IMPACT OF PERIODIC MARKETS ON AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN FAIZABAD DISTRICT, U.P.
THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN GEOGRAPHY
BY NIZAMUDDIN KHAN
Under the sup>ervision of PROF. K. Z. AMANI
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1988 T3712
^^^°*^)^,
"''^(ftTo^VE'^^ ' Phone : 5661 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH
22,7.1988
Xms Is to eortlfy tbat th« thmmU "Ikpaet of Poriodie Iterkvis oa A^rlmltttnCL DoroXepBMit la Vaisatead Biatrlett U^F." vaa vritt«B; Hz Mr. trinunAdia Chaa uador ay offieial aaporTlaiea aad ia BOW bola^ aalMdLttod for ozaaiaatiea la past falflla«it of hla Ph,])« eearao ia Ooocxapitj.
I farthor oortify tliat -Oio vork la orlgiaal.
(£•&• Aaaai) f rofoaaor of Ooography Snparrlaor ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am gratefxjl to Professor K.Z. Amani under whose supervision this work has been completed. Thanks are also due to Professors M. Shafi, S.M. Rafiullah, Mehdi Raza, Zameeruddin Alvi and M. FSirooque Siddiqui who ha.ve been constant source of inspiration. I am also grateful to Professor Abdul Aziz, Chairman, Department of Geography who has also been very helpful.
I am also thankful to Dr. Ali Ahmad, Mr. Asad Yar Khan and Mr. Tahzeeb Abbasi who helped me during the prepara tion of the thesis. Thanks are also due to the Librarian of MaiJlana Azad Library, A.M.U. Aligarh and Librarian of Geography Seminar Library. Thanks are also due to Mr. Masood Alam, Mr. Javed, and Mr. Munne Khan who helped in preparation of maps, figures and draft.
My friends Messers Niazul Haq, Jabir Khan, Mohd. Ahmad Khan, Fateh Mohammad, Frahim Khan, Shamim Akhtar Rabbani, Mohd. Ateeq, Liaquat Ali, Mohd. Toyyab, Toyyab Khan, Hafiz Armanullah Ansari, Hafiz teisuddin Ansari and Dr. Arif Siddiqui have also helped me in many ways and deserve my thanks.
My parents and brothers have patiently borne the brunt of financing me through my academic persuit. Their love and blessings encouraged and enabled me to complete the thesis. I am extremely grateful to all these benefactors.
NIZAMUDDIN KHAN CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgement
List of Tables i
List of Maps and Figures vii
INTRODUCTION 1
- Significance of Periodic Market
- Purpose of Study
- Methodology
CHAPTER I 11
GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLOOK OF FAIZABAD DISTRICT
Physical Setting
- Top%raphy
- Drainage System
- Lakes - Soils
- Climate
- Vegetation
Cultural Setting
- Population
- Distribution and Density of Population - Occupational Structure - Land Use - Urban Population - Transportation - Industrial Economy Page
CHAPTER II
ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC MARKETS 65 Origin and Pevelopment of Periodic Markets - Temporal Growth and Development of Periodic Markets Distribution of Periodic Markets - Spatial Distribution of Periodic Markets - Nearest Neighbour Analysis Method - Average Area Served by Per Periodic Market - Average Served Population Per Periodic Market - Average Net Sown Area Per Periodic Market - Average Number of Inhabited Village per Periodic Market - Temporal Distribution of Periodic Markets - Distribution of Periodicity of Market Centres - Frequency or Daywise Distribution of Periodic Markets Typology of Periodic Markets - Classification Based on Location - Classification on the Basis of Estimated Attendants - Classification Based on Commodities Transacted - Classification Based on Trade Area of the Markets Spatio>-Temporal Synchronization of Periodic Markets Consumer's and Trader's Behaviour in Periodic Markets - Traders' Visit Pattern Page
- Consumers Visit Pattern - Ring System of Periodic Markets - Hierarchy of Periodic Markets - Market Area - Market Functions - Market Charges
CHAPTER III
PERIODIC MARKETS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING - Agricultural Marketing - Role of Periodic Markets in Agricultural Marketing - Proportion of Marketed Surplus in Periodic Markets - Producer Sellers in Periodic Markets - System of Transactions in Periodic Markets - Price Structure of Agricultural Commodities in Periodic Markets - Market Functionaries - Channels of Commodity Flow
Imperfection in Agricultural Marketing Systems - Imperfection Relating to Agricxiltuiral Produce - Organisational Defects - Infra-Structural Imperfections
CHAPTER IV
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT - Cropping Pattern - Size and Number of Operational Holdings Page
- Changing Pattern of Crop Combination - Spatial Pattern and Trend of Growth in Area, Production and Yield Under Food Crops - Area, Production and Yield Under the Crops at District Level - Growth of Area and Production of Different Crops at Block Level - Change in Inputs Consumption - Growth of Irrigated Area - Growth in Fertilizer Consumption - Agricultural Status
CONCLUSION 254 Glossary 266 Appendices 268 Bibliography 306 List of Tables Page No,
1.1 Usar Land (in hectare) and Percentage to total Area in Faizabad District (198A-85). 23
1.2 Monthly Maximum-Minimum Temperature and Monthly Average Rainfall in Faizabad District. 27
1.3 Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature and Other Weather Phenomena. 28
1.4 Area (in hectares) under forest in Faizabad District (1984-85). 31
1.5 Growth of Population in Faizabad District (1901-1981). 35
1.6 Blockwise Growth of Popxjlation During 1971-81. 37
1.7 Blockwise Distribution of Population, Area and Density of Population in Faizabad District 1981. 40
1.8 Occupational Distribution of Workers at Block Level in District of Faizabad. 43
1.9 Blockwise Land Utilization in Faizabad District (1984-85). 47
1.10 Blockwise Rural-Urban Population in District of Faizabad (1981). 52
1.11 Blockwise Length of Metalled Road and Number of Village at Different Size of Distance from the Road in Faizabad District (1984-85). 54 11
Page No.
1.12 Large Scale Industries in Faizabgd District (1985). 57
1.15 Different Categories of SSI Registered on 31.3.1985 in Faizabad District. 58
1.14 Small Scale and Handicraft Industries in Faizabad District (1985). 60
2.1 Corelation-coefficient Between Market Centres and Length of Metalled Road in Faizabad District. 68
2.2 Blockwise Temporal Development of Periodic Markets (1961-1981). 72
2.3 Variation Analysis of Growth of Periodic Markets (1961 to 1981). 73
2.4 Spatial Distribution of Periodic Markets in Faizabad District (Based on Nearest Neighbour Analysis Method). 76
2.5 Average Area Served by Per Periodic Market at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981). 81
2.6 Average Population Served by Per Periodic Market at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981). 83
2.7 Average Net Sown Area Per Periodic Market at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981). 85
2.8 Number of Inhabited Village Per Periodic Market in Faizabad District (1981). 88 lii
Page No.
2.9 Distribution of Markets Based on Periodicity at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981). 91
2.10 Daywise Frequency of Periodic Markets at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981). 9^
2.11 Typology of Selected Periodic Markets in F&izabad District. 97
2.12 Temporal and Locational Spacing of Periodic
Markets.Faizabad District (1981). Ill
2.13 Consumer and Trader Hypothesis. Ill
2.1^ Temporal and Locational Spacing of Periodic Markets in Faizabad District (By days of week)
1981. 112
2.15 Trader Hypothesis by Days of week. 114
2.15 Average Distance (in Kms) Travelled by Different Categories of Traders in a Market Week. 118
2.17 Commoditywise Traders Travel Behaviour in Sampled Periodic Markets (in Kms). 122
2.18 Coimnoditywise Consumers Travel Behaviour in
Sampled Periodic Markets (Kms). 125
2.19 Weightage Schemes of Parameters. 133
2.20 Hierarchy of Sampled Periodic Markets in District of Faizabad. I37 IV
Page No.
2.21 Market Area Based on Mean Distance Travelled by-
Cons xmers and Traders. 1^2
2.22 Commodity Structure of Periodic Markets. 1^
2.23 Commoditywise Total Number of Shops and Their Percentage to Total Nxomber of Shops in Sampled Periodic Markets. 1^7
2.2^ Market Charges Paid by Traders in the Sampled Periodic Markets. 1^9
5.1 Purchase of Agricultural Commodities by Different Agencies in District of Faizabad (1985). 153
3.2 Assessed Arrival of Different Agricultural Commodities in Periodic Markets (Gradewise) in District of Faizabad (1985-86). 156
3.5 Proportion of Agricultural Produce Marketed at Different Stages/Agencies Dioring 1985-86. 157
3.4 Proportion of Producer Seller Dealing in Wheat in Selected Periodic Markets. 160
3.5 Proportion of Different Agents (Seller) Dealing in Paddy/Rice in Selected Periodic Markets. 165
3.6 Pix»portion of Different Agents (Seller) Dealing in Vegetables in Selected Periodic Market. 167 Page No.
3.7 Proportion of Different Agents (Sellers) Dealing in Pulses in Selected Periodic Markets. 171
3.8 Holding size-wise Proportions of Seller of Different Crops in Sampled Periodic Markets.. 173
3.9 Whole-sale and Retail Price (Rs.) of Different Commodities in Selected Periodic Markets (Feb. 1985). 178
3.10 Whole-sale and Retail Price (Rs.) of Agricul tural Commodities in Some Tovm Markets in Faizabad District. 179
4.1 Blockwise Area under Major Group of Crops in Paizabad District (1984-85). 199
4.2 Block-wise Distribution of Number of Holdings Area and Their Percentage to Total Number of Holding and Area l&ider Marginal Small and Big Farmer Category in Faizabad District (1984-85), 203
4.3 Crop-combination During 1975-76. 208
4.4 Crop-combination During 1984-85. 210
4.5 Crop-wise Area, Production and Yield per Hectare of Different Crops in Faizabad District (1975-76 to 1984-85). 215
4.6 Growth of Area and Production of Paddy (1975-76 to 1984-85). 219 vi
Page No,
A.7 Growth of Area and Production of Wheat (1975-76 to 198^85). 223
^.8 Growth of Area and Production of Pulses (1975-76 to 198i+-85). 226
^.9 Growth of Area and Production of Sugarcane (1975-76 to 1984-85). 232
4.10 Growth of Area and Production of Potatoes (1975-76 to 1984-85). 236
4.11 Growth of Area and Production of Oilseeds
(1975-76 to 1984-85). 241
4.12 Growth of Irrigated Area (1975-76 to 1984-85). 245
4.13 Growth of Fertilizer Consumption (1975-76 to 1984-85). 249 vii
List of Maps and Figures
Page No.
1.1 Location Map of Faizabad District. 12
1.2 Tectonic Map of Ganga Basin and Adjoining Areas, 13
1.3 Faizabad District : Topography and Drainage Pattern. 18
1.4 Monthly Average Rainfall and Mean Maximum and Mean Minimum Temperature in Faizabad District. 25
1.5 Faizabad District : Percentage of Forest Area
to Total Area. 32
1.6 Growth of Population in Faizabad District. 36
1.7 Faizabad District : Growth of Population (1971 to 1981). 38
1.8 Faizabad District : Density of Population 1981. kl
1.9 Faizabad District : Occupational Structure of Workers 1981. i+5
1.10 Faizabad District : Land Use Pattern, 49
1.11 Faizabad District : Transport Network 55
1.12 Faizabad District : Indxostrial Map. 63
2.1 Faizabad District : Nearest Neighbours of Periodic Markets, 78
2.2 Faizabad District : Average Area Served by per Periodic Market 19B1. 82 vlii
Page No.
2.3 Faizabad District : Average Population Served by per Periodic Market 1981. 84
2.4 Paizabad District : Average Net Sown Area per Periodic Markets 1981. 86
2.5 Faizabad District : Average Inhabited Villages per Periodic Market 1981. 89
2.6 Faizabad District : Distribution of Periodic Markets 1981. 92
2.7 Faizabad District : Distribution of Market Bays 1981. 95
2.8 Faizabad District : Typology of Selected Periodic Markets, Based on Location. 100
2.9 Paizabad District : Typology of Selected Periodic Markets, Based on Estimated Attendants. 102
2.10 Faizabad District : Typology of Selected Periodic Markets, Based on Commodities transacted. 103
2.11 Faizabad District : Typology of Selected Periodic Markets, Based on Tributary Area. 105
2.12 Faizabad District : Tr*ader Movement in Selected Periodic Markets. 121
2.13 Faizabad District : Consumer Movement in Selected Periodic Markets. 126 IX
Page No.
2.14 Faizabad District : Consumer's Movement for Different Commodities in Selected Periodic Markets. 128
2.15 Faizabad District : Ring or Circuit of Periodic Markets. 130
2.16 (a) Faizabad District : Hierarchy of Sampled Periodic Markets. 134
2.16 (b) Faizabad District : Hierarchy of Selected Periodic Markets. 138
2.17 Faizabad District Tributary Area of Selected Periodic Markets. 143
3.1 Proportion of Rice Marketed at Different Stages. 148
3.2 Proportion of Wheat Marketed at Different Stages. I6l
3.3 Proportion of Pulses Marketed at Different Stages. 166
3.4 Proportion of Vegetables Marketed at Different
Stages. 163
3.5 Marketing Channels for Wheat. 184
3.6 Marketing Channels for Paddy and Rice. 185
3.7 Marketing Channels for Vegetables. 187
3.8 Marketing Channels for Sugarcane. 189
4.1 Faizabad District : Cropping Pattern (1984-85). 200
4.2 Faizabad District : Size of Land Holdings. 204 Page No,
^.5 Faizabad District : Area Under Different Size of Land Holdings. 205 h,k Faizabad District : Crop-Combination Region 1975-76. 209
4.5 Faizabad District : Crop-Combination Region 1984-85. 211
4.6 Faizabad District : Area, Production and Yield of Major Crops 1975-76 to 1984-85. 216.
4.7 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Paddy 1975-76 to 1984-85. 220
4.7 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Paddy 1975-76 to 1984-85. 221
4.8 (a) Faizabad District:Blockwise Area and Production of Wheat- 1975-76 to 1984-85. 224
4.8 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Wheat 1975-76 to 1984-85. 225
4.9 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and
Production of Pulses 1975-76 to 1984-85. 227
^.9 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and
Production of Pulses 1975-76 to 1984-85. 228
4.10 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and
Production of Sugarcane 1975-76 to 1984-85. 253 XI
Page No.
4.10 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and
Production of Sijgarcane 1975-76 to 1984-85. 234
4.11 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Potato 1975-76 to 1984-85. 237
4.11 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Potato 1975-76 to 1984-85. 238
4.12 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Prodioction of Oilseeds 1975-76 to 1984-85. 242
4.12 (b) Faizabad District : Blockwise Area and Production of Oilseeds 1975-76 to 1984-85. 243
4.13 (a) Faizabad District : Blockwise Irrigated Area and Consumption of Fertilizers 1975-76 to 1984-85. 246
4.14 (b) Faizabad District : Bleckwise Irrigated Area and Consumption of Fertilizers 1975-76 to 1984-85. 247
4.15 Faizabad District : Agro-Status Region. 251 1
INTRODUCTION .
The word Market' has been derived from latin word VlarketTJs' which refers to the method or place of contact between buyers and sellers. Thus the market is a place where people gather for purchase and sale of provisions like live stocks, agricultural and non-agricultural commodities. Market may be classified as daily and periodic market . The term periodic reveals the happening of any events at a regular interval. Hence the periodic market is a place where traders and consumers meet together once or twice in a week to meet the demand of local and urban consxamers. It is based on temporal character. These markets are known v/ith different names in different part of the country. Their nomenclature also varies even in Uttar Pradesh. In western Uttar Pradesh they are known as Painth while in eastern Uttar Pradesh they sre called hat or bazar.
SIGNT^ICANCE OF PERIODIC MARKET ———— * ""— — The per^ c markets play an important role in socio economic life o. iral people on account of the fact that they are the centres o. ">llection and distribution for rijral pro duce. They are not "y a place of transaction of goods and commodities but also i.i*ovide an opportxjnity for the people to meet and discuss the matter of mutual interest, particiLLarly, social, political and economic condition prevailing in the area. 2
The periodic markets as nodal points or growth poles are very significant for the rural development especially, in agricultural and cottage industries sectors. The agricioltural surplus either in their original forms or in processed forms reach the consumers at appropriate time and place to fulfil the local demand through these centres. The farmers get the money through the transaction for investment in their agricul tural activities. Thus the availability of marketing facili ties is one of the pre-requisite for break-through in cumula tive growth of agriculture in a region. In semi-subsistence agriculture where production is mainly to fulfil the needs of the family the periodic markets are only the main source to provide facilities for selling their agricultural surplios and to get money and incentive to increase production.
The agricultural activities depend to a great extent on these markets. The demand structure of different commodi ties in the market results in diversification and alternation of farmer's decision for cultivation of a particular crop. These markets might help in modernisation and mechanisation of agriculture by providing inputs as incentive to the farmers. They also work as stimulus for the revival of local trade, rxjral enterpreneurship and cottage industries.
There are different kinds of periodic markets which may be classified as rural and urban periodic markets, weekly, bi-weekly, tri-weekly periodic markets, wholesale and retail periodic market and so on.
These markets are visited by three kinds of people (i) sellers (ii) consumers (iii) by-standers and adminis trators. Sellers are those person who sell the commodities in the markets. They may be divided as producer-sellers, part- time traders, ftill-time traders and buying traders. The prodixier sellers visit the markets once or twice a week to sell their own surplus and work on their farms during the remaining days of the week. The full-time traders are those traders who visit, almost, all the markets held in a week. They bring the commodities either from urban centres or from villages for sale in the pericxiic market. They are also called as selling traders. The buying traders work as consu mers in the markets and purchase the commodities for sale in urban/town markets or in villages.
Consumers are those persons who visit the markets for buying the commodities of their daily needs. By-standers are the persons who visit the markets for meeting the people or for just going around the markets while the administrators are responsible for the maintenance of law and order in the markets. They are, generally of high status in society.
Periodic markets avoid the competition among themselves in term of location and -cime. They are, generally, inversely integrated in time and space.When they have direct relationship I between their spatial and temporal location, it becomes as trader's optimal sequence of market location. In the case of inverse relationship between time and space, the sequence is optimal for consumers. All these markets are held on different days of market week or market ring.
The periodic markets may be considered as central place because, like the central place it serves an area and popula tion larger than itself. However, it deviates from the concept of central place in the sense that the periodic markets are not fixed in time. Unlike the central place, the periodic markets are arranged hierarchally. They have rather grades or horizon tally integrated to each other on the space. Because six;h markets are almost homogenous in variety of functions and ser vices but differ in size and volume of their functions and services.
The periodic markets are held in rural area under the management of either land lords, Gram Sabha or District Board. Sometimes, s\x;h markets are also held in lorban-town markets. In these markets traders have to pay some charges for putting their stalls or shops in the market. The charge is known as tahbazari. bathaki etc. It is paid both in kind and cash which varies from commodity to commodity and trader to trader. In urban periodic markets the traders pay two kinds of charges. The first charge is related to Mandi Samiti. It is paid by the traders at the time of enterance in the towns. The second charge is taken by the market management.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
In view the importance of periodic markets in socio economic life of rural people, the study of such markets is an essential feature of Marketing Geography. The major section of population in the Faizabad district is engaged in agricul tural activities. The rural population in the area is,more or less, dependent on periodic markets for sale and purchase of commodities. These are only place for selling the agricul tural commodities, especially, perishable goods like vegetables These markets also provide occupation or employment to itinerant traders who purchase the agricultural commodities from the villagesand sell them in the periodic markets.
The nature of distribution of periodic markets on the geographical space vary from region to region. Their integra tion between time and space, their temporal,.iiistribution and classification, the factors controlling cons^Jmer's and trader's behaviour in these markets and available functions and services in such markets may be different from one region to other.
The study of periodic market and its role in rural and agricultural transformation is an important aspect of marketing geography. A nxjmber of useful studies have been made to analyse and evalviate the different aspects of market centres especially 6 of rural markets but little attention has been paid to examine the relation between periodic markets and agricultural develop ment which affects the socio-economic life of the rural population.
The present work which studies the periodic markets in Faizabad district has been undertaken in the following objectives :
1. To understand the existing different organisations of periodic markets.
2. To understand the role played by periodic markets in agricultural development through marketing of surplus of different agricultural commodities in them.
METHODOLOGY
The study is based on the primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was collected during two comprehensive surveys in the Faizabad district. The survey consisted of periodic markets as well as villages. The periodic market s\irvey included 1000 consumers and 1000 traders in 27 periodic markets. A village survey which followed immediately comprised about 2000 house holds in 13A- selected villages in the district.
According to 1981 census, there are 2654 villages and 227 periodic markets in the district. Out of these 5 percent villages (134) and 10 percent periodic markets (23) have been 7
selected for detailed survey by random sampling technique. Four additional markets have been included in sample keeping in view some special considerations viz. location of periodic market along river, on the border of adjoining districts and specialization of fx;inction and service etc.
All the sampled villages were visited before conducting the actual survey. In this preliminary survey house hold lists were prepared and village inhabitant^were classified mainly in four broad groups viz. ciiltivators, agricultural labourers, artisans and others. Again based on size of holding, the cultivaters were classified into three categories viz. marginal, small and big farmers. Keeping in view the number of house hold in each of the sampled villages, 10 percent house-holds were taken from each village and each category of inhabitants based on random stratified sampling technique.
Within the framework of the market and village surveys and depending on the type of market participants, the survey questionnaire included questions on periodic markets, consumers, traders and also about the sampled head of the house hold. The detailed questionnaire on above mentioned aspects have been given in appendices ^(X—yQ
In addition to primary data, the study is also based on secondary data which were collected mainly from following so\irces : 8
1. Census office, Lucknow 2. District Statistical Office, Faizabad 3. Agricultural Marketing Office, Faizabad k. District Industry Office, Faizabad.
The collected data were processed in tabular forms and these processed data were analysed by using different statistical methods, which were used to derive some specific conclusion regarding the periodic market and agricultural development, are coefficient co-relation, composite index and standard deviation technique. However bi-variate and multi variate tabular methods have been also used to conclude the same aspects of the study.
Thvs the above mentioned statistical techniques were applied to test the following hypotheses: i. The number of periodic markets is directly related to the length of the metalled road. ii. The periodic markets are inversely related in their temporal and spatial distribution. iii. Consumer generally visits the nearest centre. iv. Trader follows the circumferential route to attend different markets in a market week.
The study has been divided into four chapters. Chapter I deals with the geographical background of the area and give a 9
detailed description of the physical and socio-economic environment of the district.
Chapter II examines the different organisations of periodic markets and includes a detailed comment on origin and development, distribution in time and space, hierarchy, syn chronization, consumers and trader's behaviour and so on.
Chapter III describes the role of periodic markets in agricultural marketing system. This chapter analyses the type of agricultural markets, proportion of marketed surplus of different crops marketed through different agencies of agricul tural marketing system as well as the proportion of producer-i- sellers to total traders dealing in the periodic markets. It also discusses the price structure of different commodities both in sampled periodic markets and in near-by tov/n markets. Different marketing channels for movement of different agri cultural commodities like wheat, rice, pulses, vegetables and sugarcane from producer to consumer and some important aspects regarding agricultural marketing as a whole and in periodic market have also been discussed.
Chapter IV deals with agricultural development with reference to area, production and yield of different crops for a period of 10 years from 1975-76 to 198^85. Cropping pattern crop-combination regions as well as distribution of operational holdings have also been discussed. This chapter also includes the mode of change taking place due to modem technology and 10
inputs like irrigation facilities and chemical fertilizer.
In the last the condition summarises the main find ings of the study and highlight its importance for further research. However some important suggestions, for improve ment of agricultural marketing system in periodic markets in the district, have been also given. II
CHAPTER- I
GEOGRAPHICAL OUTLOOK OF FAIZABAD DISTRICT
Faizabad is the one of the important disrrict in the north eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. It lies bet\veen lati tudes 26° 9' N to 26° 50' N and between 81° 4l' E and 83° 8* E longitudes.
It is bounded on the north by Gonda and 3asti district and on the south by Sultanpur, on the west by Barabanki and on the east by Azamgarh district (Fig. 1.1). The district has a total area of A-,429 Sq. km. and having a population of 2382515 persons. The total length of the district from east to west is approximately 1^ kms. and the breadth from north to south is about k2 kms.
From the administrative point of view, the district is divided into four sub-divisions, namely, Faizabad, Tanda, Akbarpur and Bikapur and 18 development blocks.
PHYSICAL SETTING
The district of Faizabad forms a part of Central Ganga Basin. The opinions regarding the age of this basin vary. According to Edward Suess, it is a fore deep formed in the front of the resistant mass of tho oenisula v/hen the n
^^^ 1 -
• % o «0 < a.
o_ -Vi \ ''''•) '* l"^ O J- /• / •'-,« < 1 O "
7f'0- X f BiTlo' z V I <\S^ TECTONIC MAP GAN6A BASIN AND ADJOINING AREAS
RfOGE
SEDIMENTARY COVER OF GANGA BASIN
GONDWANA(LOWER AND UPPER UNOIFFENTIATED) NEOCENE
VINOHVAN PALEOGENE ^ (UPPER PROTEROZOIC LOWER PALAEOZOIC)
1:0.ty] MESOZOIC
IVi-^^l LIMITS OF MESOZOIC EFFUSWES 2?, (DECCAN TRAPS/ RAJMAMAL TRAPS ETC ) 50 0 100 200 300 400 ^--^—f—4--f '^•--^~-^ i .> KILOMETRES (AFTER fECTOWir. MAP Of INDIA 1<)88 Br OIL AMD NATURAL GAS COMMISSION I
FIG.1-2 14
Tythyan sediments were thrusted southward and compressed against them . Sir Sydney Burrad, considered it to be a rift valley bounded by parallel faults on either side^. The third view regards it as sag in the crust formed between northward drifting Indian continent and the comparatively soft sediments accumulated in the Tythyan basin when the latter were crumpled up and lifted up into mountain system .
Another view, at present, is that it has been formed by the buckling down of northern border of the penisular shi- eld beneath the sediments thrust over it from the north .
Stratigraphically, the Ganga basin is built up of layers of sands and clays filling up a deep depression betv/een the penisula and the Himalyas. These bodies of sands and clays were deposited directly on the eroded surface of Bundel- khand Granitic Basement which in recent times has been desig nated as the Faizabad High.
As far as the thickness of the sediments overlying the Ganga basin is concerned, different estimations have been made. Oldham estimated the depth of sediments in Ganga basin between
1. Suess, E. (1904-24) The Face of the Earth. Oxford. Vol. 5. 2. Burrad, S.S. (1915) Origin of the Gangetie Trough, Commonaly called the Himalyan Fore-deep, Proceeding Royal Societv London. Vol. 91-A, pp. 220-238. 3. Krishnan, M.S. (1956) Geology of India and Burma, f-iadras, p. 511. 4. Ibid. 15
AOOO-6000 m., and Burrad considered it 32 km. Based on the recent investigation by Oil and Natural Gas Commission through aeromagnetic, groundraagnetic and deep wells and structijiral well drilled at different places, the depth of sediment varies from place to place. Sarda and Gandak depressions have more than 6OOO m. deep sediments overlying the vindhyan formation.
Geologically, the alloiminium deposits have been categorised as Khadar and Bhangar. The Khadar lands or newer alluminium ' are confined to terraces of flood plains of rivers and their tributaries. They are light in colour and poor in calcarious matter and composed of chiefly sand, silt and clay. However, the bhangar lands or older alluvixim are the level plain above the flood plain of rivers. The most important material in bhangar land is clay which at some places becomes loam or sandy loam.
TOPOGRAPHY
Generally the district consists of a level plain of \jniform character. The variation in flatness is caused by various rivers, streams and draingage channels which flow along the length of the district from northwest to south east.
5. Oldham, R.D. The structure of Himalyas and the Gangetic plains. Memoirs of Geological Survey of India (1971), Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 1-155. 6. Burrad, S.S. op. cit. 16
Numerous small depressions (Lakes or Jhils) without any- natural outlet are found scattered all over the district.
On the basis of its physical appearence,the district may be divided into two units - the lowlands and the uplands.
The Low Lands
The low lands, which are locally known as Manjha, consists of alluvial deposits of Ghaghra river. The exten sion of the land is not continuoxjs but broken in nature. Their width vary and is narrow along the northern boundary of Tanda sub-division and rather extensive along the northern boundary of Faizabad sub-division.
The lowlands are bounded by/high bank of river Ghaghra which is at most places, clearly defined but fluctuates north and south as a result of erosion and deposition. ^ This is marked by a large stretch of waste land in which the thick growth of Jhao, Tamrisk and Kaseri provide haunt for a wild animals.
The Up-Lands
Beyond the lowland lie the uplands or bhangar and remain mostly unaffected by the annual floods. The uniformity of the land is broken by the presence of numerous lakes, tals and tributaries of Ghaghra namely Tons-Majohi System. Some 17 patches of usar lands are also found in the development block of Tanda and Bhiti.
Drainage System
The study area has a number of rivers and streams which fallow the general slope of the land and run from west to east. The principal rivers are the Ghaghra, Tons and Majohi. The Ghaghra has its source in snowy peaks of Hima- lyas while the other rivers originate from lakes in the plains. The minor streams of the area are seasonal in nat ure and their discharge varies from nothing in hot season to the hundred of cubic metres per second during rains.
A brief account of some of the main rivers is given here.
The Ghaghra
It is the main river of the region, and is also kno-^m as Sarju or Saryu. The river rises in Himalyas and enters the Ganga Plain where it is known as Karmali. The river forms a natural boundary between district Faizabad and Basti (Fig. 1.3).
The size and volume of water in the river varies from season to season during the rainy season the river attains immense size and floods a considerable area, causing much damage to the life, property and standing crops. In the K)
O 19 olden days the Ghaghra was the principal highway of the district but with the construction of permanent bridge on the river at Ayodhya and an increase in road transport faci lities, the river is no more used for biiLk transportation of goods and population.
The Ghaghra does not have any important tributary in the district and receives water from vario\js minor streams such as Tirwa, Pikia, Tenuri and so on.
The Tons
River Tons is the second important river of the dis trict and consist of two streams i.e. Murha and Bisui. Both join each other near Haripur, a village in Katehri block of Akbarpur sub-division. The Murha originates from a lake near- Rudauli in Barabanki district and the Bisui, the southern feeder of the system, has it source of origin in the district of Sultanpur.
The chief tributary of the Tons is Majohi which origi nates from a depression in the district and flows eastwards to join the main river in the district of Azamgarh.
The Gomti
The river Gomti, on the southwestern corner of the district Faizaload, flows along the border of Sultanpur and Faizabad districts for a distance of a few kms. The bank of ^0 the river is clearly defined and it is characterised with the presence of ravines and belt of sandy soils of varying fertility.
LAKES
There are numerous large and small lakes spread all over the district. These lakes may be divided into two classes on the basis of their origin. First, there are some lakes which have originated on account of meandering action of rivers but most of them are connected with the rivers by small channels.
The second type of lakes consists of those depressions which are connected with the rivers in which water collects during rainy season, often flooding the surrounding areas. The remaining lakes are of independent nature without any outlet.
SOILS
The soils of the district of Faizabad are alluvium and fall into two divisions : the new alluvium and old alluvium. They are also known as Khadar and bhangar respectively. The khadar lands are found in narrow strips along the river Ghaghra and other rivers in the district and their soils vary in texture from sand to silty sand. The bhangar soils to vary from sandy loam^stiff clay depending upon topography and drainage. Sometimes this soil is characterised by the 21
presence of calcareous concretions, which are called kankar and are found at various depths. The soils of the district may be classified as under :
Sandy soil (baluva)
The soil of khadar, adjacent to river banks, are markedly sandy but away from these banks it improves in texture and shows an increase in percentage of silt. The sandy soil is utilized for cultivation of millet and kharif pulses while the silty sand is used for production of millet in kharif and barley or gram in rabi season.
Loamy soil (domat)
This soil type covers a major portion of the district. The surface soil is yellow to brown in colour with brownish- yellow subsoil. Owing to light and open texture of the soil, its water retention capacity is low but it can be made capa ble of producing good crops if irrigation facilities are provided.
Clayey loam (matiyar)
The matiyar soil is characterised by yellov/ish grey colour at surface and dark colour in lov/er horizon. As com pared with domat soil, it is rich in clay and its v/ater reten tion capacity is high. The calcareous materials are leached down from the surface at various depths where they are 22
•accumulated to form kankar nodules. This soil responds well to transplanted rice.
Usar Soils
The usar soils of the area arc to be especially men tioned, the most striking featijre of the soils is the irre gularity of their distribution. It is very difficult to show the extent of these soils as they are interspersed with small pieces of fertile lands.
The Hiraalyan river^and their tributaries have played an important role in the fonnation of usar soils in the region. These rivers transport salts in solutions which go on perco lating into the sub-soil of the region. In those areas which suffer from lov; rainfall and have no proper surface drainage, these salts keep on accumulating by leaching from the neigh bouring regions. During the dry months, the solu^ble salts are sucked-up in solution by capillary action to the surface and are deposited there in the form of white efflorescence. In this way, the lands which have been impregnated with these salts have been described as usar lands. These lands account 1.75 percent of total area. Their distribution among the blocks varies considerably between 0.54 percent (Tarun) and 3.47 percent (Akbarpur) (Table 1.1). 23
Table 1.1
Usar Land Area (in hectare) and its Percentage to Total Area in Faizabad District (1984-85)
S.No. Block Area Total Area (%)
1. Masodha 244 1.16 2. "Sohawal 225 1.12 3. Purabazar 270 1.27 4. Mayabazar 372 1.69 5. Amaniganj 263 1.02 6. Tarun 133 0.50 7. Milkipur 205 0.95 8. Bikapur 246 1.24
9. Haringtonganj 312 1.41 10. Bhiti 354 1.67 11. Bhiyaon 450 1.94 12. Jalalpur 950 3.24 13. Akbapur 1428 3.47 14. Katehri 547 2.15 15. Tanda 342 1.09 16. Jahangirganj 467 2.26 17. Baskhari 477 2.27 18. Ramnagar 385 1.63 19. District 7625 1.75
Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1986. 24
CLIMATE
The climate of the district resembles that o."
Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is characterised by a rythm of seasons which are produced by south-v/est and north-east mansoon. The reversal of winds takes place twice in a year.
The climate of the district may be classified into three dist I net seasons.
1. The Cold Weather Season (November to February)
2. The Hot Weather Season (March to Mid Juno)
3. The Season of Rains (Mid June to October)
The cold weather season prolongs from the month of
November to February. In the month of November, the belt of high pressure extends from north western India and covers the whole of the Uttar Pradesh. The temperature begins to decline and the maximum and minimum are 32.15°C and 8.95°C respectively in this month. The prevailing winds blov/ from west to east and are influenced by pressure distribution and trend of Himalyas.
However, the months of December and January register decrease both in maximum and minimum temperature. The month of December records 28.0 C and 5.9 C as mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature. January is the coldest month of the district which has 25.D°C mean monthly maximum and ^..30°C mean monthly minimum temperature. Both in Oecembji' and
January month, the fogs are common which occur in nie;ht and 25
MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL AND MEAN MAXIMUM AND MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERA |_TURE IN FAIZ/^aAD DISTRICT. t+5 35
J FMAMJJ ASOND MONTHS
FIG. 1-4 26 lasts the early morning hours. The month of February records an increase in temperature. Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature recorded in this month are 31.5 C and 6.9°G respectively (Table 1.2).
The season between March and mid-June is considered as the hot weather season. The temperature continually inc reasing till May. The mean monthly maximum temperature ranges between 38°C (March) and 44.5°C (June) and the mean monthly minimum temperature varies between 11.25°C (March) and 22.9°C (Juno). The v;inds blow from the east direction for major part of the days during this season. The scorch ing heat of the sun in the month of May and June with fast blowing hot westerly wind, locally knov/n Loo becomes un bearable.
