage of its work. It has produced what it calls the the Ministers' Council. bring freedom to Namibia as it prom The interim government is based on a ised. Through the constitutional talks three-tier structure- federal, regional we will do it, and do it peacefully." or tribal, and local or municipal-which The meeting broke into an uproar. has been under discussion throughout The audience was additionally infuri ated by the presence of Emil Appolus, a the duration of the conference. SWAPO renegade who has cast his lot International Campaign with Turnhalle, and they gave vent to Turnhalle's campaign to win support their anger with energy, denouncing has recently reached the US. Last him as "an agent of the CIA and the August, a group of Namibian business South African government." and professional men, black and white, As the jeers and fury mounted, the formed an organization named the Pro security police made vain attempts to South West Africa Foundation, modeled bring the meeting back under control. on the South Africa Foundation, which At a loss, they were forced to ask local has propagandized for the Pretoria SWAPO leaders to calm the crowd. The regime for years. PROSWA has now SWAPO officials responded by leading become PROSWA/Namibia, or just the the people en masse out of the hall. Namibia Foundation in the US, with an Popular antagonism towards the eye to possible future acceptance of Turnhalle talks in Namibia was recently Namibia as the name of the country. confirmed by two American Lutheran The promotion outfit has surfaced in Church leaders, on their return from a the US with a message from its director visit to Namibia. They said in New York of information and communication, Pro April 7 that the majority of "the black fessor Mburumba Kerina, extoling the Namibian population does not accept Turnhalle solution. Kerina, another the conference participants as true SWAPO defector, lived in the US for representatives" of their country. many years and recently returned to Dr. Robert Marshall, president of the UN/Raynoi Namibia to join the Turnhalle team. He Lutheran Church in America and Dr. SWAPO graffiti in Swakopmund. is, according to the Windhoek Adver- 24 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 The Sunday Times, London, reports that South African troops in occupied Namibia are being issued a manual instructing them in psychological coun ter-insurgency methods. Soldiers are warned not to run down cattle or bayonet them or to kick over pots of beer. They are further warned to bewar of communist techniques of "enslaving the youth to drink, drugs, pornographic literature and pop music," of encourag ing sex relationships across the color line, and discouraging church attend ance. Soldiers must be prepared to answer questions like: "Who are the terrorists, SWAPO or the whites?" The manual for senior officers covers more specific techniques to enable them - to "retain or regain" African support. UevFrankel This "Guide to Psychological Action" View of Damaraland, one of the areas designated for representation in the government. suggests "the display of deceased insur gent leaders' bodies to the population, among whom they have built a reputa tiser, "deeply detested" by most Nami former military commander in the terri tion for invincibility. "Care should be bian political groupings that have not tory. The Windhoek Advertiser of taken, however, not to create martyrs." associated with Turnhalle. Kerina's March 29 reported that he "believed the Psychological action officers have been message is being distributed by Jay local inhabitants still wanted the army assigned to each battalion of the South Parker & Associates, Inc., a Washing in the territory." He added that he African occupation force in northern 'would ton, D.C., based management and prefer to continue fighting for Namibia. public relations consultant firm, which the Republic in South West Africa, than Despite these intensified tactics, it is also handles all the public relations in South Africa itself, but it was for his highly unlikely that they will be suc activities for the Transkei. political masters to decide whether or cessful in wooing support away from not to withdraw from the territory." SWAPO. SWAPO has proved that it At the same time, the army has has mass support and the Turnhalle is On the Defensive intensified its "counter- insurgency" being shown up for what it is-totally Whatever the outcome of the Turn training. unrepresentative of the people. El halle talks-and even if there is nominal independence-South Africa is obvi ously not planning to abandon its mili tary capability in Namibia. The ability to operate militarily, whether directly or at the "invitation" of a puppet Zimbabwe independent government, is crucial to the South African regime's forward planning. It is determined to maintain its capacity to deal both with SWAPO and, most important of all, with any SMITH MARCHES ON future South African liberation move ment attacks. While British and US diplomats subdivided, a development which he worked furiously behind the scenes to said, would reduce productivity and A recent government defense memo produce a new formula for a Rhodesian encourage "squatters." In effect this randum presented to the South African settlement, Smith, apparently unmoved restriction places the vast part of the Parliament focused heavily on Namibia, by all the furor, seems still to be land well beyond the financial means of where much of the South African army seeking an internal solution which will even the most well off black farmers. is stationed. Pretoria claims the three avoid even token forms of majority rule. With regard to land and homes in urban northern Namibian bantustans have The Prime Minister's strategy, de areas, Smith gave assurances that requested defense force protection. The signed, it appears, to win co-operation changes would be "gradual and un memorandum states that the number of from Bishop Muzorewa, involves remov hurried." Local authorities were to be Ovambo and Kavango battalions is ing the image of an apartheid society, asked to consider the matter and advise being increased and that an infantry but the concessions made are still so the Government on "what areas they battalion for