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Creating New Concepts in Mathematics: Freedom and Limitations. the Case of Category Theory
Creating new concepts in mathematics: freedom and limitations. The case of Category Theory Zbigniew Semadeni Institute of Mathematics, University of Warsaw Abstract In the paper we discuss the problem of limitations of freedom in mathematics and search for criteria which would differentiate the new concepts stemming from the historical ones from the new concepts that have opened unexpected ways of thinking and reasoning. We also investigate the emergence of category theory (CT) and its origins. In particular we explore the origins of the term functor and present the strong evidence that Eilenberg and Carnap could have learned the term from Kotarbinski´ and Tarski. Keywords categories, functors, Eilenberg-Mac Lane Program, mathematical cognitive transgressions, phylogeny, platonism. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 • 1. Introduction he celebrated dictum of Georg Cantor that “The essence of math- Tematics lies precisely in its freedom” expressed the idea that in mathematics one can freely introduce new notions (which may, how- Philosophical Problems in Science (Zagadnienia FilozoficzneNo w Nauce) 69 (2020), pp. 33–65 34 Zbigniew Semadeni ever, be abandoned if found unfruitful or inconvenient).1 This way Cantor declared his opposition to claims of Leopold Kronecker who objected to the free introduction of new notions (particularly those related to the infinite). Some years earlier Richard Dedekind stated that—by forming, in his theory, a cut for an irrational number—we create a new number. For him this was an example of a constructed notion which was a free creation of the human mind (Dedekind, 1872, § 4). In 1910 Jan Łukasiewicz distinguished constructive notions from empirical reconstructive ones. -
Arxiv:2107.06030V2 [Math.HO] 18 Jul 2021 Jonathan Michael Borwein
Jonathan Michael Borwein 1951 { 2016: Life and Legacy Richard P. Brent∗ Abstract Jonathan M. Borwein (1951{2016) was a prolific mathematician whose career spanned several countries (UK, Canada, USA, Australia) and whose many interests included analysis, optimisation, number theory, special functions, experimental mathematics, mathematical finance, mathematical education, and visualisation. We describe his life and legacy, and give an annotated bibliography of some of his most significant books and papers. 1 Life and Family Jonathan (Jon) Michael Borwein was born in St Andrews, Scotland, on 20 May 1951. He was the first of three children of David Borwein (1924{2021) and Bessie Borwein (n´eeFlax). It was an itinerant academic family. Both Jon's father David and his younger brother Peter Borwein (1953{2020) are well-known mathematicians and occasional co-authors of Jon. His mother Bessie is a former professor of anatomy. The Borweins have an Ashkenazy Jewish background. Jon's father was born in Lithuania, moved in 1930 with arXiv:2107.06030v4 [math.HO] 15 Sep 2021 his family to South Africa (where he met his future wife Bessie), and moved with Bessie to the UK in 1948. There he obtained a PhD (London) and then a Lectureship in St Andrews, Scotland, where Jon was born and went to school at Madras College. The family, including Jon and his two siblings, moved to Ontario, Canada, in 1963. In 1971 Jon graduated with a BA (Hons ∗Mathematical Sciences Institute, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT. Email: <[email protected]>. 1 Math) from the University of Western Ontario. It was in Ontario that Jon met his future wife and lifelong partner Judith (n´eeRoots). -
1980– 81, 1984–85), L