The season of rains commences from 15th Jijne with the outburst of south-west monsoon. The advent of monsoon brings a complete change in weather with an appreciable fall in temperature. The mean monthly maximum temperature ranges between 37.15 C (July) and 35.1 C (October) and mean monthly minimxjim temperature varies from 16.5 (October) to •-^'').^°C (August) during this season. More than 90 perrent of annual rainfall occurs during season of rains. The raonch of July, August and September are accounted for more than 75 oercent of total precipitation of the season. The month of Jvily records maximum rainfall (32.30 cm.) and about 50 percent 8 • 1 1 H 5 H 27 w 0) o (Tv •H O o • • • JH •H 00 m o O CM JH a +J -P CO CO > •H in in Q > H ON 3^ Q> • • • -d o 00 o •H in o a) in m • • • in in CO m CM o CM •H a bO in O in H eg O in m CM -P (1) rn CM m CO hO s in o o 0) H CM m o • • • 0- rn CM > •p •-0 m CM m c (M <: 0) E 4J 0) in P ON a\ r- lU 0) O s • • • CO H tn rv m ft -Cl CM r-^ CD P § in in H io, CM t- CO 0) • • • O -J- H H •H CM bO p o • • C H'-- o X •HHS CO c CO CO O o CO •H I o in O OJ • l>- H in •H o • in •n S-. Q) -i tn o C\J o Q fM p OJ > ir\ in o in OJ • O en o CM CO > • in o O CM 00* o> vo o o 2 (\J CM o o • -4- in in in +J • CTN OJ QJ o CM o • tn H H K~\ o C\l H o o » r- in in H ft • m CO 0) t<^ -4- o in H m H CO fr\ CM CO •H bO O tn o o O H • f^ o in in O • CX) +» ^ CM m CO <; K> CM 00 H e •H in m o O H >, days of the month receive more than 0.50 mm. rainfall each day. Winds are generfilly eastern and north-eastern throughout the rainy season. Besides, the monthly variation of amount of rainfall in the district of Faizabad, a slight variation in the amo\;int of annual rainfall at different stations has been recorded. The rainfall decreases from north to south and west to east. The annual rainfall varies from 103 cm. at Tanda and 113 cm. at Faizabad follov/ed by Akbarpur (104 cm) and Bikapur (104 cm). VEGETATION The study area occupies a very insignificant percentage of total area lender forest cover. It accounts only 0.28 per cent of total area. The vegetation of the area is spread over the region in the form of scattered patches in the midst of cultivated land. Generally, the vegetation consists of timber jungle, bushes and long old grasses. « The spatial distribution of area under forest shows an \jneven character. The highest concentration of forest i.e. about 2.50 percent of total area is found in the block of Amaniganj. There is a wide open plain extending from v/estem portion to south-east comer containing some scattered patches of dhak and few plots of grass land by side of the nalas. The block of Masodha in Faizabad sub-division and Bhiti in 30 Akbarpur sub-division have the forest concentration ranging between 0.30-0.45 percent of total area and Milkipur and Maybazar block represent only between 0.15-0.50 percent area to the total area under forest. Rest of the blocks have less than 0.15 percent area under the forest cover (Table 1.4). As far as the localization of the forests is concerned they are concentrated, generally, along the rivers, nalas and to usar lands in the district. The Faizabad sub-division exhi bits negligible percentage of total area under forest which consist of few scattered patches of dhak trees in the block of Masodha (0.32 percent) Shohawal (0.83 percent) and Pura- bazar (0.19 percent). Tanda sub-division contains about 0.50 percent of total area under forest. There is very little Jungle of dhak in Tanda block but in other blocks from Baskhari to eastwards there are many patches of dhak around the source of pikia river. Bikapur sub-division accounts the largest share of area \jnder forest i.e. 2.92 percent of total area of the sub division. The highest concentration of forest is found in the south west portion of sub-division especially in block of Araaniganj which holds 2.50 percent of its total area under forest. They are spread in scattered patches of dhak nlong the nalas and jhils exist in the area, Besides, there are 31 Table 1.4 Area (in hectares) under Forest in Faizabad District (198A~85) Percentage of Total S.No. Blocks Area in hec Reporting Area 1. Masodha 69 0. 32 2. Sohawal 7 0. 03 3. Purabazar 42 0. 19 k. Mayabazar - 5. Araaniganj 655 2. .50 6. Tarun 8 0. .03 7. Milkipur 58 0..2 6 8. Bikapur 8 0..0 4 9. Haringtonganj 15 0. .06 10. Bhiti 84 0,.3 9 11. Bhiyaon 11 0 .04 12. Jalalpur 19 0 .06 15. Akbarpur 61 0 .14 lA. Katehri 73 0 .23 15. Tanda 62 0 .20 16. Jahangirganj 19 0 .09 17, Baskhari 32 0 .15 18. Ramnagar 10 0 .04 Total 1234 0.28 Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1986 32 / r--^-n /' ./^•—' .^' < r' c. UJ a< : -J < . • • C. .-T' H o / H h- r' •!? O O r H- a: < UJ \ te in CO O < I 1- J- Q l/> CO < UJ CD IX. > < o u. ./• M UL -6 < o U- UJ X". Irt o< 1- Z I . . .v^^vJ. -U -f -f -f -f 4ij^ UJ O u cUrJ a. l^^^f^VvV 33 three another scattered patches of dhak and grass ,1\mp;les are found in the sub-division. The first patch lies in the north of Milkipur and second belt extends between Malethu (Haringtonganj) to Sarai Khas (Bikapur block) along the Bisui river. While the third patch spreads over an area from north of Jana (Taruiblock) to south of Bhiti (Bhiti block) along Bisui river. However, the sub-division of Akbarpur which occupies 0.86 percent of total area under forest, A large patches of fairly thick thorn .junsle extends round the Loni depression 9 km. away from Akbarpur. Some dhaks are found along the Bisui and Marha before their junction in Katehri block. A small area of similar land is also found in the block of Jalalpur and Akbarpur along the course of half dozen of smaller nalas that rise in usar land. There is also a track of jungle lying the south of Thirwa and Marha river through which the water of jhils in the area over flows. North of Tons river consists of good land with scattered patches of jungle. However, amidst the patches of dhak jungle and at some places near the cultivated field there are pasture land which covers an area of 2810 hectares in the district. These fields are covered by grasses of different varieties of which the most useful are doob (Cynodon doctylffln) Jhau (Tamarix), Janiwar (Vetiueria Zizanioids)_Kus_ (Desmonstachya pipinate) 34 Saroat and Kashehri. The tCimarix is found particularli'' in Manjha lands along the Ghaghra where often mixed v;ith Jhau. CULTURAL SETTINa POPULATION With a popxilation of about 2.4 million and an area of 4,429 sq. km, the district of Faizabad is one of the most densily populated district of Uttar Pradesh. The large popu lation and its spatial distribution, density and its occupa tional structure reveal that, here, man has not been only a creator of cultural land-scape but also a basic constituent of the eco-system of the region. The regional distribution of population and its growth have mainly related to the eco nomic land-scape of the district. The average density of population for the district is 528 person per square. The highest density i.e. 953 is found in Masodha block and the lowest density (375) is found in Haringtonganj. The decadnal growth for the district is 36.38 percent. Both the density and growth rate of population is generally higher in the sub division of Faizabad and Tanda having good quality of agri cultural land which has made the area comparatively of great prosperity. The growth rate varies from block to block ranging between 28.99 percent in Purabazar to 17,07 percent in Tarun block. The northern blocks of the district in Faizabad and Tanda 35 Table 1.5 Growth of Population in Faizabad District (1901-1981) Year Total Decadnal Growth Population variation 1901 12,21,984 _ _ 1911 11,50,843 -71,051 -5.81 1921 11,68,617 -»-17,774 +1.54 1931 12,01,384 +32,769 +2.80 19^1 13,15,728 +114,344 +9.52 1951 14,17,662 +161,934 +12.31 1961 16,33,359 +155,697 +10.53 1971 17,47,189 +113,830 +17.39 1981 23,82,831 +635,642 +36.38 1. District Census Handbook, Faizabad, 1971 2. Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1986. 36 GROWTH OF POPULATION IN FAIZABAD DISTRICT UO 35' 30 z u UJ a 25 o < ID a o a 37 Table 1.6 Blockwise Growth of Population During 1971-81 S.No. Name of blocks 1981 1971 Varia Growth tion 1. Sohawal 119842 96515 23327 24.16 2. Masodha 264294 205518 58776 28.59 3. Pura Bazar 103312 80089 23223 28.99 h. Mayabazar 113306 89925 23381 26.00 5. Araaniganj 101669 84f>00 17169 20.51 6. Milkipur 101822 83761 18061 21.56 7. Bikapur 102487 83934 18553 22.10 8. Haringtonganj 872260 72148 15112 20.94 9. Tarun 117141 100060 17081 17.07 10. Bhiti 96569 79283 17286 21.80 11. Katehri 115401 97494 18907 19.39 12. Akbarpur 219151 180098 39453 21.90 13. Jalalpur 179308 14A070 35238 24.45 14. Bhiyaon 115592 96296 19296 20.03 15. Tanda 197867 158411 59456 24.90 16. Baskhari 118419 92705 25714 27.73 17. Ramnagar 116200 95887 20313 21.18 18. Jahangirganj 111811 91579 20232 22.09 Distt, Total 2382851 1932281 450570 23.31 Source : District Statistical Magazine Faizabad 1983, 86 38 ^^—•^.^ M^ ^ ^ir^ ^ ^£^ =r •J—^•—*-»«>- ^QC 3pi ^^ Lp.'^ Q U. •»- 5i. < O f^ CD -. a» < o 3 ^-H IT-' U- ono X ^ 1 ^<^ ,' z O if> ^ Cx^ ^^-^ 39 s\±»-divisions record relatively higher growth rate than the southern blocks of Bikapur and Akbarpur sub-divisions. The percentage of growth rates of population recorded in diffe rent blocks is variable as in Purabazar (28.99), Masodha (28.59), Baskhari (27.25), Jalalpur (2A.A5), Sohawal (2^.15), Mayabazar (25.00), Araaniganj (20.31), Haringtonganj (20.9^), Milkipur (21.56), Tarun (20.10), Bhiti (21.10), Katehri (19.39), Akbarpur (21.90), Jalalpur (24.45), Tanda (24.90) and Ramnagar (22.09). Distribution and Dens 1 t_y of Population Fig. 1.^ shuv/iiig the distribution of population in the district clearly indicates that there is considerable variation in number of people living in different blocks. The main cause for this uneven distribution can be attributed to the existence of plain and fertile land, the level of urbanization, industrialization and the facilities of trans port and communication. The density of population is the measurement of pppu- lation pressure on a given vinit of land. The density of the district, as a whole is 528 person per sq. km. which is greater than that of the whole Uttar Pradesh (377). Fig. 1.8 based on 1981 census shows blockwise density of population. It is seen that only one block namely, Masodha (953) is hav ing high group of density which is above 600 persons per km. 40 Table 1.7 BlocRwise Distribution of Population, Area and. Density of Population in Faizabad District 1981 _. S.No. Name of Blocks Population Density Area (km ) (Person/sq.km) 1. Sohawal 205.73 119842 582 2. Masodha 277.36 264294 553 5. Pura Bazar 221.57 103312 466 k. Mayabazar 225.10 113306 503 5. Amaniganj 254.09 101669 400 6. Milkipur 221.37 101822 459 7. Bikapur 220.23 102487 465 8. Haringtonganj 232.85 87240 375 9. Tarun 269.93 117141 434 10. Bhiti 220.05 96569 439 11. Katehri 263.23 116401 A 42 12. Akbarpur 420.01 219551 522 13. Jalalpur 296.54 179308 604 14. Bhiyaon 218.32 115592 529 15. Tanda 339.81 197867 582 16. Baskhari 193.54 118419 601 17. RamNagar 232.85 116200 499 18. Jahangirganj 210.91 111811 530 District Total 4523.69 2382851 526 Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad 1986 41 r M 'TO 4 ^^J> ui-l ^. I. I. I. W. z K o O 4^ 1> 1- /r1 ViV-iViiV^^'l cc < -J hi 4 fea Q o «— > Q. i oo 1-! O u. O) < o *~ i^i GO >- < rr ff N cn < z U. UJ z o o _l LL^S mm I .W o .^lllttlllll) ,A,Ll.M,l.l.l|l,l,l'> yftLW4|l^i,iTm[i^llll'i. b ^1 iiTrrr^f^v •T-K1 s I • > • • • v-^- • •> E cr in r n o o o o o o o o (/) J' in The medium concentration (density) of population is found in blocks of Mayabazar (503), Sohawal (5B2) in Faizabad sub division, Tanda (582), JahangirganJ (530) in Tanda sub-division and Bhiyaon (520) and Akbarpur (522) in Akbarp\ir sub-division, 'ihile Purabazar (^6) in Faizabad sub-division. Ram Nagar (499) in Tanda Sub-division and whole of the Bikapur sub division represent the low concentration of density (less than 400 persons per sq. km.) OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE The population of the country is generally classified under worker and non-worker groups. The worker group consists of two sections of popiiLation-main workers and marginal wor kers. Main workei^ includes those persons who were engaged in work for a major part of the year i.e. at least six months or 183 days. While the latter group includes the persons who were engaged less than 183 days or six month in workers . Table 1.8 shows that 29.^ pei*cent of the total popu lation of the district are workers. Out of 702218 workers, the dominant groups consisting of cultivators and agricultural labourers are 432631 and 121641 respectively. They represent 61.60 percent and 17.32 percent of the total workforce in the district. People engaged in non-agricultural occupations, 9. District census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh, District Faizabad, 1981. 43 E3 H -J-vX>SQvOlAcr»HK>t^HrOiOHmCOCOm O o HS c\)N-H t>HvO ro\(\j ro, oo ^<^0 ir»vX) H rH O N~N H moO (T\H iriinroH inHvi) o K^^-H invT) 1^ ro, o t^-CTi H rAOO-d" QO-CX\H CO N>N-N>crivX»-3 m vD O N^ CM H O to'^-3 (\J <)• 00 CM Q 00 H vr> O CM 00 CM EH P CVCMC\l(\I(\If\)(\)OJCMHfM-5(\l(\JC\J(MC\J -P W •H P O ^ •H O-P o^ t^cocoaDvDmi>-<^cDmc\iLr»(\Jt>i>-aD U3 +^ 03 (M'XiviD crv>X) 0-(Mc\jr^a5HCNjajmHHt>-vD -J- > cncr»HOOHCMof\icr\ocricr>t^c^oo3c^m hp ft c\i(MK>OJK>roif<^roc\lroic\i(\l<\J(MK^cMc\)c\) CM o ^:t^ft o :£ o tn H U OQ CO CTi-J- f\J^HI>-H-?COQ>.Dro,t-.mcriC^I>-C\J H 4-> c^K^^-cOc\J^<^OHOOooo^cMOOoOlr^K^<^)[>- CM CO EH O -d-coc>ofMc\jhf>HOO-d- crvrA-4- QNH OMTVCM oo H O o o •H CNJ-4- OJUDcr»(\l^-QH(yvHHC)Oc\Jl>cnOH o •P -^CTxHOUDrvjCO-J-d-vDOinO CTivn H O H roi CO 00 c\j romuD oo^{\iHm-3rir\hrMnffl-4:(\ico CO Cr»-^ K>rOHH C\lfc-C^»X)VOCT\OMnb-C0vX)H CM o H*D_ _O H O- O O 50H •H f-. •P W Ki c •H CO Q U U-r:, ^ C + u + rt 0) c ti o •p H •H ^ ^ C CO H eg N N a 3 fj -p bO o rt ct) hO ft 3 too fn ft ft O CO bO •H o ^ p -H -rH ft q c •H ^ f^ H CO cO U o o a o (0 cd q ^ CO -H •p cu CO CO >>'d -P •H H s -p ^ H -H q en o eg P CO q -H v-i 0! CO ^ CO x; cO eg CO •H -P cog 0^ S "^ S m p:^ rq 14 <; (-3 cQ EH Q -P o • • • u* • • • ^ • O H CM r<^-4- LPvU) t> 00 ? H (M N^-^ LPVVO ^-C0(7^HHHHHHHHH O o- CO o a H c 03 u -P ^1 00ioi~d"Q-d--4'LrMr\cMaNro-^JHc\JC--OC^ o JH O Q) in O l+> Jit: P> o o o HrHrHdHI^HHC\J(\)C\l(\l N^-d- rO C\) LTXK^ CM 03 -p :s > H o Cfl +J cd O roin-? H-^ roro C r) O 0) fMOOOLrtO-VOHl^HQCMONOOHOC^UJCM O mU •H G P X 00 CM-J (\) such as, manufacturing, processing, repairing, trade and commerce and other services account for about one fifth of the total work force. The study of occupational distribution of working population at- the block level indicate a significant varia tion in the ratio at differf?nt levels. The percentage of working population to total population varies between 27.55 (Bhiyaon) and 52.78 (Milkipur) block followed by Sohawal (29.20)_, Masodha (29.64), Purabazar (31.67), Mayabazar (28.98), Araaniganj (31.68), Bikapur (30.26), Haringtonganj (52.25), Tarun (29.77) etc. Moreover, there is a considerable variation in percentage of cultivators and agricultural Labou rers group to total work force, at block level (Table 1.8). They vary between 29.54 percent (Masodha) and 80.71 percent (Bikapur), and 10.22 percent (Milkipur) and 27.72 percent (Bhiti) respectively. LAND USE An analysis of varioiis categories of land use in the district may be helpful in understanding the existing status of agricultural economy and limitation of its development. Table 1.9 shows that during (1984-85) the total reporting area of the district is 459916 hectares and area under forest is merely 1254 hectares sharing 0.28 percent of total report ing area. While net sown area occupies 296476 hectares of 48 J- ir- J r- r-H vo -J C\! C^ o N^ N^ 03 M CJ o vD O '^ U^ a^ o M "*.' ^ rH vX) r • <0 0. •!-> (H OJ o O c^ l/N r\j vD rH rH iB r- r^ f- i-H •r\ ifN CT\ O r-i -3- rH J- c^ >n r<^ »^i VD »<-\ in in O J rrv H 1-1 ir-ol c<^ N~> .H rH in r- (NJ H 4) U^ J a r\' •J rH 30 WN ^ K^ ty X) p.. lA ON •J a^ I r- o CT> 0^ CD V£) in o -3 . • ai rrs O -:f O o S O o (V • s in rj in f\J r- >^ iH CV o» ^ > r^ o in t. -3 r>i c^ cr. o b ir t^ o 8 o •j> m tv 1^ AI r»^. >~-i o' ^•M) '"1 r-i I r»^ vO CO CD •n - VD K^ •r* "^ ro tV CO CT\ H c^ t^ h- i-l 5 3 -:t J- m in -3- rH o -t*o r-i cr^ in VO in fn H c^ if> in •H rH CO o^ C\' rH in in J- •£ n (D m •X OJ y 1 C 9 r-t iri rH rj r.j VC' U tC S' G vD J- !^ & a p m o• fO c^ c 00 t\; r-( 00 >.. rH CD •i> IT. -3 CO ir\ M) -C CO r- o r- rH o I m -3 -3 CTl rH O m r-( (\) rH f\l rn I c o -3 0^ o in -3 in in -3 m in 0\ o C\,' in (\j O in t- lT> o K> vD m in CO A! t^ c^ VD o VD o cjv r- f<"v CO -T r-i t^ m O rH CD •n (Nj tn c^ vD o s VO C^ VD r- CTi t^ -* O in f\J in C^ in (M m in 00 CO (Nj CO t^ p aj o VD CTi VD K> cj> (NJ vD rH cr> t^ Cr- bO • • • • 1 . o CO fH O (\i rH -3 :3 rH (M CQ t^ r-t in o in CO o S 3J •-• rvj H rH o lO in m in CO CO (M m H J^ -J 1 in -J t>- ir\ f~. O tn (No ) fM in f2 fV ^.. 49 > '^ \ I o o Of.) O O Q O O o (X ^ • a: r- Lu C/) I- 11a1 Q^ u Z o *-i to GDo < LJL g § i 2^5 _1 Z O m w uj 5l^ -5J :_,> 3 < < " U) O ^ "^ •- -' 2 5 ^. O «> 3 X J Z Z < o uj > a uj The rest of the land has been classified mainly as land not available for cultivation, other \;incuLtivated land old fallows and current fallows. The category" land not available for cultivation" includes lands put to non-agri cultural US€, and barren and unculturable land which accounts for 15 percent of total reporting area. The area under category of other uncultivated land excluding fallows is 36310 hectares or 8.25 percent of total reporting area. This category consists of permanent pasture land, land under miscellaneous trees and crops, and culturable waste. They share 0.^5, ^.90 and 5.13 percent of total land respectively. However the area occupied under old fallows and current fallows during 198^85 is 13788 and 26324 hectares respectively. They contributed 3.13 and 5.98 percent of total reporting area. Block level distribution of land under different categories of land use is given in the table 1.9. The propor- tionateof different kind of land use (Fig. 1.10) shows that there is a considerable variation in different blocks of the district. The percentage of area under forest cover varies between zero (Mayabazar) and 0.33 ^Sohawal). The land not available for cultivation lies between 10.AO percent in Tarun and 23.96 percent in JahangirganJ block. The percentage of 51 uncultivated area excluding fallows Is varying between 4.23 (Jahangirganj) and 13.52 (Amaniganj). Similarly the percen tage of area under the category of fallows also differs from block to block in the district (Table 1.9). URBAN POPULATION The urban population in the district is only 11 per cent of total population. The level of urbanization is below the state average which is 14 percent. Out of eighteen deve lopment blocks only seven blocks have urban population. The highest concentration is found in Masodha block where more than half of the population is urban. The main reason for this abnormally large population is the existence of district headquarter in the block. The second largest concentration of urban population is to be found in Tanda which is an irapor- tan centre of handloom industry. In the five blocks of Purabazar, Bikapur Mayabazar, Akbarpur and Jalalpur, the urban population ranges between 6.70 to 10.77 percent. The district contains seven urban centres. Amongst them, Faizabad is the largest urban centre with 143866 popu lation followed by Tanda (5?4474), Akbarpur (19469), Jalalpur (19326), Gosainganj (10066), Bikapur (806o) and Bhadarsa (7231). According to 1981 census, these centres have been classified into five grades. The first three grades are held by Faizabad, Tanda and Sultanpur respectively. Gosain- 52 Table 1.10 of Blockwise Rural-Urban Population in District Faizabad (1981) S.No. Development Rural Urban •/o Urban popu Blocks Population Population lation to total population 1. Sohawal 119842 - — 2. Masodha 120428 143866 54.43 5. Purabazar 96031 7231 6.70 h. Mayabazar IO52AO 10066 8.88 5. Amanlganj 101669 - - 6, Milkipur 101822 - - 7. Bikapur 94421 8066 7.87 8. Haringtonganj 87240 - - 9. Tarun 1171^*1 - - 10. Bhiti 96569 - - 11. Katehri 116401 - - 12. Akbarpur 200082 19469 8.86 13. Jalalpur 159982 19326 10.77 14. Bhiyaon 115592 - - 15. Tanda 143393 54474 23.55 16. Baskhari 118419 - - 17. Ram Nagar 116200 - - 18. JahangirganJ 111811 -- - Source District Census Handbook, Faizabad, 1981. 53 ganj, Akbarpur and Jalalpur are placed under IV grade while Dostpur is V grade town (table 1.10). TRANSPORTATION Transport net work is a dominant ingmdient in the development of socio-economic and cultural life of the region. It plays an important role in creating contact between city or market and its tributary area and helps In the movement of goods and men efficiently. The basic structure of transport system of the region consists of network of road, railways and navigable river by country boats of various sizes and ferry steamer services at important points along Ghaghra. These transport arteries, particularly the road and railways, have had profound Impact on the nature of regional economy and social and political structure and have brought out remarkable change in the type and volume of traffic as well as in its orientation in recent years. Intra-district transport suffprs from the enormity of rather low connectivity of villages to main roads, discoura ges the agricultural and industrial development in the region In view of enormous task of agricixl tural and industrial deve lopments, the need for hu^je expansion becomes imperative. The intra-district analysis of road netv/ork reveals that there are four important highways - Lucknow^ Faizabad, Faizabad-Rai Bareilly, Faizabad-Allahabad and Faizabad- 54 CO •J-uDOOO oOCOHK^r^'XjJ'QOOHrgC^Of^ ]5 cr>^-oooou)H c in O H vX)(T>tn-* HH00HN^C>-Cr\HmcM00QOH m o I • H W H K> I H roH mtnm-4-H-3'tOrH O -H <1» 0) Z> Ml «H CO O ino H -^-^ r\j-d^ v£) in 00 in m i>- QJ I O rH 10 o uD -J c\j min ooc\)00MD(MinmOHinm hO 0) in CC O -H in H CO CT^ H 2> •H C0fHOrHO00mC0rHC^fMO»X)Ovr)fMUD O rH CM m-d- invO !^ CO CTi O H CM m-J LCAUD O OO r-ir-ir-iHr-iHHr-ir-i CO r- ,, 55 .'V' o a: ^ o o Q: < CD oCL < CO N 2: < < a: u. Y- O .'*'• 6^^/Z h \ 7 h ALLAHABAD o o UJ UJ • '<. V 56 Varanasi, passing through or by the district. The total length of metalled roads in the whole district is 1020 kms. The distribution of road length is not unifonn in every block and varies from block to block ranging between Jalalpur (91.415 km) and Baskhari (23.462 km) (table l.ll). of Moreover,only 464 villages out 26^4 in the district are lying directly on the road network. The number of villa ges located off the road at different distances are 414 (15.59 percent), 559 (21.06 percent), 413 (15.56 percent) and 804 (30.29 percent) in the range of > 1 km, 1-3 km, 3-5 km and < 5 km respectively (table l.lt). Besides, the important town Faizabad, Tanda, Akbarpur, GosainganJ, etc. are connec ted with railways. INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY Industrially, the Faizabad is a backward district of Uttar Pradesh, The industrial activity in the district com prises of large Scale Industrial Units, Small Scale Industrial Units, Hand-Loom and Handicraft Units and a large number of Village and Cottage Industries. Large Scale Industries The Large Scale Indi;stries are those industries which have total investment including land asset, buildings, machi- nary and equipment of not less than 35 lakhs. The large scale sector registers six industries comprising of one Sugar Mill 57 Table 1.12 Large Scale Industries in Faizabad District (1985) S.No. Name of the Unit Investment Emp- Estimate^-zc, Item in loy- Annual Rs. Lakh ment Production (in M.T.) 1. K.M. Sagar Mill, 4^+3.00 645 10500 Sugar Masodha, Faizabad 2. U.P. State Spinning 900.00 1550 4000 Cotton Mill, Akbarpur yam 3. Vishnu StraboaYyJ, 50.30 138 13000 Straw Masodha, Faizabad board 4. Abhyudaya Paper 286.00 102 965 White Mill (P) Ltd. paper 5. Yash Paper Mill 103.30 110 I960 Crart paper 6. Amrit Bottelers 1.27 110 5,50 Cold (P) Ltd. (Uikh drink crates) Source : Action plan of District Industrial Centre, Faizabad (1985-86 to 1989-90). 58 Table 1.13 Difforent Categories of SSI Registered on 31.3.1985 in Faizabad District, S.No. Category No. 1. Agro based 90 2. Forest based 98 3. Animal based 7 h. Chemical based 80 5. Textile based 67 6. Engineering and 150 Allied based 7. Miscelleneous 265 8. Minerals 81 9. Electrical 21 Source : Action plan of District Industrial Centre Faizabad (1985-86 to 1989-90). 59 at Masodha, one Spinning MLLL at Akbarpur, one Straboard at Masodha, two Paper Mills and onp Bottlprs. The' total inves tment, estimated annual production, euiployment and producing items are listed for each unit in table 1.12. Small Scale Industries The Small Scale Industries are those which have total investment including land assets buildings, machinary and equipment not more than 35 lakhs, irrespective of nxjmber of person employed. During the 198^85, there were 857 regis tered small scale units in the district. Most of the regis tered small scale industries are concentrated at Faizabad, Tanda, GosainganJ and Akbarpur. The n\jmber of SSI units under the different categories as on 31.3.1985 was are given in the table 1.13. These units are generally employing less than 10 persons running on a modest scale and producing the jtems cattering the local needs. Absence of any big market adjoi ning to Faizabad, restrict the quantity of production from these units. Village and Cottage Industries Village and cottage industries are those which are under the commission power of khadi and village industries. These industries, whether using mechanical or electrical power or not, are carried on in the home of artisans and 60 -p CO cu iH en t>0 O ! o Cd CQ C O Cd •H CU -H O O +J cx CTj 0) l/J o. >, (U Cd B o Cd cd O Cd o C , - w t/) w +j -p p< 0^13 OJ Q) C CD O (d cd o o r-{ •r^ i-, 0) T cu o o Si fi 1 to W) CO EH cu H W CI CO O o o o o o O o H in o in o• o• • o• o• • o• 00 CM CN| CO in CO -p o o o ^- H ro CM m o- •H U 4-> CO •H Q O LA •4- in o H 00 O rr>v O m C\l CM O -d 0- m H m v£) N O O o o o o o O O O o o o in in O • • • • • • • c 00 t> in o in in in •H fr\ fn H H (0 (U •H •P ^^•d Xi ft Tn Id u Cd 3 3D cd cd cd 3 P cd 3 0^0^ Xi ^ X> Ci^ P^ X> n tn Cti cd cd fn H ^^ Cd Cd Cd Cd SH cd SH cd cd 01 cd N T) cd N N cd -d cd TJ rJ •H q ^ Cd cd Tl N •H •H ^ C ^ C-H +> ^ m H <4 en tx, H <; cd^ id nj r2 5! ^^ ^g£ cd U ';^ VD c^l (3^ o -4- O 8 o o H H H C\) CM CM C! CD H 00 o o !> J- CM CM o o CM CM 0) Cd o 00 CO ^ U3 8 CM H H H CM m in U) o- CO C7^ CO H ^ CO o EH 61 ft B bO ^ C (U O o ^4 x^ d u CtJ +J ^^d a (1) a », (/3 p* 0) ;>»!:: -p tn a Q CO tl) (fl rt x; H 4J o PQ CO OD o O o o o o O o o o • • • • O o iTv o in C7N rrx CM ^ CM C7^ H O I o o m m in ion ion c- VoD H CO m CJ^ H H CO CO ^& id -d -d c bO 0) a5 CO O X*, U) ^ X3 ^ W o •S •p ^ CO CO -P^ CO o N N O CO w H O •H •H rH O OJ o H H ,«' 03 H fH •H <"J ,Q fx, Pcj CO ^ L, o -P B o O in o in in ^- 1>- 00 t-- c o CM CM in •4- in H •H •p bO o (U •H fn O -P (0 •H O P 2; bO CO ft: H O, O •H CO B cO •P +J ,0 O o < u •^ ^ •p D CO D:; CO H CJ +J H -P •H M OJ t/1 ^ e c CO O Q) 6 CO U to fn •rH (H •H 0) o o g ^ •TH) o o c CO • « • • H CM m -cT CO m 62 occasEionally in small Kark^ana where not more tl-ian 9 workers are employed. Based on Informotion from the district khadi and village indiistries office, there are 729 khadi and village industries in the district, both in cooperative and private sectors. These units consist of village pottery, Rope and Ban Making, Oil seed crusting, processing of cereals, shoe making. Black Smithy and Carpentary. The total investment, annual production and total employments in the above units are approximatd.y Rs.50.00 lakhs, 220.00 lakhs and 23^0 respec tively. Handloom^ Handloom weaving is the most leading industries of the district in respect of both production and employments. The district have about 20,000 handlooms and 24,600 v/eavers. The number of Powerloom and Handloom Societies are 166 and annual production of handloom/powerloom cloths Is estimated at Fls.231.25 lakhs. The main centres for handloom weaving are Jalalpur, Akbarpur, Baskhari, Tiinda, IltifatgeinJ and surroun ding areas. The UP Handloom Corporation have opened their depots at the centres for providing raw material and market facilities. Handicraft The carpet weaving is the main artisan based industry which had grown up in past years, but now has almost ceased 63 E \ -/> H- (> > O QL irr r ^' - o flC < X T /•• .^' < CD in o- < 1- r" CO 3 T H §1 rsi < Q UJ O m-' u. < a- < ) ••••• •:> UJ u< o a X (£ o •••ft S. h- Z < z UJ if) a ' oc CD o o < UJ < O a id -J N o < z UJ 2 z K UJ z UJ O _j a a (- < o a o _i in z it < < . U1 K z < / \ < / X Q: — Z UJ UJ in tn -J ec. o ^ 1- o < UJ z < O O < a o z < o I/) z a 1 a. X 1 a > UJ o z o .1 X 1 i Q 9 -^7 u to flourish due to lack, of raw material? and market facilities. The other handicarft induf-tri fs like Forest, Animal Husban- dary and Cemomics are shown in the table 1.14. Moreover, the study area has M.reat prospect for fur ther industrial development, if a suitable market has been provided for the finished products. The district have five industrial estates and area which are named as Industrial Estate, Gaddopur, Industrial Estate Bikap\ir, Harijan IndxAS- trial Estate Ranopali, Industrial Area No. 1 Lucknow Road and Industrial Area No. 2 Lucknow Road. The Industrial Estate of Gaddopur and Bikapur are under the control of District Industries centre. The Industrial Areas are controlled by UPSIDC. The Industrial Estate of Ronapali is looked after by Harijan and Social Welfare department. The number of plots are still available as per requirement of onterproneurs at Industrial Area No. 1 and 2. Hence there is no dearth of land/plots for those who are interested in putting up their industries in district Faizabad. 65 C H A P T E Fl TI ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC MARKETS The periodic markets, as an authorised public gather ing of buyers and sellers of different commodities in rural area play an important role in the economy of rural people. From the point of view of its functions, the market is a significant phenomena in the economic and social life of a region as it is a forcus of varioixs human activities. The market structure inevitably shapes local social organisation and provided one of the crucial mode Cor the integrating peasant comm\jnities into a single social system" . Moreover, the econom.ic organisation of the rural society largely depends on the periodic markets which are common and convenient channels through which the commodities are distributed to the consumers, and the servicesof crafts- 2 men or artisans are made available to the rural population . It is a well known fact that the periodic markets are the foci of multi-functional activities such as social religious, economic and political. ?lence, the market 1. Jackson, R.T., (1976), Perlcd Lc Market in Southern Ethopia, in Alam, S.M. and Gopi, K.N. (eds.) Urbanization in Middle Africa, New Delhi, pp. A2-55. 2. Tamaskar, B.G. (1966), The weekly Mai-kets of Sagar-Damoh Plateau, The National Geop:raphical Journal of India, Vo] . 12, No. 1, pp. 38,50. 66 explicits a complete clear picture of rural life of surroun ding area. In order to understand the importance of periodic markets, different aspects i.e. their origin and function, the behaviour of consumers and traders, and different system of flow of channel for goods and services must be examined. These would be the basis for micro planning in a region. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC MARKET There are two views regarding the origin and develop ment of periodic market centres. According to the first view which represents the orthodox school, the periodic markets came into being as a resixlt of local trades or exchange which )riave been emerged from surplLis of commodites and division of labour in peasant societies . This school also viewed that further division of labour and.specialization led to the inter-regional trade and long-distance trade or external exchange. The second view is concerned with alternative school. This school coxisidered the genesis of pQriodic markets as a result of long distance trade or extenial exchange.Polanyi (19^) thought that trade with its associated market phenomena can never arise within a community as it is an external affsu.r 5. Cannon, E. (1937) An IJInquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1776. New York, pp. 356-96. 67 l4 involving different communities . Hodcier has remarked that markets are originated through a sequence of events which are (i) trade routes (ii) market establish on trade routes, and (iii) local markets developing around the original parent 5 market as a net work of tracks or roads develops . Origin and Development of Periodic Markets in the Study Area The observation and analysis made in Faizabad district showed that neither of market genesis theory is fully suffic ient to explain the origin and development of periodic markets. Both views seem to be complementary rather than mutually exclusive. Those markets which are located in the interior and inaccessible parts of the district, generally, are resulted by needs of local demand and exchange, administra tion, and by a difference in economic status. ThesL^ [narkets have now, been joined to main roads by new constructed link roads. Roads and other transport net work showed an unfor- getable impact on the emergence of periodic or local markets in the area of study. During the medieval period, the trans port system was mainly carried on through Ghaghra highway 4. Polanyi, K. (19^) Origins of our Times in Polanyi et al. (eds.) Trade and Markets in Early Empires ; Economlg in History and Theory^London. 