East Caprivi is being minimal that they seem unlikely to believe should be multi-racial." Strict considered. achieve his aim. racial segregation would continue in In the same month South African Central to his scheme were revisions white suburban areas; special areas Defense Minister P.W. Botha, accom in the rights Africans have to land would be set aside for "multiracial panied by the Chief of the Defense usage. The amendment to the Land living" in future development schemes. Force, General Magnus Malan, visited Tenure Act which Smith rammed Racial separation in hotels, restaurants Turnhalle to consult with that body's through Parliament, supposedly frees and bars is to be abolished, but owners Defense Committee the 50% of the land formerly in the retain the right to refuse admission. South Africa's determination to keep control of whites, to be purchased by Smith's "changes" do not touch Rho the defense responsibility under its whites or blacks. But Smith emphasized desia's racially segregated schools. control was corroborated in a statement that his government would not permit Smith's "reforms" were universally made by Brigadier Ben de Wet Roos, existing farms in the white areas to be condemned by the liberation move MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 25 ments, and Smith's black puppet leader of international supervision, to "estab of ZUPO (the Zimbabwe United Peo lish black leadership" in the country. ple's Organization), was moved to say Smith's apparent acceptance of a refer that the reforms "did not go far endum under international supervision enough." is probably based upon his assessment Yet despite their clear limitations, that Bishop Muzorewa would emerge as opposition to Smith's proposals within the winner of such a referendum. his own Rhodesian Front party was so Muzorewa's proposals at the Geneva strong that Smith literally had to bring Conference also included holding a two Rhodesian Front MP's straight referendum, but there are differences in from their hospital sick beds to muster the two parties' conceptions concerning up the two-thirds vote he needed to get the referendum. The Smith regime sees his amendments passed. a referendum as a test of opinion, designed only to give legitimacy to the plan of dealing solely with Muzorewa, Dialogue Begun and not with the Patriotic Front. The dialogue on "internal solution" According to Muzorewa's Geneva pro has already publicly begun between posals the referendum would function to Smith and ZUPO, the black party which actually set up the interim government. Salisbury hopes to use to assert African The Patriotic Front has denounced support in the tribal trust lands for an the idea of a referendum. "We cannot "internal solution." have a referendum whilst the racists Branded as Smith's tool, ZUPO has are in power, while the racist state been unable to gain any kind of base machinery is intact .... We will have among the people. Refugees reaching one man, one vote, yes-but in a free, Francistown, Botswana, say that the independent Zimbabwe." Smith regime is now forcing Africans in Smith clearly sees a settlement with tribal trust lands to join ZUPO; refu the bishop not in terms of ending the gees have told of "mass arrests" of guerrilla war, but in terms of making it those who refused to join ZUPO. easier to fight the war. The rationale would be that in a war against a Muzorewa-ruled Zimbabwe it would be Muzorewa Reaction easier for the West to help with arms Muzorewa's reaction to the Smith and supplies. initiatives appeared unambiguous. In an between Muzorewa and the Rev. Nda South Africa-Support for Smith official statement, Muzorewa's United baningi Sithole, the two nationalist Indications of solid South African African National Council declared that outcasts at the Geneva conference. Such support for Smith's position and inten it would not "be party to any internal an alliance, aimed at politically outflank tions continues to mount. settlement talks where Britain is not in ing the Patriotic Front, would give Prime Minister Vorster speaking to the chair .... Britain and Britain alone added legitimacy to Muzorewa's forces the South African Senate, declared that must give us our independence. The and makes negotiating an "internal it was not correct to say that he only settlement we will accept from Mr. solution" with Muzorewa all the more supported majority rule for Rhodesia; Smith is a total handover of power." attractive. he had never advocated this, either in But despite that statement the Smith's agenda also calls for a "test" public or in private. Vorster added that regime seems to believe there are of black opinion. No clear framework all he has ever said is that he is "in grounds for reconciliation with the has been announced for such a move, favor of a settlement in Rhodesia, a Bishop. Two of the ANC's top men, but Smith appears to be leaning toward settlement between black and white secretary general Gordon Chavunduka holding a referendum under some form Rhodesians." 0 and publicity secretary Max Chigwida, have appeared on discussion programs on Rhodesian TV in recent weeks. Up until now, as the Star Johannesburg points out, "having a black nationalist air his views on Rhodesian TV has been about as likely as snow on Christmas ON THE BATTLEFRONT Day in Johannesburg. Today," as the Star observes, "it almost appears as if Too Few Troops for Smith pro-Government TV reserve battalions were put on indefi the hard-line, White Rhodesia's military manpower service is trying to accustom white nite call up, which meant that during Rhodesians to the faces and the views of crisis, caused by the escalating demands 1976 many men in the 22 to 30 age the bishop's men, to the exclusion of of the war and a manpower source group spent up to eight months in the any other black nationalists." absolutely limited in terms of numbers, army. This has since been lifted. Under The South African Rand Daily Mail continues unabated. With a rather the new arrangements, men in these reported a clandestine trip to South understated air, the regime's new units will serve 44 days, followed by 40 Africa made by Gordon Chavanduka for Minister of Manpower and Social days of freedom from service. Cronje Affairs, Rowan Cronje, declared that talks with members of the South Afri further revealed that there were about can regime, seeking that regime's the crisis "had no easy solution." 12,000 men in the 35-50 age group who The most immediate phase of the support. had no military commitment. "It is the crisis was brought about by the phasing intention that most of those found to be Sithole Alliance Rumored out of indefinite call-up of the Terri suitable should be required to join the Reports have also begun to circulate torial Force, and the stepping up of the police reserve"--the "bright lights" in of an impending formal political alliance war. In May of 1976, the Territorial and White Rhodesian jargon-normally

