Szerkesztette: o

Szerkesztőbizottság: oa oa aaaoaa aaa aa a

aao aao aa ooo A AA A A aaa a A Ao ooo Auo u uAoooooo oo oo u o oo uoooou oo uo oAu ooo a o u oooA u o oo oo Auu o o o ou ooAuu ooo oAouuu uA ooouuooo

A AA o o ooo uama o u ooo uouu uuuoooA uoou u u ooooo uoo u u ooo o oooo u u ee oo u ou aa u eaa uu e u aa ooo aa oau u oa u o oo oo A ooo uAuo oouo ea ee aa u Auo ou aeoaeeamoa oo u oa uoo oouo ooo o o Aooo u

AAAA uo meaeoouo uoou A aaaaa A uoo oouo oAuooooo ou Auoo oAooo o oa u zoz a o ooAoo ooooA uu maa ea o o u uo Auo uoo A uuo o o u oo A o uooo ooouuo ooAoou o A oo o ou oo ouo ou uoooooo A oo o u

A AA oooAoo oououoo u a A u э e pu A uuuuooo uo i aep a uo ouoo Ao oo Ao oo uoo ouu A ououo o ooAu u

AAAA uo u oo o ooouo u u ouu aaaa uo u u uaeaeaaauomeeoapaua o ooo eaeaauouomeeoapaua ooo uu u u i u i A A o u o A u o oo oou ] ooo u ou omaema ]

A AA ] A oo ooo o o i u i ] a me p u i i A oo ] ] ] u ao Au u uu uo Auuuouooo uuu oouo A uu u o a pa e ua o o ouuo oo uu ouu aapaeua

AAAA Auououuuo uuuo ooouuu Auoooo Aooo i ooAoooo u Aooo o A oo u Auoooo u Aouoo uuu oo uuu uu o oo uu u o o u o oo u u o oo omau oa A u ua A zu zaa a mapaa A ] A ]

A AA oao o o u A o u oAA o A u Aoo ooo uu oo A u o oooooououo uuu o A o o o uuuuouuu uu oou o uoou ooouou ouoo uAu ouo ooouoouo oo uo o uAou oo o

AAAA oooaaaa ooooo uuou uuoouoo ouoo oooo ooo oo ouo o o u ou o o o o ouu ou u o uooouoo ou uuo uoAoouo oouoo uoooouu ouoouuoou uuouu oooouuo ooouo A AA

A AA A A

The Names of the Diseases in Northern Saami Bible Translations ∗

Gergely DUSNOKI 1. Introduction A 1.1. The Northern Saami Bible translations A A ∗

A A A 1.2. Diseases in the Bible

A A AA AA A c c

2. The etymological groups of the names of diseases in the Northern Saami Bible translations 2.1. Loanwords which preserved their basic form feber AA suohtta c c 2.2. Loanwords with Saami suffix() iđáhat c A

A A AA AA rubbiš c A spihtálvuohta spihtálaš A A 2.3. Calques čáhcedávda c c cc c čoaskindávda AA

A cc A čoavjedávda A A manodavda, mánnováddu c rohttudávda ~ rohttodávda A A A AA

A A AA AA varradavda AA 2.4. Words of internal development bohtaneapmi guohcageapmi c cc cc c rávžžadávda c A

buogu 3. Summary Loan- Loanword Word of in- Bibal 1925 Calque word + suffix ternal dev. c c

A A AA AA Loan- Loanword Word of in- OT 1998 Calque word + suffix ternal dev. c c

Literature A A A

A A A

A AA A A ∗

ceceeeap epae aaoo ee e aoeaeapaoy ee a eeeeeeeeee ee eee eHeeeeeaoaaaPaoae uaaa aeeeea uaa eHeeaaaoaaaeoo aa a eaccee epao xe e e oea oa e e e o uaaa eoeeaaoee a uaa aeeeae o aa eoa o epa oe e e

e aaaeeee ee e uaa Heaaaaa aua aaoaaa aaoa aa eeoca epaoe ee ee eye ee e aaeoa uauee aaaaae uaue aaee aue eacceeaePaaeeacaeepae eoae e ee oeaaeoaceo ee eeeoaeaaaeaoaaa paa e oeuee aeaaeaeea uaa a aoaeaeaeaaeaaaaoa a oa eacceeaePaae epae eecee ee oeeaaeo o e e eoeeyaeaoaaa paa e oe uee ayy eaeaeeea uaa eoaeaeaeaaaaoa oa aa

e epa ypocae ee eee ee eepa e e eeeeeeye aaa aaa eaaeae uae aeeaeao aaa a aa eeoaeexeeoco epa e eeyy o eee e ee eyeoaoaopeaayyeeea paaee e oeuee aaee eaaea uae epaooopeaae oa a aeeoaeoe epaoe eee ee yaooaooy ee eeee e e aoaaaoaaeeeo uauee aaeapaeee uaue ea oaeoaee ea aaa e e epoeo ee ee

e ee a d a e ‹peoe eoe P u aua ua ae eue peeceeeee u a eeapce oeaoa e

uaaoeaaaaaaa u ua uaa uaa o uaa uaa A uaa u uu oeae a u e oe oea uoa Au eu a aa paa a a a g$aaaA eeaeee uaa u uaa a u u uu a u H e z uzu u

o ßa e ee oa oa o da o eu o aa a aoea aa a apyyy a eao a eaoeeopyyy eeaaaoa a a a A a a a eyeaaauaaa Haa

epao eee uaaa aa e uaaa aa e uauee aue e uauee ea aaa paaoeuee oa paaoeuee oa e paaee oeuee oa

eoe e aaa aaa aaa a aa e e a ee uaa aaoa

aaAcaapeeao aeaeaeaeooHe oo eacceeeaeeceeeecaa opaoaaa aaeoaa eeeaeoHoaeao PePeaae PyaaaoePpaeae eee o a a aae eo e e oeaaooaHaeaeo a a oopea c a eay oac a eocaoaaaac eoe aa a aoe ey He opooeeeaoHe oceeceHPaaoeexcaoce aeocaeXXHe oeeeeyooeaaaexcaoceae ocaeXHe Aoeaoeapeooeaaaoe He aooepoeepopooaacapa eappaa aceeyooceeceeoyAa aaape ae ce yooce ec a eeeaHeee Haa Hee a exo Apoo e yaa apeaa eeyae xoaa

A AA A A

Uráli „páros igék” 1 HONTI László

0. A aaa a a a a a aa aa a a , a a a a a a a A ä A A A

A

ç a a ç aa a ç a ä ä aa a a a ç A a aa aaa A A A A

1.