5. Hodder, B.VI. and Lee, R. '(197^) Eiponomic Geogranhy, Methuen, pp. 137-38. 68 Table 2.1 Correlation Coefficient Between Market Centres and Length of Metalled Road in District Faizabad. S.No. Development No. of Length of XY X2 Y2 block markets Metalled (X) Road (Y) 1. Masodha 10 70.210 702.100 100 4929.444 2. Sohawal 11 49.180 540.980 121 2418.672 3. Purabazar 6 64.829 388.974 36 4202.799 h. Mayabazar 6 26.692 160.152 36 712.462 5. Amaniganj 6 19.900 119.400 36 396.010 5. Tarun 13 28.559 371.267 169 815.616 7. Milkipur 13 61.500 799.500 169 3782.250 8. Bikapur 8 33.730 269.840 64 1137.712 9. Haringtonganj ) 10 25.536 225.360 100 652.087 10. Bhiti 9 29.600 266.400 81 876.160 11. Bhiyaon 17 27.000 459.000 289 729.000 12. Jalalpur 15 49.300 788.800 256 2430.490 13. Akbarpur 2U 91.415 2193.960 576 8356.702 14. Katehri 8 22.475 179.800 64 505.125 15. Tanda lU 32.120 449.168 196 1031.694 16. Jahangirganj 19 56.400 691.600 361 1324.960 17. Baskhari 20 82,900 1658.000 400 6B72.410 18. Ram Nagar 17 21.920 572.640 289 480. 4ej6 Total 227 733.266 1067.453 3545 4165 4.0'l^ N = 18, ZX = 227, EXY = 10667.453 EY= 733.266, lY^ = 41654.079 227x773.266 10667.453 - 18 r = (3343-2Qb2.722)(41654.079-2987 .057 = 0.731 69 which originated markets of different size and dimension along its course. With the introduction of road and railways, the river ways lost their importance in modern age. The railways have brought about a considerable change in the pattern of development of market centres. They caxosed a diversion of traffic towards the station. In this way they offered greater significance to the existing market centres at or near the station for commanding wider trade area and also gave rise to numerous new settlements and market centres i.e. Gosainganj, Katehri, Ariya etc. On the other hand they have also ruined several markets in the district, as their market areas were siezed by those developed in the vicinity due to the railway facilities. To examine the role played by metalled road in the origin and development of periodic market centres in the district, a hypothesis that the number of periodic markets are directly proportional to the length of metalled road is being tested by using the method of coefficient corelation as formula given under. Z XY - —•- [rf-^][EY2-,illll3 where r denotes coefficient correlation and X and Y are two variable as number of markets and length of metalled roads. 70 N stands for the total number of items or blocks. The calculated value {k.283) i? computed from the coefficient correlation (r = 0.731) is greater than tabulated value (2.92) at 1 percent level of significance, hence the hypothesis is accepted (ifeible 2.1). Above all, socio-political factors are no I less impor tant in the emergence of periodic markets. The early- centres originated as administrative and political centres rather than centres of peasant exchange . During British rule, Rest Houses were built as seats for mobile administrat ion and revenue officers conducted their business from these Rest House, consequently local or periodic markets developed. Some big villages are also being observed to have old periodic markets - Hanswar, Heerapur, Sultangarh, teunahi upraher etc. because of being a seat for political and administrative purposes. Besides the above factors, the contract zone i.e. the convergence of roads, the crossing of any natural obstacle such as a river or valley, or meeting point of hilly and plain region etc. plays an important role in the origin of market centres. Moreover, fall in pulses production, increase 6. Crissman, L.W. (l973) Town and Country i Central Place Marketing System, Ithaca. " "' 71 in vegetables production and rise in the price of meat and pulses lead to the more demand for vegetables. Consequently, a number of small periodic markets are originated and they generally function twice a week, becavise of the perishable nature of vegetables which can not be stored for a longer time. Temporal Growth and Development of Periodic jv^arkets Block-wise growth and development of periodic mar'kets in Faizabad district have been shown in tables 2.2 and 2.5. Table 2.2 gives an idea about number o\: periodic markets in 1961, 1971 and 1981. During iq60-6l there were 114 periodic markets in the district. The number of periodic markets in different blocks varied between 2 in Bhiti and 17 in Baskhari blocks. Bi-weekly markets were dominant in almost all blocks with exception to 2 weekly markets each in Amaniganj and Milkipur and 1 each in Mayabazar and Baskhari. During 1970-71 the district had 126 periodic markets consisting of one weekly and 125 bi-weekly markets. They increased from 114 in I96O-6I to 126 in 1970-71 at rate of 10.52 percent. The growth of markets in number varied bet ween -8 percent (Baskhari) and a percent in (Bhiyaon) over EI decade (Table 2.3). During 1970-71 and 1980-81, there had been a tremendous change in number of periodic markets in the study'area. Table 2.5, shows that the number of periodic rH CO -4- H if> I >X> coo> c^ 72 o o *X) O I H CvJ CM cM en I (\J H r-1 H .-I H CM Pue2 en I in I in I 00 I 00 H H H CX) I CM I fVI H H H HOO I CTi H H H C\J I -cr -:r H H H •p o uoBAtqa LOi I rn I rn I H I r-H 00 cr. 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Id ^ ^ u •H P ^ H •H C W B +t^o cd d •H Cd Xi Cd Cd Cd Cd •H ;^ CO 1 CQ & ^ CO ^ CQ O a re 74 markets increased from 126 in 1970-71 to 227 in 1980-81 in the district. The growth rate was about 80 percent. Block- wise growth rates varied between - 9.09 percent in Masodha and 525 percent in Ram Nagar block. Table 2.5 also shows the annual growth rate of periodic market centres in different blocks of the district over 20 years during 1950-61 to 1980-81. The maximum growth rate (37.50 percent) has been recorded in f{am Nagar Block. Pura- bazar and Amaniganj were two exceptions which recorded negative growth. Their decline rates v/ere 0.71 percent and 1.25 percent respectively. DISTRIBUTION OF PERIODIC MARKETS The distributional aspect of periodic markets involves the locational pattern of market centres in term of space and time. As they are central places or growth poles, it is very important to study the market organisations. They reflect the marketfe relation with different aspects of the landscape and its area, population, net sown area as well as inhabitated villages and the distributional pattern existed. In the process some quantative techniques have been employed to ana lyse such patterns and to answer some related questions. The present study of distributional pattern of the market centres is made mainly into two sections - spatial and temporal dis tributional pattern as under : 75 Spatial Distribution of Periorlic MarkeU' Faizabad district has 227 periodic markets which are distributed over an area of ^523.69 sq.knis. They are not evenly distributed over the space. The number of periodic markets, at block level, varies between Akbarpur (24) and Purabazar (6). The blockwise distribution of periodic mar kets is given in the table ^4, To test the degree of incidence of the market centres on a geof/raphical space, whether they are clustered, random or uniform, nearest nei ghbour analysis method has been adopter!. Besides, under this discussion area, average population, net sown area and inha bited village, per periodic market have also been computed. A brief discussion is given below. Nearest Neighbour Analysis Method Nearest neighbour analysis method was first developed by plant ecologists Clark and Evans who were concerned chiefly with explaining distributional pattern of various species of plants and trees on the surface of the earth. The geographers apply this technique to people, factories, settlements and other Items to explain the locatlonal patteni. This analysis is based on the ratio between observed or actual mean distance from a point to its neighbours and theoretical mean distance that might occur under random conditions. The 7. Clark, P.J. and Evans, F.C. , (1954) Distance to Nearest Neighbour as measure of Spatial Flelationship in Popuiation Ecology Vol. .35, pp. 3^5-53. 76 Table 2.4 Spatial Distribution of Periodic Markets in Faizabad District (Based on Nearest Neighbour Analysis Method) S.No. Blocks No. of Da De Rn the Markets 1. Sohawal 11 1.80 2.16 0.83 2. Masodha 10 1,50 2.51 0.60 3. Purabazar 6 5.97 3.32 1.80 4. Mayabazar 6 4.08 3.35 1.22 5. Atnaniganj 6 ?.1"5 3.25 0.65 6. Milkipur 13 2.10 1.99 1.05 7. Bikapur 8 2.43 2.62 0.93 8. HaringtonganJ 10 2.11 2.41 0.88 9. Tarun 15 2.25 2.28 0.99 10. Bhiti 8 ^ 1.67 2.80 0.6c 11. Katehri 8 3.60 2.86 1.25 12. Akbarpur 24 1.07 2.18 0.49 13. Jalalpur 16 1.38 2.22 0.62 14. Bhiyaon 18 1,66 1.79 0.93 15. Tanda 14 2.41 2.46 0.98 16. Baskhari 20 1.51 1.55 0.97 17. Ramnagar 17 1,95 1.91 1.02 18. Jahangirganj 1') 1.^4 1.76 0.76 77 principle followed in this method is the straight line measu rement of distance separating any point from its nearest neighbours in the space. The observed or actual mean dis tance is expressed as the mean nearest distance of all points of phenomena concerned from their nearest neighbouring loca tion. It is calculated as - Zd, Da = —-i (1) N where Da = actual mean nearest neighbouring distance d-j = the distance from ith point to its nearest neighbours. N = number of points or location in a given pattern The theoretical mean distance in random conditions is calcu lated by the following mathematical expres^^t^^ittjf^f^^^^ De = 1/2 [k/n ffir/' j^cc > o. J^ (2) Arj7/2 ^i where De = the expected mean distance \V%;^_ .^ V^^ A = area of the teritory ' Y^ N = Number of the points in the pattern The nearest neighbouring measure (Rn) is obtained by following expression Da Rn = — (5) De where Rn = departure from randomness in the context of nearest neighbour 78 C-^.^-«v. o o o Q: o LU o. Q: u. o 00 t/) CO o a I- 3 LU O ^ S\ ••'••••• y y ' ••••-••\ .; o CO OH < X < m 2Z < UJ z »- < (/) UJ < LU v4-- p-^'~^-y '> ° '" - "^^-o ''i ? ( . Q J-. y • > r i \ J \ ^^'Z". v/ 79 Da = observed mean distance De = expected mean distance The value of to varies from Z-TO indicating clustered pattern to 2.1491 when points aro^ as far as possible from each other. This situation results in the formation of regular hexagonal pattern but when the value is one, the pattern is completely- random. In the present study such an analysis is made to measure distributive pattern of periodic markets in the study area, at block level. Every market has been linked with its nearest neighbours by linear distance. Thus Da, De and Rn value are computed. The computed Rn value, at Mock level in table 2.4 shows that majority of blocks exhibit approaching random pattern. Based on Rn scale shown in Fig. 2.1 it is observed that Akbarpur (0.49) enjoys a low random pattern. Manodha (0.60),AmaniganJ (O.65), Bhlti (O.6O), Jalalpur (0.65) come under the category of moderate random pattern. While Sohawal (0.&5), Bikapur (0.95), Haringtonganj (0.88), Tarun (0.99), Bhiyaon (0.93), Tanda (0,98) and Baskharl (0.97) are charac terized by high random pattern. Moreover, Mayabazar (1.221), Milkipur (1.05), Katehri (1.25) and fiamnagar (l.9l) claim to have the least imiform. There is only one block-Purabazar (2.16) which has a high vjniform pattern of market distribution. Since no where the Rn value exceeds 2.0, the area does not have any hexagonal formation. 80 Ayerap,e Area _ Served ._Bx_Per ..P^J:.:iolii?._Mjli:H.et Faizabad district, occupies an area of HUOfi.^9 ^q. km. provides an average area 19.92 sq. km. to be served by each periodic market. The block level study shows a remarkable regional variation in the average area served by per periodic market (Table 2.5). Out of eighteen development blocks in nine blocks the average areaserved by per periodic market is less than the district average. Tht^y are Sohwal (18.^7 sq.km.) Akbarpur (17.21 sq.km.), Jalalpur (18.47 sq.km.), Bhiyaon (12.12 sq.km.), Jahangirganj (11.10 sq.km.), Baskhari (9.70 sq.km.), Ram Nagar (15.59 sq.km.) and Milkipur (15.81 sq.km.). The average served area per periodic market in the remaining nine blocks ranges between Amaniganj (42.3^) and Tarun (20.73 sq.km.) as evident from the table. , , Average Served Population Per Periodiq Market Average of served population per periodic market is 10497, for the district as a whole, which differs from block to block between Masodha (26429) and Jahangirganj (5385) followed by Ram Nagar (6800), Akbarpur (91^81). Haringtonganj (8726), Bhiti (10729), Amanigan,j (16945) etc. (table 2.6). Average Net Sown i^rea Per Periodic JVlark_et The district, under study, has 1285.67 hectares net sown area per periodic market. Tho micro level study reflects a great variation in the av(?rage net sown area for each perio- 81 Table 2.5 Average Area Served by Per Periodic Market at Block Level Of in DistrictjLFaizabad (1981) S.No. Blocks Area(Sq.km.) No. of Average Area Ma rk ets Served by per periodic Market 1. Sohawal 205.73 11 18.70 2. Masodha 277.36 10 25.21 3. Purabazar 221.57 6 36.92 4. Mayabazar 225.10 6 37.51 5. Amaniganj 254.09 6 42.34 6. Milkipur 221.37 13 15.81 7. Bikapxjr 220.23 8 27.52 8. Haringtonganj 232.85 10 23.85 9. Tarun 269.93 13 20.76 10. Bhiti 220.05 8 27.50 11. Katehri 263.23 8 32.90 12. Akbarpur 420.01 24 17.50 13. Jalalpur 296.54 16 18.53 li^. Bhiyaon 218.32 18 12.12 15. Tanda 339.81 14 24.27 16. Baskhari 193.54 20 9.67 17. Ram Nagar 232.85 17 13.69 18. Ja'hangirganJ 210.91 19 11.10 District 4523.69 227 19.92 82 U O o o: ui CL I- a cc h: J; CO CD h- OJ ^ 00 5r^ >a Qto<-* < < g< oat < UJ 5 c*70> 83 Table 2.6 Average Population Served by Per Periodic Market at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981) S.No. Blocks Population No. of Average Popu Markets lation per Periodic Markets 1. Sohawal 119842 11 10894 2. Masodha 264294 10 26429 3. Purabazar 103312 6 17219 A. Mayabazar 113306 6 18884 5. Amaniganj 101669 6 16945 6. Milkipur 101822 13 7832 7. Bikap\ir 102487 8 12811 • 8. Haringtonganj 87260 10 8726 9. Tarun 117141 15 9011 10. Bhlti 96569 9 10729 11. Katehri 116401 8 14550 12. Akbarpur 219551 24 9148 13. Jalalpur 179308 16 11206 Ik, Bhiyaon 115592 17 6800 15. Tan da 197867 14 14133 16. Baskhari 118419 20 5921 17. Ramnagar 116200 17 6835 18. Jahangirganj 111811 19 5885 District 2 582851 227 10497 84 UJ o. rx lu ^ oo li. Uol < l~ O Ul 5 o in o 9 0) ^ _ < 85 Table 2.7 Average Net Sown Area Per Periodic Market at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981) S.No. Blocks No. of New Sovm Average Net Sown P.M. Area in Area in Hectares Hectares 1. Sohawal 11 12630 1148.18 2. Masodha 10 13059 1305.90 3. Purabazar 6 13622 2270.33 k. Mayabazar 6 14541 2423.50 5. Amaniganj 6 19936 3322.66 6. Milklpur 13 17855 1371.92 7. Bikapur 8 13763 1320.37 8. Haringtonganj 10 13464 1346.40 9. Tarun 13 14150 1088.46 10. Bhiti 9 13925 1547.22 11. Katehri 8 18027 2253.37 12. Akbarpur 24 21558 898.25 13. Jalalpur 16 32318 2019.87 14. Bhiyaon 17 18129 1066.41 15. Tanda 14 17270 1233.57 16. Baskhari 20 13889 894.45 17. Ram Nagar 17 13292 781.80 18. JahangirganJ 19 15172 798.52 District 227 291848 1285.67 86 o a. QC UJ O a. a, < to < ^ CO o 5 en < CO < t:; z N UI (0 5 J) U. V :::::;:s^++T4-.tr^ a: u r :::: ,.^t;^;:^ i at X • • •: • ^- •:: •: : • :cf m o to O r» O O N « N N 7 I I I (^ o die market among the eighteen blocks of the district. However, all the blocks in the district except seven - Jahangirganj (798.52 hectares), Ram Nagar (781.80 hectares), Baskhari (894 hectares), Tanda 1233.77 hectares), BhiyaoD (10A6.41 hectares), Akbarpur (698.25 hectares) and Tarun (1088.46 hectares) - hold average net sown area greater than the district average (1285.67) (Table 2.7). Average Number o_f Inhabited Village Per Periodic Market In the study area there are on an average 11.66 inhabited villages served by a periodic market. The average of inhabited villages per periodic market varies among 18 blocks of the district. They range between Ram Nagar (6.15 villages) and Katehri (22.62 villages). Out of total number of blocks in the district, Sohwal (7.00 villages), Masodha (9.4 villages), Milkipur (8.69 villages), Haringtonganj (9.60 villages), Akbarpur (9.29 villages), Jalalpur (10.50 villages), Bhiyaon (8.23 villages), Baskhari (6.15 villages) and Ram Nagar (10.17 villages) are serving less number of villages by per periodic market than the district average (Table 2.6). TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF PERIODIC MARKETS The study of periodic markets-, in term of spatial and temporal distribution, has boon an important aspect of modern literature on marketing Geography. The periodic markets are, 88 Tabic 2.8 Number of Inhabited Village per Periodic Market in Faizabad District (1981) S.No. Development No. of Periodic Average number Blocks Markets of InViabited village 1. Sohawal 11 7.00 2. Masodha 10 9.^(0 3. Purabazar 6 17.00 4. Mayabazar 6 18.00 5. Amaniganj 6 18.16 6. Milkipur 15 8.69 7. Bikapur 8 17.00 8. Haringtonganj 10 9.60 9. Tarun 13 12.A6 10. Bhiti 9 19.00 11. Katehri 8 22.62 12. Akbarpur 2k 9.29 13. Jalalpur 16 10.50 14. Bhiyaon 17 8.23 15. Tanda Ik 17.50 16. Baskhari 20 6.15 17. Ramnagar 17 10.17 18. Jahangirganj 19 11.68 District 227 11.66 89 UJ Q. r • • ^.'...1.. I k kr'^ (/) <••••• 1.. j-y • rV • • • x-^ J— O O < f- X: r .9 ^ 0-0 at >• 1 ' I S < »- o < < Q: < - a. UJo < UJ > < flf- y^M f s n •i » ,v S X O >7 00 eg ^ U) T T T .1^ 3r « '•' C"- /^r=S^^ 90 generally, synchronised which is based on the notion that Q proximity in time implies larger separation in space . The temporal distribution of periodic markets on the space con sists of distribution of market periodicity and day-wise distribution of market meetings as follows. Distribution of Periodicity of Market Centres Table 2.9 shows that there are 251 market centres in the district but only 227 are categorised as periodic markets because of their non-permanent character in meeting. Again, these periodic markets have been classified as weekly and bi-weekly based on their periodicity in a market week. How ever, out of 227, only 28 markets are held once a week and 119 are bi-weekly in their temporal character. The block level investigation reflects that the largest number of weekly and bi-weekly markets have been noted in Bhiyaon (9) and Akbarpur (2^) respectively. Seven blocks- Purabazar, Mayabazar, Bikapur, Akbarpur, Katehri, Jahangir- ganj and Baskhari are exhibiting no weekly market. The bi weekly markets are the most important features of the perio dicity in the study area. The bi-weekly nature of the market may be attributed to the economic condition of the area, nature and size of demands as well at; to cultural and reli gious traditions. During the field survey it was observed 8. Foggerland, V.G. (1970), A preliminary Map of Market Periodicities in Ghana, Journal of Developing Areas, Vol. ^1, pp. 553-^7. 91 Table 2.9 Distribution of Markets Based on Periodicity at Block Level in Faizabad District (1981) S.No . Development Number of Markets Total Block Weekly Bi Tri Daily weekly weekly 1. Masodha 1 10 - - 11 2. Sohavral 3 8 - 3 14 5. Purabazar - 6 - 2 8 k. Mayabazar - 6 - - 6 5. Amaniganj 1 5 - 1 7 6. Haringtonganj 1 9 - - 10 7. Bikapur - 8 - 3 11 8. Milkipur 3 10 - - 13 9. Tarim 2 11 - 3 16 10. Bhiti A 4 - 1 9 11. Bhiyaon 8 9 - 2 19 12. Jalalpur - 16 - 1 16 13. Akbarpur - 24 - 1 25 14. Katehri - 8 - - 8 15. Jahangirganj - 19 - 3 17 16. Baskhari 3 17 - 2 22 17. Ram Nagar - 17 - 2 19 District 28 199 - 24 361 Source : District Census Handbook, Town and Village Directory Uttar Pradesh, Faizabad District 1981. Ul 92 fc . -^•> h- bJenv o < 2 Q: J 7<\ •• h- o C/) o Q Q: 2? jn^ S > • ""-1<1J "^- / •$, to. N s-^ Q 50 V I 't<" S<1 1 O ^< r^-H li. ,.,< .,^- 1 ,I ^-- ^^ ^ c-^ » •4 i »< i rj ^ i • <-- 't^ ^<3" ^. jy I V "' «^ ^ ^<1 I in ^ ^- •... •X '•-..r<] . - •) > '<]^ r U. J ^J i UJ . / 30 '.^.•v V 93 that more and more new bi-weekly markets have emerged out because of increasing demands of vegetables which is a perishable commodity and cannot be stored longer than 2 or 3 days. The blockwise distribution of weekly and bi-weekly markets is given in table 2.9' Frequency or Daywise Distrlbujtlon^_q^f_Pejri^qdj^J^ The number of market meeting during any day of the market week is termed as frequency of market on a particular day. The total number of market frequency for the district is 422 which is spread over all the seven days of market week. The number of market meeting or frequency of markets varies from block to block and also from day to day. The frequency of markets on different days ranges from 48 (Sunday) to 74 (Saturday) followed by 62 (Monday), 5^ (Tuesday), 65 (Wednesday), 57 (Thursday) and 64 (Friday). Among the seven days, Saturday is the most preferred market day as it is known to be an important day for temple visit. The succe ssive important market days, in descending order, are Wednes day, Friday and Monday. Friday is the most important day for the Muslim community. The rather high frequency of markets on Sunday and Friday clearly indicates the influence of reli gious and cultural factors on the meeting of the markets. It is observed that the different blocks represent variation in the number of market frequency in respect to totality and days of the market week. Akbarpur block (50) ranks first 94 H 03 -P O t--O 00 CO CO inC^rOvD K~\rOH 00 D^ K^O O GO O • •#••**•**•*>***** * -P> ^ ^ CM c\j rj J-tovLTiLnroi^ ^-H lOUD 00 00 o o cd •P H O CQ H •H N P 10 •H QJ H O t-CM CM CMCnvo (\|-4-4-1-~ o OvO l>l>--4" rr\ cxi t -p C\J H H H H H H CM CM r-) CO KMPv fH (\) ro, K^ r<-^ (\) DL, o O -4- •H +^ (d >! 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The share of each block to the total frequency of the district is given in table 2.10. The block level analysis reveals that the most prefe rred day of the market week is also different in each block. There is only one block - Haringtonganj - where Sunday (6) got the priority while Monday is the most favoured day in the blocks of Masodha, Bhiti as well as Jalalpur (table 2,10). Moreover, Tuesday in Bikapur and Milkipur, Wednesday in Purabazar, Tarun and Jahangirganj, Friday in Sohawal and Akbarpur, Saturday in Bhiyaon, Tanda, Baskhari and Ram Nagar are having the highest frequency of the markets. Besides, Thursday (3) and Friday (3) in Masodha, Tuesday (3) and Friday (3) in Mayabazar, Sunday (3) and Thursday (3) in AmaniganJ, Tuesday (4) and Saturday (4) in Bikapur, and Monday (3), Thursday (3) Friday (3) and Saturday (3) in Kate- hri block are equal in preference. TYPOLOGY OF PERIODIC MARKETS The study of typology of market centres seems an impor tant aspect of marketing geography. It makes easy to under- stand the nature of exchange system, nature of commodities transacted, and the nature of consumer and trader's travel movement in the existing markets. Numerous scholars in as India as well abroad have classified the market centres S W H a'xi s Oq O to c P3 H 03 03 O p 3 c+ 3*03 H o 3 3 w 03 o. 3 rf 03 3' CJ. p. cr Hj 03 03 03 03 P p- 03 03 3 CO c+ c o I I i 03 4 03 3 P- 03 O P^ Oq CO to oq a: > to 2P- -^ I 33 o C fD 03 3 03 03 :3- fD 03 CJ. 03 03 CL p p p ti p ^ p d o N O Hj ^^ O rt- 3 3- 3 p C ^ 3'rl- c+ 3 3- 03 P 3 p ^ p 03 3 P P c+ cm 03 03 03 H' H 3" P OP p M CJ. P- 3 3 I d P p' o o. •tJ P 3 1 1 d .Q^ 3 P- 3 CJ. 3 ^§^ 3 d I '-^W > to d 3 < P D oq W > to oq rC ^3 P fD W 03 fD 3 C P 3 3- P P d 03 •c p P rl- H 1-3 fD p. o 3 O Hi ^& H- 2 r+ P i-j 3 O H P ^ 03 p p OP H •^ P- 3'd- r+ 3 3- HJ d P fD O P H- np P P P- 3" P 3 M •a P P 3 3 I P 3" 8 c d 3 3 P- 3 p- > M CJ. C I P- o HJ P- O p^ > oq M to to OP O to d 2;cL ci H no p 3 p- O 3' H- W p M 3'- P 03 CJ. P P 3" *a P p. p P P a\0 p- p- 3 P 3 c+ P O U_J •-J p 3 OP P- H o o p- P p c+ CJ. H- 3- •p P- P 3 ^^ O I d 3 c+ p- tro tr CJ. p- 03 P 3 P S' 03 P P p 3' 3 H U3 O. •^ 3 O (C O 3 P HJ P 3 s: 3 P d ^ P P P- \ ^ rt- P d P- 3 I d P- O I 4 o; p 3 d c 1 3 HJ OP c, rx; o^> p p. P p O Cf' --J CO 3 O O OP p OP P M -^< fU 3 t3 P 3 3 p 3 I p 3 PJ P CJ. 3 P P- p. •13 2 < P o ^ 3 too M P ^v) oq W to > to OP •d to P P 3-p. ^ p P 3 3" p d o p P- C fD 3 3 OP O N P- ?r HJ CO 3 P- P- o 3 3 P- H- ?r p CL c P 3* P P- p- 3 P d- p- CfP P P P- to P- •1 3 3 rt- P O OP 03 ^§ *d I 3 cr p ^ p M 3 I P p' d 3 P 2 1 CJ. P- p 3 n p. P 3 oq c_, t3 S OP M <^ to •2.<^ O ?s- P P P P P P P POP 3 P >-S O OP r1- 3 c+ 3 H OP H 3 3- wr p. p O M CJ. P p CJ. p. P P- P P M H P 3 t-' rr P P OP c+ O 3 HJ of 3 P 3 P- oq • p P •d 3 d p IT P '/I P cr ,^ 3 P- <+ d a 3 P- p- P p. P' 3 I 3 3 3 P P 'n I p- p 3 p- < N H P- O P p P^ ?P P 6 3 O oq C3^ w G. P p. P P 2 3 OP CT P- 3 »a P P "-J P 3 d P- P cr 3 d P 1 P- t~> 3 3 p p c+ >") 3 d- P- P O > GS P- O < P. ft o. •3 P 3 O 3 3 3' P p. p P p P 3dP P *~5 ct & ^^ P •va H- 3 P- P p. 3 3 p oq Q ?^ < P O P- (T3 p 3 OP 3 P P P 5. 3 rl- H p P cr r-" P to to a 2 p, CH cd 33 ?^ WO o ?> > iH •a 2 S) ?=; OP W > to oq X, SH OT Ul. d to P 3- •a 03 a P 'OP ^ OX) 03 p C P •^r p- w 3 d d P p 3 3" P P d 03 P HJ M P- H- O P M 3 >-i OP r+ W g N O O. 3 o- ^^ r+ p. p P 3 P P P P- P- 3*0+ d- 3' HJ d p p p X OP d "i "^ 3 3- P M 3 P- P- 3 OP 3 P P p- P- P- 3 3' 3 3 P- •a oq 03 P H> *a P p 'd 3 d r: tl —' " "" 99 based on size of population engaged in trade and commerce, location or nature of settlement, trade area, commodity, attendance and exchange orientation. But their efforts were, generally, related to the typology of permanent markets. Moreover, the periodic markets, in contrast to permanent market, have some peculiarities. They are not influenced by size of population resides in them. Their size and dimension depend upon number of attendance and commodities sold. Keeping into consideration all these points, the author made an effort to classify the selected periodic markets on the basis of location, size of attendance trade area as well as the commo dity transacted in the markets. Classification Based on Location Based on location or nature of settlement, the periodic markets can be classified as i-ural and urban periodic market, .which is given in table 2.11. Out of 27 sampled periodic markets there are 9 urban markets. The urban pei-iodic markets are generally, dealing in agric\jltural commodities like food grain and vegetables which are needed by urban population. Urban goods are rarely transacted here because the permanent shops are existing for such commodities. They are held in congested space, generally, along the roads or in streets. The rural periodic markets are held in a open space, generally, in a garden. They serve only rural popiaation 100 if) r r" .r-' /^ 1— < o 5: en 0 ,^ 1— CO 2 0 0 r-' r'' o LU < U f' a 00- 0 •> •?. • r--^ o 0 -J Uf < a: z *<• LJ 0 z CD LU 0 0 Q < LU <> 2 II1 O' rsi U) c/) < tL < ^ >. fj' N 0 CD < < ^. LL >- / /' / s 0 <* >v. .•••...../• ...•••••< 00 _J "s r j / ^•-••-H ^-. ) ^v ^-^ •-••••...... ••••. •> r^. ...• ••••-.V ••• -• , / • cr .^^ \ • • y-- •• f i. r-' . f \ K \ / ^•••••••.. ,••( /-••: r' 5 < /'• (X -1 • . ^. a. Z5 1 ^ ^ a: ••^>- ^^^" • • L.^.^ ? v' 101 dealing in both rural and urban commodities. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OP^ ESTIMATED ATTENDANCE Buyers and sellers are two important component of market centre who assemble there for exchange process. The congre gation, therefore, is an important indicator of typology of market centre. On the basis of total attendance in the market, on market day, the selected periodic markets can be classified as small, medium and large periodic market centres. The name of periodic markets under different categories is given in table 2.11. Table shows that the markets having upto 800 attendance on market day have been considered as small perio dic markets. Out of total sampled market, 13 stand under such category. The medium size markets are liaving attendance bet ween 800 and 1600. There are eleven markets v;hich come under the category of medium periodic markets. Only three markets, namely, Mohammadpur, Hanswar and Jahangirganj have been classi fied as large periodic markets which have more than l600 attendance. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMMODITIES TFUN3ACTED At attempt has been made to clasf.ify the periodic markets on the basis of commodities transacted in the market. For the 2 2 purpose, doi formiJla Zd has been used. Ed is the sum of sqi^ared deviation of actual percentage of shops of different commodities i.e. foodgrains, vegetables, Kirana and cloth in Uli to CO LU < ^ o O Q: 2 .^/ 1— < LLI o Z 1- o < CK: o LU h- o O 0—^ /^v Ckl < >-.vy* co ;'v ./ m.^ LU i Q. LU Q > s O < 9.': LU ..r> Q 1- O LU o >•• 9 < o OQ U^J < / << UJ J < Z en (^ rsj u. to •I ' » o LU i < >- z >0 L11L CD o o^ LoU Qo. CO o • < >- >-. CD V.^' 1— 9 J 6 V. r \ ^ c • < v._ N y ) V . 7- •••'-X \ s « ®( Z' Is o o o o 8 > o o s s o \...:X < «> c' o • e >?./—». z i < s < V/' CO Q V. 103 LU on h- < o ./ Z < h- CO r' r^ O o < or o ••. 0 rJ o "^ 1 h- C/% C CO a: .? LU U) a LU \/ •^•\. m / Q .t> lU a o } < r' s a • ® cT LU (- >j < o if N o / "c (* rN. / > X e ") r' <• J r' I / t- ^ o / _J o ^y t^ ; < z .. r • 9 < z V a: < -^ cc 0/ 9 V z m r' z z < < s" cc cc < < r* ..••• o o K z o o O < • o o O s» o o o a. •••)> o •)£. I CO irt i/J _j -J _l 03 IS i < < < < < c I- K »- (- o o O O > o u \ > > > > I SO/- V L. o A/ z • ® ® o ® r-N V 104 periodic markets from the percentage of theoretical base. 2 Th\.is the combination having the smallest Ed will be combi nation formed by major commodities only. It is not reqviired to calculate Ed for each combination but it can be found by consulting critical value sheet prepared by himself (Append!xj5|). Thus on the basis of commodities, the periodic markets can be classified into five categories. They are vegetables markets, vegetables^ food grains markets, vegeta^les-foodgrains kirana-markets, vegetables-food grains- kirana-cloth markets and vegetables-kirana markets. Table 2.11 shows that out of 27 sampled periodic markets there are 13-vegetables markets, 8-vegetables-foodgrainjmarket, 2-vegetable foodgrain54cirana market, 2 vegetables-food graini-kirana cloth and 2 vegetables- kirana markets. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ;r]lAj:.E AREA Of. MARKJTS Market area is the real reflection of size and impor tance of market centres. The classification, based on esti mated market area, of sample periodic markets is given in table 2.11. Table shows that there are three kinds i.e., small (upto 50 sq.km. area), medium (5Q-100sq.km. area) and large (above 100 sq.km.) of periodic markets. Out of 27, there are 16 small, 9 medium and 2 large markets. en s 1- V- • 105 UJ . i < / ho- ct: h- x; w ,f^ {j'^'^ r^v CO .''•v..^ • > < Q O ('•••• .;•• "f CD X ^^ . rj' Q e* 9 > ••••••<;• -J / ^••. S U. \ I crv „..••••• • > / > .., > ^--^. • • • 1 i ...••••••• ••••••••®f • *^ (I*' A E % « So i ^ ^ o o o O o \ } ••-•.. •( > y /•••• ."J > -o1 o o < Ui V 8 O a z z O o < z Z 106 SPATIO TEMPORAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF PERIODIC MARICETS Seveiral studies, particularly, on the periodic markets in Africa have attempted to establish the nature of distri bution of market with reference to specific location and time, and observed their departure from the predicted theoretical pattern, proximity in space showing separation in time. This is called temporal locational spacing hypothesis or same day market hypothesis . The periodic markets are^ characteristica lly, inversely related in their temporal and spatial location as described by Smith as Spatio-temporal synchronization of periodic markets . Thus the synchronization of space and time in inverse relationship demonstrated to be optimal with refe rence to the market users, particularly to consumers . The analysis of market synchronization in current literature have involved two types of relcitionships. The first is related to the spatial distribution of periodic markets and the distribution of population, and the second concerns with spatio-temporal aspects of market periodicities. Under the study of first relationship, the optimal sequence of market arrangement in time and space i.e. proximity in time implies the separation of space, is being related to 9. Hay, A. and Smith, R.H.T. (1980). The Spartio-Temporal Synchronisation of Periodic Market Places. The Professicnal _Geographer, Vol. 24, No. k, pp. 10. Smith, R.H.T. (1979), Synchronization of Periodic Markers in W.P. Adam and P.M. Heilleiner (eds) International Geo graphy, Vol. 1, pp. 591-93. 11. Jackson, R.T. (1971), Periodic Markets in Southern Ethopia, Transaction Institute of -British Geographer. Vol. 53, pp.205-20 107 the market participants-consumers and traders. The consumers are generally, local people who visit the market for the purchases of their own consumption. For them, the optimal sequence is based on the notion thsit the periodic markets are inversely related to time and space, called consumer hypothesis IP . While the traders in the markets are both local and outsiders. Local traders are generally producer retailers who attend a given n\;imber of 'markets in a week and look after their farming or other activities for the rest of the week. Besides, there are mobile traders v/ho are, commonly, outsiders. They are also of two types. The first type of mobile trader are those who visit almost all markets in a given sequence of market week and return to their home at every night. While the second group, who visit the all markets of the sequence but return to their home after completion of the week follow ing salesman or circumferential route. From the traders point of view, the optimal sequence is based on the proposition that markets are directly related in time and space, called traders hypothesis 15 . The relationships between market location and periodicity 14 1'5 have been criticised by Carol A. Smith and Bromeljf , who 12. Hill, P. and Smith, R.H.T. (1972), The Spatio-Temporal Synchronization of Periodic Market : Evidence from Four Emirates in Northern Nigeria, Economic geography. Vol. 48, pp. 345-55. 