Internationale Mathematische Nachrichten International Mathematical News Nouvelles Mathe´matiques Internationales Die IMN wurden 1947 von R. Inzin- Bezug: ger als Nachrichten der Mathematischen ” Gesellschaft in Wien“ gegru¨ndet. 1952 Die IMN erscheinen dreimal ja¨hrlich und ¨ wurde die Zeitschrift in Internationale werden von den Mitgliedern der Oster- ” Mathematische Nachrichten“ umbenannt reichischen Mathematischen Gesellschaft und war bis 1971 offizielles Publikati- bezogen. onsorgan der Internationalen Mathema- Jahresbeitrag: 20,– ” tischen Union“. Bankverbindung: Konto Nr. 229-103- Von 1953 bis 1977 betreute W. Wunder- 892-00 der Bank Austria–Creditanstalt lich, der bereits seit der Gru¨ndung als Re- (IBAN AT83-1200-0229-1038-9200, BLZ dakteur mitwirkte, als Herausgeber die 12000, BIC/SWIFT-Code BKAUATWW). IMN. Die weiteren Herausgeber waren H. Vogler (1978–79), U. Dieter (1980– 81, 1984–85), L. Reich (1982–83) und P. Flor (1986–99). Herausgeber: O¨ sterreichische Mathematische Gesell- schaft, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10/104, A-1040 Wien. e-mail [email protected], http://www.oemg.ac.at/ Redaktion: M. Drmota (TU Wien, Herausgeber) Eigentu¨mer, Herausgeber und Verleger: U. Dieter (TU Graz) O¨ sterr. Math. Gesellschaft. Satz: O¨ sterr. J. Wallner (TU Wien) Math. Gesellschaft. Druck: Grafisches R. Winkler (TU Wien) Zentrum, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8–10, 1040 Wien. Sta¨ndige Mitarbeiter der Redaktion: ¨ C. Binder (TU Wien) c 2005 Osterreichische Mathematische R. Mlitz (TU Wien) Gesellschaft, Wien. K. Sigmund (Univ. Wien) ISSN 0020-7926 O¨ sterreichische Mathematische Gesellschaft Gegru¨ndet 1903 Beirat: A. Binder (Linz) Sekretariat: H. Bu¨rger (Univ. Wien) TU Wien, Institut 104, C. Christian (Univ. Wien) Wiedner Hauptstr. 8–10, A 1040 Wien. -
February 19, 2016
February 19, 2016 Professor HELGE HOLDEN SECRETARY OF THE INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL UNION Dear Professor Holden, The Turkish Mathematical Society (TMD) as the Adhering Organization, applies to promote Turkey from Group I to Group II as a member of IMU. We attach an overview of the developments of Mathematics in Turkey during the last 10 years (2005- 2015) preceded by a historical account. With best regards, Betül Tanbay President of the Turkish Mathematical Society Report on the state of mathematics in Turkey (2005-2015) This is an overview of the status of Mathematics in Turkey, prepared for the IMU for promotion from Group I to Group II by the adhering organization, the Turkish Mathematical Society (TMD). 1-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2-SOCIETIES AND CENTERS RELATED TO MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 3-NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS BY SUBJECT CATEGORIES 4-NATIONAL CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD IN TURKEY BETWEEN 2013-2015 5-INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS HELD IN TURKEY BETWEEN 2013-2015 6-NUMBERS OF STUDENTS AND TEACHING STAFF IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES IN TURKEY FOR THE 2013-2014 ACADEMIC YEAR AND THE 2014-2015 ACADEMIC YEAR 7- RANKING AND DOCUMENTS OF TURKEY IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES 8- PERIODICALS AND PUBLICATIONS 1-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Two universities, the Istanbul University and the Istanbul Technical University have been influential in creating a mathematical community in Turkey. The Royal School of Naval Engineering, "Muhendishane-i Bahr-i Humayun", was established in 1773 with the responsibility to educate chart masters and ship builders. Gaining university status in 1928, the Engineering Academy continued to provide education in the fields of engineering and architecture and, in 1946, Istanbul Technical University became an autonomous university which included the Faculties of Architecture, Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical and Electronic Engineering. -
Cahit Arf: Exploring His Scientific Influence Using Social Network Analysis and Author Co-Citation Maps