26 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 19/7 used to guard farmsteads and convoys. modern anti-aircraft weapons to stop An executive at the institute of Person raids by the Smith regime's airforce. nel Management commented that the men drawn from this age group are not As the struggle intensifies, hundreds likely to take kindly to their military of young Zimbabweans are leaving the roles, and predicted that the 38-50 year country, many of them seeking to join old call up "will certainly have a disrup the guerrillas. According to the Rho tive effect on the economy and could desian Herald, some 25,000 black stu well be a contributing factor to any dents are missing from schools in upsurge in emigration figures among Manicaland, and particularly in the this group next year." Tribal Trust Lands around Umtali, on the Mozambican border, where about There are increasing signs of demor 15,000 students have failed to enroll. alization within the Rhodesian army The Rhodesian regime has retaliated ranks. Reports from Bulawayo spoke of first by dropping some 10,000 leaflets problems of excessive drinking causing on selected areas in the eastern border slackness and undiscipline in the Rho tribal trust lands, calling on parents to desian army ranks. Soldiers have been Bishop Muzorewa enroll their children, and then, by warned that under the country's De closing most of the schools in the fense Act they would be given the death region. penalty for "loose talk"-a clear indica tion that such "loose talk" has been a ZAPU are to meet to consider the In addition, small specialized teams problem. And there are constant re question of bringing their armies to headed by men trained in psychological ports of disillusioned mercenaries-the gether. Mugabe stated that a coordinat warfare have begun visiting hundreds white Rhodesia calls them "boom ing committee had been established just of schools throughout the tribal trust booms"- defecting. before the Rhodesian assasination of lands in western Rhodesia. Said one Jason Moyo, to explore the question of team member, "We can't expect to harmonizing relations between ZAPU achieve miracles. There are many prob Liberation Forces Grow and ZANU. Mugabe further revealed lems, some of which we are unlikely to In an interview in Maputo, Robert that the guerrilla forces along the overcome. But something must be done Mugabe, made it known that ZANU and Rhodesian border would soon acquire to curtail the abduction rate." L

BOTSWANA HARRIED BY SMITH

A UN mission to Botswana reported on March 31 that Botswana will require $43 million in aid to meet urgent security and refugee needs over the next two to three years. These needs arise because of the country's location in the middle of turbulent southern Africa and are currently being met from Botswana's limited development funds. The outside aid would be channelled into several projects. First would be the expansion of the Botswana Mobile Police Unit, the para-military force which, in the absence of an army, is bearing the brunt of Rhodesian border aggressions. Second, there are the needs of the growing number of refugees pasing through, an estimated 12,000 Zimbabweans, Namibians. and South Africans since January 1975 IUN figures). Third, there is the need to safequard landlocked Botswana against a sudden punitive curtailment of trade UNiDav's and transport/communications with its Entrance to fortified Mashona village in so-called Tribal Trust Land. neighbors. The Rhodesian security forces have a forces in late 1976, were actually in Botswana as well as in Rhodesia record of ignoring Botswana national charged, on allegations of conspiracy, in indicates a conscious Rhodesian policy sovereignty whenever it gets in the way a Bulawayo court. of creating a free-fire zone inhospitable of their capturing or killing an indivi There have been 53 well documented to liberation fighters straddling the dual they particularly want. incidents of various border incursions common border. Increasing Botswana's In March three Botswana citizens and since Botswana's independence in 1966, military capability is intended to enable one Zimbabwean refugee resident in 33 of them occurring in 1976 alone. But Botswana to better protect its citizens Botswana, who had been abducted from the bombing, burning and strafing of and those who come from other states inside Botswana by Rhodesian security homes and villages in the frontier areas seeking a haven in Botswana. D MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 27 Guinea Bissau PEOPLE'S ELECTIONS

by Basil Davidson national electoral commission. The dures had to be simple and carefully representative committees of each explained. It is perhaps necessary to The following article is reprinted, in region were asked to discuss the names say that women in Guinea-Bissau have shortenedform, from People's Power in of possible candidates, judging these by the same civic rights as men. Mozambique, Angola and Guinea their moral and political qualifications, All organs of party and state were Bissau, Number 6, January-February no matter whether or not they had been used in emphasizing the meaning and 1977, London. fighters in the war of liberation. Out of the importance of this general election, these discussions a list of approved and the eve of the election was marked Since 1964, from the second year of candidates was then drawn up, while at by a solemn message to the nation from its armed struggle, the PAIGC has the same time, all leading militants at its president, Luiz Cabral. worked