15. Ibid. 108 point out that the R.H.T. Smith method gives no account of differences between the real distances, and straight line distances. A modified method, in which distances are measured from each periodic market to its nearest periodic markets, that are of the same size or larger, was introduced by -1 r Bromely . According to Hay there is no necessary relations between time and space in neighbouring markets, because the mobile whole sellers can select a sequence of markets conve nient to them without necessarily creating a geometrical pattern in the sequence. For the producer sellers any tempo ral sequence is equally convenient because each of them visit only one market 17 . A whole seller who visits several market places can make daily trips from a home base or visit a number of markets in the sequence. In the case of home based mobile trader, the spatio-temporal pattern of market places is irrelevant because the distance that the trader covers is the same irrespective of order in which the mar kets are visited. To the non-home based mobile ti-^der who lU. Smith, C.A. (1976) Regional Economic System Linking Geographical Model and Socio-Econoraic Problems, in Smith, C.A. (Eds.) Regional Ana1ysis, Vol. I, New York, 15. Bromely, R.J. (1976) contemporary Market Periodicity in Highland Equador, in Smith, C.A. (FJds.) Regional Analysis, Vol. I, New York. 16. Ibid. 17. Hay, A.M. (1977) Some Alternative in Economic Analysis of Periodic Marketing, Geographical Analysis, Vol. 9, pp. 72-78. 109 Visits a number of markets in sequence before returning to home base, the synchronization of market days offers a distinct advantage. In this case the optimal temporal sche dule is the one that allows the trader to minimize the total travel distance necessary to visit all the market places. This type of optimal sequence is called travellingt_ salesman's route. The resulting system of periodic markets would be expected to show a distinct spatic-teraporal pattern, i.e., the markets which are proximal in time will be close together in space"^®. A mobile trader visits a number of market places in sequence until the cumulative sales from these markets reaches a level that assure normal profits to the trader. 19 Stine advocates an expected spatial pattern in which market places are uniformly spaced and the distance separating market places will be equal to twice the maximum distance that the people travel to visit the market places. The trader visits a number of these market places in sequ ence until the cumulative sales from them exceed the traders threshold level . A number of scholars have tested the 18. Smith, C.A. (1976), Economics of Marketing System, Model from Economical Geography, Annual Review of Anthropology Vol, 3, pp. 167-201. 19. Hay, A.M. op. cit. p. 75. 20. Stine, J.H. (1969), Temporal Aspects of the Tertiary production elements in Korea,j-n F.R. Pitts(eds), Urban System and Economlc Development, Oregeon. no hypothesis that proximity in time implies proximity in space . Almost invariably, same day markets are more spaced than those more temporally spaced. However, the consumer hyp othesis for all categories of temporal spacing was not confirmed . Thus the consumer hypothesis would hold only if the consumer visits the market places obher th^in the closest one. If the consumer visits only one market place, the temporal pattern of market is of no significance to the consumer . Thus the postulation is made by stine that the consumer may visit only one market because each consumer is within the outer range of only one of them^ . In the situa tion described by Skinner, consumers do not visit more than , one market of any given level in the hierarchy 25"^ . Similarly in the local exchange system there is little incentive to visit more than one market place. The spatio-temporal pattern of markets in this systems would generally not be expected to be in keeping with the consumer hypothesis 21. Good, CM. (1972), Periodic Markets : A problem in loca- tional Analysis, Professional Geographer^ Vol. 24, pp.210-16, Thorpe, J.K. (1978) Periodic markets in Caspian lowland or Iran in R.H.T. Smith (eds) Market Place Trade i Periodic Markets, Hawkers and Trader'in Africa, Asia and Latin America, Vancouver. Wanmali, S. (1977), Periodic Markets in Southern Bihar, Spatial and Temporal characteristics, Management and Labour Studies, Vol. 3, pp. l-l6. 22. Ghose, A. (1981), Models of Periodic Marketing and the Spatio-temporal organisation of Market Places, Professional Geographer, Vol. 33(4), pp. 415-483. 23. Ibid. 24. Stine, J.H. op. cit. 25. Skinner, G.W. (1965), Marketing and Social Structure in China, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 24, pp. 3-43. 26. Ghose, A., op. cit, p. 480. Ill Table 2.12 Temperal and Locational Spacing of Periodic Markets in District Faizabad (1981) Temporal Separation Geographical Distance (Km) Same day 5.17 +/- 1 day 4.65 +1-2 days 4.91 +/- 3 days 4.07 Table 2.15 Consumer and Trader Hypothesis Temporal Spa- Geographical Distance cing days Trader Consumer Same day 7.28 7.28 +/ day 5.22 - +/- 1 day - 4.65 +/ 2 days 3.60 - +/ 2 days - 4.91 +/ 5 days 3.66 - +/- 3 days - 4.07 +/ 4 days 3.35 - +/ 5 days 3.90 - +/ 6 days 3.78 - 112 Table 2»lA Temporal and Locational Spacing of Periodic Markets in Faizabad District (By days of Week) - 1981 Temporal Locational Temporal Locational Distance Distance Distance Space SUNDAY THURSDAY Same day 7.28 Same day 4.98 +/- 1 day 4.50 V- 1 day 4.45 +/- 2 days 3.75 +/- 2 days 4.52 +/- 3 days 3.50 +/- 3 days 5.68 MONDAY FRIDAY Same day 5.17 Same day 4.02 +/- 1 day 4.65 +/- 1 day 5.32 +/- 2 days 4.91 +/- 2 days 4.12 +/- 3 days 4.07 +/- 3 days 3.90 TUESDAY SATURDAY Same day 3.04 Same day 4.79 +/- 1 day 4.42 +/- 1 day 4.77 +/- 2 days 4.72 +/- 2 days 4.61 +/- 3 days 4.61 +/- 3 day8 4.27 WEDNESDAY Same day 4.73 +/- 1 day 4.58 +/- 2 days 4.66 +/- 3 days 3.53 113 Above all, such inverse relationship postulation and its partial compliance have been ascribed to the nonconsi- deration of factors like size, function and complexity of markets and over^simplification of a complex behavorial aspects of market users as well as the complexity of market cycles 27 The present study makes an attempt to investigate the relationship between spatial and temporal spacing of the periodic markets in the district. Consumers and trader hypothesis as developed by Smith , are tested to identity whether or not these systems of periodic markets are attuned to either of them. The hypothesis based on the notion that proximity in time tends to large separation of geographical distance, is partially confirmed (table 2.12). The idea that the markets are arranged inversely in time and space for the consumers convenience does not seem to be relevant in the study area. The trader hypothesis thfit the markets are directly related to the time and space fails to satisfy the system^periodic markets (table 2.13). It is observed that the traders do not follow the circtimferential route but rather radial pattern, like the consumers who return their home every night. The t)i-weekly 27. Mckim, W. (1972), The Periodic Market System in North Eastern Ghana, Economic Geography, Vol. U8, pp. 333-44. 28. Smith, R.H.T. , op. cit. 114 x: c lA iTi CD Q, (0 g: ^ 5 fn li m in m bO'H o Q o in (0 w •S K !>> S, .> , >i _s^ a o « 5 -S -S ^ ^ -S ^ ^ •% ^ ^ •d " x: c Q >£> CT\ C^ CO Cv CO IP, C\J rr> C3N c\J C~- Q fn C^ -J- CM a a -? »^ Oi N cjN CTi tn K> -d" t^ hA o t^ c^ r- o fn cTi -P • • • t • • • S to J- -* -* ^f^ K> -J ~J o ID (0 in to to 10 to (0 (0 to to u) 10 to v> to to to to to >, to (0 to 10 to S p. !>^ >, S >, >H >, :>, s, >, t>, :>^ ^ s. (Q (d n) (d (0 (d ^ >, C^O >Id% C>O, C>O, CO (0 01 tcj CO (d CO a> •o •a T3 s •d T) -O T) Tl T) a •s •o -o ^ .^ -n -J en vy | C\J •4- H 'CM m nature of periodic markets is, more or less, responsible for the non-integration of markets in time and space. The increa sing number of new small size periodic markets inhibit the integration of market centres, as they at'o lacking any defined schedule or system in their location due to homo;',enity of functions among them. Almost all studies on space-time relationship are tended 29 to limit themselves to the analysis of aggregated market week The study of market places, from this point of viev/, does not show from which day of the week^ such calculation is made. Thus such analysis is likely to conceal more interesting pattern of space-time integration based on individual days of the week. However, the spatio-temporal locational study of the market by days of the week, exhibits full integration, i.e. the closeness of the market location on geographical space is a larger separation of time, in the case of only three days from which the market week is supposed to be commenced (table 2.14). Thus as a whole, these hypothesis relating to space-time organisation of the periodic markets, are parti ally confirmed with the marketing system prevalent in the study area. 29. Wanmali, S. (1981), Periodic Markets and Rural Development, • Delhi. 116 CONSUMER'S AND TRADER'S BEHAVIOUR IN PERIODIC MARKETS The study of behaviour of market participants i.e. consumers and traders in space has been derived basically from classical Central Place Theory of Christaller . The concept of threshold and range of goods are two important elements which decide the length of travel distance and fre quency of market visit by consumers as v/ell as traders. Besides, other scholars have attempted to study the behavo- rial aspects of market centres. Pred viewed that the consumer would visit nearest centre supplying goods and services "1' 1 . Reilly argued that the shopping behaviour is assumed to be determined by a more complex advantage of the size of the centres against the disadvantage of the distance ". Isord developed concept of Individual Space Preference model based on the conceptual aspect of consumers decision for market travel. Moreover, all these efforts are concentrated to the permanent market centres. The studies of consumers' and traders behaviour in the periodic markets have been very > 30. Christaller, W. (1933) Central Places in Southern Germany- translated from German into English by C.W, Baskin (1965). New Jersey. 31. Pred. A. (1963) Business Thorough Pares as Expression of Urban Negro Culture, Economic Geography, Vol. 39, pp. 217-33. 32. Reilly,J.W. (1931). The law of Retail Gravitation, New York. 117 spordic. Demand and supply, cost of goods in the market, market charges for traders, accessibility, economic condi tion of a region etc. are found to be very Important factors for making consumers and trader's decision to visit periodic markets through different studies in India as well as abroad. In the study area for a detail uriderstanding of nature and causes of consumers and traders movement fof periodic markets, 27 periodic markets were .randomely selected for a comprehensive survey. Atleast 15 traders and consumers in each market, were interviewed about their spatial movement or travel for visiting a particular market. All information were processed and author has given a description of consumers and traders travel pattern as follows TRADERS* VISIT PATTERN The traders in the sampled periodic markets have been classified mainly into two groups - full time traders and part-time traders. The first category includes, generally, food grains seller (non-producer), Kirana (Grocer) merchants, cloth dealers, and urban consumers'goods traders. The second group consists of producei' sellers, purchju- ser cum sellers, and buying trader/itinerant tmders as well as artisans. The fonner group visits a given number of markets per week more than once, not necessarily all, as business size compells them. 118 Table 2.16 Average Distance (in kms) Travelled by Different Categories of Traders in a Market Week Sampled Full Producer Seller Artisan Buying Other Market Trader Seller cum Pur Trader chaser Mahdi up k2 9 10 - - 15 Raunahi up 20 15 8 10 15 14 Maujadu 60 30 19 15 10 5 banspur J.N. Upra 50 35 20 - 5 5 Bhadersa 60 52 28 10 15 10 Gosainganj 50 kO 30 - 10 5 Barun 55 35 20 5 5 5 Tarun Muafi 30 20 16 - - 10 Ajrauli 80 ko 40 20 25 20 Mohammadpur 90 45 55 18 20 10 Hathigaon 20 15 8 3 5 5 Bhiti AO 35 20 8 10 5 Ariya 55 30 25 - 5 5 Bariyawan 75 AO 25 25 15 10 Sultangarh 60 36 23 - - 8 Kasimpxor 50 40 20 10 14 10 P^figanj 85 20 30 20 20 15 Jalalpur 75 40 25 - 17 10 P.Chamarkha 78 30 15 10 10 8 IltifatganJ 48 25 23 25 13 10 119 Table 2.16 continued ... Sampled Full Producer Seller Artisan Buy ing Other Market Trader Seller cum Pur Trader chaser Mubarakpvir AO 30 20 15 10 10 Hans war 100 50 70 25 30 20 Indaipur 70 25 10 10 15 10 A.Kichchan- 75 30 15 10 8 chha Jahanglrganj 150 60 90 30 kO 20 Deoria Bazurg 50 30 17 10 5 10 Kamalpur 25 20 5 10 • 10 8 Average 60.85 31.81 25.29 lA.OO 14.25 10.03 120 Table 2.16 shows the average distance travelled by- each group of traders in the periodic markets per week. The travelling length takes into consideration both to and fro distances travelled by them in a market cycle of the region. A glance over the table reveals that there was a great varia tion in nature and distance travelled by traders in sampled periodic markets. These variation were attributed to the size of business dealing with, mode of transport, travelling cost, and the nature of traders, whether full time or part time and density of demand in the markets. Table shows that the maximum distance travelled by full time trader in a market week ranged between 9 and 60 kms. seller-cum-purchaser between 8 and 90 kms. buying trader between 5 and AO kms, artisans between 5 and 30 kms and other between 5 and 20 kms. The full time traders have to travel the maximum length to maximise their profj.t as they do not, generctlly, have other occupation and a trader visits a niomber of these market places in sequence until the cumu].a- tive sales from them exceed the traders threshold level. Here, the traders return to their home at every night, hence the traders hypothesis that markets are arranged in time and space in direct proportion, does not confirm with the traders travelling pattern. The markets spatio-temporal sequence is irrelevant for the trader, who follows the radial pattern rather than circumferential or salesman N 121 ' ..-v .,••^ 'Tl CJ • 122 (\i bO ooooocDLnoo g ^-OlnI^-o^-l^\^- u •4- m JCa) vOv£) o-J ^v£) ro H H H in +o> r? ^v a; in •rt tn toioj r\) m^f t"-^ ^<^MDvx) bovD ^f\KM •P in _^ in O H incM invD inininrno mH~t in-d" CM 'in im -J-H oo in I co CM • O H CM H -* f\j-d- -P in I I ICMCMrH l-^tnlCM ICM IKMnCM I CM imHHinCM I CM •H H 1 CD CO CM-J--J rnm mininm-d'CO CM H -J- 0) CO rn > -P rn CM lin^tto, |HH-^^n im I I I-J-CMO l UD^OOO ICMinHCM H H T3 -P u CD The distance covered by the traders varies between 1,5 km in Raunahi uprahar and 8.45 km in JaliangirganJ (table 2.17) based on the hierarchical size and dimension of the indivi dual market. For example in JahangirganJ, which is the first order markets, the average distance travelled by a trader is 8.45 kms while in the second order market, i.e. Mohammadpuf and Hanswar, this distance varies between 4.56 kms and 7.90 kms. In third order periodic markets the average traders travelled distance varies betwee.'n 5.65 kms and 6.14 kms and the fourth order markets records variation in such distance + Hierarchical order of periodic markets- is glvfin in table 5.19. 124 between 1.5 kms and 3.37 kras (table 2.17). .Table also shows a great variation in respect of distance travelled by traders for different commodities or functions in sampled periodic markets. For example food grains accoimt for 4,37 km. vege tables for 3.^8 kms, green chilli for 6,30 kms,/neat for 2.64 kms, general stores for 3.76 kms, cloth for 4,03 kms, Kirana for 3.18 kms and seeds/nursery for 5.44 kras. average distance travelled by traders. CONSUMERS^ VISIT PATTEP^ There are mainly two kinds of consumers in the selected market under consideration. The first category includes the participants who purchase goods as consumers but work as tra ders elsewhere. The second group consists of pure consumers who transacts the goods for their own consumption. The length of consxAmers travelled distance varies according to the maxi mum range of goods available in the markets. Besides there are some other constraints - income, caste, sex, social status, age structure, nature of the Jobs in which h(>/she is engaged, physical obstacles i.e., river and bad topography as well as religiovis functions which determine the length and frequency of consumers, visit to any market centre. The average dis tance travelled by consumers visit to any market based on sample study, differs greatly from market to market ranging between 1.4 to 8.35 kms (table 2.18). These differences are 125 0) bO cd ooooOtr\OinC30inir\c\JocMOCMir\OOrO tH-4K>QojK>oo U > < u (1) Xi in c\j ^? in-d" lA-d" KMA ^ oj-4" tr\ o hr\ CM-d^ rci o ix>-d^ mrA-4 vx) CM CM f—I o tn -P in O c^ CM in^ vo CD J-KMn in H-^ K>in KN CM in KMTN intninm^l" GO cMfn H O I w fn rnH-J" mmuD inN^-J" inH rn J--d-mcM-* c\i in fnrnrnmmmcM CM O 0) fn o a •P CM 0) tn icMCMCMmoj i-^m |CM^^^-tcMHCM im HHK^CMCMVOHH CM •H H H •H lllllJ"llllllHtnHlCMCvJ| CMCMOIIHI 8 OJ CM in o 0) tn I H mm in m o bOX> mH-^CMCM^ • • •J" imtnncMCMCM>J5mHH IH IHHH I C^HCO IHONCMH CM •P 0) .0^ Si to CO a a) fn ? bO P d 3 -P^ tn •H 3 0) OJ b: P< CO CI4 i bOco q, bO H oJ >> ro a o ti,-H -P •H cd w CO ^ 3 ^^ CO t ctJ H P( H W "H rH Cd (fl CO _-,..fHCfl3cflcflcdi-.fl CO HSffi i-o O W o z H CM m-J- m*^ t>-0Ocr\HHHHHHHHHH CMCMCMCMCMCMCMCM CO 127 the functions of market centrallty oompxrted from facilities like accessibility, availability of lev/ and high order goods, and the number of participants and shops in the markets. The number of participants and shops in the markets. The centrallty index of different sample markets ranges between 7.50 to 559.70. Accordingly the maximum length (8,33 kms) travelled by consumers for the market visit is reported with the market of maximum centrallty index i.e. Jahangirganj (359.70 CI). Table shows that maximum length of distance is travelled by consumers for chilli ('3.80 kms.) follow'jd by nursery (5.07 kms), cloth (^.55 kms) ui^ban consumer goods (3.35 kms), vegetables (3.03 kms), food grain (2.Ei6 kms) and other (3.92 kms). The theory that the consumers patronize the nearest centre is assumed to be realistic in the study area. The consumers visit these markets that are within their rings (a market ring being defined as a set at market places that are closest for the consumers for the different days of a market week). Sometimes the consumer makes multipurpose long distance Journey to high order market which are offering both low and high order goods 35 . The multipurpose travel is a rational and behavioural pattern that reduces the time and cost at travel 54. 33. Pred. A. op. cit. 54. Ghose, A. and Sara, M. (1984), A model (jf Consumer Propenolty for Multipurpose shopping, Geographicannal/E''is , Vol. 16, pp. 244-49. ' 128 6 129 The postulation made by Stine tl-iat the consumer may not visit more than one market because each consumer is within the outer range of only one of them^-'^, and by Sinner that consumers do not visit more than one market place of any given level of hierarchy are partially confirmed in the district at Faizabad, because they, generally, visit the periodic markets twice in a week. RING SYSTEM OF PERIODIC MARKETS It is a system in which the periodic markets are arranged to provide convenience for both trader and consu mer in a market week. Thus such inter-related system of the markets has been described as ring system. Different terms i.e., ring, cycle, roi:ind, circuit and ciiain, have been used to denote the system in modern literature. The concept of market ring or cycle is based on some fundamental elements such as market week, sequential meeting, and weekly off of periodic markets in a region. The market week is a common phenomena of the market cycles v/hich varies from region to region. The group of markets are arranged in sequence in time and space, so that the markets may operate on successive days in their turn. This sequential system of market location 35. Stine, J.H. op, cit. 56. Skinner, G.W, op. cit. 131 is also known as market shift-^ . But, here, it should be noted that the market chain is diff-^rent from the market shift as the former denotes the sequence of movement of tran sactions and commodities between producer and consumer Bromely has suggested mainly two approaches-aggregate and individualistic approaches - for the study of market cycle . The aggregate approaches dealr with inter-connection of markets with their neighbouring periodic markets taking place on different days of the week. The aggregate market cycle may be interpreted in two ways - either in terms of week-long cycles of day to day change in points pattern of active periodic market sites in a given,ane^ or in terms of cyclical movements of market activity from one market centre to another during the week . The individualistic approach 37. Alao, N.A. (1968) Pacific Markets in V/est Nigeria ; theory and empirical evidence. North Western Univ. Research Report No. '+2, Deptt. of Geography, pp. 2-3. Adalema, I.A. (1975) Trader Travel Pattern Market Rings and Pattern of Market Shift, The Nigerian Geographical Journal. Vol. 18, pp. 17-26. 38. Bromely, J. R. (1971) Markets in Developing Countries : A Review, Geography, Vol. 56, pp. 12A-32. 39. Bromely, J. R. (1980) Trader Mobility in System of Periodic and Daily Market, in Berber, D.I. and Johnson, R.I. (eds) Geography and Urban Environment, Progress in Research and Application, New York, Vol. Ill, pp. 133-74. UO. Ibid. 132 studies the market cycles in terras of the individual i.e. trader, middlemen and consumer etc. who ure the actual parti- > kli cipants In the study area aggregate approaches have been used to identify the market cycles. Faizabad district, as a whole, has been dominated by bi-weekly markets, therefore, the iden tification of market cycles is a very dlfficul,t job because many markets are sharing more than one cycle and also some are free from such sequential arrangement. Individual market rings are almost indistinguishable in general overlapping strvjcture. Nineteen market cycles have been identified in the study area. The maximum member of complete/incomplete market rings exists in Bikapur (3) follov/ed by Tarun (3), Baskhari (2) and Sohowal, Mayabazar, Tanda, Jalalpur, Ketehri, Bhiti, Milkhipur, Amaniganj, HaringtanganJ and Ram Nagar have one each and Masodha, Purabazar Bhiyaon and Jahangirganj have none (Fig.j2.-/5l. HIERARCHY OF PERIODIC MARKETS Hierarchy is the system in which markets or service centres of different size and dimension are linked in such an order that a higher order centre serves the tributary area of different successive lower order centres. The concept of hierarchy is more or less, basically derived 41. Ibid. 133 Table 2.19 Weightage Schemes of Parameters Parameter Class of Weight parameter Education Prima r-y 1 Intermediate College 5 Higher Secondary School 2 Health Hospital 1 Communication Post Office 1 Post and Telegraph 2 Telephone 0.50 Periodicity- Weekly 1 Biweekly 2 Shop Food grain 3 Cloth 2 Kirana and General 1.50 Store Other 1 Participant Pedes train 1 Non-Pades train 2 Administrative Sub-Division 2 Head Quarter Block 1 Accessibility- Kachcha Road 0.50 Pace a Road 2.00 (Metalled Road) Railway 1 Market site area 500 square feet 1 Distance Travelled Consumer (in km) 1 Trader (in km) 1 134 SB - R o o o o o o ID o UJ o o >I o o o o o - o orcr o o C/)CL o to UJ o [y| § U) CM <^ o Z o CD < o < o u. O _J 8 D CO 0. ai SI > O § 0- X o o Q: < o 8 o o« 8 in o o o •J t^B @a o o o tn. O B" (Si" O O ir« O a n O O CM" o o O o o o m 8 in o o XBQNI AinVdlN30 in 135 from the classical work of Christaller's central Place k? Theory . A vast amount of literature is available on central place or urban hierarchy but only a few scholars have studied the hierarchy of periodic markets and fch^at too casually. A central place is supposed to have a geographical space and population in common with capacity to provide goods and ser vices to an area and population larger than itself. Thus the periodic markets can also be considered as a central place because it provides goods and services .to local popula tion larger than itself. Thus, the periclic markets can also be considered as a central place because it provides goods and services to local population larger than itself. The basic factor, which differentiates Christaller's central place from the periodic market, is that the former is permanent both in time and space while the latter is permanent in space but non-permanent in time. A number of valuable studies have been made on the hierarchy of market centres. Ukwu has presented a comprehensive analysis of Ibo periodic markets in Eastern Nigeria based on functional hierarchy . Jackons has also identified hierarchical system, of periodic markets of Southern Ethopia . Skinner recognised five tier hierar chy of periodic markets in China based on economic function ^2. Chris taller, V/. op. cit. 43. Ukwu, U.I. (1969) Markets in Qxjland in Hodder, B.W. and Ukwu, U.I. (eds). Markets in West A frJca, lbndan. 44, Jackons, R.T. 1971, Periodic Markets l.n Southern Ethopia, Transaction Institute of British Geographers. Vol. '-S6 pp. 97-105. "" ^ 136 '^5 of the centres . Among the Indian geographers most of the researchers have attempted to examine the fvxnctional hierarchy of market centres in a region concerned. Jana presented the hierarchy of market centres based on tVie compos it Index of several attributes - market attendants, consumer and traders travel distance, the quality and quantity of shops and periodicity of markets - giving a due weightage to eachUS . Srivastwa has recognised the hierarchy based on the number of shops and total shops opening at market centres U7 The present hierarchical classification of periodic markets in district Faizabad is also based on composit index value computed from 15 different attributes given in table 2.19. Each attribute has been given due v;eight keeping in view its importance for a particular periodic market centre. The composite index is computed using the undergiven formula - Ci = I FiWi/£" Wi i=l 1=1 where Fi is the attribute for the markotr; and Wi is the weight given to a particular function. Thus on the basis of calculated composit index for each sampled periodic 45. Skinner, G.W. (1965) Marketing and Social Structure in China Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 24, pp. 3-43. A6. Jana, M.M. (1978) Hierarchy of Market centres in Lower Silabati Basin, Geographical Review of India (1978), Vol.40,pp. 164-74. 47. Srivastwa, V.K. Market Periodicity and Centrality - A Metho dical Approach in Doras, M. et al (eds) Manizer Sch. Studien Mascow, pp. 33-37. 137 Table 2.20 Hierarchy of Sampled Peri odic Marketsin District of F'aizabad Order Designation Name of the Composite Index Markets I Regional Periodic Jahangirganj 359^70 Market II Sub-Regional Mohammadpur 150-110 Periodic Markets and Hanswar etc. III Block level Aj rauli, Bariyawan 110-50 Periodic Markets Maujadubanspur, Barun, Jalaluddin Nagar, Bhadarsa, IltifatganJ, Pratap Pur Chamar- kVia, Gosainganj, Jalalpur IV Local Periodic Mohali Uprater, Markets Raunahi Uprahar, I'Eirun Mufifi, Hathigaon, Bhiti, Ariya, Sultangarh, Kaeirapur, ftefigan.j, Mubarakpur, Indaipur, Ashrafpur, K ic hVa u c hha, Deo ria Bazurg and Kamalpur 138 O O ^fC.§ \ < 5 / ^^i ^^ «* oa UJ Q UJ o: < \t\ < s- GQ u. o < 8- N >- ^ I < u o - U. tt / < QC s LU r O r 4r>^ rv> 139 market, four grades as regioaal, sub-regional block-level and local periodic markets h;\ve been recognised (table 2.20). There is only one regional markf>t, namely JahangirganJ which is a specialized market where the traders and consumers come from a long distance even from outside the district. Here, wholesale trading for grain.s and chilli is not an uncommon thing. This market gets primacy not because of a greater number of function but because of size, frequency and range of retail shops of diCITerent items. It is, to some extent, a feeder for the successive lower order market centres. The sub regional markets are those which mostly serve the people of the district subdividion in which they are located. Mohammadpur and Hanswar are two such periodic mar kets. They have the same functions and services as the first order but lower in the range of goods. The third and fourth order markets are generally, of local importance and provide goods and services in a small surrounding trade area. They are generally vegetable markets. In the study area, the commodities flow downward in the given hierarchy. The high order market is a supplier to those retailers who visit successive lower order markets while the consumer moves upward by passing the successive lower order undertaking multipurpose journey. 110 MARKErr_AR&^A. Market.or tributary ar^a is the reflection of mfirket size and range of goods and serviceG dealt in a partir.ular market. The extent and potentiality of demand for commodities from tribiatary region determine the^ orif^in and development of the market centres. Thus the market area and size of the market are interdependent. The first theoretical model con cerning the relationship between market and its surrounding area was developed by yon Thiyen. Different concentric rings of land use, based on economic rent have come out around a central city under an ideal condition . Thereshold limit and range of goods are the main tools to delimit the comple- mentary region in any given market . Stine was the first to give theoretical phenomena of periodic marketing on the basis of range of goods . The circular complementary areas, if they are tangentially drawn, leave necessarily an unserved area or if the circles are drawn not to leave unserved area, then overlapping of area is tiur-o to exist. To ovorcome the above problem a hex^igonal geometrical shape of trade area was claimed 51 . Reilly developed a gravity model to determine the influence area of any market centre 52" . The model states 48. Von Thunen, J.H. (1886), Dev Isoleirlte Staat. in Beziehun^ and land Vjrtschaft and Wationalo Konomie, Rostok. 49. Christaller, W. op. cit. 50. Stine, J.H. op. cit. 51. Christaller, W., op. cit, 52. Reilly, W.J., op cit. 141 that two cities attract the trade from an intermediate town which is directly proportional to the population of two cities and inversely related to square distance from the intermediate centre as : T P, d, 2 ^ = Ji X ( -^ ) \ Pb ^a where a and b are two cities. P is the population and d is the distance from the intermediate centre to respective centre a and b. A modified form of Reilly's gravity model, called break point model has been formulated to determine the exact position within an intermediate area where trade gets split between two competing centres '3" 5 . The trade area boundary between two centres a and b is d ab 1 + -R- ^b where Db is the break point (ii5M:ance of trade of b centre, P and P, is the population size of the I'espec tivo centres v/hile d is the distance between a and b. However, this model has been used by different scholars 53. Converse, P. D. (19^9) New Law of Retail Gravitation, Journal of Marketing, Vol. Ik, pp. -579-84. 142 Table 2.21 Market Area Based on Mean Distance Travelled by Consumer and Trader S.No. Sampled Market Market Area (jSq. km.) 1. Mahauli Uprahar 73.92 2. Raunahi Uprahar 7.07 3. Maujadubanspur 54.65 4. Jalaluddin Nagar 47.80 5. Bhadarsa 47.07 6. GosainganJ 84.35 7. Barun (Deoria) 34.40 8. Tarun Muafi 21.90 9. Ajrauli 93.35 10, Moharamadpur 60.84 11. Hathigaon 11.46 12. Bhiti 31.78 13. Ariya 37.64 14. Bariyawan 60.01 15. Sultangarh 20.43 16. Kasimpur 18.86 17. RafiganJ 44.19 18. Jalalpur 56.76 19. Pratap Pur Chamarkha 59.19 20. IltifatganJ 51.55 21. Mxobarakpur 39.38 22. Hans war 3-58.87 23. Indaipur 27.35 24. Ashrafpur Kichhauchha 32.18 25. Jahangirganj 221.76 26. Deoria Bazurg 20.43 27. Kamalpur 10.76 144 in the country to limit the trade area or tributary area or command area of a centre. Jackson has computed a theorsticaL trade area related to south Ethopian markets using the formula Total Area TA = No. of Market Centres In the present study the author computed trade area for 27 sampled periodic markets based on the average distance travelled by consumers and traders in a given market. The above models, for delimiting the trade area, are concerned with the centre of permanent location and daily function. Thus the population size of a market centre within<- it, no doubt, has considerable influence on the extent of trade area. In the case of periodic markets, which are occuring on some days of the week, the market influence region is related to the function and sizo of the market rather than the population of such market. Thus the travelling distance by consumer and trader is the best expression of the centra- lity of a periodic market centre. Based on the following formula trade areas of sampled markets are given in table Mean Travelled Mean travelled distance by + distance by Radius of Market Area = trader consumer 2 Moreover, the circular trade area may overlap or is 54. Jackson, R.T. (1971), op. cit. 145 left unserved but it is not significant in termp of periodic markets. The complementary area of a periodic market on a given day may, necessarily, be the trade area of another market on the other day. Due to the fact, the periodic mar ket are, optimally arranged in time and space with inverse relation i.e. the larger the spatial separation, the greater proximity in time, so as to make convenience for traders and consumers in a region to fulfil their needs whenever they desire. MARKET FUNCTIONS Periodic market places as a central place provide goods and services to rural folk as well as urban population too. There are three major functions of which a periodic market may be expected to perform. These functions are (1) to facilitate the local exchange (ii) to facilitate inter-regional trade, and (iii) to provide urban goods and services in a region of dispersed population . In terms of inter-regional trade, the periodic markets do so in two ways. First, the periodic market serves as a bulking poinf for exportable surplus in the region and, secondly, the periodic market grows out of two directional long distance trades, serving both export and import channels-5^6 . The 55. Sighmy, T.H. (1972) Rural Periodic Mnrketa and the Extension of an Urban System : A West NLgerian Example, Econoralc Geography, Vol. 48, pp. 299-515, 56, Ghose, A., op. cit. 116 Table 2 .22 Commodity Structure of Pe;riodi c Markets Local goods Outside of Manufactured 1. Agricultural Products 1. Mill made cloth a. Vegetables 2. Readyraado gannents b. Fruits 3. Holsery artiolas c. Cereal and pijlses A. Luxury articles d. Spices 5. Salt 6. 