Cahit Arf: Exploring His Scientific Influence Using Social Network Analysis and Author Co-citation Maps 1 2 Yaşar Tonta and A. Esra Özkan Çelik 1 [email protected] Department of Information Management, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, TR 2 [email protected] Registrar's Office, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, TR Abstract Cahit Arf (1910-1997), a famous Turkish scientist whose picture is depicted in one of the Turkish banknotes, is a well known figure in mathematics with his discoveries named after him (e.g., Arf invariant, Arf rings, the Hasse- Arf theorem). Although Arf may not be considered as a prolific scientist in terms of number of papers (he authored a total of 23 papers), his influence on mathematics and related disciplines was profound. As he was active before, during and after the World War II, Arf’s contributions were not properly listed in citation indexes and thus did not generate that many citations even though several papers with “Arf” in their titles appeared in the literature. This paper traces the influence of Arf in scientific world using citation analysis techniques first. It reviews the scientific impact of Arf by analyzing both the papers authored by Arf and papers whose titles or keywords contain various combinations of “Arf rings”, “Arf invariant”, and so on. The paper then goes on to study Arf’s contributions using social network analysis and author co-citation analysis techniques. CiteSpace and pennant diagrams are used to explore the scientific impact of Arf by mapping his cited references derived from Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS) database. -
Nominations for President
ISSN 0002-9920 (print) ISSN 1088-9477 (online) of the American Mathematical Society September 2013 Volume 60, Number 8 The Calculus Concept Inventory— Measurement of the Effect of Teaching Methodology in Mathematics page 1018 DML-CZ: The Experience of a Medium- Sized Digital Mathematics Library page 1028 Fingerprint Databases for Theorems page 1034 A History of the Arf-Kervaire Invariant Problem page 1040 About the cover: 63 years since ENIAC broke the ice (see page 1113) Solve the differential equation. Solve the differential equation. t ln t dr + r = 7tet dt t ln t dr + r = 7tet dt 7et + C r = 7et + C ln t ✓r = ln t ✓ WHO HAS THE #1 HOMEWORK SYSTEM FOR CALCULUS? THE ANSWER IS IN THE QUESTIONS. When it comes to online calculus, you need a solution that can grade the toughest open-ended questions. And for that there is one answer: WebAssign. WebAssign’s patent pending grading engine can recognize multiple correct answers to the same complex question. Competitive systems, on the other hand, are forced to use multiple choice answers because, well they have no choice. And speaking of choice, only WebAssign supports every major textbook from every major publisher. With new interactive tutorials and videos offered to every student, it’s not hard to see why WebAssign is the perfect answer to your online homework needs. It’s all part of the WebAssign commitment to excellence in education. Learn all about it now at webassign.net/math. 800.955.8275 webassign.net/math WA Calculus Question ad Notices.indd 1 11/29/12 1:06 PM Notices 1051 of the American Mathematical Society September 2013 Communications 1048 WHAT IS…the p-adic Mandelbrot Set? Joseph H. -
Jonathan Borwein, Pi and the AGM
Jonathan Borwein, Pi and the AGM Richard P. Brent Australian National University, Canberra and CARMA, University of Newcastle 26 Sept 2017 In fond memory of Jon Borwein 1951–2016 210eπ days was not enough Copyright c 2017, R. P. Brent Richard Brent Jon Borwein, π and the AGM Abstract We consider some of Jon Borwein’s contributions to the high-precision computation of π and the elementary functions, with particular reference to the fascinating book Pi and the AGM (Wiley, 1987) by Jon and his brother Peter Borwein. Here “AGM” is the arithmetic-geometric mean, first studied by Euler, Gauss and Legendre. Because the AGM has second-order convergence, it can be combined with fast multiplication algorithms to give fast algorithms for the n-bit computation of π, and more generally the elementary functions. These algorithms run in “almost linear” time O(M(n) log n), where M(n) is the time for n-bit multiplication. The talk will survey some of the results and algorithms, from the time of Archimedes to the present day, that were of interest to Jon. In several cases they were discovered or improved by him. Jon Borwein, π and the AGM Abstract A message from Peter Borwein Peter Borwein writes: “I would’ve loved to attend. But unfortunately I have multiple sclerosis. It makes it impossible to travel. If you could pass on my regards and best wishes to everyone I would greatly appreciate it. Thank you” Jon Borwein, π and the AGM A message from Peter Why π? Why was Jon interested in π? Perhaps because it is transcendental but appears in many mathematical formulas. -