1.1. Finnugor 1.1.1. Cseremisz 1.1.2. Votják A a A A

1.2. Szamojéd 1.2.1. Északi szamojéd A

A A 1.2.2. Déli szamojéd 1.2.2.1. A a a Ï A 1.2.2.2. A 1.2.2.3. A 2. Egyéb uráli nyelvi igei szókapcsolatok 2.1. Finnségi A

A aaa a A aaa aaa a a A aaa aaa A A aa a 2.2. 2.4. A aa A

2.2. Mordvin A A A

A

A A 2.1. 2.4. aaaa ƒ a ¯aa aaaa

2.3. Zürjén II I IÇ I II I

a A I Ï IÇÏ IÏÏIÏaa A A Ï I Ï Ï a A a

2.4. Ugor a a ä K a a aaaaaa aaaaa a a a A A A 2.1. 2.2.

A 3. Következtetések A 3.1. A AA A A A A 3.2. A A A

3.3. A A a a a a A A A A aa aa aa I ÁÁ ä ä ça ça

Irodalom A A A A A a A A A aa A A

A A A A A A A

A A A A A A

„Paarige Verben” im Uralischen A A A A A

A AA A A

Neological Aspirations in a Few Recent Finno-Ugric Bible Translations ∗∗∗

László KERESZTES

1. Introduction. AA ∗

2. The latest publications.

A AAA AA Folia Uralica Debrece- niensia

3. A short comparative analysis of ’sin’. sin A čumo, šum ä pardon sin. A Sin commit a sin – confess – repent – forgive. repentance, pardon, conver- sion

3.1. ’forgive’ prosti meilä miän riähät anna meille syntimme anteeksi bocsásd meg a bűneinket puitto ken voit piästyä riähät kuka muu kuin Jumala voi antaa syntejään anteeksi ki más boc- sáthatja meg a bűnöket кант ат ёрувлыянын-кe, тōнт Тōрум Āсин нāн карeкан yн ос ат ёрувлиянэ а нолдындeрясынк, мeнeльсэ Тeтянкак а нолда- сынзe тынсэнк чумонк кда аф нолдасасть пиятнeнь пe- жeтьснон, эста Мeнeлeнь Алянтeвок аф нолдасынe тинь пeжe- тeнтeнь jos ette anna anteeksi, ei tei- dän taivaallinen Isännekään anna anteeksi teidän rikkomuksianne ha ti nem bocsáttok meg, mennyei atyátok sem bocsátja meg bűneiteket на â карeканын хот-ёрувлахт ]гыт нолдавить тонь пe- жeтeть тонь пeжeттнe нолдавихть sinun syntisi annetaan anteeksi bocsánatot nyer- nek bűneid ]лумх oлас карeкe хотютн хот-ёрувланквe в eрмавe ки- нeньгак лиянeнь пeжeть нолдавить кинди нолдавихть пe- жeттнe kuka muu voi antaa syntejä anteeksi 3.2. ’repent’ (= ’ sorry, regret’) hyö jo ammuin ois jätetty riähät ta kiännytty Jumalan puoleh olisivat jo aikoja sitten ... katuneet tartottak volna bűnbánatot hyö jätettäis riähät he kääntyisivät bűn- bánatot tartanak

A AAA AA muutakkua mielet katukaa siis syntejänne tartsatok bűnbánatot A карыканыл вуськасан ... мāхум Иоан Иордан -т витыл пēрнал пинсанэ сон пeжeттeст витькстицятнeнь нававтсь Иор- дан лeйсэ азондозь эсь пeжeтьснон, и сон ксиндазeнь Иор- дан ляйса he tunnustivat syntinsä, ja Johannes kastoi heidät Jor- danissa és bűneiket megvallva megkeresztelkedtek nála a Jordán folyóban

3.3. ’repent’ (= ’return’) jos että kiäntyne riähistänä Jumalah päin ellette käänny ha nem tartotok bűnbánatot kiännükkiä (riähkispäi) Jumalan puoleh kääntykää térjetek meg A нaн карeканын хультуптэн вeлявтодо пeжeтнeдe шарфтода Шкайти kääntykää térjetek meg 3.4. Conclusions. A AA

A A 4. A short comparative analysis of ’baptism’. baptism. baptism

4.1. ’baptize’ mie kassan teitä vejellä ... hiän kastau teitä pühällä Henkellä ta tu- lella - minä kastan teidät vedellä ... hän kastaa teidät Py- hällä Hengellä ja tulella én csak vízzel keresztellek benneteket...

A AAA AA [ő] majd Szentlélekben és tűzben fog benneteket megkeresztelni anna ristie iččiedäs anna kastaa itsesi vedd fel a keresztséget A annakkua ristie iččie ottakaa itse kaste keresztelkedjék meg A hyö ristittihes Ižändän Iisusan nimeh he ottivat kasteen Herran Jeesuksen nimeen megkeresztelkedtek Jézus nevére A ам н aнан витыл п eрнал пинасум, Тав нāнан Ялпын Лылыл пи- нияны [-ны-] мон тынк нававтынь вeдьсэ, сон карми тынк нававтомо Инeванькс Оймeялтсо мон ксиндадязь вeдьса, а сон кармай кстиндамонт Иняру Ваймопожфса (-кожфса?) minä olen kastanut teidät vedellä, mutta hän kastaa teidät Pyhällä Hen- gellä Én vízzel keresztellek titeket, ő azonban Szentlélekkel fog megkeresztelni

4.2. ’baptism’ (= ’immersion’, a Christening ceremony) ta ottua kassanta ja ot- tamaan kasteen hirdette a bűnbánat keresztségét ristindä kastoi parannukseen kereszt- ség A ristieset [-sť-] ris- tiäiset . *ristintä kaste ос ам п eрна пиннэм сирыл п eрна пинунквe в eрм eгын ды нававтомомс сe пиштeмань нававтомасонть, конаньсэ мон навав- томан дяряй кстиндафтада ризфонь ся кстиндамаса, ко- дамса мон кстиндафтфт

voitteko te ottaa sen kasteen, jolla minut kastetaan hogy megkeresztelkedjetek azzal a keresztséggel, amellyel én megke- resztelkedem

4.3. Conclusions. A 5. The significance of the Bible translations.

A AAA AA 6. Things to do. A

Literature

The Holy Bible or the New Testament A A

Gospels á " a a A -

A AAA AA A A A AA AA Synti A A A A„ A„ A

DEBRECENI EGYETEM FOLIA URALICA DEBRECENIENSIA 12. FINNUGOR NYELVTUDOMÁNYI TANSZÉK DEBRECEN , 2005.

Saami Speakers in Central Sweden ∗

Lars-Gunnar LARSSON

Introduction The Saami people are certainly the most well-known of the minorities in Sweden. The reason for this is their way of life, which so clearly differs from that of the majority population. Whereas the Swedish speaking population were traditionally farmers, the Saami are generally regarded as reindeer bree- ders who use the mountain areas of northern Sweden for their livelihood. This picture of the Saami is, however, a simplification. Reindeer breeding is a specialized industry, one which has never occupied all of the Saami. Hunt- ing and fishing have traditionally formed the broader basis of the life of the Saami (Kjellström 2000: 32). Due to the general picture of the Saami as reindeer breeders living in mountains far away, the Saami in many ways have been regarded as ”the other people” in Sweden. Therefore their history and origin have been dis- cussed for a long time. Up until the 19 th century the general view was that the Saami represented the aboriginal population of Sweden, the Swedes, who spoke a Germanic language, representing a people that had come there later on (cf. Lundmark 2002: 18–20). In the 19 th century, however, the views were changed: now the Saami were regarded as newcomers (e.g. von Düben 1873: 389 ff.). It was stated that only in the northernmost provinces of Sweden had there been Saamis in older times. It should be noticed that the arguments for the Saami as newcomers were put forward during the 19 th century, i.e., a period when nationalism grew strong all over Europe and colonialism in northern Sweden reached its peak. Here I focus on Sweden, but the situation in Norway was very much the same as in Sweden. In both countries the Saami were regarded as new-comers rather than as aborigines (e.g. Nielsen 1891). It is, of course, not very prob- able that a minority people would spread itself throughout a country at the cost of the majority population. Nevertheless, what is essential is the radical

*∗This is the written version of the lecture held during the CIFU-X in Joshkar-Ola.