2. Animals and Animal Kerosene oil Products 7. Small steel products a. Goats Sheep for Meat 8. Tobacco b. Hides 9. Soap 3. Other Food Articles 10. Bidi a. Vegetable oils 11. Plastic goods b. Gur 12. Match box c. Sweets k. Artisan Products a. Earthen Vessels b. Basketry c. Local made shoes d. Handloom cloth e. Indigenous agricul tural implement f. Wooden goods g. Iron goods for domestic use Forest Products a. Fire Wood b. Local Fruits H o H foCO iTvvD r- inirN u'x-J o iD o i ,>X)-4- n-iU5 (Ti Q CO J- in4 O ~\p( K\r~\ (Nj-J vD ~a- iSj KSrH (Jv CO CO 00 -* PH ro -3^ rH r\nr\ (.Tv 0^ o.) ( H I Kcr\^ rk ^ oi J rov |>- ,-H CM r\j fvi H o «^ (\| (NJ r\J ^r^ N-\ H "^ J' r^) N-\ f~ o 'XI >^ O H Cr^ ^- M rH r-l CJ rH cr\ 0»>Xi •-:l" -4 (\i ON f- -ct U3 '^ yj U3 147 N-\ 00 \£. \D rH (\i a-> O CO 00 rH h- h-MO CT>'H rH in 03 V£) 00 t^ CM >- N~M<-\ O >XH I.) 00 r 1IX) k rO r-l r.J r-( r-( i-< '-H M r\l ocooirNOt--ir\OucJooinirNirit^ooocrMrvOOMf-cu3t^ rA KNCJ<\l^'^|(MiO-3''Hi—t r-i iHtn HI—(rHlTvrHi—to —J rH r-H 03 CO CTvvO t^ r-H vD ^ dOoNO r^ MCMnQ rv iTviTN O r-i ir> O r\. Hor~ '^' a3f~-ooco . I I I I . . . I • • I • • I I ... I . I . . . . x; ', _ o iS cm rH rH O n' iH CO fOO' to (V' O O O (T^O r-t c^ c c.> a' IV} u o E f\l K^ lf^ tO>~0 t*"! rOvX) -5 -J ""> If - O -J VO r-- f^ ' -J rH iH rH O ' O CN' rH r\J ^+J w •'-I SC - i^: & OKMrvOif^orJOiTvo C' Lf^oomlr^o IOh-iAOaMfMf\-4'to rH r-ir4r- J. « ii~Mr»ocOooaOoQOc-j ITICM K> (\J K\ H-\ I K\ CO 11^ ifi in i if\ -3 oo o O "t-l x: o. (\J (\l H CM H -3 r I H C^J rj to] o m o r Xl CM r-vD CTviD r^C--c\; c^j -t» tn ro o iTs C^ tr CJ1 1i n u) J vD O (t lf->-5 C0-3'O23<} KNrHlfN r J iTs if l !^J O Ifi C3 'X) VO >- N^ rH H ITA p p I • I • I • CM W r^I "n to rH rH rH NA '("- r\J -t CM -d' CM CT\ CI tH O ^ I •' ' P ''0 -J •^^1 S^P O CM 00 O r\ivO irxCM O ir^ l ri i o CMCO lO o u^'•0 CM o -^ ir>o I in lO 0) P Jr o "^-J sP. H vp 0. a d) +> incMr<^cor\ivo O loou-^oOincjiJOJ^'n ICM lOinooooo intn co o MARKET „C I-UV RGES A trader has to pay tv;o types of costs overhead and variable cost . The forfiier includes license, storage and certain cost of travel or transport. The most important is the time costor opportunity cost in this category. V/hil;:' the other group of cost includes the cost of container or casual labour which varies with the quantity of commodities. In Pdizabad district it is obsei-ved that each periodic market charges the trader with some marginal taxes called bathaki which varies from market to narket and from commodity to commodity (table ^.^i^). These charges ^re collected bv chieftains of gram sabh^a or district board or land lords depsn- ding upon the holder of the niarket siti-'. Marliet taxes are collectevi discriminately both in kind and cash. 57. Hay, A.M. (l97l) Notes on -^cr^nomic H'^sir. for herioil'-: !-i;ri:ets in Developing -loi.ini.rj !-'s , "'oc^'raphical Analy:-is , 7ol. 3, pp. 593-'^^Ol. ^ ho bO bO m OJ 03 ^ rO X> 149 o O "d O O O in o (3 o o "^ O O "^ •Or o O G LA LPvVO HO o o ic\ m • in a -Jo • o o • 1 . 1 -H • • • 1 'SI 1 . . . . c/i o H cr H ^ O O O O r-< H O O tt. O.I fH (J (1) m ino oo o o O OOOOOOrt o ooo QOO O o o o o intno in Q ifVO O O O O o o o o -p mmLn>X) o f\'i>^o -T CMVO O iTMn O ir^ o in 5 ino o o f\! O r-i OOOO-HOOO o o o d H o d H o r-< d o o ooooooinooin_ OLnoooop Lf > O O O inminvp o inc^vo incM o oj o O 5 £ ...... 2: . c\]<£). oinino ino O' •H ooQOr-ioo oo o oo O H O O r~l O rH H O o be; H inoooooinooin Q in o o o o o in o o o o 0) O CM inmvo o int^vo o rvi 1o -^^ cNj vo o in in o r\j oino 5 moo C -P 2; . . . •s 2; 0) CO O O O O rH O O O H O O O O H O O iH CJ H O H o o 0) H c •5 •HinoinooooinLpi oooooo CU ^J CNJ in CM in cv inuD cxiHOininoOLTMn+ O O O Q QOO n •P + 2 inoino -Joinoo CO 0) o •••• •••z2 bO tnooooooooo OOHHOO -p O H O H OHO 0) CM O > H CO *4 c 0) •H C •H no c 2 O O O OOO^ OO O O CO -H O O H C5 in o o ovoin+ooin in o ^ T) in o Oinoo • I •! •! ...mis** I I • • *^^^ c • • a O H HHOOCvl HO OH bO (0 O H OHO o O « C O ^1 X & % CO CO '^ -P X3 X :3 CO O CO X! CO CO (0 EH CD Cfl H H f-. CO W -P C x; >: q !-* •r-i d) ^D CO •H •H o i^ 9 eg a< G SH cO 13 TJ CO cO 01 p no CO CO CO bO Oi Ti bOQ s: H CO CO c •p in a ^-^^ J-. ^ CO X! H E bn CO C a CO f:i< (0 n H CO CO CO •^ s c p a -H H :0 >. oj a bfiH ^ 2 CO -d >, H -i-J -H H a) • s CO 3 p CO cox; -p O H CO C/J II II S ?H eg u-, rf-,. ^r,, -,+J- -r-H^ -r-l fn H CO ^^ H II en U I o cO CO i3 CO -o O CO x; (-. CO P CO CO cd • H P CO E"< CO cS O CO f 1 o m ex. H g; 'X •^ h) P hcJ s: 2: 150 CHAPTER III PERIODIC MARKETS AND AGRICULTIJRAL MARKETING A survey of agricultural marketing in the study area shows that most of the agricultural surplus is marketed within the district itself. • The peasant is more or less independent and works on individu£\listic basis. The pur chase of seeds, implements, fertilizers, borrowing of capi tal, processing of cxiltivation, the harvesting operation, preparation for market and disposal of produce, all are carried out independently by each cultivator. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING Agricultural Marketing; is a procp?=^K whirh st^irts with a decision to produce a saleable farm commodities and it involves all aspects of market structure or system, both functional and institutional based on technical and economic consideration, and includes pre and post harvest operations, assembling, grading, storage, transportation and distribution. There are three entities involved in marketing system. They are : (i) the producer, (ii) the consumer and (iii) the middleman. Each of them has its own objectives v/hich often conflict with the others interest. (i) The producer most often aims at getting largest possible 151 return for his produce. (ii) The consumer tries to get the required quantities of goods of better qualities at the least possible cost. (iii) The middleman wants to realize the maximum possible net profit from the deal. Thus the aim of an efficient marketing system is to balance the conflicting interest in such a way that each entity gets a fair deal. Types of Agricultural Markets : The agricultural markets in Faizabad can be classified into three categories discussed below : (i) Periodic Markets (ii) Whole-sale Market (iii) Retail Markets (i) Periodic Markets : Such markets are primary mackets which are weekly or bi-weekly. They serve a r-adius of about 5-10 kms vihere haggling is the common practice. (ii) Whole-sale Markets : Such markets draw supplies from a longer area of nearly 10-AO kms and provide some facilities of storage, grading, banking etc. Transactions are made daily in these markets. Such markets are operated by both private traders in towns and government agencies in regulated markets or at different sale centres in the area. 152 (iii) Retail_-markers. • Such markets ore scattered in towns and villages. They deal with the transaction of goods, generally, required by the consumers. Agricultural markets are served by several type of middlemen, specially, by commission agents, brokers and so on. Some of them advance money to village traders on the condition that the goods collected throi^gh trade ehotiLd be sold to them. ROLE OF PERIODIC MARKB:TS IN AGRICULTURAL MAmiETING Periodic markets are primary markets where agricul tural produces are marketed by both producer seller and village trader. The amount of marketed surpluis is not much important in these markets v/hen compared to other marketing agencies. They are only place for producer seller to dispose off their surplus v;hen they are in immediate need of money. Indebtedness of Indiapfarmers, generally, compels them to sell their surplus at distress ratp offered by tra ders v/ho loaned money during preharvest period. Inaccessi bility to the specialized markets in rainy season, small amount of surplus and some other factors discouraged the producers to see mandis and other im.portant markets in the region. Under such circumstances, the periodic markets attract the sellers as well as consumers or purchaser, from surrounding villages. in 00 153 to o X) H o CO fn C Xi CO VD < CO •H :* •P v^ H -d- UD r- U3 O •H in H CM r<^ 00 < H <: Tl in cr> t^ 1 c\) 1 b (U -p tfl to c 0) CU o to •rH o O •H •H o o s bC s c bO o (0 CU O .5 0 QJ 0) -p <: hO h CO P •H H bfl 0) H to CO T) O O <: ^ CO > O Xi o H •H •H s CO a. p S to OJ •H 5M -p CU :3 £ CO O a. a, to B C o CO x> o Tn (1) «H bo M CO X> O T) ^. £ o a, rvj CO 154 Periodic markets are, generally, a system of direct marketing which is essentially economical for both producer sellers and consumers. In these markets, there are two types of sellers i.e. producer seller and selling trader or village trader. The producer who gets higher price for his commodi ties realizing middlemen's profit, sell relatively at lower price than the retail price prevailing in nearby to\'m markets The selling trader, though not getting similar profit as the producer seller, also gets handsome profit. It is because he brings the commodities from the villages at lower price. Apart from producer sellers and selling trader, there are also two types of purchasers i.e., consumer and buying traders. The former makes pui'chase for his own consimiption v/hile the latter purchases for selling in other places. Such perchases are economical due to the fact that the purchasers have to pay lesser price than the retail price nearby town markets. PROPORTION OF MRKETED SURPLUS IN PERIODIC MARKETS In the study area, the agricultural products are marketed through different agencies. It requires a channel through v/hich the commodities are moved from former's home to ultimate consumers. The agencies through which the agri cultural products are sold may be classified as under : 1. Formal Agencies 2. Informal Agencies 155 Formal agencies include the government purchase agencies, semi government agencies like Food Corporation of India (FCI), State Food Corporation (SFC), Regulated Market, Cooperative Societies, State Agro, Purvanchal Vlkas Nigam and Marketing. These agencies purchase the agricul tural surplus under the scheme of minimum support price. The informal agencies are concerned with private trading system. These agencies are Mills, Private traders, Periodic: Markets and Direct Farm gate sale. The periodic market comes under informal agency- through which surpluses are transacted. The amount of mar keted surplus of different commodities varies in the periodic markets. A discussion and analysis on marketed surplus of agricultural commodities in periodic markets have been made on the basis of information given in table 3.1., 3.2, 3.3 and 3.^. Table 3.1 gives an idea of amount of marketed surplus in periodic markets in comparison to other agencies. The tables shows that in the year 1985-86 in periodic markets 53610 tonnes of wheat was transacted, while the regulated markets accounted for 57A86 tonnes, Marketings J'or 3237 tonne?s , Food Corporation of India for 10726 tonnes, U.P. Agro for 5914 tonnes and Provincial Cooperative Federation for 9551 tonnes. In the case of paddy, periodic markets had transacted 16596 tonnes. Mills purx:hases ^364 tonnes while in the rogiilated 156 Table 3»2 Assessed Arrival of Different AgricxiLtural Commodities in of Periodic Markets (Gradewise) in District Faizabad (1985-86) Grade Assess ed Arrival in Metric Tonnes Wheat Paddy Vegetable Pulses I 5616 lAOO 10 AO 52 II 6600 5900 2652 177 III 1095^ 7687 211515 873 IV 104^40 3609 9456 361 Total 35610 16596 34463 1463 Source : Field survey 1985^66. 157 w bO a 0) 0) o •H CO ro, O 0 o u H •H Q O w 0o) w o c 0) o bO H • CO ir\ I ^ H <; -p o 8 o w 0) CM o 0 hOl bO 0) CO > +J CO o CQ o -P 0) • CO D- (X) rvj o 0) o 0) a. H «H «H O •H O Q • o o O O o CO in •P o cd •H o « wl -d I o 0) •p 00 o o H in • O O ir\ 00 ITN H m -d o H in H o 0^ 0 B o o • in o o in hf> vO 1 H Oi o o H o I H in 2 CD W 4^ CU W u •H >> •'^ PROPORTION OF RICE MARKETED AT DIFFEREN T STAGES 87o/ ru "St"^ _j^--V " \ PRODUCER \ ABC D E F F' E^ D' C" B^ fK A A' CONSUMER BB' REGULATED MARKETS C C' TOWN MARKETS D D^ VILLAGE TRADERS E r VILLAGE MARKETS FF'' VILLAGE SHOP The thick line represcirt direct connections bet ween different market ing point l( indicated by arrow line) Ttie dotted line represents direct connections between marketing Points & consumers • FIG. 31 159 markets 81265 tonnes had been disposed off. The .^oveiTiment agencies like PCF, U.P. Agro and F.C.I, purchased 516 tonnor , ^55 tonnes and 16084 tonnes, r'es()i?ctivelv. With regards to pulses and vegetables only per'iodie markets ar\d r'-igulated markets made purchases. Thev accou'ited for 565 tcinnes, and 1^x63 tonnes pulses and 17335.50 tonnes and 54A65 tonnes vege tables respectively. Table 3.2 shows the assessed amouint of ac^ricultural commodities in variovis categories (i.e. C, II, III and 17 grade) of periodic markets during 1985-86. In the first grade markets 56l6 tonnes of wheat, lAOO tonnes of paddy, 10^ tonnes of vegetables and 52 tonnes of pulses were tran sacted. In second grade periodic markets 6600 tonnes wheat, 3900 tonnes paddy, 2652 tonnes vegetables an^] 177 tonnes pulses had been exchanged. The third grade markets accoimted for transaction of 1095^ tonnes wheat, 7687 tonnes padd\', 211315 tonnes vegetables and 873 tonnes pulses, \vrljile 10'!('40 tonnes v/heat, 3609 tonnes paddy, 9^56 tonnes vegetables and 361 tonnes pulses had been sold in the fourth gixide periodic markets. Table ').'^j indicate a comparative proportion of marketed surplus, of agricultural commodities passing through the diff erent agencies in the district. The data is based on field survey in which 5 percent villages of study area had been 160 Table 3.4 Proportion of Producer Seller Dealing in Wheat in Selected Periodic Market Selected Producer Village Total % of total Periodic Sellers Traders Sell sellers of wheat Markets No. Vo No. io ers to total sellers in period-ic market 1. Mohauli Uprahar 8 32 17 68 25 6.17 2. Raunahi Uprahar — — 5 100 5 4.67 3. Maijjadubanspur 17 50 17 50 34 9.06 k. Jalaluddin Nagar 12 48 13 52 25 8.59 Uprahar 5. Bhadarsa (U) 5 41.67 7 58.33 12 4.63 5. Gosainganj (U) 1 25 3 75 4 2.19 7. Barun k 57.20 3 42.8 7 2.02 8. Tarun Muafi 2 40 3 60 5 3.42 9. A.jrauli 12 60 8 40 20 5.88 10. Mohanimadpur 7 70 ;-) 30 10 2.26 11. Rathigaon - — o 100 2 4. 4/.( 12. Bhiti — — —I.. — — — 13. Ariya — — - ~ - — 14. Bariyawan (U) 2 40 4 66.66 6 2.42 15. Sultangarh - - 2 100 2 2.50 15. Kasimpur 1 33.33 2 66.66 3 1.57 17. Pafiganj 2 40 3 60 5 1.16 18. Jalalpur (U) 20 40 50 60 50 15.43 19. P.Chamarkha (U) 2 ^ 3 60 5 1.98 20. Iltifatganj (U) 15 20 60 80 75 16.70 21. Mubarakpur (U) 15 20 35 70 50 14.20 22. Hanswar 45 60 30 40 75 9.61 23. Indaipur — — — — — _ 24. A. Kichhauchha 5 41.66 7 58.33 12 4.68 25. Jahangirganj 45 70 30 46 75 12.91 26. Deoria Bazurg — — — — — — 27. Kamalpvir 5 62.5 3 37.5 8 6.29 U ; Urban Periodic Markets 161 PROPORTION OF WHEAT MARKETED AT DIFFERENT STAGES A B D E F G H B A A A' CONSUMER BB' GOVERNMENT AGENCIES CC' REGULATED MARKETS D O' WHOLESALER EE' TOWN-MARKETS F F' VILLAGE ITINERANT TRADER VILLAGE MARKET H H' VILLAGE SHOPS The thick line represent direct connectionsbetween ditterent marketing point (indicated byorrov/line) The dotted line represents direct connections between marketing points & consume rs • FIG- 3-2 162 PROPORTION OF PULSES MARKETED AT DIFFERENT STAGES A A' CONSUMER B B' REGULATED MARKETS C C TOWN MARKETS D D' ITINEHANT TRADER E E' VILLAGE MARKETS The thick line represent direct connections between diftercnt marketing point (indicated by arrov/ line) The dotted line represents direct connections between marketing point & consumers. F 1G . 3 -3 163 PROPORTION OF VEGETABLES MARKETED AT DIFFEREMT STAGES E' D' C B' A' A A' CONSUMER BB' REGULATED MARKET C C' TOWN MARKET DO' ITINERANT TRADER E E' VILLAGE MARKET The thick line represent direct connections between different marketing point (Indicated by arrow line). The dotted line represents direct connections between marketing points^consumers. F IG. 3-4 164 randomly selected for thr' sLudy. Th.-' shure of uerdodLr markets in the sale of agriculti..iral oomniodities viried v/ith the nature and demand of the commodities. Th.-^ non- F^erishablo goods like wheat, paddy, rice and puJ.Fos were transacted in lov/ proportion in such markets. The sain table shows that only 10 percent wijeat, .-?0 per'cerit rice and S percent pvCses had been l;r.rii:-.acted v^iiie in th<^ rnarket.in<^ of perishables commodities likfj V(?gotabler. incliiding chilli and nursery for vegetables cultivation ^tc. the periodic markets had lion share, 80 per-cont of vegetables were sold in these markets. PROpyCJR ^JLI^RS^. IN_ ,PJR There are two kinds of sellers dealing in agricultural commodities in the perio'iic market. They are producer seJJ.- ers v/ho visit the markets with their C'Wii produce, and village trader or baniyas who sells the commodities which is purchased from the villages in off time of the markets. Cable •:'..'-' shavs the percentage of wheat producer seller to the total sellers in different selected periodic markets. It also shows the percentage of wlieat producer seller and village trader to the total sellers involved in trading of wlieat product. The distribution and percentage of v/hett .'-oLler in tl.i-';se markets are not evenly distributed. Their number vary betv;een zoro (Bhiti) and 175 (Jahangirganj) depending on the importince of the centres. Their percentage is also x^anging from zero (Bhiti) 165 Tab_l_e_j5.5. Proportion of Different Agents (Seller) Dealing in Paddy/Rice in Selected Periodic Markets S.N( D. Selected Producer Village Total ^ of paddy Markets . Seller Trader Seller sellers to No. yc No. "^ of E^ddy total traders in Periodic markets 1. Mohauli Uprahar 20 66.67 10 65.33 30 7.40 2. Raunahi Uprahar 5 55.55 4 44.44 9 8.41 5. Maujadubanspur 24 48 26 52 50 12.95 4. Jalaluddin Nagar 13 52 13 48 25 8.59 Uprahar 5. Bhadarsa (U) 5 24.41 12 70.58 17 6.56 6. Gosainganj (U) 1 20 4 80 5 1.48 7. Barun 6 60 4 40 10 2.89 8. Tarxjn Muafi 2 50 2 50 4 2.73 9. Ajraxjli 13 52 12 48 25 7.35 10. Mohammadpur 7 58.33 5 41.66 12 2.71 11. Hathigaon 2 66.66 1 53.35 3 6.66 12. Bhiti — — — — - „ 13. Ariya — — — _ _. — 14. Bariyawan (U) 3 60 2 ^ 5 2.02 15. Sxiltangarh — - 5 100 3 3.75 16. Kasimpur 5 75 1 25 4 2.09 17. Pa fig an J 4 64.64 -;> Y'. 32 6 1.42 18. Jalalpur (U) 10 22.22 35 11,11 45 13.88 19. P. Chamarkha (U) — — i\ 100 4 1.58 20. Iltifatganj (uj 30 37.60 50 62.50 f.i0 17.81 21. Mubarakpur (u) 55 58.35 25 41,66 60 17.04 22. Kanswar 30 60 20 40 50 6.41 23. Indaipur — — — — — _ 2k. A. Kichauchha 5 33.33 10 66.66 15 5.85 25. Jahangirganj 100 55.55 80 4^1.44 100 13.28 26. Deoria Bazurg — — — _ ... .^ 27. Kamalpur 2 100 — — 2 1.57 U : Urban Periodic Market 166 to 16.70 (Iltifatgn.nj) • '"^his is based on the nature and dimension o:f market centre. It v/as fovind that there v;ere l5.7 percent and 15.^3 percent wiie.-.* L trader's (out of total traders In Jalalpur and Iltifatgan,j respectively. It v/as because that these markets were centres of handlooni v/hich required larger amoun:: of food grain every v/eek for their labourers. luKasiiripiar and. Flafigan.j, there were 1.57 percent and 1.18 percent wheat sellers respectively. These market centres recorded lov/est proportion of wheat selle.r due to the fact that these centres were of complete rural nature and small in size. Moreover there v/as lack of due demand for food grains. It was observed that the ratio of producer seller to the total wheat sellers in the market centres varies between the rural and urban nature of the centres. The rural periodic markets showed greater share which ranges between 32 percent (Maholi uprahar) and 70 percent (Jahangirganj). 'Some rural market centres like Maholi uprahar (32 perx;ent) , Kasimpur (33.33 percent) had lower percentage of producer sellers, because of lower demand of whieat. in such marlcetr only pro fessional traders arc found. The urban periodic markets had larger' j-n'opeM't Lon of village trader/baniyas. Some of them are rural basoci trader who return back their home at night. But majority of them 167 Table 3.6 Proportion of Different Agents (Seller) Dealing in Vegetables in Selected Periodic Market S.N( 0. Selected Market Prod ijcer Village Total ?i of Vegetables Sell ers Tra ders S( filers sellers to to- No. •>/. No. % of Vege- tal sellers in tables periodic market 1. Mohauli Uprahar 190 95 ;io 5 200 49.58 2. Rauriahi Uprahar 60 LOO — - 60 56.07 3. Maujadubanspur 120 92.30 10 7.69 130 35.67 h. Jalalluddin Nagar 120 85.71 20 14,28 140 48.10 Uprahar 5. Bhadarsa (U) 103 83 20 14.28 140 54.05 6. Gosainganj (U) 150 85.71 25 14.28 175 52.08 7. 3arun 190 95 10 5 200 57.88 8. rarixn Muafi 50 100 - — 50 34.24 9. Ajrauli 95 95 5 5 100 29.41 10. Mohammadpur 275 91.66 25 8. 33 3 67. sr/ 11. Hathigaon 28 93.3^ ;j 6.66 30 66.66 12. Bhiti 45 go 5 10 50 76.92 13. Ariya 70 93.33 5 6.66 75 75.00 14. Bariyav/an (U) 140 93.33 10 6.66 150 60.62 15. Sultangarh 43 86 7 14 50 62.50 16. Kasimpur 100 76.92 50 23.06 130 68.02 17. RafiganJ 230 83.63 45 16.36 275 65.32 18. Jalalpur (U) 100 57.00 75 42.65 175 54.01 19. P. Charaarkha 150 75 50 25 200 79.36 20. Iltifatganj ( U) 200 88.88 25 11.11 225 50.11 21. Mubarakpur (U) 170 85 20 15 200 56.81 22. Kanswar 350 87.50 50 12.50 400 51.28 23. Indaipur 90 90 10 10 100 59.52 24. A. Kichhauchha (U) 170 85 23 15 200 78.00 25. Jahangirganj 700 87.50 IOC1 12.50 800 59.0^ 26. Deoria Bazur^ 85 94.4A 5 5.55 90 66.17 27. Kamalpur 55 100 — — 55 49.30 U : Urban Periodic Markets 168 are from the same centres. They have not to bear extra travel cost. The producer sellerB are completely villager. They rarely like to visit urban periodic markets to avoid competition from local trader, travel cost and some other- charges like chungl, karda, bathaki etc. The percentage of producer sellers is relatively lov/er than thor.o of rural periodic markets. They ranges betv/een 20 percent (lltifatganj) and 41.66 percent (Kichhauchha). Similarly table 3.5 reflects an idea -about the percen tage of paddy sellers to the total trader in the selected markets. It also reveals the distribution of paddy seller? of both kinds producer and village sellers and their propor tion to the total paddy sellers separately in the markets. The percentage of paddy sellers in the market is ranging between 1,42 percent (RafiganJ) and 17.81 percent (lltifatganj). Their number and proportion in these markets are, generally, governed by the size of the market centres, and nature of their demand. The urbanisation of tlie centres has shown an effective role for the attraction of paddy seller in such markets. The da l:.);i shcMfi tl'i^t in Jalalpur and lltifatganj the paddy sellers share about 18 and 14 pen::;ent of the total traders. Partappur ctemarkte and (J^osainganj accounted for 1.58 and 1.48 percent respi^ctively. In addi tion the lov; size of their population had also lov/ered the paddy sellers share. 169 Moreover, among the rural periodic markets, the percentage of paddy sellers varies with the size of the markets. The percentage ranges between 1.^2 percent (Rafiganj, IV order) and 13.28 percent (Jahangirganj , I order). As regards the number and proportion of producer paddy-sellers to total paddy sellers, a great variation had been found among different periodic markets. Thoir number increased with the size and rural nature of the centres. Among the rural market centres the number oi producer sellers varies between 2 (Kasimpiir) and 100 (Jahangirganj). IJnlike the number, the proportion of the producer sellers decreased with the size of the centres and its urban nature. The table shov/s that Kasimpur (IV order market) recorded 75 percent and Jahangirganj, a first order market 35.55 percent producer sellers. Among the urban periodic market their proportion ranged from 20 percent in Gosainganj and 37.50 percent in Iltifatganj. It was found from table ^.6 that the periodic markets are," generally, dominated by vegetable trading. The share of vegetaoles traders in the selected markets varies between 29.^7 percent (Ajrauli) and 79.36 percent (Partappur Chamarkha) The number and proportion o£ producer selJ.ers also differ from market to raarket. The number of prciucer s-^lier is minimum in Ariya (45) and maximum in Jahangir-f^anj (700), 170 Their percentage also varie:-. between 75 peixent i.ri Pcirl; ippux- ChamarkhEi and 100 pe^.xent in Raunahi Uorahar. They ?.ro larger in rural periodic markets which ranges betv/een 76 percent (Kasimpur) and 100 percent (Raunahi Uprah.ir) . The perce^ntage recorded in urban periodic markets arc 33.67 per cent in Bhadarsa, 85.71 percent on Gosainganj, 57 percent in Jalalpur, 75 percent in P. Chamarkha, 88.88 pr^rcent in Iltifatganj and 85 percentinA. Kichhauchha. The villnpie traders-are in higher proportion in urban centres. Tl!.-' percentage of village trader is 14.28 in Bhadari^a, 1A.2B in Gosainganj, 42.65 in Jalalpur, 25.00 in P. Ch'-'-markha and 11.11 in Iltifatganj. The table 3.7 shov/s the pulses traders in periodic markets. The table indicates that the percentag';! of traiers in pulses to total traders, percentage of prodi Table 5.7 Proportional of Different Agents (Sellers) Dealing in Pulses' in Selected Periodic Markets S.N( D. Selected Periodic Pro ducer Village Total °/^ of total pul- Markets Sellers Trader Seller ses seller to No. •/o No. "/o of total traders in Pulses periodic markets 1. Mohauli Uprahar 6 60 4 ^tO 10 2.46 0 Raunahi Uprahar — — 9 100 2 1.86 <—3 .• Ma uj a d ub an s p ur 2 25 6 75 8 2.07 ^. Jalaluddin Nagar 1 3.33 2 66. 66 3 1.03 Uprahar Bb^.darsa (U) — — 10 100 10 3.86 6. Gosainganj ( U) 2 13.32 13 86.58 15 4.46 7. Barvjn 2 28.57 5 71.42 7 2.02 8. Tarun Muafi — - 2 100 2 1.36 9. Ajrauli 10 50 10 50 20 5.88 10. Hohammadpur 5 33.33 10 66.66 15 3.39 11. Hathigaon ------12. Bhiti 1 53.33 2 66.66 5 A. 61 13. Ariya p 100 — — 2 2.00 14. Bariyav/an (U) 3 37.50 5 62.50 8 3.25 15. Sultangarh 1 50 1 50 2 o.eo 16. Kasimpur 2 ^ 3 60 5 6.25 17. Rafiganj 3 42.85 4 57.14 7 3.66 18. Jalalpiir (U) ' p 13.33 13 86.66 15 3.56 19. P. Chamarkha (U) 9 22.22 7 77.77 9 2.77 20. Iltifatganj 2 16.66 10 83.33 12 4.76 21. Mubarakpur (U) 5 — 8 61.53 13 2.99 22. Hans war 8 — 12 38.46 20 5.68 23. Indaipur — — 3 100 3 0.38 24. A. Kichhauchha (U) — — 10 100 10 3.90 25. Jab ngirganj 30 60 20 40 50 3.69 26. Deoria* Bazurg 2 100 — — 2 1.47 27. Kamalpur "" —" — — — — Urban Periodic Market 172 farmers, ami sell in ooriodic markoL.s. Their oorc entire? vary from 38.46 percent in Manswar and IOC percent in Indaipur, A Kichlriauchha, Toron Muafi and Raunahi uprahar. It is evident from the table that the percentage ox producer sellers in periodic markets is also influence by- size of holdings. The share of producer seller, Linder the category of different groups of size of holdings varying with variovis commodities. It ranges between-2 percent (Toron Muafi) and 1*^ percent (Kanswar) for wheat, 2 percent (Hathi- Muafi) and 8 percent (Maujadubanspur) for paddy/rice, ^9 per cent (Jahangirganj) and 95 percent Indaipur for vegetables and , 2 percent (Maholi Uprahar) and 7 percent (Mohammedpur) for pulses under the groups of less than one hectare holding size. The share of producer sellers, who had holding between 1 to 2 hectares also differ between 35 percent (Jahangirganj) and 50 percent (Kamalpur) for wheat, 39 percent (Bhadansa) and 50 percent (Hathigaon) for paddy/rice, 5 percent (Bhiti) and 35 percent (Jahangirganj) for vegetables and 43 percent (Jalaluddin Nagar) and 98 percent (Maholi Uprahar) for pulses in the selected periodic markets. The producer seller vary between 35 percent and 59 percent for v;heat, 35 percent and 62 percent for paddy/rice, 1 percent to 13 percent^or vegetables and 2 percent to 50 percent for pulses under group of 2-4 hectares of hodings. The sellers having mere than 4 hectares of holding rarely visit the poriodic market for sale purpose. Their percentage vary betvreen 2 per- 173 I ooo-r-omvD I o 00 mo LPvinQ inco Q om c\j mco (U r-i -4-^f U? t~-UD UD a^O^Cr^C7^C^^O^C0 00 t--CO C^c^C^VDCT\ e W CO in 1 (U cd (U H in CM in in -d-cnoOinocMAjinc--OLncMOO(MLnc\JO VI a o cv m m -d" CM in •J' rn -d" c^ I mc\i -d" -4" CM rn in ~t Lr\ -d" m oj -T V^D r\j i u cu d) r-\ r-i 0) omoin 00 o o Omo Q o o o inQ ino Q c^^ inLf> o o>o o 00 i>t--u3U3 \£)o-[:^cot^t>-oDcr'iTvCOc^oOcouD'iDmLnmo>voJ-oOa> JH -mrnm^5CNj i immmm-J'^rJirMnc^ i-d-t^-d-J' o H bO-P OL. cr: CO vi S to -P o cu CO Oinoco inin CO t/j lliro |M-N|irr>ojllllillLr\rHOvjN^c\jll 0) u I |(^Jr^ C^l^<^l ILPVCMI I IHI I IK>f\JHlcrilHVDI I CO 0) nH o -P CD X K^ I I I I ir\ 1 c\i I ^-vo I I I 1 I I -4 iH-d u^ir>t^ I CO o I l cd O T^ H •H -P ail 0) -p O I I I I in I ^ I in t- I 1 I I 1 t^--^ (^i H (7>MDVJD I O K- I I E cC 3e QJ W ICTiCMO OiriOM^OOH IC-^ 1 t<"NVD CO CM O O tn KN LO, ^n•4" r<~^, 1 I f\j rj Ln J- CM r\j (M r\j H H H r-l c\j CM 0) to CL, I CI) 0) H o mK^i^cr> >x)OOcMLf^o»^cOlAmo^o oOrHO 00ir\000m I tcMOMAOmoNQinin lcMC\!t>^ CO in^-omtn in ^ in in in in tn in in in in-4"-4"-r ^ r>n in-4 m^^ B o ci3 (ti CO .^ o 03 ft O bO >, O. o •rH cu w cd ti^; eg f-i tH rH +j ^ c -d ^ o e cq 3 CC q . 03 (D CO o z rH c\j m-cr invo o- 00 c^o rH CM fn-j- Lf>vo c^ 00 en o H c\' m Thus, ana analytical study of producer-sellor shows that the majority of producer seller are from middle class farmers. The small and big farmers are rather in low pro portion in periodic markets especially for food f^rain i.e. wheat, paddy and pulses. But in the case of vegetables, the small farmers constituting dominant share on account of the fact that they practice intensive and commercial cultivation. SYSTEM OF TRANSACTIONS H^ PERIOTIC MARK2TS There are mainly two types of transactions o-^ agri cultural commodities in the periodic markets. The first is the whole sale transactions and the second is retail transac tion. The v/hole-sale transaction is a process, in v/hich the producers sell their commoditi'es to v/hole-seller on a more or less the same rate.' It is not economical but time saving process in comparison of retail transaction. The retail transaction is a direct marketing process in v/hich the pro ducer seller and consumer came close to each other for the transaction. In this process the former gets relatively more profit than whole-sale transactions. The rate and transaction in periodic markets are decided and operated throLigh any one of the following methods; 176 1. Iftider Cover Method 2. Auction Method 3. Open Bid Method 1. UNDER COVER METHODS This is a very primitive method, which is rarely in operation in periodic markets, In this method Arahtiya from both groups buyer and seller, clasp their hands i:inder a cover cloth, usually small towel or dhoti and press the- fingers to indicate the rate at which the buyer is ready. The under cover method is in practice only in whole sale grain periodic markets in Jahangirganj, a market in the study area. 2. AUCTION METHOD This is also a whole-sale trading process in v/hich the buyer declares his bids aloud to auctioneer who may be either a arahatia, a broker or seller himself.. The goods are eventually sold to the highest bidder. However, in some markets, double auction system prevails. At the first auc tion, the market officials auction each heap of commodities to dalal/broker, In the second auction the dalal/broker auctions his own purchases (from the first auction) to other buyers. 