The Arf-Kervaire Invariant Problem in Algebraic Topology: Introduction
THE ARF-KERVAIRE INVARIANT PROBLEM IN ALGEBRAIC TOPOLOGY: INTRODUCTION MICHAEL A. HILL, MICHAEL J. HOPKINS, AND DOUGLAS C. RAVENEL ABSTRACT. This paper gives the history and background of one of the oldest problems in algebraic topology, along with a short summary of our solution to it and a description of some of the tools we use. More details of the proof are provided in our second paper in this volume, The Arf-Kervaire invariant problem in algebraic topology: Sketch of the proof. A rigorous account can be found in our preprint The non-existence of elements of Kervaire invariant one on the arXiv and on the third author’s home page. The latter also has numerous links to related papers and talks we have given on the subject since announcing our result in April, 2009. CONTENTS 1. Background and history 3 1.1. Pontryagin’s early work on homotopy groups of spheres 3 1.2. Our main result 8 1.3. The manifold formulation 8 1.4. The unstable formulation 12 1.5. Questions raised by our theorem 14 2. Our strategy 14 2.1. Ingredients of the proof 14 2.2. The spectrum Ω 15 2.3. How we construct Ω 15 3. Some classical algebraic topology. 15 3.1. Fibrations 15 3.2. Cofibrations 18 3.3. Eilenberg-Mac Lane spaces and cohomology operations 18 3.4. The Steenrod algebra. 19 3.5. Milnor’s formulation 20 3.6. Serre’s method of computing homotopy groups 21 3.7. The Adams spectral sequence 21 4. Spectra and equivariant spectra 23 4.1. -
Math, Physics, and Calabi–Yau Manifolds
Math, Physics, and Calabi–Yau Manifolds Shing-Tung Yau Harvard University October 2011 Introduction I’d like to talk about how mathematics and physics can come together to the benefit of both fields, particularly in the case of Calabi-Yau spaces and string theory. This happens to be the subject of the new book I coauthored, THE SHAPE OF INNER SPACE It also tells some of my own story and a bit of the history of geometry as well. 2 In that spirit, I’m going to back up and talk about my personal introduction to geometry and how I ended up spending much of my career working at the interface between math and physics. Along the way, I hope to give people a sense of how mathematicians think and approach the world. I also want people to realize that mathematics does not have to be a wholly abstract discipline, disconnected from everyday phenomena, but is instead crucial to our understanding of the physical world. 3 There are several major contributions of mathematicians to fundamental physics in 20th century: 1. Poincar´eand Minkowski contribution to special relativity. (The book of Pais on the biography of Einstein explained this clearly.) 2. Contributions of Grossmann and Hilbert to general relativity: Marcel Grossmann (1878-1936) was a classmate with Einstein from 1898 to 1900. he was professor of geometry at ETH, Switzerland at 1907. In 1912, Einstein came to ETH to be professor where they started to work together. Grossmann suggested tensor calculus, as was proposed by Elwin Bruno Christoffel in 1868 (Crelle journal) and developed by Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita (1901). -
Kepler's Laws, Newton's Laws, and the Search for New Planets
Integre Technical Publishing Co., Inc. American Mathematical Monthly 108:9 July 12, 2001 2:22 p.m. osserman.tex page 813 Kepler’s Laws, Newton’s Laws, and the Search for New Planets Robert Osserman Introduction. One of the high points of elementary calculus is the derivation of Ke- pler’s empirically deduced laws of planetary motion from Newton’s Law of Gravity and his second law of motion. However, the standard treatment of the subject in calcu- lus books is flawed for at least three reasons that I think are important. First, Newton’s Laws are used to derive a differential equation for the displacement vector from the Sun to a planet; say the Earth. Then it is shown that the displacement vector lies in a plane, and if the base point is translated to the origin, the endpoint traces out an ellipse. This is