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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan TÎIE UNIVERSITY of OKLAHOMA This disseriation has been — microfilmed exactly as received 6 7 -1 1 ,0 8 8 REED, Gerard Alexander, 1941- THE ROSS-WATIE CONFLICT: FACTIONALISM IN THE CHEROKEE NATION, 1839-1865. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1967 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan TÎIE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE ROSS-WATIE CONFLICT: FACTIONALISM m IHE CHEROKEE NATiai, 1839-1865 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY GERARD ALEXANDER REED Norman, Oklahoma 1967 Ti'£ ROSS-WATIE CŒfrLICT: FACTIŒALZSM Df ÎHE OESOKEE NATICf^ 1839-1865 7 ? 4 DISSEPTAnOli C C m m E ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For their most kind and valuable assistance, I must thank the fol­ lowing library personnel: Jack Haley and Ifr. Vynola Newcumet in the Man­ uscripts Division of the Bizzell Memorial Library of the University of Oklahoma; Mrs, Alice Timmons in the P h illip s C ollection o f th e B izzell Memorial Library, the University of Oklahana; Mrs. Relia Looney at the Oklahona State Historical Society; Sue B, Thornton and others at the John Vaughan Library at Northeastern State College, Tahlequah, Oklahoma; Marie E, Keene, Mr. W. R. Holway, and Mr. Daniel McPike at the Thomas Gilcrease In s titu te of American H istory and A rt, Tulsa, Oklahoma; E lizabeth Edwards at the Chattanooga Public Library, Chattanooga, Tennessee ; Mr. James W. Patton and the staff in the Southern Historical Collection at the Univer­ sity of North Carolina Library, Chapel H ill, North Carolina; Miss Jane F. Smith and the staff of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. ; Mr. David C. Meams and the staff at the Library of Congress Reference Department, Manuscript Division, Washington, D. C. ; Mr. Richard C. Ashenden, Jr. at the United Church Board for World Ministries, Boston, Massachusetts; Carol D. Goodman at the Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massa­ chusetts; and Mr. Colton Storm, Special Collections Department, The New­ berry Library, Chicago, Illinois. I must also thank the Parriott Foundation of Tulsa, Oklahoma, for a fellowship which both aided ny graduate stu(%r and financed a research i i i trip during the sunnier of 1965, Without the fellcwship it would have been difficult to visit the libraries necessary to stucfy the subject. To ny teachers at the University of Oklahoma I we a considerable debt, and I thank them for their classroom instruction and personal kind­ ness. Members of graduate committee, Dr. Donald J. Berthrong, Dr. Gilbert Fite, Dr. Arthur H. DeRcsier, and Dr. Bruce I. Granger, deserve particular ccrnraendation for their assistance. I am deeply indebted to Dr. A. M. Gibson, iry advisor, who has patiently guided me in research and w ritin g . wife, Roberta, must also be thanked, for she had resolutely supported ny graduate studies and aided with the typing of this manu­ s c rip t. IV TABLE OF CGNTEÎ'ITS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIŒS.............................................................. vi Chapter I . INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 I I . THE NATION EMERGES.................................................. 4 I I I . REMOVAL PROPOSED...................................................... 17 IV. REMOVAL CONSUMMATED . ...................................... 38 V. JOHN ROSS: MAJORITY LEADER............................. 55 VI. STAND WATTE: FACTIONAL PARTISAN..................... 74 VII. A TREATY PAYS DIVIDENDS...................................... 89 V III. THE FINANCIAL ENIŒÏA...................................................115 IX. UNION AŒIEVED: 1840 141 X. A PRESIDENT INJECTS AN ISSUE...................................165 XI, THE FEUD RENE'/JED...........................................................184 XII. A TIME OF TROUBLES.......................................................207 X III. A HEALBIG BAIM: THE 1846 TREATY ..........................238 XIV. A PEACEFUL DECADE............................. 256 XV. THE CHASM OF WAR........................................................... 277 X7I. A BLOOD-BOUGHT CONCORD...............................................295 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................. 313 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS C.N.P........................................................... Cherokee Nation Papers, University of Oklahoma J.R .P. ............................. John Ross Papers, Gilcrease Institute L.R.O.I.A. Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs O.R, . War of the Rebellion; Official Records R.C.I.A. ........................................