59 LARS -GUNNAR LARSSON change in view: until 1800 the Saami were regarded as the aboriginal people of Scandinavia; after 1800 they were seen as newcomers. This question is perhaps more current and vividly discussed than has been the case for a long time. The start of this recent debate was an archaeological excavation in Vivallen in the 1980s, where the archaeologist Inger Zachris- son (e.g. 1985, 1987) investigated finds from graves dating from around 1100, stating these finds were Saami. Whereas older researchers maintained that no Saami had yet come to Jämtland in the 16 th century (Wiklund 1928: 397), Zachrisson found Saami graves from around 1100 in an area south of Jämt- land! I will not dwell further on the archaeological debate following Zachris- son’s excavations, but I want to add some linguistic arguments. This is a re- port from a text edition that I have been working on for a long time, which will be completed this year.

Holmberger’s word-list Among the famous researchers of Uppsala university in the 18 th century we find the botanist Carl von Linné and the linguist Johan Ihre, both of them outstanding scholars in their respective fields, whose influence was not only enormous in their own time but extended for a long time after their death. In 1911, the so-called Ihre collection of manuscripts was presented to the uni- versity library of Uppsala. Anders Grape, the librarian who arranged this huge manuscript collection and described it, found one list of words in Saami and one song from the Saami bear-ceremonies among the Ihre manuscripts. These Saami manuscripts were not signed, and it was consequently not known who had written them down and from which part of the country they derived. According to K. B. Wiklund (1912), to whom the manuscript was given for a judgement, the manuscripts represented the language of Saamis living as beggars in the province of Ångermanland, but the Saami language in the manuscripts seemed quite corrupt. So, according to Wiklund, these manuscripts were from a fairly northern part of Sweden, and the language presented there was not very interesting. A few years later, however, Anders Grape (1920: 123), when working with the Ihre collection of manuscripts, found another word-list, one that was obviously written by the same hand. It was a list of words from a Swedish dialect, and this time the author had also written his name in the word-list, Per Holmberger. In the department of manuscripts of the university library of Uppsala, a curriculum vitae by this person (UUB Westin 611) was also found. In this CV Holmberger confirmed that he did in fact write both of these word-lists.

60 SAAMI SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SWEDEN

Per Holmberger, who lived from 1745 till 1807, did not grow up in a wealthy family. His father was a soldier, and it was only thanks to the help of benevolent persons in his home parish that he received the possibility of studying, first with the sons of certain landed gentries, then with the sons of the parish priest. Thanks to the support of this priest, he even received the possibility of continuing his studies at the gymnasium of Linköping, the learned centre of his home province. In 1766 he finished his studies there. In other words, he was ready to continue at the university. Not until the follow- ing year could he go to the university of Uppsala, when he had been admitted a royal scholarship. As a student, Holmberger was obviously successful, and he came very close to being the best one in his group on the final exams. In 1777, Per Holmberger returned to his home-province Östergötland to work, first as a teacher and later on as a parish priest. During the ten years that Holmberger spent at the university of Uppsala, his most important teacher was Carl von Linné. Holmberger speaks very warmly about his teacher in letters that he wrote later on in life (e.g. UUB G2: 141), and even as a parish priest he showed an extra- ordinary interest in botany. To earn his living during his stu- dent years, Holmberger worked as a private teacher in well-to-do families. In his CV he has written down the names of the families where he worked as a private teacher. There is, however, no exact notes which indicate the years he worked for the respective families during his ten years at the university of Uppsala. As Grape (1920: 124) point- ed out, however, Per Holmberger pro- bably collected his word-lists while working as a private teacher around the middle of the 1770s. There are six families mentioned in Holmberger’s CV, that he worked in as a private teacher. Five of these families lived outside Uppsala. Out of these five families, only two lived north of

61 LARS -GUNNAR LARSSON

Uppsala. What is of utmost importance for the history of his Saami manu- scripts is the fact that the northernmost places where Per Holmberger worked – according to what he says in his CV – were Tolvfors and Söderbärke (or possibly Heby). Both of these places, marked on map 1, are in central Swe- den far away from Lappland. Consequently, in the 1770s Saami was spoken in central Sweden, some 100 kilometres north of Uppsala. At first glance this seems quite surprising. One might expect, as Wiklund did, Holmberger’s Saami speaking informants to live farther to the north. So let us look for other explanations! First of all, we have the mysterious year 1766–1767, i.e., the year after his gymnasium studies and before he left for Uppsala University. Could he not have gone to northern Sweden during that year? I do not think so, because at that time travelling in Lappland was no simple matter. When Carl von Linné set out for his famous Lapp journey in 1732, he had received money for the journey from the Royal Society of Sci- ences in Uppsala. As a matter of fact, this journey of Linné’s was so expen- sive that it almost emptied the financial resources of the academy (Sydow 1975: 276). Who would have paid for a journey of an unknown, poor student from the gymnasium of Linköping? A hypothetical journey to Lapland dur- ing his student years in Uppsala would also have been something so extraor- dinary that Holmberger would certainly have mentioned it in his CV or in the wordlist itself. Linné’s famous diary from the journey to Lappland is, after all, a book of considerable size. Why would not a young, poor student report in some way from such an exciting journey? Furthermore, Holmberger writes in his word-list that he has amused himself by writing down the language of the Lapps ”in his spare moments”. That is to say, Holmberger repeatedly vis- ited his informants, so it is likely that he produced his Saami word-list along- side his regular work. As a teacher of the boys in a noble, wealthy family, he would certainly have had such breaks in his work, providing him a possibil- ity to visit Saami speakers in the vicinity.

Contents of the word-list Holmberger’s word-list has the title Vocabularium linguæ Lapponum mendicantium, i.e. ’Vocabulary of the language of the begging Lapps’. Lap- pones mendicantes , ’begging Lapp’, can be understood as a Latin translation of Swedish tiggelapp or tiggarlapp, the former word attested already in 1640, both denoting Saami who tried to keep alive by begging (SAOB T 1103). There were many persons strolling around begging in Sweden in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, and the Saami obviously did not make up the majority among them (cf. Levander 1934: 98 f.). North of Lake Mälaren, however,