to build a new state, a new every level were spending days and A large fraction of the electorate was social order, a democracy, through the nights in electoral meetings with the voting for the first time in their lives, promotion in liberated areas of repre public. and without the slightest experience sentative committees "at the base" and even of the most superficial forms of through the increasing control which Voting electoral democracy. Even that propor these committees can and do exercise in All persons over the age of 18 were tion of the electorate which had voted in every field of everyday life. eligible to vote with the exception of the 1972 [for the People's National Assem In 1974 the new social, political, and mentally disabled, while candidates had bly in the liberated zones] was voting economic structures of the liberated to be over 21, engaged in some useful only for the second time, since no zones were extended to those parts of work, and known not to have served the elections had ever taken place under the the country which had remained under PIDE (Portuguese Political Police) dur Portuguese except within the managed colonialist control until then. An inten ing the war or to have belonged to one circuit of fascist "corporativism," and sive campaign of politicization was at or other of the Portuguese dictator even this excluded some 99 percent of once begun in these newly liberated ship's fascist organizations. the population of Guinea-Bissau. areas, and above all in the city of Bissau Voting was by secret ballot, and by Some expected setback duly came with its 80,000 inhabitants, among the use of one of two cards, one stating about. In the two main regions of the whom were many thousands who had Yes and the other stating No, in favor north where hereditary chiefs in Portu served the Portuguese, or made money of or against the local list of candidates. guese pay (mainly Fula) had always out of the war, or refused to help the About 90% of the people of Guinea opposed the movement of national lib struggle for independence. Bissau are illiterate so voting proce- eration as a threat to their own privi- In December 1976 PAIGC took another big step forward. Building on the political work of the previous two years, the people of Bissau were called on to elect their representatives to the local government of Bissau, so that they too could be brought more fully within the democratic process of participation in the discussion and control of their own affairs. At the same time, between 19 and 21 December, similar elections to regional councils were held in every other part of the country.

Participation But this was not done simply by setting up a list of candidates and asking people to vote for them. That would no doubt have shown an electoral success for the PAIGC, but it would not have achieved the party's central pur pose. This was to bring about elections in which voters should actively partici pate in the whole process of selection of candidates, discussion of problems, and eventual choice of candidates. The pur pose, in short, was once again to widen the practice of mass participation. An electoral commission was formed for each of the rural districts, and another for the city of Bissau; and these Urdang were brought under the supervision of a Attending a political meeting in the south of independent Guinea-Bissau.

28 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 1977 leges, and who had retained some credit because they are chiefs sanctioned by a long tradition, the PAIGC list could manage to secure only 50.4 per cent of votes (Bafata) and 56 per cent (Gabu). Given the background of confusion and corruption in those particular areas during the colonial period, and above all during the liberation war, these propor tions in fact denote a considerable success. A majority of preferences even a narrow one-still went in favor of PAIGC candidates. Most regions gave a very different answer, such as the 93 per cent of Cacheu and of Buba and the 96 per cent of Bissau region, while the 95 per cent of Bolama-Bijagos was particularly heartwarming since the populations of this region could be liberated, for the most part, only in 1974. Another iegion where the liberation war had to be fought with great courage and persistence, that of Oio, returned a favorable proportion of 84.5 per cent. But the most striking success was the 84 per cent of favorable votes cast in Bissau city, a striking tribute to the g effective work of party militants there. Three family house in a bairro in Bissau. U From The Base These elections had a dual institu tional function. One of these functions was to establish new regional councils which, hitherto, had existed only in the much more than a voting machine. The method of election from the base to liberated areas. The other was to elect a PAIGC, on the contrary, has always regional councils, and from the regional renewed National Assembly of mem seen the electoral process as a method councils to the National Assembly has bers chosen from within the regional of democratic control, but a method been judged manifestly preferable. councils. Of course it would have been which can be effective only if it emerges Democracy in this perspective, is a possible to proceed to a direct election from the base, level by level, and is process of deepening the active partici for the sovereign National Assembly dynamized by a genuine participation at pation of the masses in the direction and but the PAIGC has preferred this the base and upwards from the base. control of their own lives, and progres two-stage electoral method for solid Hence the chief task of the party in sively, again through a democractic reasons. building a system of democratic control structure, of the life of the whole To begin with, the PAIGC has never is seen as that of promoting an ever nation. December's elections in Guinea displayed any interest in elections "for widening consciousness of gains and Bissau have signalled another vital step the sake of elections": democracy is obligations. To that end the two-stage in the building of this structure. D3

Angola ON BUILDING A PARTY