177 3. QFm BID METHOD In this method the transaction is settled by direct bidding between buyers and sellers individually. This is common practice both in wholesaling and retailing trade. Here the buyers may come for transaction at a time conve nient to them. Sometimes, they take the commodities with them and sometimes they leave the commodities with the seller on the promise to take it the same day. Besides, there is another system known as Dhara system - in which heaps of grains or vegetables of different qualities are sold at a flat rate. PRICE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN PERIODIC MARKETS There are several factors which determine the price of a commodity on a given market. Some of the important factors are demand and supply, traders travel cost, market charges, duirability of commodity and storage facilities. The prices of different commodities have been given in table No. 3.9 and 4.10. Tables show the nature of prices of different commodities like wheat, rjLce, pulses, vegetables etc. in selected periodic markets and also in nearby market towns. It is found that the price of a particular crop does not vary considerably in all selected markets of the district. The retail price (in rupess per kg) varies between 1.80 (Hathigaon) and Rs.2.20 (Jalalpur) for v/heat, Rs. 3.90 178 •H inQiAOOirvOOOomooooooirMriOif^oooooo (0 t^cocooHoa\criOoa>ooo OrnooHOrHHOOcr.OO--J •P Q) r-lt-lrHf\IOJf\JHi-t(\l<\JM(\li-lf\jrMfM(\)t\ifMC\JOJfM(\JH<\J!Mf\J DC 0) r--o o in ooiAOiTi lo© r-l 01 OO CTi C7^ HOOOON OO ON • • I I I • I I I • I I I I • • I O H (\J (\l f-i i-t ^' r\! r\J (\J fH rH fH 3e w CO ON OiTNOO OOO OO OifNOOiriOOOOlPiQOlD OOrHO C\) HO H(\J OHCSJinC^rjC^rOHC^TOOOO J3 OJ c\) (M CO (V f\j t\) r\i r\) (\lf\l(MrHr-lr-tiHrHi-IOOrHO a; OJ o O O Hi -I t-t^cocriOHOo>oocr>a\oocr\criONcr\r-f-iooocriOooN< ) in •a HrHrHH(\Jf\lf\IHrHrHHHf-IHrHi-lrHCVC\lC\JO,lrHfVO0HrHi-l o MCC ca 01 O r-o a, CO H Q) OiO 88 CD 00 I I • • I I I I I I I • • • * • gs I I o f CO iHH f\l <\J iH CM iH 0) 1* m o o H 01 |C8888S8g§g©5^S^§8S88SS^Sg88 to OOHHHHHOOOOOOOOHHrHrHHHrHOi-IOrHi-l c •H (fl o omoo (TvCJNCTvO I I I t I I I ^88^8S©gS •P £ CO • I • • * • OO OrHr-IOr-lr-IOr^O •H O OO OrH T3 O ON E E jDQPiDPT'PO'W^ U^l CO (V O o'<^in ooki 00 OOOino mo w r-( 0) o ^-t^^c^ cncj\ o cj\ HOOOO CT\O .iii>..i..iii>*ii.....i.>i 2'-' e\] OJC^H i-IH (Mr-I iMC\Jf\)C\JC\) rHfVJ o £ CO x: u (1 CO eUg CxO: (43 bCOO •a 50 az x; CO (4 (0 •H CO J3 C Mcfl n (0 CO g T) O MO, r-l •rl 10 (0 •H +» ^ JH 3 X! -uca^ 0) CO. C „...t HCMm-* inM3c^ooa\Oi-icMi'>-* mvD t^cOasOi-i OJK>-I in^or^ o to O O in O LO Lpi O O t^vDvOiAmc~-ir\ir> (M (M r.l CM O.' CN.' OJ t\J o xTN vTs O vTs vr\ \rN S -J J' CM K> m CO (0 H i-i H iH O O N & •MH inooinoinoo (B-H (VJOHHCMOHH (2 (0 CM CM CM f\l CM CM CM CM baa OiAinooooin OChOHHOOO K> CMi-ICMCVJCMCMCMCM o ;n in o in o s 5^ in -4^ in in in lA iH H H rH r-l i-i rH i-i o ^ f-" lA in in in in o ai s fA lA s in e -J -3- o PH H tn c inOinmoinOQ —( CMiAfMtr\rnM^fn-5 (A 0) coooodoooooooooo -p •H •a Oinoininooo o e HOOCnOOOH E OOOOOOt^COOOODOO o o OiOiAOtnoino in-j-J>^>£ivo lAin e • •••••#• 3 •P •3 03 Q Q in o O inn in K> -T ^ in in in -* M ^ J- -* -* -* J- J- <: O o O in t-- in in ^ CM C\) rA (\J CO H iH X -I fvj CM CM r\J CM CM CM CM ^^ 4) O •H (-. o in o o o in in fA 0•H4 (M- O H H iH H O H as fMCM(\ICMrvlCM (Bariyawan) and Rs.4.55 (Hanswar) for rice, Rs.7.90 (Jahangir- ganj) and 8.20 (Jalalpior) for pulses, 0.75 (Maholi Uprahar) and 1.10 (Hanswar) for potato, 1.70 (Raunahi uprahar) and 2.10 (Gosainganj) for cabbage and 1.75 (Maholi Uprahar) and 2.15 (Jalalpur) for tomato. There is much variation in the retail price of chilly in these markets. This varies between Rs.0.75/kg in Hanswar and Rs.2.20/kg in Bhadansa. Similarly the whole price also does not show a significant variations. It ranges from Rs.l.90/kg to Rs.2.10/kg for wheat, from Rs.4.20/kg to Rs.4.50/kg for rice, from Rs.7.15/kg to Rs.8.15/ kg for pulses, from Rs.0.80 to Rs.l.OC/kg for potato, from Rs.l.70/kg to Rs.2.05/kg for cabbage from Rs.0.50/kg to 2.05 for green chilli and from Rs.l.80/kg to Rs.2.1C/kg for tomato. The discussion on the analysis of retail and whole sale prices for different commodities in periodic markets and town markets reflects some important points regarding the price system of the commodities. They are - 1. The producer sellers sell their commodities to whole saler at rather less price than retail price prevailing in the market, taking into consideration the time and effort cost. 2. The price system in the periodic markets, generally, is influenced by the prices prevailing in nearby to\'m markets and it is always lower than prices in town markets. 181 3. The dlrecttrading of agricultural commodities is beneficial for both seller and consumer. It is, because the producer seller realizes more price in periodic mar ket than the price offered by itinerant trader at . formgate, but necessarily less than tovm market price. On the other hand the consumer has to pay less price for the goods in comparison to to town market v/here he pays more for the same goods The price system had also been influenced by the area of production, durability of commodities, urban nature of market centres. The tables show that the rate of green chilli is very low, i.e. Fls.0,50/kg in Hanswar and Rs.0.60/kg in JahangirganJ. The low price of the chilli is because of its perishable nature and also becai;se it is produced in this region. MARKET FUNCTIONARIES The study of market functionaries involved in trading of agricultural commodities is an important aspect of agri cultural marketing system in India. This system of marketing is saddled with a long chain of intermediaries who, in turn, reduced the effective share of producer to consumer's price to a considerable extent. The number of middlemen or func tionaries and their operations vary with the nature of commo dities dealt with. The important functionaries involved in 182 agricioltural marketing system are village trader, commission agent, itinerant trader, tolas or weighman, arahtiays etc. However, there are only two functionaries - arahtia and weigh man involved in trading of farm product in periodic market. The arahtiya brings the producer seller and buyer close to each other and help them to settle the transaction. Weighman is responsible for weighing of commodities after settling the transaction. These functionaries are involved especially, in whole sale trading which occurs in a few periodic markets like Jahangirganj and Hanswar. In the case of retail marke ting, which is the common feature of periodic markets, in which none intermediaries are involved. CHENNELS OF C0r4M0DITY FLOW Generally, the agricultural commodities,namely, paddy/ rice, wheat, pulses, vegetables, oilseeds and sugar cane etc. undergo a change throxjgh time, space and ownership. The intermediaries involved in passing the commodities from pro ducer to ultimate consumer constitute the market channels for different commodities. The length and structure of mar ket channel vary with the nature of commodities. Millet wheat pulses have almost similar channel in the study area. The important market channels for different crops are given below . 183 A. MARKET tTHANNELS FOR WHEAT,, MlLj.EXMD--PyLS.ES 1. Producer-consumer (Direct sale) 2. Producer - village shopkeeper - village trader - whole saler - Retailer - consumer. 3. Producer - Itinerant Trader - Whole-Saler - Retailer - Consumer. 4. Producer - Primary whole saler - Secondary whole saler - Retailer - Consumer. 5. Producer - Primary whole saler - Miller - V/holesaler - Retailer - Consumer. 6. Producer - Primary whole saler - Government Agency - Roller Flourmill - Fair Price shop - Consumer. 7. Producer - Government Agency - Fair price shop - Consumer 8. Producer - Government Agency - Roller Flour Mill - Whole saler - Retailer - Consumer. 9. Producer - Periodic Market - Consumer. 10. Producer - Periodic Market - Itinerant trader - Consumer B. MARKET CHANNELS FOR PADDY/RICE 1. Producer - consumer (Direct sale) 2. Producer - Custom HxJller - Producer-Consumer 5. Producer - Village trader - Whole-trader - Mills - Government Agency - Fair price - Shop - Consumer. 184 PRODUCER RETENTION ON TARM MARKETED • HOME CONSUMPTION • SEEO SURPLUS • PAYMENTS IN KINO •LANDLORD I PRIMARY WHOLESALE MARKET VILLAGE MARKET BUYERS SELLERS WEEKLY SHOPKEEPER MARKET MONEYLENDER VILLAGE COMMISSION COMMISSION CONSUMER AGENT AGENT ITINERANT PUCCA ARHTIAS KUTCHA ARHTIAS MERCHANT 1 1 ' 1 TERMINAL MARKET GOVERNMENT WHOLESALER * «r 1 SECONDARY ROLLEI R FAIR WHOLESALE! FLOUR PRICE MILLS SHOPS ' 4 • RETAILER ' CONSUME R MARKETING CHANNELS FOR WHEAT FIG. 3.5 183 UJ UJ o o a: D O UJ _l •- -J O a trt -I > 3 => o Q a: I/) O a. O < ul I- 0. LU cr O < us 2 o cr Q: An><33M UJ 2 D I/) Z a3d33>< o dOH9 u o 30vmiA o < cr U3avui lU Q: u AasNIll a3avai o sovniA UJ ro O _J UJ O cc I 2 Z S3I13I0OS LLI Q: ONIl3XavW < o u. 3AllVa3dO OD z D. Z 2 X a o O < <0 Z Q I z UJ Z a —o o J- n o 1- u z ° UJ z: UJ -^ o UJ ^ "^ 2 Q onand 2 UJ ^ 2 cr O ui < < Q. Q: I «n 0. _i UJ • • • • o < u. lN3lNNa3AO0 186 k. Producer - Itinerant Trader - Primary Whole-Saler - Miller - Secondary Whole-seller - Retailer - Consumer. 5. Producer - Miller - Whole-saler - Retailer - Consumer 6. Producer - Miller - Consumer 7. Producer - Commission Agent - Miller - Whole-Saler - Retailer - Consumer. 8. Producer - Government Agency - Miller - Fair Price Shop - Consumer. 9. Producer - Cooperative Marketing Societies - Cooperative Processing Unit - Whole-Saler - Retailer - Consumer. C, MARKETING CHANNELS FOR VEGETABLES The vegetables pass from producer to consumer through seven different channels given below (Fig. 3.7). 1. Producer - Consumer (in village) 2. Producer - Periodic Market - Consumer 3. Producer - Village Trader - Consumer A. Producer - Periodic Market - Buying Trader (Itinerant Trader) - Consxamer (Village) 5. Producer - Periodic Market - Buying Trader - Urban Consumer. 6. Producer - Town Market - Consumer 187 UJ O < _j > z I I- I/) LU -J 2 1 < m a 2 Z < z LU o z z > -I O z o - UJ o o •- LU H >:«/) UJ • UJ Z do 2 O UJ Ul 2UJ > K 1- < UJ < O u c U. «/) 0. -1 o 1 • • CO cr UJ UJ < LU o z Q ? O o cc o Q. Q: UJ -J o < z h- o LU -aJ . X if* Q: o < UJ UJ o < UJ a. O < »- 2 I/) o -I o o 188 7. Producer - Cold Storage - Whole Saler - Retailer - Cons\imer. D. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR SUGARCANE Sugarcane is an important cash crop of the region which passes through different types of channels which are given as under (Fig. 3.8) 1. Producer - Processor (village crasher)— weekly Market - Consumer. 2. Producer - Processor - Consumer 3. Producer - Miller - Whole-saler - Retailer - Consumer 4. Producer - Mill - Government - Fair Price shop - Consumer 5. Producer - Processor - Mandi - Large Mandi - Whole saler - Retailer - Consumer. IMPERFECTION IN AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEMS Agricultural marketing in developing countries, like India, is a neglected area mainly because of subsistance nature of- agriculture. It is true that the marketing improve ment in subsistence agriculture may not be a pre-condition for the production increase but a stage may be seen in agri cultural development when further incentive to production technology without well developed marketing process may be hampered. The improvement in marketing facility is an PRODUCER 189 RETENTION ON FARM MARKETED SU RPLUS • HOME CONSUMPTION SEED UJ •ANIMAL FODDER 2 < O cr u Oo I/) I VILLAGE PURCHASING MILLS CRESHER CRASHER MILL CENTRES GUR SUGAR SUGAR REGULATED MARKETS MANDI GOVERNMENT WHOLE SALER WHOLE FAIR PRICE SALER SHOP ITINERANT CONSUMER RETAILER TRADER WEEKLY MARKET MARKETING CHANNEL FOR SUGARCANE (SUGAR AND GUR) FlG-3-8 190 effective force which may help to increase in agricultural products. The better remunerative price for agricultural produce increase the former's purchasing power for modem technology, Faizabad district shows a surplus in agricultural production and therefore needs a well organised agricultural marketing process in order to establish a balance betv/een production and consumption. Despite the introduction of various measures by the government and private agencies for improvement in the agricultural marketing process, which is still suffering from several imperfections. On the basis of their origin, these market imperfection may grouped in two categories. The first group is related to the commodity's imperfections itself and other group is concerned with infrastructural and organisational defects of the market centres. 1. IMPERFECTION RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE a. Defective Preparation for Marketing The farmers sometimes pay little attention towards the preparation of their agricultural produce for sale in the markets. Sometimes due to certain unavoidable constraints like bad weather, insects and disease, the crops have to har vested before reaching full maturity. Sometimes, the produce to be sold in the market is not cleaned properly. With the 191 result that it has to be cleaned and recleaned at every stage. The practice of mixing foreign material or adultera tion in the agricultural produce to be sold in the market is not uncommon. The foreign material differ with the nature of the main commodities. For example,in lineseed the impuri ties may be non-oleaginous like wheat and other cereals and oleaginous like oilseeds, rape cx^tard etc. V/hile the food crops like wheat is adulterated with dirt or foreign matter such oilseeds, barely, damaged and touched grain, shrivelled or immature grains, and so on. 2. ORGANISATIONAL DSF.SCTS The organisational elements of agricultural marketing system are producer, middleman, functionaries and trader who constitute the full structure of the markets and almost every component of this structure is having some defects which are as follows. a. Lack of Organisation Among the Producers The formers have not yet realized the advantage of association or joint action to strengthen their side against the traders* exploitation at the time of transaction. Owing to weakness of organisation, the farmer sells his surplus individually in villages or towns generally, at non-remunera- 192 tive price. The traders are well organised and therefore have a strong power in the market. t>« Forced Sale in Villages Generally, the farmers are poor and need money during the pre-harvest season which is provided by traders or commi- for ssion agents who advance loan to the farmers purchasing the needed agricultural inputs. However, the loan is advanced on the condition that the farmers must sell their prodijce to the concerned agents. Thus the farmers are obliged to sell their produce at a lower price. c• A Long Chain of Middlemen The agricultural marketing system is saddled v/ith a long chain of middlemen between the cultivators and the ultimate consumers. The number of middlemen involved in the marketing channel varies from commodity to commodity. For example, paddy involves village merchant, wholesaler, rice mills, wholesaler, and retailer etc. for reaching from pro ducer's hand to ultimate consumer. While in the case of wheat marketing village trader, commission agent, whole saler, retailer, etc. are involved. The perishable commo dities involve generally, single middleman called village trader, in their movement from producer to consumer. Thus, the involvement of middlemen reduces the margin of profit 193 of the producer. However, this does not bring any benefit to the consumer, since it is retained by middlemen. d. Multiplicity of Market Charges In agricultural markets of the district the producers have to pay various kinds of charges or deduction before products are put to final sale. These charges vary from market to market both in number and amount. The charges which are common in the markets, include commission, brokerage, weighmen.t, palledari, namoona, pasang, dhara, dhalta. dharm- shala, goshala, munimi etc. Another defect in agricultural marketing is that these charges are not taken at uniform rate in all agricul tural markets - both whole and periodic markets -, but changes from market to market and even within the market. For exam ple arahtia may charge lower rate from the person who visits market off and on and have regular trade connection than those who visits occassionally the arahat. e. Multiplicity of weights and measures Multiplicity of weights and measures is a common feature of agriculttiral markets especially in primary markets. Weights of sties, stone, bricks or bits of iron etc. are commonly used. 194 This multiplicity of weights and measures has many- ill effects. There is a greater opportunity for cheating the ignorant farmers and it gives rise to need less compli cations in practice between one market and the other. Thus these defects make supervision difficult and afford greater opportunity for cheating the producer, they also create an uncertainty in trade and renders fraud on the part of retailer as easy as it is possible. f. Malpractices in the Markets In the absence of seller's organisation in the agricul tural markets, different kinds of malpractices are common. Due to lack of standard weights and measures the traders mani pulate against the farmers. Different kinds of arbitrary dedu ctions for religious, charitable and other purpose are made. Such a burden entirely falls on the sellers and they do not have any means to protect themselves against each such prac- tic es. However, the seller's ar^hat or commission agents are also inclined to the traders whom they meet more frequently than the seller. The bargains between sellei3 and traders are settled through the commission agents secretly especially in undercloth trading system. The sellers, generally, remain ignorant of what actually takes place. 195 INFRASTRUCTURAL IMPERFECTIONS a. Absence of Grading and Standardization Absence of grading and standardization is a great drawback in the agricultural marketing system. The farmers have to sell their commodities of different qualities at uniform rate. b. Lack of Communication Facilities The main difficulty which inhibits the farmers to visit mandis or big markets to get better price is the inadequacy of communication and information system. All government efforts for efficient marketing system will remain ineffec tive or unsuccessful till the communication link connecting the rural area with the urban market centres are established. In fact, a triangular link connecting the producer with markets and official agencies is needed. Lack of information about price changes in different markets discourages the far mers to get remunerative price. c. Lack of Storage Facilities Both primary and secondary agricultural markets lack storage facilities which forxje the producers to sell their surplus at lower prices in glut season. In primary market like periodic markets, where vegetables are mainly exchanged, the sellers are bound to sell their commodities at low price 196 because it is uneconomic to bring back the produce to home. Adequate storage facilities are essential to save farmers from exploitation at time when prices are relatively low. d. Lack of Space for Auction in the Markets Because of increasing urbanisation the area of the periodic market place has been diminishing day by day. The farmers have to face several difficulties in parking their loaded cart in secondary markets and in putting shops in periodic markets. There is also the need to provide some social amenities like drinking water, shelter for animals, security from theft etc. in the periodic markets which at present are lacking. 197 CHAPTER. IV AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT In Faizabad district more than 75 percent population is engaged in agricultioral activities and about 80 percent of work force is in agricultviral sector. The main crops are paddy (rice), wheat, pulses, maize, bajra and barely. The cash crops like sugarcane, potato, chilli and tobacco are also grown. Keeping in view the importance of agriculture which decide the availability of commodities for transaction in the periodic markets, it would be worthwhile to study the agri cultural development in the area with special reference to the following aspects. CROPPING PATTERN In order to disc\ass the cropping pattern in each block of Faizabad district during 1984-85, crops were grouped into four distinct categories i.e. (i) cereals (ii) pulses (iii) oilseeds and (iv) cash crops. The total area under different crops and their proportion to the total area under all crops have been given in table 4.1. CEREALS Table shows that in Faizabad district the cereals got dominant position in term of area under cultivation. They share about 82 percent of total cropped area. The data at .,198 block level indicates that thirteen blocks of eighteen blocks of the district had a major portion (more than 80 per cent) of cviltivated area under cereals. The names of these blocks are Masodha, Mayabazar, Purabazar, Tanda, Baskhari, Ram Nagar, Katehri and Bhiti. The percentage of area under cereals among thirteen blocks varied between 80.80 percent (Sohawal) and 86.52 percent (Tanda). In the rest of five blocks of the district, the area under cereals ranged between 70.93 percent in Tarun and 79.92 percent in Bikapur block. PULSES As regards pulses, the area under cultivation in Faizabad district shared 10,43 percent of total cropped area. Nine blocks of the district recorded more percentage of cro pped area under pulses than the percentage at the district level (10.43 percent). These blocks are Sohawal, Amaniganj, Milkipur, Bikarpur, Haringtonganj, Bhiti, Bhiyaon, Jalalpur and Katehri. The percentage of area under pulses varied bet ween 10.46 in Katehri and 15.09 in Amaniganj block (Table 4.1). Nine other blocks namely Masodha, Purabazar, Mayabazar, Tarun, Akbarpur, Tanda, JahangirganJ, Ramnagar and Baskhari registered lesser percentage of area under pulses than district percentage Their percentage ranged between 7.56 in Masodha and 10.26 in Jahangirgano.. 1^8 block level indicates that thirteen blocks of eighteen blocks of the district had a major portion (more than 80 per cent) of cultivated area under cereals. The names of these blocks are Masodha, Mayabazar, Purabazar, Tanda, Baskhari, Ram Nagar, Katehri and Bhiti. The percentage of area under cereals among thirteen blocks varied between 80.80 percent (Sohawal) and 86.52 percent (Tanda). In the rest of five blocks of the district, the area under cereals ranged between 70.93 percent in Tarun and 79.92 percent in Bikapur block. PULSES As regards pulses, the area under cultivation in Faizabad district shared 10,43 percent of total cropped area. Nine blocks of the district recorded more percentage of cro pped area under pulses than the percentage at the district level (10.43 percent). These blocks are Sohawal, AmaniganJ, Milkipur, Bikarpiir, Haringtonganj, Bhiti, Bhiyaon, Jalalpur arid Katehri. The percentage of area under pulses varied bet ween 10.46 in Katehri and 15.09 in Amaniganj block ('Table 4,1). Nine other blocks namely Masodha, Purabazar, Mayabazar, Tarun, Akbarpur, Tanda, Jahangirganj, Ramnagar and Baskhari registered lesser percentage of area under pulses than district percentage Their percentage ranged between 7.56 in Masodha and 10.26 in JahangirganJ.. 199 CO •J" t^ CM H H r^ CM H KMn CO H C^ C\] VO lA CM in O H IS O 1^ ^f^ Q> N^ CM 1^ to, a\ 00 MD VO 00-d-(J\ r-l CT^ o cMC^oo 00 00 H t^H t^cri:J c^ to-d--* u>m o OOHroro,c\JCMOC\IHH00LriC^t--Cr*cr>H in CM CM CM CM OJ ro CM CM CM CM CM OvJ VD inOC^OO O °0 tMOO rH C^CM CO H CM^l" C^OO H -3-C^CM O CM-5 H inC^CM CM CMH-4 IS-00 t^ O in CO a(0 ' • ••••••••••••••••• • o oouD cMC~-K>c^v£) CO tnvo c^vD in-t CO n Pu CO o ;^ ^t:^CTN00cr»H-4t>-c-o-J'C0o«^OC^tncr> m CO o J- N inHHOOH-J'CntnHVOC^O-JCMCMCNJVO •H «H CO ^^CMvD00lnc7^-^O-4•HOOCT^O00oCJ^a^ CU H H fH H H H H H H H o CO B^ CO o on Q: < Q GO Q. I -± Q o 00 < Q. GO Q. O Q:: S O < Lu 201 OIL SEEDS The cultivation of oil seeds occupied an insignificant portion of cropped area in the district of Faizabad. Table shows that only 0.35 percent area was under cultivation of oilseeds during 198A-85 in the study area. Four blocks namely, Purabazar, Tarun, Bikapxar and Tanda had more than 0.50 percent of cropped area under oilseeds. Remaining all blocks of the district recorded less than half percent of the total cultivated area, CASH CROPS The cultivation of cash crops (sugar cane and pota toes) is found in all over the district. There was 6.51 per cent of cropped area under cash crops during 1984-85 in Fai zabad district. Among the 18 blocks of the district Purabazar had highest percentage of area (12.20) under cash crops. Masodha (8.46), Sohawal (6.75), Mayabazar (7.07), Tarm (7.48), Bikapur (8,52),Bhiyaon (7,27) covered more percentage of area under cash crops than the those of the district. The percen tage, of cultivated area under cash crops was less than district percentage in the Blocks of Amaniganj (3.28), Milkipur (6.18), HaringtonganJ (5.78), Bhiti (6.21), Jalalpur (6.22), Akbarpur (5.18), Katehri (4.41), Tanda (4.72), Baskhari (5.77) and Ram Nagar (6.08) as shown in table 4.1. 202 SIZE AND NUMBER OF OPEPlATIONAL HOLDING The concept of operational holding envisages the land which wholly or partially is used for agricultural production and is operated by one person alone or with the assistance of others, without regard to title, size or location. The definition of operational holding by Food and Agricultural Organisation of the united Nation includes all land operated irrespective of its location. This meant that the entire hol ding might be in the same village or might spread over more than one village. The distribution and size of operational holdings of lands in the study area are very uneven. The total operational area of 285126 hectares is divided into 296476 holdings of different size in the district. According to the norms of Small F«>rmer Development Agency (SFDA), the farmers have been classified as marginal small and big farmers. For the marginal farmer the size of holding is less than one hectare. The small farmer have the holdings of 1 to 2 hectares and the big farmers more than 2 hectares. A study of the number of holdings and area under different categories - marginal, small and big - of farmers at block level shows great variation (Table 4.2). The 1. All India Report on Agricultural Census 1970-71, Govt. of India, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, New Delhi, p. 24. (MOKMAlOHQf\JirMAOfNJirv''^QmOK> VO rooovD cQa3t^oo-*-a' cr>t^vo-;f rnoo^-vD-:* CM vO H iTvOO m J^ OO iH KMAf\i lf^K^a^a^•J rrMrv iH K^-d--d' c H QmvO CDvo(\i(5mo-3'Or~Q>HvOr>j m-* VO •5-3- om O Z HC\jrr\^ mvOC~-00 (TiOH c\J hOyJ- mvO t^OO CO §-* HHHHHHHHrH CO + 204 C/)o <-« <° CNJ o o X I— o e COiu i. i""' I/u) ^a-: ^ UJ X u) Z > o CDS .frfTTTnfNJ""'\ -I J ••..'—'•J) ) .flT I ITTv **• xi I < ;; o: U. 5 UJ ^ i^ I X i li if ui s 5 5 O z A similar trend is also seen in the case of small and big farmer. The percentage of number of holdings to the total holdings in the case of small farmers varies between 8.79 percent (Tanda) and 16.84 percent (Mayabazar) and for big farmers between 1.35 percent (Bikapior) and 7.87 percent Oiaringtonganj). The land area expressed as percentage of total area held by the small fanners ranges between 16.84 percent in Tanda and 29.80 percent in Baskhari block. In the case of big farmers it ranges between 22.85 percent in Ram Nagar and 41.76 percent in Masodha block. Moreover, the district as a whole, reflects an alarming unevenness in the distribution of land among the farmers, 207 Table k,2 shows that only about 42 percent of area is under 85 percent of total holdings which means that small and big farmers together share 58 percent of area and 17 percent of the number of holdings. CHANGING PATTERN OF CROP COMBINATION A study of changing pattern of crop-combination is important because it gives an idea of the nature and impor tance of crops grown in different regions. The crop combi nation pattern also gives an idea about the availability of the agricultural commodities for sale in the periodic markets. The author has made an effort to identify such regions for two points of time, i.e.1975-76 and 1984-85. In order to delineat the combinations, Doi's method has been adopted, as it is an improvement over Weaver's method. Doi modified Weaver's form\jla by substituting Id /n with Ed or the sum of p squarred differences. Therefore, Ed may be consulted from the table of critical value which Doi himself provided (Appendix HI ). Thus crop combination regions, based on Doi's formula, have been worked out for said periods and are shown in Figs. 4. ^ and 4. gT . Fig. k,y shows that there were only two groups of crop combinations ranging from 2 to 3 crops in the different blocks of the district during 1975-76. The lov/est combination consti tuting two crops region is predominant in six blocks namely 208 Table 4.5 Crop-Combination During 1973-76 S.No. Blocks Name of Crops with Combination percentage of cultivated area 1. Masodha R(39.84) W(33.70) 2 2. Sohawal R(36.80) W(28.31) P(17.90) 3 5, Purabazar R(36.l6) W(34.49) 2 k. Mayabazar R( 42.16] W(32.95) 2 5. AmaniganJ R(42.46] W(24.29) P(21.19) 3 6. Tarun W(31.55:) R(31.02) P(12.59) 3 7. Milkipur R(45.80; ) W(41.71) 2 8. Bikapur W(32.59 ) R(28.62) P(12.08) 3 9. HaringtonganJ R(44.42 ) W(32.67) 2 10. Bhiti R(39.84 ) P(35.03) W(22.99) 3 11. Bhiyaon R(27.88 ) P(23.01) W(17.15) 3 12. Jalalpur P(23.83 ) R(20.22) W(18.34) 3 13. Akbapur R( 24.01 ) P(21.85) W(19.85) 3 14. Katehri W(42.49 ) W(41.49) 2 15. Tanda R(44.65 ) W(20.76) P(17.81) 3 16. Jahangirganj W(22.54 ) P(21.90) R( 20.96) 3 17. Baskhari R(28.43 ) W(22.86) P(21.52) 3 18. Ram Nagar R(28.53 ) W(22.54) P(22.03) 3 R = Rice W = Wheat P = Pulses 210 Table 4. 4 Crop^ Combination During 198^-8'5* S.No. Blocks Name of crops with "A Combination of Cultivated Area 1. Masodha R(39.89) W(38.13) 2 2. Sohawal R( 37.19) W(35.56) 2 3. Purabazar R(39.09] W( 37.08) 2 4. Mayabazar R(41.82; W(38.67) 2 5. Amaniganj R(59.77:1 W(55.46) P(16.25) 3 6. Tarun R(40.75: W(36.32) 2 7. Milkipur R(4l.lo: I W(34.54) 2 8. Bikapur R(A0.69;) W(36.36) 2 9. Haringtonganj R( 37.09;) W(29..65) P(12, 59) 3 10. Bhiti R(41.90' ) W(58.16) 2 11. Bhiyaon R(35.75 ) W(34.53) 2 12. Jalalpur R(37.49, ) W(38.85) 2 13. Akbarpur R(A0.34 ) W(40.10) 2 14. Katehri R(42.33, ) W(36.71) 2 15. Tanda R( 42.95]> W(41.05) 2 16. Jahangirganj R(34.69' ) W(43.60) 2 17. Baskhari R(39.66; ) w(43.16) 2 18. Ram Nagar R(37.8o; ) W(46.36) 2 R = Rice W = 1^hea t P = JPulse s 211 ii Lu a: a: \- z CO 5 00 I < in 00 < m m z < o N " < ^ 212 Masodha (R, w). Purabazar (R, w), Mayabazar (R, w), Milkipur (R, w). Haringtonganj (R, w) and Katehri. Among all the six blocks rice and wheat consituted combination in first and second order respectively with exception of Katehri where wheat was first rank crop. Three crop combination existed in twelve blocks namely Sohawal in Faizabad sub-division, Amani- ganj, Tarun, and Bikapur in Bikapur sub-division, Bhiti, Bhiyaon, Jalalpur and Akbarpur in Akbarpur sub-division, and Tanda, Baskhari, JahangirganJ and Ram Nagar in Tanda sub division. Three crops i.e. Rice, wheat and pulses, formed five group of associations with change in their orders or ranks in different blocks of three crop combination. The first group included rice, wheat and pulses. This group of crops was found in Sohawal, Amaniganj, Tanda, Baskhari and Ram Nagar. The second group of crops consisting of wheat, rice and pulses existed only in two blocks namely Tarun and Bikapur. Rice, pulses and wheat formed the third group of crop association found in three blocks, namely Bhiti, Bhiyaon and Akbarpur. The fourth and fifth group of three crop asso ciation having pulses, rice and wheat, and wheat pulses and rice were fo\jnd only in Jalalpur and Jahangirganj block respectively (Table 4.3). Table 4,4 and Fig. 4.5 shows a change in crop combina tion during 1975-76 to 1984-85 in the study area. In 1984-85, only two combinations ranging from 2 to 3 crops were found in 213 the district. Table 4.4 shows that majority of blocks which were three crops combination regions in 1975-76 changed into two crop combination in 1984-85. Only one block namely AmaniganJ maintained its same position of three crop combina tion region with same crops as was in 1975-76.. A new three crops combination with rice wheat and pulses emerged in the block of Haringtonganj during the same period. Remaining all the blocks remained the regions of two crops combination. Rice and wheat are only crops which constitute the crop- combination in different blocks changing their ranks in res pect to each other. Wheat and rice formed the two crops com bination in four blocks namely Jalalpur, Jahangirganj, Baskhari and Ram Nagar. In other blocks of two crop combination rice and wheat were common constituents. SPATIAL PATTERN AND TREND OF GROWTH IN AREA PRODUCTION AND YIELD UNDER FOOD CROPS Since 1975-76 a considerable change has taken place in cropping pattern and production in Faizabad district. An attempt has been made to examine the relative changes in the level of area, production and yield per hectare of selected food crops at district as well as at block levels. A compa rative analysis of Figs. 4.6 to 4.12 show the level and relative changes in the area and production of six crops i.e. rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, potato, and sugarcane in each 214 block of the district over a period of ten years from 1975-76, to 1984-85. With the help of simple growth technique, the crop v/ise growth rates for each block v/ere assessed for corres ponding period. Development of area and production und^r different crops at district as well as at block level has been discussed under the following headings. AREA PRDDUCTIOlNl AND YIELD UNDER TH3 CROPS AT DISTRICT LSVBL Table 4.5 and Fig. 4,5 show the relative level of area, production and yield under six crops. The average area under rice and wheat at the district level was 1598.60 and 1&91.07 hundred hectares during 1975-76 to 1984-85 respectively. Pulses accounted for 559.62 hundred hectares, oilseeds for 12.29 hi;ndred hectares, sugar cane for 214.47 hundred hec tares and potato for 71.47 hundred hectares. During the same period the average production was 2431.59 hundred tonnes for for wheat, 1841.48 hundred tonnes for rice, 5.59.62 hundred tonnes .pulses 8154 hundred tonnes for sugarcane 1004.94 hundred tonnes for potato and 4,18 hundred tonnes for oil seeds. The average yield (in quintal) per hectare for different crops also varied. The average yield in quintal per hectare were 16.89 for wheat, 11.49 for rice, 7.25 for pulses, 412 for sugarcane, 140.33 for potato and 3.28 for oil seeds. The table shows a considerable rate of growth in terms of area, production and yield of wheat, rice, potato and oil- d M^-* O O.) Ot^ [>0 r-i •^ O in 0) X! 5 CTlt^ r-l CO CO CO S^.5 rH K^^^^ C^CMVD O CTiK^ r-l +J (0 vO vO vO rHCO O to, O r-{ (\! rH mvO rH CTiCJMn ^ e p u rH t 1 1 1 1 fV-J' CD W bOP. O CO ON c\j (M in Ot^J" t-~ -J "O c^oo CO 5?