62 SAAMI SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SWEDEN there were at that time also Saami who had a specialized function in the farming society, namely as so-called parish Lapps (Svanberg 1999). A parish was an area whose inhabitants visited the same church, thus forming a basic social unity. In the Swedish farming society, some tasks were regarded as despicable, e.g., the slaughtering of horses. Therefore, the farmers north of Lake Mälaren had a parish Lapp to attend to such tasks. The old villages of the Swedish farmers were strictly ordered in a hierarchy, and the of land formed the basis of the social system. Only people possessing land lived in the villages, people who served the village in some way, such as craftsmen, soldiers and parish Lapps, but did not possess land lived outside the villages. There are many reasons for assuming that Holmberger’s infor- mants were, in fact, such parish Lapps. Holmberger’s word-list contains a little more than 1600 words, which are presented in a totally capricious order. Three words connected to bear hunt- ing, e.g., are followed all of a sudden by the words for stepmother and stepfa- ther. An extensive list of tailor’s terminology is followed by the words for bird’s nest, woman and cunning. The words have obviously been written down in the order they appeared during Holmberger’s discussions with his informants. Nevertheless, taken together, the words do cover a considerable part of human activities. An analysis of the words from the viewpoint of dia- lect geography helps us get a picture of this Saami variety spoken in central Sweden around 1770 by comparing its phonology, morphology, syntax and – especially – lexicon to that of other Saami dialects. Most difficult to judge are the phonological differences, since Holmberger’s way of taking down the Saami language is not that of a specialist. It should also be remembered that he has written down a language unknown to him. Nor is there any abundant morphological or syntactical material to consider, even if this material seems to give clear indications as to what Saami variety we are dealing with. The lexical material, on the other hand, is very rich and helps us position Holm- berger’s Saami in the Saami dialect chain. It can be stated that the Saami dialect in Holmberger’s list does not coin- cide with the southernmost Saami dialects. One phonological argument here is the form bieiviäh ’sun; day’; in South-Saami we have -jj-, biejjie . From Ume Saami and further to the north we meet the same consonantism as in Holmberger’s word, -jv-. An important morphological argument is that Holmberger’s dialect has the ending -p in the accusative singular, not -m as in the dialects in the far south. The lexical evidence is abundant. As is well known, there are some instances where the Saami language area is split into two, with basic concepts having one denotation in the south and another in

63 LARS -GUNNAR LARSSON the north (Larsson 1985: 169–170). Such cases are the words for moon and snow. In South Saami we find aske and lopme respectively, in the northern and eastern dialects mánnu and muohta respectively. For ’snow’ Holmberger gives both of these words, moett and loppme, for ’moon’ he only gives the south Saami word, ask . The analysis can be taken further. The terminology concerning shoemak- ing, e.g., is very enlightening. Holmberger has altogether thirteen words per- taining to shoemaking. From a social viewpoint this is important, since it seems to connect Holmberger’s informants to craftsmen living outside the village. The parish Lapps, too, seem to have been engaged in serving the farmers with different tasks and handicraft. Among the thirteen words con- nected with shoemaking, there are words with etymological correspondences in other Saami dialects. Holmberger’s altz ’vamp’, i.e. the piece of leather on top of the front part of a shoe, is no doubt identical to south Saami altese with an identical meaning. This word exists in Saami dialects all the way up till Enontekis in northern Finland. And Holmberger’s word ruajes ’back piece of a shoe’ corresponds to south Saami roejese and Lule Saami ruojas . Along with these old Saami words, common to many Saami dialects, we also find words of another character. According to Holmberger, the word Boäsk means ’heel of a shoe’ and it is certainly etymologically identical to, e.g., South Saami båetskie . But this South Saami word means ’heel of a sock or stocking’, not ’heel of a shoe’, because a traditional Saami shoe does not have a heel. Holmberger has also noted a word for the traditional sewing thread of the Saami, which is made from sinews, but he also gives the word for waxed ends, the thread that Swedish shoemakers used. This could be seen as an indication of Saami shoemakers making shoes according to the Swed- ish design. Furthermore, Holmberger gives an entire sentence from shoemak- ing, månä dsabmam viäckerin meaning ’I beat with the hammer’. Here it must be noted that no hammer is used in traditional Saami shoemaking; the shoes are sewn. The words pertaining to shoemaking seem to give a picture of traditional Saami shoemaking being adapted to Swedish shoemaking, and also of Saami working as craftsmen to serve Swedish customers. Such a hy- pothesis is supported by words from other areas of lexicon as well. All in all, the words seem to indicate a mixed culture of these Saami speakers, a culture caught in the process of adjusting itself to that of the ma- jority population. This interpretation of the language material in Holmber- ger’s word-list is in harmony with the utterances of his own informants. Ac- cording to Holmberger, his Lapps had told him that the young people did not care very much for their mother’s tongue, but mixed it more and more with

64 SAAMI SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SWEDEN

Swedish. Obviously, we are dealing with a process of language and culture change among the Saami, who were parish Lapps in central Sweden around 1770–1775.

Black horehound Can we then be absolutely sure that Holmberger’s parish Lapps lived so far to the south of Sweden as in Söderbärke (Heby) or Tolvfors? Couldn’t he have met his Saami informants and collected his material somewhere farther to the north, closer to the traditional Saami core areas? I think such a possi- bility can be rejected. As already mentioned, Per Holmberger studied for Carl von Linné, the famous botanist and professor of medicine. Also later in life he showed a keen interest in the botanical world, collecting and exchang- ing plants with his friends and colleagues. Among his written works, the clear majority deals with plants and only a couple of his writings deal with the Bible, in spite of the fact that he worked as a parish priest. Holmberger’s familiarity with the botanical world is evident also in his word-list. He gives fifteen words for plants, and in some cases he gives their Latin name as a translation. But when Linné’s pupil Holmberger collected these words, he certainly did not have any theoretical discussion about the botanical world with his Saami speaking informants. We can be quite sure that he simply pointed at some plant and asked for its name. In other words, he acted in the same way when collecting plant names as when collecting the rest of his ma- terial. Among the Saami plant names we find loanwords from Swedish. The equivalent of the Swedish plant name Båtsmansmössa ’cornflower’ (Rydén 2003: 46), e.g., is ”Blau blomster”, which is taken over directly from Swed- ish; blå blomster means ’blue flowers’. In other cases, he gives originally Saami words for plants and mushrooms. Among Holmberger’s words for plants there is one which is of particular interest: gosen milkie grasi , trans- lated by Holmberger into Latin, Ballota nigra. The English name of the plant is black horehound. This plant was established by Linné in 1753 (http:// www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?104824) and it has kept its Latin name ever since. It is known to have been used in folk-medicine to treat all kinds of diseases in cattle (NE 3 s.v.; http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/ lamia/ballo/ballnig.html). Therefore, its Saami name in Holmberger’s word- list gosen milkie grasi probably means ’the cow’s milk-grass’. These Saami words for cow, milk and grass are, of course, Scandinavian borrowings in Saami, having come into the Saami language long before Holmberger’s time (Wiklund 1892; Sköld 1961: 183). Even if one would try to regard them as

65 LARS -GUNNAR LARSSON separate Swedish loanwords in the language of the parish Lapps, which seems highly unlikely, the genitive-ending -n is, of course, Uralic in origin. We have here a Saami denotation for the plant Ballota nigra built up by three ancient Scandinavian loan-words and a Uralic genitive-ending. This plant must have existed in the place where Holmberger collected his word-list. As all plants, black horehound (Ballota nigra), too, has its geographical distribu- tion and distributional borders. Its distribution in Sweden is predominantly south-eastern, especially south-east Sweden and the islands of Öland and Gotland. The further to the west and north we go, the more unusual is the ap- pearance of this plant. The northern borderline of Ballota nigra runs through Västmanland and Gästrikland, i.e. the provinces where we find Heby and Tolvfors respectively. The plant black horehound is unknown in the areas of all other Saami dialects. In József Máté’s unpublished dissertation from Deb- recen University, not one single word for this plant can be found, yet he has collected his material very thoroughly. The reason is, of course, simple: black horehound does not grow where Saami is spoken today. So, gosen milkie grasi is the one and only example of a Saami word for Ballota nigra. This name for this particular plant is indisputable proof that Saami was in fact spoken in central Sweden in the 1770s.