This is an excerpt from an interview Lara: At the meeting of the Central and at the same time a completely new with Lucio Lara, Secretary-General of Committee in the beginning of Novem party should be formed. In that case it MPLA by Elisabeth Hedborg and ber this year it was decided that a will be a Marxist-Leninist cadre party. Hillevi Nilsson which was published in congress is to be held in 1977, at which We feel that it would be politically Sweden. We are reprinting it because it the question of forming a party will be unwise to abolish the MPLA, which has raises very important questions about studied. There are various opinions such a good reputation among the building a party. We plan to have about what such a party should be like population of this country, in order to further material on this subject relating and what place it should fill, and for turn it into a party. Our people are not to Angola, Mozambique and Guine that reason a congress has to decide used to political parties, and it would be Bissau in the future. this. Earlier on the dominant opinion in very difficult to explain to them that the Central Committee was that the 1now the MPLA is going to disappear, Q: Lately there have been discussions MPLA should be transformed into a and a party is to be formed, but you are whether the MPLA will form a party. party. But now more and more mem not allowed to be a member of it." It What was the result of those discus hers seem to think that the MPLA would be easier to change the MPLA sions? should continue to exist as a movement, into a mass party. MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 29 Q: Then why don't you do that? has become much bigger. When the part in its discussions, studies and Lara: The struggle between the classes MPLA became legal, a large number of work. Those who do not meet these in Angola has not as yet reached its new members joined, but their political demands will be expelled as members, most intensive phase. A movement like conviction rarely was as strong as we and then we will consider if they may the MPLA, where all classes are repre could have wished. They often had remain in the organization as sympa sented, can not solve class conflicts and opportunistic or emotional motives. We thizers. build up socialism. In such a case we have not yet managed to do very much Q: How do the action groups function? would have conflicts between ourselves, about this opportunism. We have called Lara: There are action groups in nearly and that would prevent us from realiz for watchfulness, and we have made a every place of work and they function ing our political aims. Already we must certain selection among the applications well. The groups in the residential areas think of creating a party that can for membership, but the methods have function less well. There the work has become an instrument for the working not been very effective so far. From not got properly started. We now classes and with the help of which we now on we will be much stricter when attach less importance to the number of can build up socialism. The MPLA could accepting new members. (Within the members and stress quality instead. never be such an instrument, even if it This is part of the plans on the eve of has filled-and during many years to "We the MPLA congress of 1977, so that come will fill-a very important place as will create a party as an instru ment for the working classes and build gradually we shall be able to form a a front organization. But in order to party. During the guerrilla stage people build up a socialist Angola it is neces up Socialism." (fragements from an interview with Lucio Lara, by Elisabeth joined the MPLA almost instinctively, sary to have a party that is clearly and there was no selection worth men defined in terms of classes. Hedborg and Hillevi Nilsson) -Kommentar (Sweden), no. 1, 1977 tioning-now we build up the move Q: But what do you do if others want ment more systematically and on a for form parties as well? scientific basis. Lara: That we will not allow. MPLA there are three kinds of mem bership: simpatizantes, aderentes, and Q: But haven't you met with resistance Q: Isn't there a risk that this party will from certain social strata? become a party for an elite, while the militantes. The kind of membership we masses remain in the MPLA? have translated with "member" in the Lara: . . . There is also resistance from interview is the militante group. Being the Catholic Church, not from the Lara: That risk does exist, of course, a militante means that already during at Catholics in general but from the but it can be avoided by means of the least one year you have been working leaders. It criteria laid down for party member is quite clear that they are for the MPLA, displaying "a consequent very worried by our policy, and that ship. Party members will be only those revolutionary practice." A simpatizante who are self -sacrificing and devoted, they oppose us directly in certain fields. can every Angolan become who accepts They think that there is a conflict persons who humbly accept to carry out the program and covenant of the between the Marxist ideology and the difficult tasks we have in front of MPLA. The requirements for activity Christianity. US. But it is not necessarily so. are much more modest here. -Note of The bishop of the Methodist Church, Q: What important changes has the Kommentar.) We will even purge with Emilio de Carvalho, recently pointed MPLA gone through from the days in the movement. It is not enough for an out in a very convincing way that there when it was a liberation movement up MPLA member to have a membership is no antagonistic conflict between to now when it is an organization with card that can give him certain advan Marxism and Christian teaching. To us government responsibility? tages. A real MPLA member is only the it was important that a Christian Lara: The problems, thus, are the person that takes part in the everyday Angolan leader in this way agreed with same. They have only got other dimen political work, that is the person that the idea that the most important com sions, and at the same time the MPLA belongs to an action group and takes mon task is to build up the country.

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Members of the Young Pioneers, an organization of MPLA in Luanda.