^S >X1 J C~-UD VD f- (JN •4- 00 H-J O o incj invo rH O tnir-i vO CO m 00 rH-d- in vo cr>r^ rH rH r- t • • • a • • • • • • • 1 • • « CM 00 r\i mvD-s 4J ro -J in o r~- rnm (ninc• • o• CO CTiCO r-i CO IA0> t\J fMt»rH inCTv CM (M-J •J r-i *H IT> \o in r~- rn ^ fn o r-i o rH H rn H C\J r-\ X) rr, -J -J- cr\ f-CMO omo 00 J- OJ CO rH O CO rnoovo mvD vD -d- C7MO t^int^ O in m ^^^ 00 CM 00 Q fH rj inco r^ Q J-VO inK~\vO t~~ J OJ rH H rH -5 CO rH ra CM CN' D^ Ovl t<^ a^ \D O vD O -4" rn in CNj J- O r-> rH H hn rH O) Ci> rH c •H C^ J-J- f\j H m CNJC^ C\J OJ Q O O Ol COvD fO a. 5^ (\l fOCTv O rH rH Cv. J- CM mvo3 Ht^OO mvD vc 1 o KT:* t^ CM O J" c^i CM in m CO in m in ro u 00 00 3; H VD (TirH OvO 03 ONO CO CO ro, rH CTi inoo VD-3- in CM -3- o in r-i ^ rH H CM H CM r-i c r-i (U H crvco HCOH 0) d o tnvo o mcTv J' N^ CM mCTNrH V( CO K^H o rnCArH H-JlO N^ J' in movD mCJNCM 1 rooOvO ro-a- CT^ t^moo CTN CTiCO O '^^'^ -J o in o^ o oc^g^ r-or- vo r\)ir> -a covo CM rH CT\ cr 00 K>r-H rH CTiOO vocg in o-S' m OJ m o rH rHt>- fMVXJ fO oofn r-oo rH rH CO rH vo H CJN mvo fn a 1 o iniArH O J'vo in CO (M incT\cM C^ CM m +J f- ^D O H fc53 (y\(M CO r\i c^ ino-J' O cr> 0 r-- (\jt~-m t^—^ in rnrnvD -J OJ in to mm CO 0) t- lAfVJ O OO CO CTi CTiO O H 00 a in CTv o O (MO CD U c ly CO VO 0^lr^K^ (nvo < a >- P T1 •=tcu>^ C <; CLi >- 10 to T- rH fl«V13]H <00.> Nl TSHT r I T. i i h 4—r4 !! t^^-i i 17—3^ isi in -J i i m "tr a. — S - % o - L-o.,L.,-o.L.« S3MN0i (00.) M MOIlSnOOM o S3tfVl33M ( 00.) Ml V3UV ^ S3tlVl33M (OO.) IB f m* cr ^ 2 C J S 8 K t a » <» i i i i 5 p 1 o -^ VU ' J. ' i ' I 1 i ' ' "T"•I - ; ^ /,-i>-' ' J—^—r-^ si \ \ K - - J - 3 c ~" 3 ^yy^ 3«¥lD3H/S1VlNinO Nl ai3u • ^^z ir> 5° o l-Q J' ^^ ^ '^ \'-v -^ '• \ ^ >- • o ^- \ •> 5< 1 I *^> MIV30 S (00.>. 1 """1 $ -1? ii 8 B ?- T •^ 1 ^Xv. N i= I- 7^ K 3 •^-. 1 I . iSHHOi (00)- Ml NOlZjfi'OOBd $3li9i33H (oaiM MOiijnoOtt^ 217 SGods in Paizabad district. The annual linear ;;T-owth o'' area imder oilseeds was 29.0^ peroent. It was followed by vvlveat which accounted for 6.93 percent during 1975-76 to 198A-85. Potato and rice recorded growth rates of 5.97 percent and 1.83 percent respectively. In contrast to, pulses and sugarcane had negative growth during the same period. They accounted for 5.39 percent and 2.5 percent respectively. The growth of production and yield per hectare had been positive for wheat, rice and potato and oilseeds. The annual growth rate of production accounted 16.7^ percent for wheat, 8.81 percent for rice, 6.20 percent for potato and 19.90 percent for oilseeds. Like the area,pulses and sugar cane registered decline in production. The decline rates were 3.65 percent and 1.12 percent respectively. Moreover, the productivity of the crops had also increased over 10 years period. The yield of wheat increased from 15.05 quintals per hectare in 1975-76 to 21.02 quintals per hectare^ in 198^85. Potato increased from 15^.20 quintals in 1975-76 to lAO.55 quintals per hectare in 198^i-85. The oilseeds and rice had also recorded growth of yield per hectare at a rate of 5.35 percent and 0.87 percent per annum during 1975-76 to 1984-85. The yield (in quintals per hectare) of oilseeds rose from 2.89 in 1975-76 to U.kk in 198^+-85 while it increased from 13.86 in 1975-76 to 15.07 in 1984-85 in 218 case of rice. The yield of sugarcane decreased from 306.85 quintals in 1975-76 to 412.14 quintals in 198A-85 and thus, there was decline in the yield of sugarcane at the rate of 1.37 percent per annum during 1975-76 to 1984-85. GROWTH OF AREA AND PRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT CROPS AT BLOCK LEVEL A micro level discussion on the growth of area and production of different crops has been made in the following pages. Rice The levels of area and production of rice in different blocks of the district has been shown, in Figs. 4.'7a and 4.'7b, yearwise during 1975-76 to 1984-85. Figures indicate that, in general, all blocks were showing gradual increase in area and productior) with slight fluctuation over 10 years. How ever, there was a steep decline in production in 1979-80. The decline in production was mainly on account of drought situation. The area under cultivation did not decline much. Table 4.^ aives a relative levels of linear growth of area and production under rice per annum at block level. It shows that almost all blocks recorded an increase in area and production during 1975-76 to 1984-85. There were only four blocks, namely, Sohawal, Amaniganj, Tarun and Bikapur, which had negative growth in terms of area under cultivation. The 219 Table ^.6 irowth of Area and Production of Paddy (1975-76 to 198i+-85) S.No. Blocks 1984-85 1975-76 Linear Growth in percentage per annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 82.91 124.9^ 79.18 77.87 0.47 6.04 2. Sohawal 77.29 116.4? 79.08 75.78 -0.22 5.78 5. Purabazar 86.73 150.73 71.98 67.15 2.05 9,46 4. Mayabazar 101.59 152.09 89.74 83.72 1.32 8.17 5. AmaniganJ 84.11 128.00 84.84 39.24 -0.09 6.14 6. Tarun 115.06 173.00 118.43 110.49 -0.28 5.66 7. Milkipur 90.08 136.00 73.97 69.01 2.17 9.71 8. Bikapur 84.80 180.79 97.28 90.16 -1.28 4.14 9. Haringtonganj 94.63 142.60 77.16 71.99 2.26 9.80 10. Bhiti 89.34 134.63 57.12 53.29 5.64 15.26 11. Bhiyaon 77.94 116.45 53.44 59.86 4.59 9.50 12. Jalalpur IO6.8O 160.9^ 83.77 78.15 2.75 10.57 13. Akbarpur 181.54 273.58 142.62 133.06 2.73 10.55 14. Katehri 119.23 179.67 100.62 93.87 2.06 9-15 15. Tanda 118.64 179.00 91.32 85.20 2.98 11.00 16. Jahangirganj 67.46 101.66 56.02 52.26 2.43 9.50 17. Baskhari 69.52 115.00 55.93 52.18 3.69 12.04 18. Ram Nagar 81.64 125.25 55.85 58.10 4.6l 11.55 District 1736.31 2617.80 1468.43 1390.35 1.83 8.81 A = Area in hundred hectares. P = Production in hundred tonnes Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1971, 1986. 220 I % t I g i i! ?'o '^ I ^ • ! ' T , f , f I f l| *r-^ ~i—I—I—1-1—I—i—I—I—r V S3dVi33»' 1 (00.) Ni *1!»¥ (0 0 I Ml V3ltV t I I I 1 I , I I • i ^ 1 I J,l}til,lti|IJ,l ^' i' ^ ' 1 I 'J i « ; i r s i s s <3N*(0l OC \ --Cur^-CC O « ^ —T- T-r-7 T- !"T T T- •^^ ^aN»l31W (OO-Uti »J*» X^^ t 1 \\' 1«Jl»»l53«l)tVi3» ' rM' (Oft(Oft )) MMi/v/ V3t(3 » c^^^^^ s.V ^ •- P -*• —-^^ r ^^-j^^r"* " •"^^^^ O J 3C ^"^ fflz r> < < ^N^ < ^*'-><: '" 1 ui • \ I 1 I I I I I L J 1 r 1 I < r 1 1 1 *~ - ^ lA « S3NW1 ;OO)N; NO'ia'iooBd S ? iS3MN0 i tOO-lNi NOu3OC0Hd m s?NsnA ' ::.'v sC'iD* o o o « o £ $ s £ 1^ 7 g « £ ? t s _ C j< 1 J 1 J 1 ) ^ I 1 1 I «4 T^ ; • 1 1 I I ] I f 7 • ' r \ \ SHViSaN [00. ) Ni V3HV » S3HYij3*i !0C ' \. »3«v \ \ 1 y • . / 4J :i / / _ <^ J """"-^ • / / at ^> < *****. oc '^ \ 3 / a. ""•- a< ^\V \'>' •*>. j^ C ^,— 1 Z X ^ -f^ I \ 1 \ ; j^ • • \ \ \ \ 1 t \ * r- • i >E r . f . . 1 .1 1 1 • 1 1 1 • 1 J -*-' . 1 ' 1 a.. 1 .1^ fJNMOi (00.) HI HOlOnOStM ^3NNO. (00.} M Noiiytac«« S3NM01 (00.) HI HOUDTQO* 221 ty^iJi** foo INI TJif I o y • * ' A ' V • .1 ' i)i I J. I J, Jl ' 1 I 1 • Ik ' i ' i • t ' I- o • Sites m t3MH0l (00.) Nl NOIiSriOOM tiHiioi (oe.)M NOii^naow g £ g i g g J i II. V I t ' I 'i I T I 1 I f • f r\ I f I T !—r—I—I—1 T I r I (^ Sat>Vi3)H (00) H\ Tl«v ^awTlD*- '00,1 •*; yivr i •• 4 • A' ' A • A X * « e 3 5 «• rt^fJtJNO i (00 1 M NOuyOOlM 222 positive grov/th rate per annum varied between 0.^9 percent (Masodha) and j.Sk percent (Bhiti). The negative growth rate varied from -1.28 percent in Bikapur to -0.09 percent in Amaniganj (table k.6). It is observed from the table that production growth rate varied between k.lk percent in Bikapur and 15.25 percent in Bhiti. Wheat The yearwise actual area, production of v/heat at block level has been shown in figures 4.8a and 4.gb during 1975-76 to 198^85. It has been found that there had been a.n increasing trend in area and production in almost all the block during period under reference. However some fluctuation has also been observed. Table 4.y indicates a relative trend of growth of area and production of wheat during 1975-76 to 198^-85. Both area and production recorded positive growth which varied at block level. There were seven blocks, namely, Masodha (1.37 percent), Sohawal (1.69 percent), Purabazar (2.29 percent), Mayabazar (3.16 percent), Amaniganj (4.43 percent), Tarun (5.90 percent) and Milkipur (0.98 percent) which recorded more annual growth than district growth rate (6.93 percent) in area. Remaining blocks except Bikapur (0.60 percent) had higher growth rate than the district. The growth rates were 7.86 percent in Haringtonganj, 10.66 percent in Bhiti, 11.98 223 Table 4.7 Growth of Area and Production of Wheat (1975-76 to 1984-85) S,N( 3. Blocks 1984-85 1975-76 Linear Growth in percentage per annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 76.32 160.88 67.05 87.56 1.37 8.37 2. Sohawal 71.95 151.67 60.84 79.62 1.69 9.04 5. Purabazar 80.25 169.16 65.23 81.85 2.29 10.85 4. Maya bazar 92.43 204.64 70.15 90.62 3.16 12.60 5. Araaniganj 74.17 156.35 51.35 67.23 4.45 13.24 6. Tarun 137.47 285.68 86.40 113.39 5.90 15.05 7. Milkipur 73.93 155.84 67.30 88.31 0.98 7.64 8. Bikapur 79.22 156.45 84,24 110.59 -0.60 4.14 9. Haringtonganj 72.43 152.68 40.53 53.11 7.86 18.74 10. Bhiti 84.09 169.86 40.66 53.23 10.66 31.77 11. Bhiyaon 77.59 165.53 35.28 46.20 11.98 25.82 12. Jalalpur 110.59 233.29 48.48 63.57 12.87 23.99 13. Akbarpur 180.45 380.38 49.24 90.71 26.64 31.98 14. Katehri 101.69 214.56 51.69 67.99 9.59 21.52 15. Tan da 113.89 240.00 46.80 61.20 11.62 29.26 16. Jahangirganj 85.16 171.51 43.60 57.10 9.53 20.03 17. Baskhari 84.56 178.25 44.98 58.88 8.79 20.26 18. Ram Nagar 94.88 200.00 44.14 57.82 12.83 24.58 District 1^1.07 3554.66 998.16 1329.06 6.93 16.74 A = Area in hundred hectares P = Production in hundred tonnes Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1977, 1986. 224 - 1 ^ ,„ .„. .,^_ *^ "~--rr~~"-»»«UJ3M too.) Wi »5»l» * ) M^^i-^Y" 190 • •3«* i9«m3>M 100. f "I *J««* '**_^^^^-—-^ J 7 1 I I 1 I I I 'I I I i 1 I I—I II— II 1 I I It . I I I I I J I ••' i. • ^ • 9- T"^ i: S ^ S ^ 3: ^ * s ^ K 5 7^ R * _ i_ {*??£?»« t I I i, % f i 5 tlKHOi (00) m Noti'}nQo(i* t5» t-2 m a> a'^ o s ? s 8 s : flNNOl (00 ) M W}ii>V]OIM ANMOI (00.) M nQiiy)00ta 225 , ? , f , f I ^ , ^ I ? I V il ?n T I I 1 *! I T I I—IJ -T-1—I—I—I—' T I T I—I—I V <—I—I J » <3tiTn3M (00,1 w vaa* S3«*133w ( 5C ' •<• » 3tl* ?3BV133M (00 I Ni T3M» ii * ' I. I • M ' J- • Jl J U I * 3 E « C 5 £ i a Z X £ f t f I f., ^, ? , f , f . ? , T , ? ,- « smv i33H (00 ) Nl vaMI" z ^ , o 1 „•_ •o- < 3 I ? o K « s t « o ^ ' it _i fSNNOl (00.> Nl NOiiOncOtltf CO 1., f • f, f, ? • V, ?. ^ ,^ I. ?, -^ • ?, ?, f J , ^ « 8 K ^ 2 5 SllrTi3>< 100. t Nl V3HV S3ltVlD3M (00 J Nl vjetv f «1B».33" '00 \: y3«Y \v \ N . \ j \ . \ • i^\ - 1 . « . K 3 o O3 . o: -—-^ ^^•^^^ \ i-i ^"""^s^^ \ . ""•^^ •C ( • 1 \ /I •L—l L_ •0.. *~-' i ' i. ' y ' J 1 1 i. • 1 ' ' -I.. 1 , 1 1 ^ j^ ' 1 ^-<— S3t Table 4. 8_ and to 1984-85) Growth of Area^ Production of Pulses (1975-76 S.Mo . Blocks 1984-85 1975 -76 Linear growth in percentage per annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 15.14 12.79 21.59 19.08 -2.97 3.20 2. Sohawal 26.68 22.37 38.46 30.81 -3.58 -2.74 3. Purabazar 15.45 11.46 16.06 13.50 -1.62 -1.54 4. Mayabazar 19.27 16.50 26.19 20.68 2.81 1.83 5. Amaniganj 35.98 30.30 44.78 36.04 -1.98 -1.58 r D. Tarun 30.97 26.16 • 54.48 28.23 -1.01 -0.72 7. Milkipur 32.04 27.07 48.56 33.98 -3.39 -2.05 8. Bikapur 22.74 19.00 58.97 33.99 -4.14 -4.49 9. Haringtonganj 51.81 26.80 34.68 27.29 -8.1L -0.17 10. Bhiti 24.14 20.00 48. 48 39.34 -5.01 -4.91 11. Bhiyaon 23.42 19.78 46.97 41.38 -5.01 -5.21 12. Jalalpur 30.72 26.00 62.93 54.50 -5.12 -4.59 13. Akbarpur 39.60 33.48 76.22 22.11 -4.89 -3.57 14. Katehri 28.64 24.20 38.87 31.90 -2.62 -2.41 15. Tan da 22.56 19.06 40.15 31.32 4.37 -3.91 16. Jahangirganj 19.98 16.88 41.18 32.87 -5.14 -3.69 17. Baskhari 18.03 15.23 42.34 33.86 5.74 -5.41 18. Ram Nagar 20.85 17.61 43.14 34.53 5.74 -4.89 District 454.20 384.61 744.05 605.46 -3.89 -3.62 A = Area in hundred hectares P = Production in hunired tonnes Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1977, 1986, 227 a « i f < •3 1 r -^—T 1- TH, I T 1 r- ^—Hr-?—T—T f—^ ^^ SJB*133W (00.) » 3«rt «3 i k i i i S3SNDi ••>'.• • N'-n:'-' SDWNOl ion 1 nOil jno? S3SS01 ',00.) »40'i3mO»t'< Ul in -1 t s « * f. w -1 ^-Ttf T ? ? f 1! —^ T 1 r-l^ I 1 r- 3 '— 1 1 -..Jl , o. s jiivi5)" r^^ i-C' »1a» Sltf»l53M'*--iOO.) »3« u. V •"> • o \ .-' z • • •! "^ Sis Q tE — 0-a, . *o' I '' 'M< IS. < LU Ok uicc - \ -'"' . : (•• trt \ » V 1 1 1 1 _ 1 1 ' I I i ' I _i I I I I L. O a o iistot t; J 1 Houi'ioO'i" 53NftOl (00 :NOil3n00(i. SlusO. '?i 1 t^Oi ionooa, t s: K i 2 '••^ • —, P- T 1 -1 'l-», TTVT TI ^1 ?1 T- —(— 33H (00.) '.^^S3«*i31H (0 0 1 *3M» i •^ - - / ^T i 5 [.'•'' 1 S < • X ? \ N \ ; . r I • 1 0 p i I - t S i ? S (iNXOi Too ) NOiiJrtOOl*, S3NN01 (00.1 NOiljnoOttd t-t- S9NN0i 0 —T r 4—H—r- —t—-f — rv*'—!•—f 1 «l«»i33«/\0O.INl »1»Y 13MVi33M 10 0 1 Ni\ yjK* \ > I! / *3 >• \I <,' fr 4 / > / / y - ^' ^' 1 . 1.1. 1— L I 1 1 J 1 L. I., I I I L. « K c J S • c s i ; t}>M01 ICO 1 •*i NOIiSOOOlM tSMNOl (00-1 Nl NOUS^OOttf tiUMOi looi ti ttomnao** 5 r -f % s in \ 1 > - 0^0 / 2> o \ \ - o X o (O 1 r - in fs. < <-» . ( o> / . UJ ' / ce . < UJ ,'' to -i— —1 i_ 1 1 o £ < ft t t 2 5 o "^saMNOi (oo!^ hi Nou3nao)i4 flNNOi (OOJ Nl MIldnOOM tlNMOi (OUHI MOi^nOOIH —J 3 S » 5 s \ • flBtiaiM ^^ DO.) N VIHV > , y,' ' <^ , ^-"'\ 5 ^ ) • & > / 5 /^'* . S ^ • *X'^ / /J 1 / / - • —*—*—*—i—k- -ir- tiMMOi (00 1 \\ NOiiy>ook« fiNNOi ioa)Ni HOiisnooM t3NN01. IO&)NI MOiiDnoOM 229 percent in Bhiyaon, 12.87 percent in Jalalpur, 26.64 percent in Akbarpur, 9.59 percent in Katehri, 11.62 percent in Tanda 9.53 percent in Jahangirganj, 8.76 percent in Baskhari and 12.63 percent in Ram Nagar (table 4.^:. Like area, there had been an increasing trend in production during 1975-76 to 198A-85. The growth rate of production varied in different blocks between 4.14 percent (Bikapur) and 31.98 percent (Akbarpur). The blocks which recorded higher growth rate, compared to district growth rate, were Haringtonganj (18.74 percent) Jahangirganj (20.03 percent), Baskhari (20.26 percent), Katehri (21.52 percent), Jalalpur (23.99 percent),Ram Nagar (24.58 percent), Bhiyaon (25.82 Percent), Bhiti (31.77 percent) and Akbarpur (31.98 percent). Rest of the blocks namely Masodha (8.23 percent), Sohawal (9.04 percent), Purabazar (10.65 percent), Mayabazar (12.60 percent), Amaniganj (13.26 percent), Milkipur (7.64 percent) and Bikapur (4.14 percent) had lesser growth rates per annum (table 4."7). Pulses The yearwise area and production of pulses in 18 blocks of the district are given in figures 4.9a and 4.9b. Figs, show the natiore of fluctuation in area and production during 1975-76 to 1984-85 in different blocks. They showed a declining trends in both area and production. 230 Table k.Q indicates the relative growth of area and production of piiLses during 1975-76 to 1984-85. It shows that all blocks registered a negative growth in term of area and production. The annual growth rate of area under pulses over 10 years varied in different blocks. They ranged between -1.62 percent in Purabazar and -8.11 percent in HaringtonganJ. Out of eighteen blocks only eight blocks registered a decline in area at the lesser rate than the distinct. These blocks were Masodha (-2.97 percent), Sohawal (-3.58 percent), Purabazar (-1.62 percent), Mayabazar (-2.61 percent), Amaniganj (-1.98 percent), Tarun (-1.01 percent), Milkipur (-3.39 percent) and Katehri (-2.62 percent) as given in the table. Restblocks recorded higher decline rates than the district (-3.89 percent) The growth rate in these blocks varied between - 4.14 percent (Bikapur) and 8.17 percent (Haringtonganj). It was also found that the decline of production varied from block to block in the district. They ranged from -0.17 percent (Haringtonganj) to -5.^9 percent (Baskhari). About one half of blocks had lesser decline rate than the district rate (table 4.8). Sugarcane Figs.4.10a and 4.]Db show the area and production of sugarcane and indicate the trends of fluctuation during the period from 231 1975-76 to 1984-85. The figures also show that there had been a serious decline both in area and production during the period from 1979-80 to 1980-81 in almost all blocks. Further, a gradual increase in production was found during 1981-82 to 1983-84 in most of the blocks of the district, but the area increased only during two years betv/een 1981-82 to 1982-83. The period between 1983-84 and 1984-85 recorded, again fall in the area. But as far as the production is concerned it declined only in 1984-85. Table 4,^' indicates the growth of area and production of sugarcane at block level during 1975-75 to 1984-85. It shows that the most of the blocks recorded negative growth in respect of area. However 2/3 of the blocks had positive growth in the case of production. The growth rate of area varied between -4.23 percent (Tanda) and 2.79 percent (Pura- bazar). There were only four blocks, i.e., Masodha (1.14 percent), Purabazar (2.79 percent), Mayabazar (0.36 percent) and Bhiti (0.84 percent) which recorded positive growth rate but it was rather very less. It is observed from the table that the grov/th of pro duction was, generally, static or declined during 1975-76 to 1984-85. The blocks of Amaniganj (0.94 percent), Jalalpur (0.22 percent), Akbarpur (0.42 percent), Ram Nagar (1.18 percent) and Jahangirganj (1.68 percent) had very insignificant annual growth during the said period. Only in fev/ blocks 232 Table 4.9 Gro wth of Area, and Production of Sugarcane (1975 -76 to 1984-85) S.No Blocks 198^85 1975' -76 Linear growth in percentage per annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 9.57 422.11 8.59 315.58 1.14 3.37 2. Sohawal 7.03 310.07 10.04 368.86 2.97 1.89 5. Purabazar 18.75 825.34 14.63 537.49 2.79 5.35 4. Mayabazar 13.32 590.00 15.27 487.52 0.36 2.10 5. Amaniganj 4.02 177.31 4.11 162.01 -0.90 0.94 6. Tarun 18.52 815.99 19.14 703.18 -0.31 1.60 7. Milkipur 6.93 305.66 7.38 271.13 0.61 1.27 8. Bikapur 12.32 545.00 18.40 675.99 -2.94 -1.95 9. Haringtonganj 8.09 138.50 9.21 338.36 -1.21 -5.90 10. Bhiti 10.35 465.51 9.54 350.49 0.84 3.02 11. Bhiyaon 12.62 600.75 13.47 496.86 -0.70 2.08 12.. Jalalpur 13.74 606.04 16.17 594.07 -1.50 0.22 13. Akbarpur 17.36 765.71 20.00 734.78 -1.31 0.42 14. Katehri 10.59 465.00 13.32 489.32 -2.05 0.56 15. Tan da 8.29 501.00 14.37 527.93 -4.23 -0.57 16. Jahangirganj 11.22 494.89 11.49 422.13 -0.29 1.68 17. Baskhari 7.69 335.22 11.46 421.02 -0.24 -2.06 18. Ram Nagar 10.51 463.57 11.28 414.41 -0.70 1.18 District 200.91 8818.57 226.17 11463.59 -1.14 2.50 A = Area in hundred hectares P = Production in hundred tonnes Source = District Statistical Magazine, 1977, 1986. 233 I. r I ?, f I f I ? I'i -f--f U) II • r . • I • I A I Ji I • ' i I i I i ' ^ • j. ' k'l'l,'k'k'ii'i.'i s 5 « £ 5 S S t I V i I i i i I iizllsil SJWIOI (OOlw WUjnOOIW SJxNOt IOO.INI MOilSflnOKd t3>.>l01 100.1 «1 NOiUnOOM U si i s s i « e I T * eTl I 1 « | | * | Ts I T O «3NH0l lOO.lM NOUSnOOM IXNNOi (00>l SI NO'I^^OOIM si r * 5, : ? ? t ;: « ;; ? I '! I \AJ • ? . ? I f I ? .^' '^J«»J3>H (OOJ Ml V3ttv ^ t "*-—... < "- "•^ z *k o 1^ "> \\ > • A ' -*-Mr-t -^r M * » He-' ' i ' \.^ \ s •? S « « s £ 5 £ a i 1 i 1 I \ \ n \ 5 S><*«Oi 100 1M ^OiLV>00»tf ^SNhOi (00) Ml NOU^riOOM S3NN0t < i.'i't.'t't'Ji'i o a: 5 ? 5 S 5 I iS oi flNNOi (CO ) M NOU^r-OOM ^ rn'ONHOrl (OQ,l Nl tNOliyiOO' r M r4 flONOl 100.1 Si NOlO'XlOM o ^ ?. j.. r • r .?•?.?. S I* i.? .?,?.,?.?,?•?,« i, ?•?,?• f . f J,.?, r r r r r r r r vk'^r^rv^'i t3«*iOi (oat Ml MousnaOM flNMOl too.) Ml NOilSnOOM —'^ •^. 1 y < ^ £ t t t r r £' ^ rrrrrrn t>«vi3x toot w NtxtJnooiM S3>*M0J lOO) M> WOuyVOOM 235 namely, Masodha (3.37 percent), Purabazar (5.35 percent), Nayabazar (2.10 percent), Bhiti (5.02 percent) and Bhiyaon (2.08 percent) growth rate was above 2 percent. Remaining blocks recorded negative growth varying between -0.56 percent (Katehri) and -5.90 percent (Haringtonganj). Potatos Figs. 4,llaJ?-4Jib reveal an idea about the area and productlcn in different blocks of the district during 1975-76 to 198A-85. It was found that there had been increasing trends in area and been production. However, • it had. fluctuating year after year. Table ^^-iJO shows that the rate of growth in area and production of potatoes, generally, was rather distinct. In the case of area, except Masodha, Tarun, almost all the remain ing 15 blocks had positive growth rates varying from 1.02 percent in Mayabazar to 12.68 percent in Baskhari. Most of the blocks had insignificant area under potatoes in the district (table 4.10' but the patterns of growth per annum were more prominent, specially, in Milkipur (8.52 percent), Haringtonganj (7.23 percent), Bhiti (8.47 percent), Akbarpur (9.60 percent), Tanda (10.61 pe rcent) ,i3askhari (12.68 percent) and Ram Magar (6.64 percent). A group of nine blocks namely Mayabazar, Amaniganj, Bikapur, Bhiyaon, Jalalpur, Katehri, Jahangirganj, Sohawal and Purabazar indicated the growth rates between the range of 1 and 5 percent per annum. 236 T^ble 4.10 Growth of Production and Area of Potatoes (1975-76 to 198A-85) S.No, . Blocks 1975--76 1984-85 Linear growth in percentage per annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 7.85 105.33 7.38 112.08 -0.59 0.63 2. Sohawal 4.97 66.68 6.66 101.15 3.40 5.16 3. Purabazar 5.71 76.68 7.70 116.94 3.48 5.24 4. Mayabazar 3.13 41.99 3.45 52.39 1.02 2.47 5. Amaniganj 2.61 35.02 3.80 58.00 4.55 6.56 6. Tarun 4.04 54.20 3.84 88.69 -0.49 6.37 7. Milkipur 3.12 41.86 5.78 87.90 +8.52 10.99 8. Bikapur 3.80 50.99 5.34 81.10 4.05 5.90 9. Haringtonganj 2.74 56.90 4.72 71.68 7.23 9.42 10. Bhiti 1.71 22.94 3.16 48.25 8.47 11.03 11. Bhiyaon 2.89 38.78 3.38 51.33 1.68 3.24 12. Jalalpur 2.90 38.91 4.00 60.75 2.71 5.61 13. Akbarpur 2.86 38.57 5.33 80.95 9.60 11.03 14. Katehri 2.11 28.31 3.01 45.71 4.24 6.14 15. Tan da 1.80 24.14 3.71 54.34 10.61 12.50 16. Jahangirganj 1.52 20.39 2.09 31.74 3.75 5.58 17. Baskhari 1.60 21.46 3.63 55.13 12.68 15.68 18. tern Nagar 1.55 20.79 2.58 39.18 6.64 8.33 District 56.93 765.73 79.57 1257.31 3.97 6.28 A = Area in hundred hectares P = Production hundred tonnes Source : District Statistical Magazine, 1977, 1986 237 t , T •>! T I f lit . ^' ?J\vOi (30. )JMJ WOiijnOOB. o 1-T "iJi T—r—1—p—1—I—1—I—I—r I T,^ T I 7 I T r 7 I f I? Y I y » r^ 1 7 r T I ? I T 1 o ' a ^^ \ 2 O ^ ^l'" _ o *< j/< y ----"' I >c---' < z S E s s S o ^3».sCi lac 1 ti: NOionoono lONNOi (00. > Ni N0ilDn00M4 SlNNOi (00.) W NOiiSnaOlM _l m Bays, 3 = Jt » $; ^ ^JSN::, •; a > NI sOuDfico. S3NN0i (00.) NI NOUOnOOWd S3^N0l (Oai NI NOu3nOO»* 238 X * I ti ^ •' i ' i ' t • i; ' t li • i ;•'••• i • i ' j, ' i ' i ' A t i s i s «HNOi (00.1 tit xouartooBd «iw*oi (ool Ni wotnnooiw S3NN01 (00-1 H\ Mouanooikt o —jn—!—r -I—t—Tf T-r 1 i 7 H T I l^n—(—r r I I I I—i—r !• n r y'l f 1 1 1 1 t 1 '» "T--I— , _,,' ' «3HV133H (00.) N1 V3UV -'lltlVLSaHtOO.I HI VSWV f]IIVl3]H Ua) N1 V3IIV o i ' "'" a '•'•'• i I i. • J. • ^ ' I • ^ ' J. ' J, j_j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 • t s S a r s K 5 2 * ^a ?i J o; 2 SiMMOi (00) M> fi0>i3n00b< f3NN01 too.I Ni HOiinOOM tlNNOi (00.1 M NOIlSnOOU 239 Table 4.10 shows that the growth in production of pota toes v/as almost positive in all the blocks of the district. Though the levels of production are comparatively low, a large number of blocks registered the values of growth exceeding 5 percent per annum. The rates of growth in the blocks of the district can be grouped into four distinct grades. The blocks of Tanda and Baskhari recorded the highest growth rate i.e. more than 12 percent per anhum. Five blocks namely Milkipur, Karingtonganj, Bhiti, Akbarpur and Ram Nagar regis tered grov/th rates between 8 to 12 percent per annum. The growth rates between 4 and 8 percent-per annum were found in the blocks of Sohawal, Purabazar, Amaniganj, Tarun, Bikapur, Bhiyaon, Jalalpur, Katehri and Jahangirganj. The remaining blocks had recorded growth rates less than 4 percent per annum, Potato is the diet of people in substantial way and the demand of potatoes has considerably increased on accoi;int of continuous deline in the production of pulses, the increasing cost of meat^ irrigation facilities, HYV seeds and fertilizer and other input encouraged the extension of both area and production of potatoes under the same period. Oilseeds Fig.4.12a and 4.12b show the levels of area and production of oil seeds at block level in different years. It showed an increasing trends between 1975-76 to 1981-82. It was found that in 1982-83 there was slight decline in area and produc- 240 tion in almost all blocks of the district. Again, area and production increased during 1983-84 to 1984-85. Table 4.1j reflects the level of growth in different blocks of the district. It shows that growth rates of both area and production were positive in all the blocks. The absolute area under cultivation of oilseeds was very insigni ficant, the rates of change were very distinct. The high rates of growth were recorded in Bikapur (70.70 pejxent) and Amaniganj (65 percent) where it was more than 50 per*cent per anniiin. The blocks which recorded medium annual growth rates (25 to 50 percent) were Milkipur (25 percent), Haringtonganj (27.93 percent), Jalalpur (31.08 percent), Akbarpur (46.25 percent), Katehri (28.82 percent), Tanda (38 percent), Jahan- girganj (38.82 percent), Baskhari (26.84 percent) and Ram Nagar (39.00 percent). Remaining blocks, namely, Masodha, Sohawal, Purabazar, Mayabazar and Tarun registered low growth rate, i.e. less than 25 percent per annum over 10 years. As regards the production, the growth rates per annum varied from 23.30 percent in Masodha and 92 percent in Bikapur. The high growth rates above 70 percent were in Akbarpur (90 percent), Haringtonganj (73.30 percent) and Bikapur (92 percent) Seven blocks out of eighteen recorded medium gi-'owth rate which ranged between 50 and 70 percent. These blocks were Milkipur (52 percent), Bhiti (60 percent), Jalalpur (64 percent), Tanda (64 percent), Katehri, Baskhari (52 percent) and Ram Nagar 241 Table 4,11 and Growth of Area. Production of Oilse eds (1975-76 to 1984-85) S.No . Blocks 1984-85 1975 -76 Linear growth in percentage oer annum A P A P A P 1. Masodha 46 20 18 6 15.50 - 2. Sohawal 55 25 21 7 16.10 23.30 3. Purabazar 121 55 157 15 22.70 25.71 4. I^yabazar 86 39 32 10 16.87 32.30 5. AmaniganJ 45 20 6 2 65.00 25.35 6. Tarun 195 75 68 20 18.60 27.50 7. Milkipur 49 25 14 4 25.00 52.00 8. Bikapur 113 51 14 5 70.70 92.00 9. Haringtonganj 110 50 29 6 27.93 73.50 10. Bhiti 63 28 20 4 21.50 60.00 11. Bhiyaon 55 25 22 7 15.00 25.71 12. Jalalpiir 78 37 19 5 31.08 64.00 13. Akbarpur 90 40 16 4 46.25 90.00 14. Katehri 66 30 17 4 28.82 65.00 15. Tanda 149 67 31 9 38.06 64.00 16. Jahangirganj 83 37 27 12 58.82 20.08 17. Baskhari 70 31 19 5 26.84 52.00 18. Ram Nagar 49 22 10 5 59.00 65.00 District 1523 677 590 115 28.26 49.91 A = Area in hundred hectares P = Production in hundred tonnes Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad, 1977, 1986. 242 'i ' i k i i >• •' i ^ t S i i i tlMMOl (M).J M N0a7'VX)tM tlNMOl 100) W NOIxyiOOtM tSNNOl (00 INI WOUSnOOM 243 -* * i- ^?- ^R « - ; s . •i—i—i—*—>>—*—*—^ ^^ i i i k i r^ tIMttoi (00.) Mt NOii3Aooti4 $3MN01 (00.) Nl NOIiSnoOHd tlMMO; (00.) Ml MCtl3(^C0IM O X S t 5 * S C flNNOi (00.) Nl MOilSncOlM 244 (63.0 percent). The blocks of Masodha (23.30 percent). Sohawal (25.71 percent), Mayabazar (32.50 percent), Amaniganj (23.30 percent), Tarun (27.50 percent) and Bhiyaon (25.71 per cent) recorded low growth per annum. CHANGE IN INPUTS CONSUMPTION The agricultural development, in the study area, was accelerated by the use of modem inputs and technology, after the introduction of Green Revolution. The main inputs which contributed to agricultural growth, to a great extent, are irrigation facilities and chemical fertilizer. Keeping in view, the importance of these inputs, an analysis of their growth during 1975-76 to 198A-85, has been made under the following heading : GROWTH OF IRRIGATED AREA. Fig./+.|3 shows the trend and levels of irrigated area in different blocks of the district during 1975-76 to 198^85. It also indicates that there was an increasing trends of irrigated area with slight fluctuation during same period. Table shows the percentage of annual growth rate of irrigated area over periods of 10 years at block level. The growth rates varied from 0.10 percent (Jalalpur) to 26.64 percent (Bhiyaon). The blocks which had growth rate less than 2 percent per annum were Masodha (1.83 percent), 215 Table 4.12 Growth of Irrigated Area (1975-76 to :1984-85 ) S.No . Blocks 1984-85 1975-76 Linear growth in percentage per annum 1. Masodha 101.22 85.59 1.85 2. Sohawal 90.52 71.19 2.04 3. Purabazar 86.16 75.79 1.67 4. Mayabazar 111.02 92.26 2.00 5. Aman iganj 86.15 62.10 5.70 6. Tarun 143.15 117.18 2.20 7. Milkipur 98.82 69.60 4.10 8. Bikapur 98.42 92.72 0.61 9. Haringtonganj 95.55 74.55 2.58 10. Bhiti 84.44 76.94 0.70 11. Bhiyaon 114.01 51.11 26.64 12. Jalal|)ur 146.05 145.45 0.10 15. Akbarpur 220.07 156.07 4.48 14. Katehri 124.91 97.02 2.87 15. Tanda 135.55 100.58 5.27 16. Jahanglrganj 108. 81 105.51 0.50 17. Baskhari 105.66 105.46 0.01 18. f&m Nagar 125.66 111.75 1.24 District 2058.42 1681.71 2.24 Area in hundred hectare Source : District Statistical Magazine, Faizabad 1986, 1977, 246 - « .!, ' A ' A ' A ' i ' J. ' i • I J S « ? t 3 9 % » i a £ i • tJNVXalM [00) M V3HV OaiVOlMHI 53im33M (00.1 V3«* a3iT')iti*tI SJBViDlH too > ^1 V3(»* Q11*0ttj»l ^ g "^a:• Y 1 \ 1 1 ^ 1 1—r—I—1—r-T"-r-- 7 t ' » • ? -T-TT' 7 "T-^- I T j \ • \ N V -> \ N O< **^ i 1 1 1 1 I 1. i 1 1 1 1 1— * » S i; S a :^ S3UVI33H (00.) NI V3t)V 03iV0i(tHl S3i«v;D3M (00 ' V »3ijW C3i»?Db! y £ « s n s ff i: «^i MOl iJO< Ni Bszniitiij OinnsNO? ? t SlMMOi (00.|N4^tl3Zi1Ut>3i 03NnSNO3 <" • \ X o o —._____^ •) - «/<< Z C^__ -^-^ '• « A ^ . '. - 2 •3 •* • ^^ ;i o 7 M'? • ^ • ^ • ^ ; ? T T' .! S9«Vi33H (00.1 u V3(fv 0]lTOi)l«t z ^ificPPt-n o i " "f-i I T I I—r-T—I I I—i—i—r ^•<.?i?ti'^'^'^'^''^ l-p «3MN0i <00.) Ni ^4znii«3i 03NnSNO3 ua >/> V\ ^/ (/J Sr'r •) << in z 1 / to ^ 1 j^» 1 1 ^ 1 t 1 I t • • • i-'-4- ii ' A • A • I, » • I • !. ' A ' i, ' i. ' ji ' "ii • «3(IV1}3M [00.) HI V3«V Q3iVQIHtl1 S3WL33H S3^f*^ (00.) Ml «3Zi1iiH3j OSnnSNOs] SSNMCi (00.) Nl k^;nuii3i 03MnCN03 > i'Jii.'^'.l'A'^ t3ii«x33M too.) M> V3(rv 03iT0i(fiil f3tlvl33H(00.) Nl VMV OlirOtfWl 248 Purabazar (1.67 percent), Bikapur (0.6l percent), Bhiti (0.70 percent), Jalalpur (O.IO percent), Jahangirganj (0.30 percent), Baskhari (O.Ol percent) and Ram Nagar (1.24 percent). The medium growth rate i.e. 2 to 4 percent was found in Sohawal (2.04 percent), Mayabazar (2.00 percent), Amaniganj (5.70 percent), Tarun (2.20 percent), Haringtonganj (2.58 percent), Katehri (2.87 percent) and Tanda (3.27 percent). There were only three blocks, namely, Milkipur, Akbarpur and Bhiyaon which recorded more than 4 percent growth in irriga ted area per annum. Among them, Bhiyaon recorded the highest growth rate i.e. 26 percent because of extension of Sarda Sahayak canal and other sources like tube wells in the blocks. GROWTH IN FERTILIZER CONSUMPTION 4.13b Figs.4.13a and indicate the consumption of chemical fertilizer at block level during 1975-76 to 1985-86. The amount of consumption of fertilizer, in different blocks, was continua lly increasing over the ten years, Table^shows that the use of fertilizer increased consi derably in different block of the district. There was 40.66 percent per annum growth in the district as a whole. It was found from the table that the highest growth rate (96,30 per cent) of fertilizer consumption was in the block of Bhiti where it increased from 2.30 hundred tonnes in 1975-76 to 24.45 hundred tonnes in 1984-85.. The lov/est growth rate was 249 Table 4.13 Growth of Fertilizer Consumption (1975-76 to 1984-85) S.No . Blocks 1984-85 1975-76 Linear growth Fertilizer Fertilizer in percentage in hundred in hundred per annum tonnes tonnes 1. Masodha 40.00 9.71 31.19 2. Sohawal 30.80 6.12 40.32 3. Purabazar 35.75 9.86 26.25 k. Mayabazar . 20.48 6.72 20.47 5. Amaniganj 25.30 3.09 74.33 6. Tarun 30.40 3.26 83.25 7. Milkipur 21.05 4.33 38.61 8. Bikapur 29.13 6.50 34.81 9. HaringtonganJ 18.23 2.37 66.91 10. Bhiti 24.45 2.30 96.30 11. Bhiyaon 20rl8 6.05 23.35 12. Jalalpur 42.80 8.60 39.76 13. Akbarpur 50.75 7.67 56.16 14. Katehri 40.30 5.42 64.33 15. Tanda 41.80 9.56 35.72 16. JahangirganJ 14.30 2.85 40.17 17. Baskhari 38.^ 8.60 34.65 18. Ram Nagar 21.27 4.63 35.43 District 545.39 107.65 40.66 Source : District Statistical Magazine, F^izabad, 1977, 1986. 250 recorded in Mayabazar. The use of fertilizer increased fron 6.72 hundred tonnes in 1975-75 to 2^.^8 hundred tonnes in 198^85 securing growth rate of 20.47 percent per annum. In remaining blocks the growth rate lied between these two extreames, Agricultural Status Status of agriculture reveals the aggregate develop ment of different aspects of . agriculture in a particular region. The study of agricultural status may help the agri cultural planner for micro level planning in a given region. To understand one different nature of agricultural situation in various blocks of the district of Faizabad, such effort has been made. Recognition of the region of agricultural status has- been made by computation of Agricultural composite index. The agricultural composite index is the summation of ranks assigned to different determinants in region. The lowest number of index is considered as a I order grade status, and the grade is decreasing as the index increasing. Thus in the study area lA variables have been taken into consideration which are 'given- below. 