Swedish ethnicity markers before 1809 Let us now return to the controversy about Saami as aborigines or new- comers in Sweden and see what Holmberger’s material can tell us! It is hardly possible to regard the Saami speakers of Holmberger as late newcom- ers, who due to poverty had come to these southern areas shortly before the time of Holmberger’s collection of material. As I have tried to show by means of the words for shoe-making, the wordlist rather bears witness of cul- tural adaptation. It should also be noticed that in spite of the many Swedish loanwords in the language of Holmberger’s Saami informants, he still main- tains that they could hardly communicate in Swedish. Only the younger gen- eration had started switching over to Swedish. This indicates that we are dealing with two parallel cultures. Among the craftsmen outside the farmers’ village there was obviously a Saami group still speaking Saami. But when did they get there? A wordlist from a period a couple of hundred years ago certainly says nothing about the distribution of languages in the dawn of his- tory. The existence of Saami speakers in central Sweden in the 1770s tells nothing about the situation in the stone age (cf. Sköld 2004, esp. p. 38, who has totally misunderstood my theories). For how long time, then, had these Saami speakers lived in these areas? A cautious guess could be that they ar-

66 SAAMI SPEAKERS IN CENTRAL SWEDEN rived there before the end of the 17 th century. To establish themselves in the farming society and adjust their language and culture to that of the majority population would probably take at least a century. It could have taken a longer time, but there is no way of ascertaining that with certainty. This result of this study would probably have been more shocking in the 19 th century than in the 18 th century when Per Holmberger lived. When he died in 1807, Finland was still part of Sweden, as it had been for some 600 years. In the western part of the Swedish empire, the Swedish language do- minated, while in the eastern part, the dominated. In the 17 th century, when Sweden was at its peak as a European power, many other languages were also spoken by Swedish subjects: Estonian, Saami, Carelian, Livonian, German, Russian and so forth. Consequently, language could not be used as a criterion for being Swedish. Instead it was religion, the Lutheran church, which was the criterion used. Even as late as 1845 a Swede who had converted to the Catholic faith was expatriated (Bexell 2003: 11). In 1809, Sweden lost its eastern, Finnish-speaking half and there was an increasingly liberal attitude to religion (Bexell 2003, Lenhammar 1987–89). This is when the Swedish language became the criterion for Swedishness, a change sup- ported by the ideas of nationalism spreading over Europe. So, the 19 th cen- tury theory of Saami as newcomers in Sweden seems to tell us more about the history of Swedish politics in the 19 th and 20 th centuries than about the history of the Saami people.

Literature

Bexell, Oloph 2003: När enhetskyrkan sprängdes. Internationella influenser i 1800-talets svenska kyrkoliv. In: Annales Academiæ Regiæ Scientiarum Upsaliensis 34/2001–2002. Uppsala. 9–25. Grape, Anders 1920: Den Ihreska björnfest-uppteckningens proveniens. I: Le Monde Oriental 13. Uppsala. 122–125. Kjellström, Rolf 2000: Samernas liv. 2:a utökade uppl. Stockholm. Larsson, Lars-Gunnar 1985: Kriterien zur klassifizierung der lappischen Dia- lekte in Schweden. In: Dialectologia Uralica. Hrsg. W. Veenker. (Veröf- fentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica 20.) Wiesbaden. 159–171. Lenhammar, Harry 1987–89: Fredrik Olaus Nilsson. In: Svenskt biografiskt lexicon 26. Red. G. Nilzén. Stockholm. 693–695. Levander, Lars 1934: Fattigt folk och tiggare. Stockholm.

67 LARS -GUNNAR LARSSON

Lundmark, Lennart 2002: ”Lappen är ombytlig, ostadig och obekväm”. Svenska statens samepolitik i rasismens tidevarv. (Norrbottensakademiens skriftserie 3.) Umeå. Máté, József 2003: A lapp növevénynevek etimológiai rétegei. Unpublished dissertation for the degree of Ph.D. of linguistics. Debreceni Egyetem Finnugor Nyelvtudományi Tanszék. NE 3 = Nationalencyklopedin. Tredje bandet. 1990. Höganäs. Nielsen, Yngvar 1891: Lappernes fremrykning mod syd i Throndhjems stift og Hedemarkens amt. In: Det Norske Geografiske Selskabs årbog II/1890– 1891. Kristiania. 18–52. Rydén, Mats 2003: Botaniska strövtåg. Svenska och engelska. (Acta Aca- demiæ Regiæ Gustavi Dolphi 82.) Uppsala. SAOB = Ordbok över svenska språket utgiven av Svenska Akademien. Lund. 1893–. Sköld, Tryggve 1961: Die Kriterien der urnordischen Lehnwörter im Lappis- chen. I. Uppsala. — 2004: ”Ömsesidig kolartro”. In: The Sámi and the Scandinavians. Aspects of 2000 years of contact. Hrsg. J. Kusmenko. (Schriftenreihe Schriften zur Kulturwissenschaft. Band 55.) Hamburg. 35–39. Svanberg, Ingvar 1999: Hästslaktare och korgmakare. Resursutnyttjande och livsstil bland sockenlappar. (Skrifter utg. av Johan Nordlander-sällskapet 21.) Umeå. Sydow, Carl Otto von 1975: Efterskrift. In: Carl Linnæus Lapplands resa år 1732. Red. M. von Platen–C. O. von Sydow. Stockholm. UUB G2: 141 = Letter from Holmberger to Adam Afzelius, October 29, 1779. UUB Westin 611 = Per Holmberger’s Curriculum vitae. Wiklund, K. B. 1892: Die nordischen Lehnwörter in den russisch-lappischen Dialekten. In: Suomalais-ugrilaisen seuran aikakauskirja 10. Helsingfors. 146–206. — 1912: nyfunnen skildring af lapparnas björnfest. In: Le Monde Orien- tal 6. Uppsala. 27–46. — 1928: Huru länge har det funnits lappar i Jämtland och Härjedalen? In: Jämtländska studier. Festskrift till Erik Festin. Utg. G. Näsström. Öster- sund. 391–412. Zachrisson, Inger, 1985: Saami or Nordic? A Model for Ethnic Determina- tion of Northern Swedish Archaeological Material from the Viking Period and Early Middle Ages. In: Arcaeology and Environment 4. In honorem Evert Baudou. Umeå. 187–195. — 1987: Samer i syd. In: Populär arkeologi 5: 1. Lärbro. 4–9.