30 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 197/ southern Africa, the church in Namibia draw from Namibia has continued for has repeatedly been an 'active political many years. Namibia is a testimony to force in the country siding with and both the inhuman working conditions supporting the struggle for national and living quarters provided for the liberation. This is probably true workers by the corporations and the because, while even the most wealthy categorical desire of the workers that and reactionary whites participate in the corporations withdraw from Nami the life of the church, they do not bia as a means of bringing South maintain a stranglehold on its purse Africa's rule of Namibia to an end. strings as is the case, for instance, in Winter discusses the contract labor South Africa. system, which is forced in practice Namibia by Colin O'Brien Winter. The Anglican church of Namibia although not in law. He explains the Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans receives the greater part of its funding disintegration of family life, the appall ing living conditions, the frustration and Publishing Company, 1977. 234 from foreign sources and its survival is consequently not dependent on the con the total lack of choice which go hand pp. $4.95 paperback. currence of its white members with its in-hand with this system. policies. This factor, in combination In contrast to the many academic with the fact that the overwhelming Winter then goes on to tell the studies published about the history, majority of church membership is Black amazing story of the 1971 labor strike economy, international legal status or and the fact that so far, the leadership when 15,000 workers throughout the operative political forces of Namibia, of the church has been in sympathetic territory downed their tools in a united Namibia by Bishop Winter illustrates hands, accounts for the progressive role protest. He reveals how the strike was how these factors, in application, affect the church has played in Namibia. organized despite the overwhelming the lives of its people on a day-to-day power of the state and reveals the basis. Namibia leaves its reader with a Winter outlines the Anglican church's glaring contradictions between official personal taste of and feeling for broad range of involvement in socio statements regarding the contentment Namibia and its people. political activities through people who of the workers and the reality of the came to work in Namibia-some for feelings of the workers. Winter de Written in an autobiographical style, short periods and others for many scribes the embarrassment, havoc, Bishop Winter takes the reader into years. The church ran a school and panic, tightened police control, as well Namibia to experience with him the hospital in Ovamboland in the north as improved working conditions, which various people, issues and conflicts he and, in the south, it ran a night school resulted from the strike. Innocent met with during his thirteen years for students to aid in their studies, an people were shot, some were victimized there. The reader will arrive at an occupational therapy program in the and terrorized and others were impris intimate knowledge of the country tuberculosis hospital, feeding schemes, oned and mercilessly tortured by the from the harshness of the terrain and self-help programs, youth work and police during the ensuing reign of climate, the searing oppression of the established a small construction com terror. A trial of 12 persons followed, Blacks, the abstract indifference of the pany to function as A 'model' company ranging in age from 20 to 69, accused of whites to the courage and determina equalized wages, sharing of profits and organizing the strike. All were ac tion of the people to achieve indepen regular discussions between all the quitted. Winter gives an account of the dence. workers to make decisions and discuss trial quoting the defense, prosecution, problems. Winter describes the person judge, witnesses and newspaper reports Throughout the book, Winter quotes alities of these workers, their en of the trial. from documents, correspondence, counters with some of the people and speeches, interviews and conversations their encounters with the authorities. Winter describes how South Africa, in relating the development of a particu in attempting to apply the Bantustan lar political event. Through this means, Winter characterizes the three main system to Namibia, appointed chiefs to he often allows Namibians to speak sectors of Namibia's population and certtain areas, and the puppet role they through the book for themselves and their roles in Namibian society with play on behalf of the South African gives the reader a first hand experience perceptive insight: the confident, supe government. He also explains how of a cross section of some of the rior and often indifferent attitudes and others in the black community are Namibian people. lifestyles of the whites; the poverty, bribed or terrorized into acting as suffering, determination and humor of informers for the Security Police and Colin Winter is the Bishop-in-Exile of the Blacks; and the isolation, rootles provides evidence of the degree to the Anglican Diocese of Damaraland ness and schizophrenic existence of the which they are despised and socially which, for the Church, encompasses the Coloureds resulting from their govern ostrasized. entire territory of Namibia. He was ment-created social and political status of being in between and separated from Winter discusses the question of deported, like his two predecessors, violence/non-violence in Namibia and by the South African both Blacks and Whites. from Namibia significance of government in 1972. He was elected by The book covers major international the role and political and local political events over the past SWAPO, the national liberation move the Diocesan synod to remain the ment. Although a self-proclaimed paci bishop while in exile in 1972 and was three decades, including the long stand ing battle of the legality of South fist himself, Winter gives his reasons re-elected to