1. Percentage of net sown area to total area. 2. Percentage of a multi-cropped area to total area. 3. Percentage of irrigated area to the total area. k. Consumption of fertilizer (kg) per hectares of area. 251 F^. #-- ^ ^ vJ'^_i. f. a r>'^ i 5 ^ :::::!: Ij: < < «» -yU .1^ ^ L K; AT X "u"/ S 5=? 5t V ^ ?l ?ik SinSE 3i ? m ID to lo in CM 00 >» Q 14 r^ >I CM O e^ ^i 'f I I I I 1^ in in in in M. J- 6 >X> 5. Number of wooden plough per thousand hectares of area. 6. Number of iron plough per tho\Jsand hectares of area. 7. Number of harrow and cultivator per thousand hectares of area. 8. Number of nresher per thousand hectares of area. 9. Number of sprayer per thousand hectares of area. 10. Share of cooperative credit per thousand agricultural population. 11. Share of market facility per thousands agricultural population. 12. Storage facility per thousand agricultural population. 13. Transport facility per thousand agricultural population. 14. Number of tractors per thousand hectares of land. Above all, the whole district has been classifiedi^to five groups based on different agricultural index which varies between 76.5 (Baskhari) and I96 (Araaniganj). The very low status is found only one block i.e. Araani- ganj (195.00). This block has 57.17 percent area under cid.ti- vation and 29.87 percent area under multi-crops cultivation. The irrigated area is also lowest in the district. It accounts 253 only 33.2 percent of area of.the block. The use of fertilizer is also very less. Per hectare fertilizer consumption is 55.00 kg. There are blocks i.e. Haringtonganj, Jalalpur and Katehri which come under the category of lov/ status (172.5- 148.5). Their index number are 155, 155.5 and 15'^.5 respec tively. About half number of development blocks are accounted for medium class status (148.5-124.5). These blocks are Sohawal (148.00), Purabazar (134), Mayabazar (145), Tanda (129), Bhiti (139), Milkipur (133), Akbarpur (140.5) and Bhiyaon (143.5). While Masodha, Tarun, Baskhari, Ram Nagar and Bikapur are having higher status than the medium. The former two blocks are under high status (124.5-100.5) and the latter three represent very high category (100.5-76,5) shown in Figure I+M^ . 254 CONCLUSION The purpose of present study is to examine the different aspects of periodic markets and their relationship with agri-- cultiAral development. The study also aims to suggest improve ment in agricxoltural marketing system for rural and agricul tural development. On the basis of data analysis of periodic markets, it is observed that the evolution and hierarchy of markets in the region depends to a large extent on physical, economic and cultural factors. All these factors have influenced the location of markets of the region. The origin and development of periodic markets are based on the orthodox and alternative theories of market evolution. The old markets, generally situated in interior area of the district, originated on account of local needs and specific importance of particular place or settlement. The nev/ periodic markets at nodal points emerged as a result of increasing length of metalled roads. During a point of 10 years the periodic markets increased from 114 in 1970-71 to 227 in 227 in 1980-81. The distribution of periodic markets on the space is not uniform. The nearest Neighbour Analysis Method showed that in almost all the blocks they were randomely distributed in space. The ratio of markets with population, net sown area, inhabitaced village and served area also varied in different blocks of the district. 255 Temporally, the periodic markets are distributed unevenly. The unequal distribution is attributed to economic status of the area, nature and size of demands as well as to religious and cultural tradition. The total number of market frequency is 422 which is spread all over the seven days of week. This frequency varied on different days in different blocks of the district. Satur day is the most preferred day as it is an important day for temple visit. It has been found that different types of periodic mar kets were classified on the basis of location, size, trans acted commodities, estimated attendants and trade area. The classification of periodic markets made on the basis of estimated attendants and transacted goods are more appropriate. Other factors like population in settlement, dimension of market yard and size of settlement have little effect on the periodic markets. Five specialized categories of periodic markets i.e. (1) vegetables and food grains periodic markets (2) vegetables-foodgrains and kirana periodic markets (3) vegetables-foodgrains kirana and cloth periodic markets (4) Vegetables and kirana periodic markets and (5) vegetables periodic markets, have been identified. Synchronization of periodic markets is an essential element of periodic markets distribution on the space and in time. The optimal sequence in which the periodic markets are 256 are arranged has an inverse relationship between their spatial and temporal location. The analytical evaluation based on the computation of co-efficient co-relation showed a partial confir mation of such sequence. The optimal sequence for traders in which they move farther as the separation of time increases is not fully confirmed. Thus the partial confirmation of consu mer's and trader's hypotheses are ascribed to the following.: It was foijnd that the traders did not follow the circum ferential route but rather radial pattern like consumers who return their home every night. The bi-weekly nature of perio dic markets is,more or less, responsible for non-integration of periodic markets in time and space. The increasing number of new small sized periodic markets also inhibited the integ ration of market centres as they lacked defined marketing system. The homogenous nature of f\jnctions in these markets has also contributed to such non-integration of markets in time and space. The hierarchy of periodic markets is rather a grading of markets unlike the urban centres (service centre). The urban centres have vertical integration while the periodic markets have horizontal integration. The periodic markets have similar functions but vary in size and voli;ime. Thus four grades of hierarchy i.e. regional, sub-regional,block-level and local periodic markets-have been identified among 27 sampled periodic markets. 257 The behavioxir of consumers and traders are controlled by various factors like topography, climate, purchasing power, demand and supply, centrality of market centres, access ibility, taste, religion and psychology. Nature of goods transacted in the markets is also an important determinants of consumers' and traders' behaviour. The distance travelled by consumers in the study area for visiting periodic markets vary for different markets. The hypothesis that the consumers visit the nearest centres is found to be realistic in the region. Sometimes they made long distance journey to high order market centres with different objectives. It is because that high order centre offers both high and low order goods. This pattern of movement is rational and behavorial which reduces the time and cost for travel. There is also considerable variation in travelled distance by traders. The full-time traders and producer- c\jm-traders travel longer distance in comparison to producer sellers and artisan due to the fact that their trade is full fledge occupation. Their travelling pattern and travelling distance are controlled by economic factors. They travel a maximum distance in the week to get maximum profit. They visit different markets held in a sequence until the cijmula- tive sale exceeds trader's threshold level. Buying traders travel rather small distance and visit relatively lesser niimber of periodic markets as they have to collect commodities 258 from villages as well as from periodic markets also for sale in these markets. Both consumers and traders, generally, follow the sequential arrangement of periodic markets in a week. In the study area such sequence is not fully defined. This is because of agglomeration of a number of small periodic markets and their bi-weekly natvre. Only six defined cycles and twelve incomplete cycles have been traced in the study area. The tributary area of the markets have been designed in circular way because the tributary area of one periodic market may be served by other periodic market on the other day. Thus the concept of unserved or overlapping area, which emerges from the circular trade area of market centres, would not be applicable. The importance of periodic markets in agricultural deve lopment may be understood keeping in view the extent to which they are involved in the marketing of different commodities. Any strategy for agricultural development will remain uneffec- tive unless an efficient agriciiLtural marketing system is available. Periodic markets are a system of direct marketing in which, generally, producer sellers sell their commodities directly to consumers. This system provides maximum profit for both consumers and producers by redixiing middlemen's 259 share to consumer price. It is quite obvious from the present study that the periodic markets in Faizabad district are of agricultural nature. Different kinds of agricultural commodities are transacted in these markets. The Size and proportion of marketed surplus varies with the nature of commodities. For foodgrains, they are accounted for relatively low proportion of marketed surplus in the stiidy area, For example out of total trade the periodic markets account for 10 percent in wheat, 20 percent in rice and 8 percent in pulses. In the case of perishable commodities like vegetables, including green chilli, they accounted for 80 percent. It is also observed that the traders dealing in agri cultural commodities are in dominant position in these markets, Their shares vary with the size and dimension of periodic markets. The percentage of traders of agricultural commodi ties increased inversely to the hierarchy and nature of perio dic markets. The low order markets showed larger proportion than the high order. The study reveals that the traders' shares also vary with individual crop. The wheat traders contributed between zero to 16 percent in different sampled markets. The rice traders varied between zero to UO percent, vegetables traders between 75 to 88 percent and pulses traders between 1 to 10 percent. 260 Moreover, the size of holdings, as observed from the study, is an important determinant of ratio of agriciiltural traders in the periodic markets. The marginal farmers (O-l hectare of holding size) shared a larger proportion in vege tables trade than in food-grains. The percentage share for the second group of farmers (small farmer) having 1-2 hectares land was between 35 to 50 for wheat between 39 to 50 for paddy, between 5 to 35 for vegetables and between 43 to 98 for pulses in different sampled periodic markets. The percen tage share for medium farmers having 2 to 4 hectares of hold ing was between 35 to 59, in wheat, 35 to 65 in paddy, 1 to 13 in vegetables and 2 to 50 in pulses trade. The contribu tion of big farmers having more than h hectares of holding was rather small in the periodic markets as traders. Their shares varied between 2 to 11 percent for wheat, 2 to 11 percent for paddy, 1 to 6 percent for vegetables and 1 to 5 percent for pulses in the different markets. Different market channels have been identified for different commodities in the district. The length of channel decides the complexities and price at consumer stage. Reduc tion in length of marketing channels is a strategy of effective marketing and it will assure remunerative price for different commodities to the farmers. A considerable development in agriculture has taken place in the district on account of introduction of modem 261 technology both organisational and institutional, and modem inputs in agricultural sector through Green Revolution. It has resulted in an enormous growth in area, production and yield per hectare under different crops. Rice increased at annual growth rate of 1.83, 8.81 and 0.87 percent in respect of area, production and yield respectively. The wheat recor ded annual growth rate of 6.95 percent in area, 16.7^ percent in production and 6-10 percent in yield respectively during 1975-75 to 1984-85. Potatoes also registered a change in respect of area, production and yield. Their growth rates were 3.97, 6.21 and 1.61 percent respectively. Oilseeds recorded a growth at a rate of 29.04 percent in area, 49.9 percent in production and 5.35 percent in yield per hectare in the study area. There were two crops i.e. sugarcane and pulses which recorded decline in area,production and yield, pulses decreased at annual rate of 1.12, 2.30 aijd 1.57 percent in area, produc tion and yield. It has been found that agricultural marketing, especia lly in periodic markets,faces a number of difficulties. Orga nisational as well as infra-structural deficiencies are not uncommon. Some of the major deficiencies are : lack of space for auction, lack of standard weights and measures, lack of grading facilities, lack of management, lack of communication and accessibility and lack of storage facilities. 262 Taking into consideration the prevailing marketing system in the district, a number of steps should be taken for the development of periodic markets which may play a positive role through providing remunerative price to farmers for their production. These are as follows : 1. A Rural Market Committee (IRMC) sho\ald be made for each periodic market to supervise the tranactions taking place in the market. The committee should be responsible for providing facilities needed the markets. 2. The market should be held in open space out of settlement and it should be connected to main road by link roadg,. 5. Regulation of all periodic markets is needed on the basis of order of importance. Every participants i.e. traders, arahats, brokers, weighmen etc. should be registered. All malpractices like karda, dharmshala and gosala char ges, bathakl charge etc. should be defined and also should be under the control of RMC. k. All periodic markets especially first and second order should be facilitated with adequate storage facilities, so that the producers can stock their commodities for next market day or next season when they are more in demand and costly. 5. The agro-based industry should be established in the 263 surplus producing region near the periodic market centres. It will increase price of commodities and the available raw material can be fully utilized. 6. Agricultural inputs like fertilizer, pesticides, insecti cides, seeds, and implement should be distributed through periodic markets. This system will save the farmers time from visiting other service centres. 7. A Price Committee (PC) should be set up to release a price list every week for different commodities in different periodic markets and also in town markets in the study area. 8. Horizontal and vertical coordination of periodic markets is needed. These markets should be linked with wholesale trade to ensure a smooth flow of goods. 9. A scientific approach to the price structure analysis of agricultural commodities may be the parity approach. There should be balance in the seasonal patterii of prices received by farmers and the prices paid by the consumers. 10. Credit facilities for producer-sellers, village traders (non-producer seller) and consumer shoiiLd be provided in the periodic markets. 11. Government purchase centres (GPC) should be set up in 264 the periodic markets. Cooperative marketing system should be also started in these markets. The present study has clearly indicated that significant role of periodic markets in the agricultural development. It has also studied in detail a number of problems and inadequa- ncies which the farmers, generally, face in the transaction of agricultural produce through the existing periodic market system. On the basis of detailed survey of the existing situa tion a number of sjaggestions have been given which if implemen ted properly would go a long way in helping the farmers and in general development of agriculture in the area. It should, however, be noted that given the prevailing socio-economic reality in the countryside, the implementation of the sugges tions may not be easy. Since it is the different official agencies of the state government which are interested with the responsibility of looking after the well-being of the people of the area and solve their problems, it is important that such agencies are made accountable. In many cases it has been found that the plan for agricultural development and the fund allocated for this purpose do not reach at the appro priate places. Hence there is an urgent need to streamline the administrative set up and involve them in price-fixation of agricultural commodities in various periodic markets which at present is not being done. Moreover, they mvst ensure that the brokers do not take undue advantage in their dealing with 265 the producers who, generally, happen to be illiterate and ignorant. Needless to mention that the task is difficult but given politcal will, many of these suggestions can be implemented which are found to help the farmers and thereby help in agricultural development of the district. 266 GLOSSARY Bhangar Old alluvium Khadar New alluvium 1^1 s Ponds Jhils Lakes Man j ha Low lands consist of alluvial deposits of Ghaghra river Jhao A kind of tall grass in the manjha tract Tamarisk A kind of grass' in the manjha tract Kaseri A kind of grass in the manJha tract Do mat Loamy soils Matiyar Clayey loam Usar soil Saline and alkali soil Loo Hot westerly wind in May Jungle Patches of sparse forest By stander The persons who visit market to spend their day either meeting people or Just going aroi.md the market. Arahat Commission agents found in agricultural market on the side of both sellers and purchasers for settling the transaction Dalai Brokerage 267 Namoona A kind of deduction made from producers/ sellers in the name of sampling charge - Pasang An arbitrary charge deducted from producer in the agricultural markets. Dharmshala/ A kind of deduction made from producers/ Goshala sellers for the pvirpose of social work Bathaki Market tax for putting shop in the markef. Nala Small drainage. Dhak Small scattered forest Kirana Grocery Baniya Village shop-keeper Chungi Duties levied on goods brought into town or octroi Dhoti A kind of cloth worn by Indian male Munimi Charge deducted from producer for payment to cashier of the trader agricultural market 268 Appendix I Name of Periodic Markets. Market Days and their Locational Code in Faizabad District 1981 S.No. Name of Periodic Blocks Market Days C.N. Markets 1 2 3 4 5 1. Maholi Uprahar Sohawal Men 5 2. Kalafer Uprahar Wed. Sxjn. 18 3. Miostafabad Tue. Fri. 21 4. Sarangpur Tue. 2k 5. Pilkhawan Men. Th. 33 6. Tahsinpur Fri. Tue. 42 7. Raunahi Uprahar Tue. Sat. 61 8. Sohawal Mon. Th. 65 9. Khurauni Mon. Th. 67 10. Salehpur Nimecha Wed. Sun. 76 11. Katrauli Mon. 79 12. Haripur Jalalabad Masodha Fri. 92 13. Mumtaz Nagar Mon. Th. 96 1^. Hajipur Singhpur Th. Mon. 101 15. MaiJjadiJDanspur Tue. Fri. 111 16. Sariyawan Su. Th. 134 17. Dab ha Semar Wed. Sat. 135 18. P^ni Bazar Wed. Fri. 152 19. Sathri Wed. Fri. 153 20. Pipri Mon. Fri. 170 21. Mi^kkhapur Purabazar Wed. Sat. 185 22. Jalaluddin Nagar Sun. Wed. 230 Uprahar 269 1 2 3 4 5 23. Sathipur Purabazar Wed. Sat. 263 24. Rasoolabad Mon, Wed. 269 25. Aini AllapiiT Th. Sat. 281 26. Roshan Nagar Mon. Th. 288 27. Uniyarpur Uprahar Mayabazar Su. Th. 327 28. Sherwa Uprahar Wed. Sat. 331 29. Bharipur Uprahar Tue. Fri. 328 30. Maya Bhikhi Tue. Fri. 348 31. Kanakpiir Tue. Fri. 354 32. GosainganJ Sat. Wed. - 33. Mohammadpur Amaniganj Th. Su. 9 34. Bhatpur Jagannath Wed. Sat. 14 35. Katdeeh Th. Su. 27 36. Katia Wed. Sat. 38 37. Bawan Su. Mon. Th. 103 38. Pithla Tue. 108 39. Majnai Milkipur Tue. Fri. 114 AO. Said KhanpOr Th. 118 41. Adhiyari Fri. Tue. 122 42. Kuchera Su. Th. 151 43. Tardeeh urf Trauli Wed. Sat. 157 44. Inait Nagar Wed. Mon. 169 45. Chirauli Sat. Wed. 180 46. Kahuwa Tue. Fri. 184 47. AJrauli Wed, Fri. 188 270 1 2 3 k 5 48. Atgaon Fri. Mon. 196 A9. Udhui Tue. 200 50. Dhanthua Tue, Sat. 203 51. Tendha Tue. 211 52. Mukeempur Haringtonganj Su. Fri. 224 53. Deehepur Birbal Fri. Mon. 239 54. Achhora Su. Th. 252 Semra Mutasil 55. Chukhari Tue. Sat. 281 56. Ghayasuddin pur Th. Su. 286 57. Ahran Subansh • Mon. 297 58. Revna Su. Wed. 296 59. Jahankhas Th. Su. 307 60. Jasarpur Tue. Sat. 318 61. Salhipur Wed. Su. 319 62. Sarai Bhanauli Bikapur Wed. Sat. 328 63. Rampior Bhagar Su. Wed. 355 64. Toron Muafi Tue. Fri. 361 65. Manapur Tue. Sat. 369 66. Kha Jura hat Su. Th. 391 67. Konchha Mon. Fri*. 420 68. Bharau Kata Tue. Sat. 449 69. Chaure Chandauli Sat, Tue. 454 70. Mahrai Mohd. Pur Tarun Tue. Sat. 462 71. Nathanpur Wed. Su. 467 271 12 3 4 5 72. Baharpur Fri. Tue. 494 73. Ball! Kirpalpur Wed. Su. 500 74. Kalyanpur Chitauna Mon. Wed. 505 75. Mughispur Tue. Fri. 522 76. Narainpur Wed. Su. 538 77. Tarun Tue. Wed. 539 - 78. Sahabuddinpur Mon. Fri. 558 79. Jana Wed. Sat. 570 80. Kela Lai Khan Fri. 577 81. Para Ram Su. 585 82. Hathigaon Mon. Fri. 608 83. Mohd. pur Raiganj Bhiti Th. Mon. 48 84. Basohri Mon. Fri. 82 85. Mijhaura Mon. Fri. 94 86. DhararaganJ Th. 99 87. Bhiti Wed. Sat. 107 88. PamaiiLi Fri. Mon. 123 89. Bangaon Fri. 148 90. Atraura Tue. 170 91. Hindi Pakariya sat. 180 92. Partap Piar Chamarkha Katehri Tue. Fri. 204 93. Khemapur Mon. Th. 220 94. Ashrafpur Barwa Sat. Th. 237 95. Annawan Wed. Sat. 266 96. Aurang Nagar Mon. Fri. 307 272 1 2 3 4 5 97. Mahrauwa Th. Su. 330 98. Semri Mon. Fri. 343 99. Naseerpiir Wed. Sat. 362 100. Barhipur Akbarpur Wed. Sat. 387 101. DahirpiJT Wed. Su. 388 102. Ariya Sat. Wed. 592 103. Ashrafpur Pachukh Fri. Th. 595 104. Palia Kalyanpur Mon. Fri. 423 105. Ram Nagar Mon. Fri. 424 Narsinghpur 106. Keshopur Mon. Fri. 425 107. Salahuddinpur Mon. Fri. 429 108. Rampur Ram Patti Sat. Fri. 431 109. Amraula Sat. Fri. 432 110. Muharakpur Th. Su. 459 111. Kurki Mohammadpur Sat. Wed. 443 112. Amraula Su. Th. 450 113. Sadarpur Su. Th. 452 114. Rampur Sakarwari Tue. Sat. 482 115. Kurcha Wed. Su. 495 116. Bhansar Su. Th. 556 117. Saidapur Tue. Sat. 541 118. Katui Su. Th. 545 119. Bariyawan Mon. Fri. 561 120. Sikandarpur Tue. Fri. 572 273 1 2 3 4 5 121. Saspana Tue. Sat. 585 122. Tara Khurd Mon. Fri. 590 123. Ruknuddinpur Jalalp)u r Mon. Fri. 611 124. Nagpur Mon. Tue. 633 125. Daudpur Su. Th. 648 126, Katghar Musa Su. Th. 664 127. Barepur Fri. Mon. 665 128. Rasoolpur Balsarganj Th. Su. 676 129. Kandipur Tue. Sat. 677 130. Patti Mudin Mon. Fri. 678 131. Khajri Karodi Sat. Tue. 691 132. Dharua Wed. Su. 711 133. Rampur Dube Sat. Th. 712 15^. Malepur Mon. Fri. 719 135. Ajanpura Sat. Tue. 730 136. Rudauli Mafi Th. Sat. 742 137. Maulanapur Mon. Sat. 764 138. Mathura Rasoolpur Sat. Wed. 773 139. Bhiyaon Th. Su. 777 1^. Dulhepur Kala Wed. Sat. 786 141. Gauri Baral Fri. 797 142. AJmalpur Mon. 799 143. Parbatpur Sat. 800 144. Ratna Su. 806 145. Mundera Tue. Sat. 818 274 2 k IkS. Bandipur Fri. Mon. 823 147. Ambarpur Mon. Th. 829 148. Newada Kala Su. Wed. 846 149. Amdahl Th. 858 150. Asapur Sat. 859 151. Pura Badlahi Wed. Su. 866 152. Sakra Dakkhin Mon. 867 153. Madhopur Th. 872 154. Bichhaila Sat. 876 155. Gobari Chandpur Fri. Sat. 903 156. Karampur Barsawan Tanda Mon. Th. 8 157. Mahuwari Mon. Th. 9 158. Aurangabad Th. Su. 20 159. Makdoompur Tue. Sat. 48 160. Jot Jaina Tue. Sat. 49 I6l. Kahrahi Tue. Sat. 50 162. Rampior Kala Wed. Sat. ;o9 163. Bahrapur Wed. Sat. 112 164. Utrethu Th. 186 165. Chitwai Wed. Fri. 207 166. Nasrullahpur Fri, Mon. 221 167. Saddarpur Su. Th. 243 168. Daulatpur Wed. Sat. 270 169. Ajmeri Badshahpur Baskhari Mon. Th. 274 170. Murera Sat. Tue. 241 275 171. Narain Preetampur Mon. Th. 292 172. Bholepur Sat. 298 175. Naurahni Rampur Mon. Fri. 500 17^. Fedipur Ganeshpur Mon. Fri. 505 175. Nasirabad Mon. Fri. 506 176. Narkata Bairagipur Tue. 511 177. Ahujhipur Mon. Fri. 515 178. Hanswar Mon. Th. 545 179. Baniyani Wed. Th. 557 180. Mohd. pur Wed. Sat. 561 181. Daulatpur Hajal Patti Su. Th. 375 182. Mujahidpur Mon. Tue. 577 185. Barhi Tue. Sat. 595 184. Masra Mohanpur Tue. Sat. 594 185. Kichhauchha Th. Su. 598 186. Baskhari Wed. Sat. 406 187. Rajndeeh Sarai Wed. Sat. 44 188. Saidpur Leduwa Th. Tue. 414 189. Makrahi Ram Nagar Tue. Sat. 415 190. Chahora Sheehpur- Mon. Th. 1 454 191. Lakhmipur Fri. 457 192. Jamalupur Wed. Sat. 479 195. Madar Mau Wed. Sat. 487 19^. Ashrafabad Mon. Th. 509 276 k 195. Ram Nagar Wed. Sat. 521 196. Hisamuddinpur Su. Wed. 526 197. Paghara Tue. Sat. 536 198. Biikia Mon. Th. 543 199. Faizullahpur Wed. Sat. 546 200. Indaipur Mon. Fri. 553 201. Neeba Tue. Fri. 559 202. Kamaipur Fri. Sat. 566 203. Newari Wed. Sat. 596 204. Amola Buzurg Wed. Tue 600 205. Kichnapur Jahangirganj Tue. Fri. 613 206. Kinupur Wed. Sat. 614 207. Baragao Tue. Fri. 616 208. Parthupur Su. Th. 654 209- Kathmorwa Tue. Sat. 674 210. Kamaipur Pikar Su. Th. 681 211. Deolar Wed. Sat. 684 212. Pikora Khurd Mon. Th. 698 213. Madaunia Mon. Fri. 701 214. Garhwal Wed. 702 215. Mubarakpur Anjan Wed. Su. 710 215. Ahrauli feni mau Su. Wed. 711 217. Shankarpur Tappa Wed. Sat. 714 Hakeli 218. Deoria Buzurg Wed. Sat. 754 277 219. Tenduwai Kala Tue. Sat. 363 220. Chakbelwa Mon. Tue. 767 221. Sabitpur Wed. Sat. 807 222. Balrampur Mon. Fri. 840 Urban Periodic Markets 223. GosainganJ Sat. Wed. 224. Bhadarsa Fri. Mon. 225. Tanda Wed. Sat. 226. Jalalpur Tu. Thur. 227. Iltifatganj Mon. Thiir. 278 T3 I I 1-^ ^ONlrHHrH l-J Ir-l tJ•H00^f^l«^^--*-3^r-|^^r^ n (U w o rH X X a rt O •H C -H E . •d O +J U c to "^ •H D t. . -p •P 4-> o o w U a boz q U a, a o cuprcMuoo , o O O V Oi I a, a. a IM I CU I MOI KNCO (vt-'Mn a,ai a, o a. s: +-> T3 o a< a. > C< 'O. cu cu o 5 n (0 C "H w o o (0 o o M •H s •p 01 (0 (Mt^-J'iAirNOfvic^KNQ a o J: in m inminmin mm m in O t\i iTl C\J f- 't^ •Oir\'Ji)^ » . . . • imt^m • 'm •coo UD r-l-* -1 CM r^ CM t^ (3> t^ t^OOK^VOt^ iHCMrHCMt^ fy rH K> VD m H H H^O m &• ^ -Is! doj o I CD o ^ (r)in00mc5O-3'-JinfncriiHm i oooommcMmcNjo •p ^/ rH J^ rH C\J v5 in rH r-t -^ H r-f r-t tr\ in rH CM O in a o I O O O in r-< r-i r-\ s: o H O O O lA Ooomom-Jmomrvjco ovo OmcMOmCDoom Tf CM r-( K^ rH rHrntnCMinCM rH CM CMmrHrHrH lt\r-< iTS r-i r-i (0 o O o: (0 in •p Q, 3 O a o 5 in in CD >X) CT' t^ CM (Mm in rH mcr>vD r-Hvo^o-4'H(Tima>rH mvo o O rH C^t^fn (JlrH rH m CM''> iTX KS m O >^ K> r-i H tA o H fvj rH o rH rH rH K^ m fO-* rH CM (0 a: o U^>X> CM M~\ cr>-j-JrH mc^mfncM(T>c^cM ooocot^mmrot^mcMo o >^ rH OMTv tncVCMrHlOm rH H rHrH HVO CM-* tnO rH 0) bO 0) iH C H CO O •H CJ OQOO OOQO OOQ( -p 0-5 Q O OOQQ Q5M5( U m I CM 00 mvo I 01 03 H H H T3 I n a oo oo OOOOOOOOOQOOOmOOOOOOOOO o iTiCM O O mmooootoiooooQ mHOOpooooom z rH C\) ro r^ t?ScMr~-m CM CM-3 rH-T CMK^mPllSlmcMCM O f^ fH o o c M CO O O O O ooomoooooooo omooooooooo o •H OK^Q O in CM TO MD oojS^mmrH-J K^\B cMrH tnaiaJomm mffi o m fn •p o M oo oo oOOOmQOQQQQQOQlDQSOOOpOO Q 9-i o Q S Q o Q o m QO) Q Q 5 o OQ o oO m incM cDiS oaJoo-^miAH-T fovo CM rH ic\o\ CD " m m •'>a5 o m IA a •w 0. o £ z rH CM fn-^ mvo c^ 00 (TiO rH CM fn-* m^O c^ CO cr>o rH CM Kv* mi^ f- o rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 S 279 01 ^J-rHCO c\J (T>lAt^-* O O r\J t^ C\J iTviri-J rOUJVO !-( H H*^ O i-l 0> (0 cOinmo en t\j rj to o o iTv fo CJ rH ir»rH-3 t^ to (\j t^ 05 00 (\j t^ rH f<-\ -J CM iTvJ' ^r^^p^O J^ C7>0 t^ OC^ iAvX) K^lnooJ• 8?:^^i;;;^^;^f^^©a^88S)8^Sg^S>8^ a) H xniHt o(M moCM -3 o in mmr-O OOOt OtAr<>- Cy>Q3 OOU ceoc 0) cdtfQia: 01 u:«CL,a, cv OJ « o I I 1 rH llrH-»HlllllCMII 4-> li-l I 1 rH 1 \ r-t (« •H U a) o H CM PJ CM CM CM CM fMCNJ CMCMtMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCMtMCMCM :§' Iz » I 4J to lllrH IIIIIIIHIIIlrHHHIIIIIrHII 2xj b) o n V u § •WK o; X -^ X XM X H •I o o +^ y o o o 5 0) U IIIO lllllll-^jllllOOOIIIIlo I I r-t £i ... ^^g m m m CQ CQ cq I <<+>a CH (0 280 Appendix III Statistical Procedure of Computing Crop-combination by Doi's method In brief instead of squaring the differences, it is required to sumpup the percentage and then sum up the per centages and then consult the table for the critical value of the next element at that accumulated percentage level. If the critical value is higher than the actual percentage, the crop is not considered, but if otherwise the value is lower than the crop percentages, the crop is included in the combination. To illustrate the statistical procedure involved, the case of Masodha block may be cited, individual crop percentage in Masodha during 1975-75 are given below. Alphabetical symbols ixsed here are : R = Rice ; W = Wheat ; P = Pulses ; S = Sugarcane ; PO = Potato and 0 = Oil seeds R - 39.84 ; W - 33.70 ; P - 10.85 ; S - 4.31 ; PO - 3.94 and 0 - 0.09 Rank of Element Sum of percentages of higher ranking element 2 0.00 5.53 20.00 - 3 0.00 2.60 9.67 15.85 4 0.00 1.73 6.07 10.00 5 0.00 1.29 4.51 7.35 6 0.00 1.04 5.59 5.51 281 The critical values for only those sums of percentages which are required in the present case. In the first instance, all those crops are included in the combination whose accumu lated percentages is less than 50, as the critical value for all the elements at 50 is 0. In Masodha block first crop occupies 39.84 percent, so that the next crop is automati cally included. It makes the sum of two crops (39.84 + 33.70) = 73.54. Now the under heading 74, the critical value for the third element is 15.58. Since the third crop occupies 10.85 percent area is lesser than 15.58, it is excluded from the combination. Thus 2 crop-combination (RW) is alloted to Masodha during 1975-76. 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U voor--<^g>t-mo(yiooH-3'^oroocnc^ a)-p CO a\H K^-S o-*c^mmf-K>rHo>HmHHC~- o ti o COcTv'orom-a'rvjrHOOOH roivo mvo J^ (TvC^ o (u a) -^-S' m-*mm^-c7^^-mmJ• to-j-J vo mvo X :» ax n c m m „ m __ m o •H ^. ^ H J' • mvo t^ •vooo •cM-imco .N-\(<\f-- CTvHHHH r-{r-{ H (Ti H E 5 H H CO Eb OvDvD-3'momt--J' mt~.mffl Ovo t^co m o C t^CTvt^>^mmt^oOrot^ovococor-\ocT\03 0 •PS O c , (MmHVOfcr PJr^vO 00 mvX) CT\C 0) t4 (0 I K^|-^ tOvo o -p -p vO H t^ CMt>-VO (MCTi-* VO H fOCM-J CO •o T5 c c CO CO « C tl-H cOH M N S o £ CO CO CO W a ft ti 00 eg o •O S £ ^ -rH CO O CO (0 CO C j«;co-H+»>-,co cocu-dcflj!*! w J3 5 >, • H^ tiHHHja-pqxIw " ") CO HTHcg££c0^coacO(0 S ^ ^> ^^ H 297 '^ •g s3 ^ 4J S '^ -3 oooooooooooooooooo ^ IfNOOOOlAOOOOiAirMAirvOlAtrMTv o L, (Ni-ato-3' c^c^JK^(Tll^\»<^-3•^r^a^^^\c^)0^-•J U} u0) i-lrHHi-lrHrHrH r-Kt~\r-\r^r-{r-{t-ir-< < X x> •P -O 41 C z 1 -O C\JHOlf\00rr\ •M t O +J -H -H in iTi o lA in •H lU 4-> • H bOtO ^ H int 1 m O OO Q •H W j«: rH 3 rH VO (\J-J h-ro m t^-J 1 vD in• rH O m•m • in 'm •H O rH c H H rH H t-g rH H 00 (M 00 a. H H ffl -p 6 c 3 Cu 3 O t. 4-> -H u hOQ,3 CD -vi3 K>mm(\IO00 OOONrHtACO ^f^t^J K (0 HH 3 i^K^m-* rHmc\jhn(\jfnrH c\)c\jKM<^c\jm Appendix_IX Questionnaire For Periodic Markets 1. Name of Market 2. Nature of Market Urban/Rural 3. Area of Market site (cq.m.) 4. Market Days S/M/T/W/TH/F/S/ 5. l^arket time 6. Managed by Landlord/Gram Punchayat/ Zila Paris had 7. Accessibility of the On Road/Off Road Market 8. Distance from main Road (Km.) 9. Number of functions 10. Number of Attendants 11. Area of Tributary Region _(s q.'ra.) 299 Appendix X Questionnaire For Traders in the Periodic Markets 1. (a) Place from where trader comes to visit market centre (b) Distance (km.) 2. Number of Market visited in a market week 3. Nature of trader Permanent/Mobile 4. Total length of distance travelled by trader in a week 5. Comnodities in which the trader deals 6. Natur^Optrader Producer Seller/Selling trader/Buying trader 7. Mode of transport used by the shop keeper (Four wheeler a uto-vehicle/tempo/scooter/ricks ha w/khark ha ra/bicycle/ Bulluck cart/camel/on foot) 8. Inter Market visit 9. Name of place from where the trader purchases the goods for sale in the market 10. Total sale on the market day/per week/per month/ in Rupees. 11. Name of the factors which attract the trader to visit the market 300 12. Value of market tax paid by trader (in Rs.) 13. Transaction through bargaining/without bargaining/ middle men 14. Any problem associated with business/legal/social evils/insanitation/political/local body/contractor/ any other 301 Appendix XI Questionnaire for Consumer in Periodic Markets 1. Place from where customer comes 2. Customer's mode of conveyance _ (Train/Truck/Roadways/Tempo/Scooter/ Rikshaw/Kharkhara/cycle/on foot/Cart) 3. Inter-market visit (yes/No) _ Names of the markets 4. How many market is visited by _ consumer in a week 5. Distance travelled by consumer to _ visit (in km.) 6. Which market does consumer visit _ nearest/farther 7. Caste of consumer _ 8. Income groups Below 200 (please tick mark) — 200 - ^0 - AOO - 600 r 600— 800 - 800 -1000 above 1000 9. Occupation of consumer __ (Cultivator/agricultural Lab our/Factory V/orker/Business/Service( Private and gout) and other) 302 10. Size of holdings (below^Ihectara/ 1-2 hectares/2-4 hectares/above 4 hectares) 11. Place from where agriciiltural inputs the consumer purchases (if he is cultivator) Fertilizer Seeds Implements Other .12. Purpose of market visit (to purchase commodities/for other social work) 13. Name of the commodities which he wants to purchase 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 14. Purpose of purchase (home cons\miption/sell in the village or in other market) 15. Problems, if any (Associated with shop keeper/market place/civic amenities/ traffic/insanitation) 303 Appendix XII Questionnaire for Rural House-Hold Survey 1. Name of Head of House-Hold 2. Caste 3. Size of Holding acres k. Occupational Structure i. 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