« « . Report of the Commissioner of Indian A ffairs VL THE ROSS-WATIE CONFLICT: FACTIONALISM IN THE CHEROKEE NATIŒ'Î, 1839-1865 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The latent causes of faction are thus sam in the nature of man. —James Madison The cause of a l l these e v ils was the lu s t fo r pcwer arising from greed and anibition; and frcm these passions proceeded the violence of parties once engaged in contention, —Thucydides Since Cain slew Abel, man's hardest task has been to live at peace with his neighbor. Throu^out the ages, social and political alliances have, for a season, flourished before, withering away, and the analysis of such social end political disintegration has intrigued historians from Thucydides to Arnold J, Toynbee, Theories have been proffered and expla­ nations have been formulated, but at least one thing is evident: with rare exceptions breakdowns in the social structure are caused by internal dissension. Disgruntled individuals complain and agitate and ultimately withdraw from society to form a faction. And factions, like sharp-honed razors, rend the social fabric. Internal dissension is universal and can be observed in nearly any instituH oi which has developed and disintegrated. Disastrous schisms 1 2 have rocked institutions from the Greek city states to the Catholic Church to the American Union. And the history of tlie Cherokee Nation frcm 1839 to 1865 is yet another story of bitter factionalism. In 1827 the Cherdcee Nation was firmly united, but Anglo-Americans coveted Chero­ kee lands and the United States compelled tire Indians to remcve. Bud­ like factions evolved from the leiiioval crisis and bore the fruit of v/rath with assiduous federal cultivation. Bitter dissension fragiriented tire na­ tion, and for thirty long years intra-tribal hostility (the Ross-Watie conflict) rumbled angrily and exploded at intervals to shock aird dismember the nation. An 1846 treaty, like a pain-deadening drug, momentarily eased yet did not heal the schism. After a few years of harmony, the Civil War split the Cherokees along old factional lines. They suffered intensely; civilians fled the nation; soldiers pillaged homes and prostrated the people with the fury of booty-crazed buccaneers; and nature reasserted her control of the land. Yet the violence of the Civil War in the nation sprang full-blom from, the internal schism which originated in 1835 rather tlian from issues which divided the iMted States in 1860. Though policies of the United States stimulated this schism, Cher­ okee ambition and avarice perpetuated it. Locking at the impact of fac­ tionalism upon the Cherokees, i t is hoped, one can deal with specific events and people rather than broad generalities while contemplating the nature of man. The consequences of factionalism illustrate no new truth, but Most of the change we think we see in life Is due to truths being in and out of favor. As I sit here, and oftentimes, I wish I could be monarch of a desert land I could devote and dedicate forever , To the truths we keep coming back and back to. Thus the history of the Cherokees from 1839 to 1865 may be best understood as an enduring tension between factions led by John Ross and Stand Watie. The consequences of this tension are obvious and easily chronicled, but 2 one finds causes, perhaps, only in "the corruption of Gian's heart." ^Robert Frost, "The Black Cottage." ^Robert Browning, "Gold Hair." OiAPTER I I I"HE NATION EMERGES Every house was an in n , where a l l were welcomed and feasted; For with these siirple people, who lived like brothers together. All things were held in common, and what one had was anothers. —Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Aus époques organiques le but de l'activité sociale est nettement défini; tous les efforts . sont con­ sacrés à 1'accomplissement de ce but, vers lequel les honnies sont continuellem ent d irig é s , dans le cours e n tie r de leur vie, par l'éducation et la législation. —Saint-Simon Man's development fron pre-historic to civilized life is a record of his necessary response to environment and God, For most peoples, this saga is enshrouded in the dusky haze of an unwritten past. The Cherokee advance frcm hunter to civilized agriculturist, however, occurred within 200 years and followed contact with, and stimulation from, an adjacent, culturally-advanced race. Any contact between contiguous cultures normally evokes either dy- namic assimilation or static segregation. A dynamic culture spontaneously expands its influence, though its enduring impact upon other cultures is primarily spiritual and intellectual. Thou^i the immediate influence is only upCTi a minority of the more primitive people, they in turn impart life fron the newly-found cultural fountain to their own people. The vi­ brant culture can envelope and peacefully assimilate the quiescent one as 4 5 long as its offerings are of a wins one nature. Once the proponents of the h i^er culture resort to force, however,
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