said to confirm Kepler’s first law, that the planets orbit the sun in an elliptical path, with the sun at one focus. However, the alert student may notice that the identical argument for the displacement vector in the opposite direction would show that the Sun orbits the Earth in an ellipse, which, it turns out, is very close to a circle with the Earth at the center. That would seem to provide aid and comfort to the Church’s rejection of Galileo’s claim that his heliocentric view had more validity than their geocentric one. Second, by placing the sun at the origin, the impression is given that either the sun is fixed, or else, that one may choose coordinates attached to a moving body, inertial or not. -
Ralph Martin Kaufmann Publications 1. Kaufmann, Ralph
Ralph Martin Kaufmann Department of Mathematics, Purdue University 150 N. University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907{2067 Tel.: (765) 494-1205 Fax: (765) 494-0548 Publications 1. Kaufmann, Ralph M., Khlebnikov, Sergei, and Wehefritz-Kaufmann, Birgit \Local models and global constraints for degeneracies and band crossings" J. of Geometry and Physics 158 (2020) 103892. 2. Galvez-Carillo, Imma, Kaufmann, Ralph M., and Tonks, Andrew. \Three Hopf algebras from number theory, physics & topology, and their common background I: operadic & simplicial aspects" Comm. in Numb. Th. and Physics (CNTP), vol 14,1 (2020), 1-90. 3. Galvez-Carillo, Imma, Kaufmann, Ralph M., and Tonks, Andrew. \Three Hopf algebras from number theory, physics & topology, and their common background II: general categorical formulation" Comm. in Numb. Th. and Physics (CNTP), vol 14,1 (2020), 91-169. 4. Kaufmann, Ralph M. \Lectures on Feynman categories", 2016 MATRIX annals, 375{438, MATRIX Book Ser., 1, Springer, Cham, 2018. 5. Kaufmann, Ralph M. and Kaufmann-Wehfritz, B. Theoretical Properties of Materials Formed as Wire Network Graphs from Triply Periodic CMC Surfaces, Especially the Gyroid in: \The Role of Topology in Materials", Eds: Gupta, S. and Saxena, A., Springer series in Solid State Sciences. Springer, 2018 6. Kaufmann, Ralph and Lucas, Jason. \Decorated Feynman categories". J. of Noncommutative Geometry, 1 (2017), no 4 1437-1464 7. Berger, C. and Kaufmann R. M. \Comprehensive Factorization Systems". Special Issue in honor of Professors Peter J. Freyd and F.William Lawvere on the occasion of their 80th birthdays, Tbilisi Mathematical Journal 10 (2017), no. 3,. 255-277 8. Kaufmann, Ralph M. -
An Interview with F. William Lawvere
An Interview with F. William Lawvere You have written a paper, published for the first time in 1986, entitled \Taking categories seriously"1. Why should we take categories seriously ? In all those areas where category theory is actively used the categorical concept of adjoint functor has come to play a key role. Such a universal instrument for guiding the learning, development, and use of advanced mathematics does not fail to have its indications also in areas of school and college mathematics, in the most basic relationships of space and quantity and the calculations based on those relationships. By saying \take categories seriously", I meant that one should seek, cultivate, and teach helpful examples of an elementary nature. The relation between teaching and research is partly embodied in simple general concepts that can guide the elaboration of examples in both. No- tions and constructions, such as the spectral analysis of dynamical systems, have important aspects that can be understood and pursued without the complications of limiting the models to specific classical categories. The application of some simple general concepts from category theory can lead from a clarification of basic con- structions on dynamical systems to a F. William Lawvere (Braga, March 2007) construction of the real number system with its structure as a closed cate- gory; applied to that particular closed category, the general enriched category theory leads inexorably to embedding the- orems and to notions of Cauchy completeness, rotation, convex hull, radius, and 1Revista Colombiana de Matematicas 20 (1986) 147-178. Reprinted in Repr. Theory Appl. Categ. 8 (2005) 1-24 (electronic).