68 A AA A A A A A Ï Ï a A A A A ae

A e a eee a A A A A a a a a e a a a a a e e e A

AAAA A aa aa ea A aa aa a a A ea ea aa aa ee ee a a A aa aa A A A A A A A

A A A A A A A A -či eeee инязорксчи (инязорчи) e a A eaeeeeaaeeeea aaeaaeaeee A Meeeeaa

AAAA кудочи A A aeeaaaae eeeaaaaa парочи eaeeaa eeaaa покшчи A A A aeeea aaaeaeaaaeaaa aaeaeaace Maae eaaea

A сыречи eeaeea aaaaaee сэтьмечи A Me eeaaaa эрямочи Haeeea aaeeeeee -či eeee инязорксчи A A eaeeea aaaaeaea ламочи A

AAAA Meaeeee aaaaaaaaae eeee сюпавчи Haeaa aeeeeeaaa тейтерьксчи A A A eeaaea a e ea a e e H e a -či eee авидечи A ee

A азорксчи eeeeeeeee eaaaeeeee aaaaeeeaa aa eee aac ee a e a A eaa a aaaa a aaaa eeee арасьчи aaeeaeeeca eaeeeaaaa

AAAA валдочи олячи A A eeaaaaeeee eaeeeeeaa aaaaaaaaacaae aa вачочи A eeaaaaaaa ee

A eaeeeeaae aaaeaaae видечи e aaaaeaaeaaae eeeeeaaeea T aa aaa a eeeeaeaaeeeee A Teeaae aeeeeeeeeeaa aeeee

AAAA a eeaaaeeeaa eeeae иневаньксчи AA A eeeeaeee a кудот-чить A A AA aeea eeaa летькечи Me e e aaa a ee e a eaa e e aaeeee парочи A eeaaaeeeaaaaee ee

A пешксечи aeeaaee питнейчи Meacaaaeeeaeeeeeeee ae превейчи A aae cee A Meea eaaaaace салавачи ceeeeaaeee aea содамочи A eeac

AAAA стакачи T aa ee ea aa сэтьмечи eaeaa eeaaeeeea сюпавчи Meeeaaaaae a aaaeaea aaeeaee aaaaeaa aeeaeeaa

A тоначи A A aaaeeee aeaee A A eeaeeaaaaaa aaaeeee чевтеседейчи eeaeeeeee чоподачи Ha ee ca c ee e шумбрачи A

AAAA eeaaeeeae aeeeeaaea эрявиксчи A eaeaee eeeeaaeea ялгаксчи aa M eeHaaeaaeeeae eaee A A

A A A c

AAAA ee

A A A A

A A A A A A A A A A A

A AA A A Egyeztetési típusok a magyarban, a finnben, az észtben és a lappban I. (Attributív szerkezetek) Dennica PENEVA 0. Bevezetés A accord, concord, agreement, Kongruenz, kongruenssi A A A A (con- structio ad intellectum) A A A

A A A A szerkezet irány példa fajta attributív isossa autossa abban az autóban kahdessa autossa a tanár autója a buszban, a pirosban predikatív a buszok robognak az Egyesült nyert Államok tuoli on vahva kahvi on vahvaa objektális egy buszt várok a buszt várom A A A A

1. Minőségjelzős szerkezetek. A 1.1. Magyar. A

A A A ezek az emberek, ezt az embert az a lány, ugyanez a fiú. A (fiatal lánynak) (fáradt emberrel) (aranygyűrűk) (olyan feladatok, ennyi pénzt) A ez a ház az a lány ezt a házat azt a lányt ennek a háznak annak a lánynak ezzel a házzal azzal a lánnyal A ez előtt a ház előtt az előtt a lány előtt a mögött a ház mögött a mögött a lány mögött A (e, a) a mellett a két ház mellett. A e házban A *a házban abban a házban, a házban. A ez a két ház, ebben a két házban, az előtt a két ház előtt. 1.2. Finn. A tä- mä suomalainen mies nämä suomalaiset miehet A

A A tämä vanha mies nämä vanhat miehet A tämän vanhan miehen nämä vanhat miehet tämän vanhan miehen näiden vanhojen miesten tätä vanhaa miestä näitä vanhoja miehiä tässä vanhassa miehessä näissä vanhoissa miehissä A tällä vanhalla miehellä näillä vanhoilla miehillä A (*tämän takana miehen takana); (tämän miehen takana A (*nuoresi vaimosi), (nuori vaimosi A koko pikku ensi viime eri koko päivän ensi viikolla viime päi- vinä eri paikassa 1.3. Észt. A heast raamatust häist raamatuist ilus maja ilusad majad A ilusa maja ilusad majad ilusa maja ilusate majade ilusat maja ilusaid maju ilusasse majja ilusatesse majadesse ilusas majas ilusates majades A see maja need majad A selle maja need majad selle maja nende majade seda maja neid maju sellesse majja nendesse majadesse selles majas nendes majades

A A ilusa majani ilusate majadeni ilusa majana ilusate majadena A ilusa majata ilusate majadeta ilusa majaga ilusate majadega selle majani nende majadeni selle majana nende majadena A selle majata nende majadeta selle majaga nende majadega A -nud -tud väsinud laps väsinud lapse, väsinud last; eesti keel , eesti keele, eesti keelt 1.4. Lapp. A A viššalis bárdni viššalis bártnit A -s jođán > jođánis viššal > viššalis nieida čeahppi > čeahpes duodjár -a, unni > unna gápmagat válmmas = válmmas gáffe nuorra = nuorra olmmai boaris = boares dállu -s galmmas > galbma beaivi ođas > ođđa gahpir stuoris > stuorra olmmái A e ~ ezen házban, e ~ ezen házakat

A A A AA

dát dállu dát dálut A dán dálu dáid dáluid dán dálu dáid dáluid dán dállui dáidda dáluide dán dálus dáin dáluin dáinna dáluin dáiguin dáluiguin dánin dállun = mii dáluid ! mat dáluid ! A man dálu maid dáluid man dálu maid dáluid man dállui maidda dáluide man dálus main dáluin mainna dáluin maiguin dáluiguin manin dállun =

mii dáluid mat dáluid gi báhppaid geat báhppaid A

A dása masa geasa dás mas geas buorre

buorre fanas buorit niibbit A buori fatnasa buoriid niibbiid buori fatnasa buoriid niibbiid buori fatnasii buriid(e) niibbiide buori fatnasis buriin niibbiin buriin fatnasiin buriid ~ buriiguin niibbiiguin buorren fatnasin =

A bahá buorre buriid ja baháid beiv- viid siste 2. Mennyiségjelzős szerkezetek 2.1. Magyar. A (három ember, sok ember). A A A A A A A három embert, sok embert, a harmadik embernek, a sokadik embernek

A A 2.2. Finn. A egy A yksi maa yhdet housut A yhden maan yhdet housut yhden maan yksien housujen yhtä maata yksiä housuja yhdessä maassa yksissä housuissa A yhdellä maalla yksillä housuilla viisi maata viidet kisat A viisi maata viidet kisat viiden maan viisien kisojen viittä maata viisiä kisoja viidessä maassa viisissä kisoissa A viidellä maalla viisillä kisoilla A egy AA A -toista kaksikymmentäyksi maata kaksitoista maata A kahdenkymmenenyhden maan kahdentoista maan A toinen päivä kahdeskymmeneskuudes päivä A toisen päivän kahdennenkymmenennenkuudennen päivän toisen päivän kahdennenkymmenennenkuudennen päivän toista päivää kahdettakymmenettäkuudetta päivää toisena päivänä kahdentenakymmenentenäkuudentena päivänä A s

