Art for Children Experiencing Psychological Trauma Art for Children Experiencing Psychological Trauma aims to increase under- standing of art’s potential to enhance learning for children living in crisis. In this groundbreaking resource, the first of its kind to focus specifically on the connection between art education and psychological trauma in youth popu- lations, readers can find resources and practical strategies for both teachers and other school-based professionals. Also included are successful models of art education for diverse populations, with specific attention to young people who face emotional, mental, behavioral, and physical challenges, as well a framework for meaningful visual arts education for at-risk/in-crisis populations. Adrienne D. Hunter, MEd, has over 35 years of experience teaching art to at-risk, in-crisis, and/or incarcerated youth. She is a national presenter, a past president of the interest group on Special Needs in Art Education (SNAE) within the National Art Education Association, and a past mem- bership co-chair for the Council for Exceptional Children’s Division of Visual and Performing Arts Education (DARTS). Donalyn Heise, EdD, is founder and co-director of Teacher Effectiveness for Art Learning (TEAL), and is a leader at the local, state, and national levels. She is a researcher, author, national presenter, and award-winning educator with more than 30 years of experience teaching art to youth who have experienced psychological trauma. Beverley H. Johns, MS, is a professional fellow at MacMurray College. She has worked in public schools with students with significant behavioral problems for more than 33 years, presented international workshops, and authored more than 20 special education books. Art for Children Experiencing Psychological Trauma A Guide for Art Educators and School-Based Professionals Edited by Adrienne D. Hunter, Donalyn Heise, and Beverley H. Johns First published 2018 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2018 Taylor & Francis The right of Adrienne D. Hunter, Donalyn Heise, and Beverley H. Johns to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hunter, Adrienne D., editor. Title: Art for children experiencing psychological trauma : a guide for art educators and school-based professionals / Adrienne D. Hunter, Donalyn Heise, and Beverley H. Johns, editors. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017052876 (print) | LCCN 2017054105 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315301358 (eBook) | ISBN 9781138236943 (hbk) | ISBN 9781138236950 (pbk) | ISBN 9781315301358 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Art therapy for children. | Psychic trauma in children—Treatment. | Art in education—Therapeutic use. Classification: LCC RJ505.A7 (ebook) | LCC RJ505.A7 A75 2018 (print) | DDC 618.92/891656—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017052876 ISBN: 978-1-138-23694-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-23695-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-30135-8 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Dedication This book is dedicated to all students who have experienced psychological trauma, and to all art educators who nurture the strengths, talents, and hopes of all students. Contents Biographies of Editors and Contributors x Acknowledgments xix PART I Overview of Behaviors: Who Are the Children in Crisis? Definitions and Demographics 1 1 Introduction and Purpose of this Book 3 ADRIENNE D. HUNTER, DONALYN HEISE, AND BEVERLEY H. JOHNS 2 Children Exposed to Trauma: Children in Crisis 6 LISA KAY 3 Who Are Homeless Children? 15 DONA ANDERSON AND MATTHEW ADAMS 4 Child Abuse: Signs and Reporting Procedures— What the Art Educator Should Know 37 ORIANA C. HUNTER, DONALYN HEISE, BEVERLEY H. JOHNS, AND ADRIENNE D. HUNTER 5 Behavioral Characteristics of Children Living in Crisis and the Impact on Learning 53 BEVERLEY H. JOHNS 6 LGBTQ Trauma + Art Education 60 MINDI RHOADES viii Contents 7 The Role of the Art Educator in Meeting the Needs of Students Who Are Victims of Human Trafficking 76 BEVERLEY H. JOHNS AND ADRIENNE D. HUNTER 8 Alternative Educational Services for Students Who Have Experienced Psychological Trauma 83 ATHENA PETROLIAS, BEVERLEY H. JOHNS, AND ADRIENNE D. HUNTER 9 Mental Health Issues and the Art Classroom 93 STEVEN KELLY AND DARLA DAWN ABSHER 10 Neurobiological Impact of Trauma 104 CARLOMAGNO