retain that position in for fully supporting and understanding 1975. Africa's mandate and the visit of United Nations Secretary General Kurt Wald the necessity for armed struggle in Namibia is portrayed from the per heim. He does more than describe the Namibia. He illustrates the wide sup spective of a bishop and the theme events by giving the reader a sense of port that SWAPO has among the Nami throughout the book is the role of the the hopes, expectations and disappoint bian people and describes the forma church in general and in particular, ments experienced by the Namibian tion, development and program of Winter's personal role within the people. SWAPO, through an interview with a church. In sharp contrast to the role SWAPO representative giving the that church has played in other colonial The debate over whether or not reader a deep appreciation of the cour and occupied countries in the region of multinational corporations should with- age, sacrifice and human torment in MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 31 volved in the decision to engage in "South Africa: Act I of the Revolution," armed struggle. by Glenn Wolfe, Available from Sun In conclusion, he describes his experi Distribution, 14131 Woodward Ave., ence of exile-a state in which thou Highland Park, Mich. 48203, 10c each. sands of Namibians and South Africans presently live as a direct result of South Africa's policies, and the resulting feel VETORY TO rC ings of frustration, dislocation, longings and alienation. In reading Namibia, an inexplicit attitude of the writer is perceived from THE time to time. He places somewhat "Action Guide on Southern Africa: Non SOUTH AFRICAN obvious importance on his own empa violent Action Training Program," REVOLUTION thetic leadership role as a bishop and whether intentionally American Friends Service Committee, or not, this atti 1501 Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa., $1. tude, at times, comes across as being egotistical. This same attitude extends SMASH APARTHEID! itself into a patronizing presentation of "African Women Under Apartheid," some of his co-workers and their partici The Africa Fund, 305 E. 46th St., New pation in various projects. One is left York, N.Y. 10017, 15c, over 10, 10c. with the impression of Winter as the Poster "Victory to the South African central figure around whom the other "The Depressed State of the African Revolution," 23" x 28", black and white workers play a supportive and supple Population under Apartheid in the lettering on a yellow, red, and orange mentary role. This is perhaps most true Republic of South Africa," by Diana background. $2.50 each. 5 or more $1.80 in his references to women. Some Ellis and Julian Friedman, Center each. Also available as gummed stick degree of sexism is discernible in a against Apartheid, Department of po ers-$1.00 for 50. Sun Distribution, fairly subtle form. Certain descriptions litical and Security Council Affairs, 14131 Woodward Ave., Highland Park, and comments suggest an acceptance on United Nations, Notes and Documents, Mich. 48203. his part of the existing role of women in No. 24/76. Excellent information and society. His failure to address this issue statistics. Available on request. Address Correction: directly, The Rulers of leaves a gap in his overall Africa wall map reported portrait in the March of Namibia. "In Hock to the US Banks," by Reed issue can be ordered from Baskai, 243 Nonetheless, Namibia is well worth Kramer, The Africa Fund, 305 E. 46th reading. West End Avenue, New York, N.Y. It is an excellent introduction St., New York, N.Y. 10017, 5c each. 10023. to Namibia for those who are unfamiliar with the Namibian situation and is an "People's Power invaluable supplement to those who are in Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau," aware of the facts in Namibia but excellent who source of information. Available from have never personally experienced life there. the Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea It is an easily readable book and Bissau Information Center, its style and content are both deeply 12 Little moving and captivating. Newport St., London, WC2AH 7JJ HELP KEEP US England. Six issues for $3.50. Airmail $5.30. IN THE PRISONS!

VOW: Voice of Women, a quarterly magazine of the ANC (sa) Women's For years it has been our policy to Section, P.O. Box 1791, Lusaka, send the magazine free to prison Zambia. ers. We do not want to stop or even restrict this practice. We urge you "The Zimbabwe Review," bimonthly to send us gift subscriptions for publication of the international organ of prisons. If 'ou are able to do this, the AN(', Box 1657, Lusaka, Zambia. please send us your contribution as Dear Southern Africa Committee, soon as possible and mark it clearly "Who are the Real Terrorists'?," a as a prisoner gift subscription. On April 6, about 50 people demon document on the SASO/BPC trial. strated in front of the Merrill Lynch Available from the International Uni office in Westwood [against sale of versity Exchange Fund, P.O. Box 348, Krugerrand-Ed.]. We carried a cross 1211 Geneva 11, Switzerland, S fr 10 I enclose $ _ for a gift of gold and our slogan was "you shall per copy or $4. subscription for - pris not crucify our brothers and sisters on a oner(s). [$8 per subscription cross of gold!" When we reached Merrill Campaign Against Racial Discrimina Lynch, we placed a young black girl in a tion has been formed by a small group coffin and dropped gold coins on her. of South Africans to analyze and com Name ment on racial issues. The group has Our local CBS outlet and another already produced papers on the Sepa Address station carried the demonstration and rate Amenities Bill and on training gave us good coverage on the evening centers for Coloured cadets. In the news. works are papers on the "rioting" in Zip A Luta Continua! (ape Town and squatter problems in Stephen Commins the Cape Town area. For further infor The Parish Church of St. Augustine mation contact CARtD, P.O. Box 163, by-the-Sea, tondebosch, ('ape Town, or c/o J. Santa Monica, California BIloch, 2 Crowland Rd., London N. 15.