A 2.3. Észt A A A A üks raamat ühed püksid A ühe raamatu ühed püksid ühe raamatu ühtede pükste üht(e) raamatut ühtesid pükse ühes raamatus ühtedes pükstes A ühel raamatul ühtedel pükstel viis raamatut kolmed käärid A viis raamatut kolmed käärid viie raamatu kolmede kääride viit raamatut kolmesid kääre viies raamatus kolmedes käärides A viiel raamatul kolmedel kääridel teine aasta kuues aasta A teise aasta kuuenda aasta teise aasta kuuenda aasta teist aastat kuuendat aastat teises aastas kuuendas aastas A teisel aastal kuuendal aastal

2.4. Lapp. A A okta ovtta. A okta

A A okta nieida A ovtta nieidda ovtta nieidda ovtta niidii ovtta nieiddas ovttain nieiddain oktan nieidan A A A golbma dálu vihtta bohcco A golbma dálu vihtta bohcco golmma dálu viđa bohcco golmma dállui viđa bohccui golmma dálus viđa bohccos golmmain dáluin viđain bohccuin golbman dálun vihttan boazun A A nubbe okta A A golmmat gápmagat A golmmaid gápmagiid golmmaid gápmagiid golmmaid(e) gápmagiidda golmmain gápmagiin golmmaiguin ~ golmmaid gápmagiiguin A

A 3. Kombinált szerkezetek (kijelölő + mennyiség-, kijelölő + számjelző)

3.1. Magyar A A ez a három szép asszony az első két sor A ezt a három szép asszonyt az első két sort ennek a három szép asszonynak az első két sornak ebben a három szép asszonyban az első két sorban A ennél a három szép asszonynál az első két sornál

3.2. Finn A nämä kolme kaunista naista A nämä kolme kaunista naista näiden kolmen kauniin naisen näitä kolmea kaunista naista näissä kolmessa kauniissa naisessa A näillä kolmella kauniilla naisella A ensimmäiset kaksi riviä ~ kaksi ensimmäistä riviä A ensimmäiset kaksi riviä ~ kaksi ensimmäistä riviä ensimmäisten kahden rivin ~ kahden ensimmäisen rivin ensimmäistä kahta riviä ~ kahta ensimmäistä riviä ensimmäisessä kahdessa rivissä ~ kahdessa ensimmäisessä rivissä A ensimmäisellä kahdella rivillä ~ kahdella ensimmäisellä rivillä

A A nämä kaksi riviä ensimmäiset kaksi riviä* näistä kahdesta rivistä ensimmäisestä kahdesta rivistä A ensimmäisten kah- den rivin A vajaat kolme tuntia vajaan kolmen tunnin kuluttua vajaassa kolmessa tunnissa

3.3. Észt – need viis ilusat raamatut A need viis ilusat raamatut nende viie ilusa raamatu neid viit ilusa raamatut nendes viies ilusas raamatus A nendel viiel ilusal raamatul kaks esimest rida ~ esimesed kaks rida A kaks esimest rida ~ esimesed kaks rida kahe esimese rea ~ esimese kahe rea kahte esimest rida ~ esimest kahte rida kahes esimeses reas ~ esimeses kahes reas A kahel esimesel real ~ esimesel kahel real

3.4. Lapp

A duot guokte goađi dát golbma máná A duon guovtte goađi dán golmma máná duon guovtte goađi dán golmma máná duon guovtte goahtai dán golmma mánnái duon guovtte goađis dán golmma mánás duoinna guvtiin gođiin dáinna golmmain mánáin A A mat golbma A (az a két ház, ez a három gyerek).

4. Konklúzió A A A A A A A A

A A A A

5. Teendők A A A A

Irodalom A A A A A

A A A A A A AA A A A Types of Agreement in the Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lapp (Saami) Languages I. (Attributive Constructions)

A A A A A A

A AA A A Demographic and Linguistic Dynamics of the Mari People Edit Rózsavölgyi 1. Introduction A 2. Demographic factors

A A A A

AA A A AAA am

A A A

3. The process of language development A A

AA A A A o acm ao o om payaymooaacommaaaaa a A a oma a a pay a A

A A A A

AA A A A A A A A A A A A A

A oo a A aya oo

AA A A coc o aa amo o po a aycaoaym

4. Conclusion A

A Literature A A

A AA A A -t -tt o a A Au u u A u A Au u u u A u uu aao A uu A uu u u u

AA A aaaa u a u u a aaaeaaaaaeaeee A a aa u u A u u u ua a A u A u u aaaaa A u A Au u u A e e uu

A e u A u e aaaaeee aauuaaeaaa uua a A eeaaaeaa u eu a ea A u ua a a u aa a a ea u euuua u u eeaee ee eee aae a a uu e a u eaa ee u a a aa

AA A u u eaaeaa aea e e u u u A e uaa ao A uu A A u ea eaee eeaaeeee au aaaaee ea ea ee eea a aaa a e ee A u A u u uuu u uuu

A A eu a a A u u u uu A e u e uAee ee A eu aa A A A e u eee a aaa u oaao A u a e Au Au ea ee

AA A eee eee u u u eeee u e a eee A e A aea A eee a A eae u A ee A ee u eau euu A u a eeee a e eeeaueeeeeaaea aa e u ee a ee aa u A u u A uu uu aa eee A u → u

A oao A A A A Au A A A A A u u A u A u A uuA u AA Au u A Au Auu AA u

AA A aa -t,-tt oo u u u u u Auuu uu uu u uu u A AA

A AA A A

Volgai finnugor kor?

ZAICZ Gábor

1. A A A A A

A ∗ A A A x A A 2. ∗A

A A A A A A p p p A ç ç

A A ¡ s ç s ä ç p p x - - A - A c ç ä A ä

A s A p p ss p p p pp p pp c c c ä A A ç ç ¡ A ä A

A s ç s p p p p pp - p p p pp - p p p pp p pp p p p p p A p pç p p p ç - p p p pä p p pä py A

A s - p p p p p p ç p p p s ç s - s s y y A ç - pp p pp pp pp p p A p p p p - ä ä s

A A - 3. A A 1) A p p A

A 2) A ¡ 3) A A A A p p p A

A 4. A A A A A x x A ypy Irodalom A A A A

A x A A A x

A Gab es eine finnisch-ugrische Zeit an der Wolga? x A pOy A 1) 2) 3) x A

A AA A A A A A A A A A

AAA A A A A A (langage) (cognition) A A A A Mémoire ouralienne, A A A Typologie: Finno-ougrien ou ouralien? A A

AAA A A Fennique ou Balto-Finnois, A A L’ estonien dans la région baltique, A Le finnois, nouvelle langue l’Union européenne, A

AAA A A Le hongrois, langue d’Europe et d’Oural, tertium comparationis A Oralité arctique, A A Plurilinguisme ouralien, A Saga of Lost Earths A Sémantique et cognition: la structure informationnelle des langues ouraliennes A A

AAA A A ... comparée à d’autres langues du monde, A A Résumés – Abstracts, A Index des noms, Index des langues, Index des notions, . A A