PANLILIO, ELIZABETH HLAVEK, AND AMANDA FERRARA PART II Art Education in Practice 115 11 Creating a Safe and Supportive Classroom Environment 117 BEVERLEY H. JOHNS, DONALYN HEISE, AND ADRIENNE D. HUNTER 12 Routines, Relationships, and Reinforcement 125 KARI CADDELL 13 Integrating Art and Academics: A Collaborative Approach 131 DONALYN HEISE, ADRIENNE D. HUNTER, AND BEVERLEY H. JOHNS 14 Building Relationships through Art: Understanding the Potential of Art-Making for Students Experiencing Psychological Trauma 150 LISA KAY AND SUSAN D. LOESL 15 Yellow Bricks: An Approach to Art Teaching 157 LISA KAY Contents ix 16 Non-Traditional Educational Settings, Center Schools, and Students with Behavioral Disorders 167 JOSEPH A. PARSONS, ADRIENNE D. HUNTER, AND DONALYN HEISE 17 Art and Youth Who Are Incarcerated 180 ADRIENNE D. HUNTER, BEVERLEY H. JOHNS, AND DONALYN HEISE 18 Where have we come from? Who are we? Where are we going? A Ceramic Mural for and by Students of the Rhode Island Training School 191 PETER J. GEISSER 19 Prison Art: A Recreational Model 200 ANNEMARIE SWANLEK, BEVERLEY H. JOHNS, AND ADRIENNE D. HUNTER PART III Identifying Future Directions 217 20 Pre-Service Art Teacher Preparation and Professional Development 219 JULIANN B. DORFF, LISA KAY, LYNNE J. HOROSCHAK, AND DONALYN HEISE 21 Community-Based Art Programs, Collaborative Partnerships, and Community Resources for At-Risk Students 248 LAURA BAILEY SAULLE, JOSEPH LAGANA, ROBIN CRAWFORD, AND BARBARA DUFFIELD 22 The Deep Joy of Teaching Art to Students Who Have Experienced Trauma 271 LYNNE J. HOROSCHAK Index 287 Biographies of Editors and Contributors Adrienne D. Hunter, MSEd, Special Education, is a pioneer in teach- ing art to in-crisis, at-risk, and incarcerated students. Recently retired, she was an art teacher in the Allegheny Intermediate Unit Alternative Education Program in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for over 35 years. Ms. Hunter designed and implemented fully inclusive art curriculums for stu- dents aged 6 to 21, from homeless shelters, crisis centers, alternative edu- cation high schools, and maximum-security institutions. Through her sensitive and innovative curricula, she has addressed within her classroom the issues of gangs, domestic violence, homelessness, substance abuse, mental illness, and death. At the same time, she created a safe haven for inner-city youth through art. Ms. Hunter’s commitment to education and advocacy extends far beyond the workplace. She has reached across racial, generational, economic, and community boundaries to form part- nerships with colleges and universities, senior citizen centers, day care centers, local merchants, and community agencies throughout Allegheny County. Her students have created quilts for children with AIDS; murals that decorate schools, senior centers, and juvenile detention centers; and poetry and art books to help students on their journeys toward healing. Ms. Hunter has regularly enlisted local newspapers and merchants to gain publicity for her students’ positive contributions to their communities. In addition, as an advocate for art education for alternative education and for gifted education, she has spoken at Pennsylvania state legisla- ture hearings. Her professional training reflects her interests in both art education and special education. Ms. Hunter co-authored “Identifying the Visually Gifted: A Case Study” in Art, Science, and Visual Literacy and the “Teacher’s Assessment Resource Booklet” for the Pennsylvania Art Education Association (PAEA). She also co-authored “Students with Emotional and/or Behavior Disorders” in National Art Education Association’s (NAEA) Reaching and Teaching Students with Special Needs through Art. She is a nationally recognized presenter and an internationally exhibited fiber artist and is the recipient of numerous awards and grants, including a Fulbright Memorial Fund Teacher Scholarship to study art and education in Japan. In 2016, she was awarded the NAEA, VSA,1 Biographies of Editors and Contributors xi Council for Exceptional Children, Beverly Levett Gerber Special Needs Art Educator Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2008, she became the first recipient of the NAEA/Special Needs Art Educator of the Year Award. In 1996, she was awarded the PAEA Outstanding Secondary Art Educator of the Year Award. Ms. Hunter is a Past- President of the NAEA/Special