32 SOUTHERN AFRICA/MAY 191/ If your group is planning a stockholder campaign, an educational meeting, a demonstation, or some other action involving a southern Africa issue, tell us and we'll pass the word through this monthly column. If your group has just engaged in such an action, send us a report. Be as specific as possible: tell us how many people showed up, how many leaflets were handed out, or how much money was raised. Include ideas, tips, and samples of any materials you've developed. The deadline is the 10th of every month before the month of publication, e.g. material for inclusion in the February issue must reach us by Jan. 10. Our address is: News and Notes, Southern Africa, 156 Fifth Avenue, Room 707, New York, NY 10010. DAVIS CUP DEMO... More than 400 demonstrators chanting "South Africa go home" marched outside the Newport pressing social problems, which have preliminary to a call for divestiture Beach, Ca., Tennis Club on the last day their origin in the apartheid system." there. of the Davis Cup matches. The US beat South Africa 3-0 in the finals. The church groups note that while Two men not associated with the ad they are pleased by the GM action, they would like to see GM withdraw com hoc Committee to Stop the United BRIEFS ... South African Dennis States-South Africa Davis Cup Match pletely from South Africa until major progress is made in ending the current Brutus read from the works of some of were arrested after one of them poured system. his countrymen at a benefit March 5 in oil on the court where the match was Elsewhere in stockholder actions, being played. The two, Rev. Alvin Chicago for imprisoned South African demonstrators outside the annual meet poets. The event was sponsored by the Dortch and Stanley Alexander, face ing of Chicago's First National Bank Matthews/Makay Benefit Fund com possible maximum sentences of six called on the bank to end loans to South mittee .... The Madison, Wis. city months on charges stemming from the Africa. council, which recently passed d resolu incident. tion to seek out firms for city contracts The demonstrators said they had Mobil Oil Corp. responded to a share holder resolution asking that it ensure which don't do business with South three goals: to protest having a team that its South African subsidiary Africa, is now trying to get Dane which officially represents the US com doesn't supply Rhodesia with oil with a County to do the same .... Some 550 pete against one selected by racial novel bit of Catch-22 logic. academics signed a petition which was considerations; to support an interna The company said in its proxy state presented to the State Department tional movement to isolate South Africa ment which urged stockholders not to several weeks ago. It called on the US in sports; and to generate support for a to support a mandatory arms embargo US vote to expel South Africa from the approve the resolution, that while its policy is not to supply Rhodesia, any on South Africa, and to support groups International Tennis Federation when it binding resale restrictions on its cus working toward majority rule.... meets in England in June. tomers "would constitute a clear viola About 300 people attended a conference They also raised the issue that by tion of the laws of South Africa. These in Washington sponsored by the Na playing South Africa, the US may be laws reflect the official government tional Black Assembly. Among the subjecting all its athletes to a retalia policy of South Africa which is opposed speakers were Stokeley Carmichael and tory African boycott. Last year African to any embargo on trade with representatives of all major liberation athletes refused to take part in any Rhodesia." groups in Zimbabwe and South Africa. competition with New Zealand after a ... On April 7 the City Council of New Zealand soccer team had played Minneapolis unanimously endorsed a South Africa. resolution condemning racial oppression The position of the ad hoc coalition UNQUIET CAMPUSES ... in South Africa and urged the United had the support of many California States goverment to pursue a vigorous officials including Lieutenant Governor Students at the University of Massa policy which would facilitate majority Mervyn Dymally and Senator Alan chusetts at Amherst and nearby Hamp rule. The resolution was introduced by Cranston. shire College are putting pressure on the Minnesota Committee on Southern In recent years, Mexico and India trustees to dispose of investments in Africa and was sponsored by a number have defaulted rather than face South corporations which do business in South of labor unions, churches, groups, com Africa in Davis Cup play. Africa. munity organizations, student groups, At UMass, trustees have been meet 0 and feminist organizations. A similar ing with representatives of the Com resolution is expected to be introduced mittee for the Liberation of South in May before the St. Paul City Council. SHAREHOLDER ACTIONS ... Africa, a coalition of campus groups, to Church groups have withdrawn a discuss the school's $540,500 investment shareholders resolution calling on Gen in 16 corporations with South African eral Motors Corp. to halt expansion in connections. The Committee obtained CORRECTION South Africa following a GM statement several thousand signatures on a peti that it has no current qxpansion plans tion and held a teach-in April 4 and a In reporting the New York Times there. The company said its decision demonstration April 5, which drew case in the April issue, one of the was based on a lack of demand caused about 200 participants, to press its organizations cited as having com by South Africa's civil disturbances and demands. plained to the New York City's political uncertainties and by a reces At Hampshire, trustees initially Commission on Human Rights, was sion tied to the internal disorders. turned down a demand that the college incorrectly listed as the "African Studies Association" GM added, "The single most impor dispose of about $38,000 in investments, instead of the tant factor in the creation of a more sparking further mobilization efforts. "African Heritage Studies Associa promising climate in South Africa is a At Amherst College, students are tion." We apologize for this error. positive resolution of the country's conducting research on investments as a MAY 1977/SOUTHERN AFRICA 33 Name SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Address Individuals (Domestic and Foreign) $8.00 per year Institutions (Domestic and Foreign) $18.00 per year Introductory 7 month offer $4.00 -M ONew ORenewal Airmail: Africa, Asia, Europe $20.50 Change of Address South & Central America $17.50

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