A A

AAA P A A A A A AA (Soziolo- gie und Sprachgeschichte. Methodologische Betrachtungen zur Vergangen- heit und Zukunft der uralischen Sprachen) A A (The Re- vival of Dead Languages of Living Peoples). - - A (Language Planning since Perestroika – the Case of the Uralic Lan guages in )

AAA A (The Kindred Peoples Program of ) A (The Kinship Identity and Dialects in Finland today) (Language Preservation among the Sámi) (The Sámi Language Rights in Norway) A A (Environmental Problems and their Effect on the Sámi People) A A A AA (Cur rent Sámi Literature as an Identity Bearer) A (In Which Way Does Literature Emerge within the Uralic Lingustic Minorities – Johan Turi’s Case) A (Kontinuitätstheorien und territoriale Be- sitzansprüche am Beispiel der Geschichte der Obugrier) A (The

AAA Subsistence of the Language of the -Ugrians as a Precondition for the Autonomy of the Aboriginal People) AA (Who Owns Tradition? Conflict around Cultural Pro- perty among and Forest Nenets) (Ethnodemographic Processes in the Republic Udmurtia) (On a Ridge between Darwinism and Elightenment: some Remarks on Neologisms in Udmurt) A A (The : Present and Future) A (Political Movements in Komi Republic) A Language Boun- daries and Border(line) Languages: Problems of Finnic Language Planning A A (The Decline of the Votic Lan- guage and People). A A

AAA A Zur heutigen politischen Situation der ostseefinni- schen Minderheits-Sprachen A A A (Current Discussion about the Status of Tornedal- ian as a Minority Language) A ( and Culture) A Culture and Traditions of the Mordvins A Culture and Traditions of the Mari

AAA (Ist eine einheitliche mordwinische Literatursprache möglich?) A A (Terminology of the Mordvinian Bible Translations) A A (Identity versus Alterity: some Analytical Considerations) (To Con- serve or to Reinterpret: on the Identity of Hungarians in Romania) A Antti Jalava and his Image of Hungary A A

AAA A A A A A A A A A A A A

AAA P ” kirjoitettu yleiskieli A älkäämme kertoko A

AAA Partikkeli ai, jaa, jaha, no joo, juu, niin, just tä(h) hä(h) jaa jaa jaa vai, kyllä, nyt, ihan, niinku pa, -s Tä(h)/hä(h) An- teeksi, mitä (sanoitte)? mitä? jaa

AAA lausuma lause A Iso lasi sitä samaa. Kolme vai. A Neljä. Kolme siis kiitos. A Kolme joo. pieni kahvi, yks postimerkki, noi tollaset kaheksankytsenttiset potkuhousut, eli, mut (vai mitä?). limittäisrakenteet Tultiin vii me yönä joskus yhen aikaan oltiin perillä Toi meidän äiti ni se on tosi hauska.

AAA Henna kerro sun päivästä, oliks ruotsinkurssil ihanaa? Painatkos Sundman sitä nappia. hei kuule Kuules poju , minä saan olla aivan missä haluan. Roikkala, perkele kyllä joo/juu Kävitkö siellä sitten? – Joo. Kyllä Kyllä - Vaimos ei polta A No ky:l se p olttaa. No lähet sä käymää siellä Leevi luona? mä tiiä. No, Eli et siis lähe. E:m mä varmaankaa. Eli (em mä tiiä) A A

AAA Vittu onks tajutont meininkii. Piruako se kansalle kuuluu mitä herrat päättää. A se, siinä, sellainen, joku kyllä Kyllä minä itse paremmin tiedän Kuoleman jälkeisistä asioista en ole pät kääkään kiinnostunut. pätkääkään Olen kiinnostunut kuolemanjälkeisistä asioista pätkän.) älä Älä ihmeessä ~ helvetissä ~ hitossa kato(s) vaan Sano(s) muuta Älä muuta sano A jumalauta, jukoliste paska vittu

AAA A kyllä Ison suomen kieliopin samantekevyyden kvanttoripronomini A

AAA A A A Aiga lugie i paissa karielakši A A A Pereh, Oma koti, Oma randa, Mahtajat rahvaš, Miän tavat, Kirjakielen historijašta; A A Образцы ка-

AAA рельской речи, Karjalan kieltä ja kansankulttuuria, Kauas läksit karjalainen, A A A P The Saami Languages. An Introduction A Johdatus lapin kielen historiaan Synopsis des Lappischen, The Saami Languages. An Introduction North Saami Resource Dictionary. The Saami Languages North Saami Resource Dictionary A Lappisk ordbok Lapp Dictionary A A North Saami

AAA Resource Dictionary- A A North Saami Resource Dictionary lulle, mad’de A North Saami Resource Dictionary- A North Saami Resource Dic tionary A a tergo-

AAA A A A biew’lâ biewlâdit biew’lât biew’lâdit biew’lât biew’lâ-lod’dit biew’lai biew’lât biw’lii biew’lai biewlos biew’lai biw’lut A biw’lut biew’lâ-lod’dit lod’dit A a tergo -mættom -(s tâllât A North Saami Resource Dictionary- A A A

AAA A A A A A A Eťimologijań valks A

AAA bujan kompjuťer A A A A A

AAA A veχksa vejkse guŕńit-: śulot guŕńit kurnata A keľmas, -z, keľmaj keľ beľmes keľme kesak тесак köčki keč3 küzö, küźü kés kiv: vasov kiv ki vasov ki kidaj хода(й) kiź äďej, kiźäďäj kila кила kilčk, kilkšt кызыт, кизыт kiŕťams, kiŕftams киремемс kiŕams kitka кит-: китнэмс kišk äväms kohkuma kiškstäväms kiškst äms käld ämafks käld äma kovoľams kovoldams

AAA kovšańa kovš-: koko кока końďä kunta, had A кунж’o końč äna оконце -na kop äna -na kopťiŕks kopa kopturga- коптыра- kosmaďims кечкердемс kotagaj кодамс kočemks кочкамс котлямс кот- kočomka качo koš кашгодомс košt: vaśeń košt kuda: čeŕ-kuda куд(а) kukaft äms kukams kukams kumbo кумболдомс комбоня kumbodoms k(r)uŋgra kundra kuŕ(ä) karava kura kuŕa kuŕä A kuja kujä

AAA kuŕď äm kuurto A kuŕgadams кирьфтамс kutmavks kutmol- gadoms laśkan, laśkendan A laśke laśke ľeľeďems леле läyli A ľeŋkuda, ľemkuda ленге ľeťńams ľima loimi ľijems ľij äms A ľimbams lovaža lov loka luv lo loma A ludna лованя luńža- лончо ľakams maksur maksaŕka maksaŕ maksaka максака meźas мышь A

AAA авозламс вана вона A кита: к. корён гага иса A бука бык верьгиз вирь -газ, ведьгаз ведь кешнямс кшнямс ки keino A комсь лаподемс ломань

AAA маштомс A Тюркские заимствования в мордовских языках. ака арлян келда кушмань авал бусма комля каш- тан кастар карлав куро A айел асу арзя ила каршо кор kur3 козя матор иса котянь конёв лац зепе керямедь аера, айра кильдемс keltä лама A A komaža ko pav kärš lovaža A A

AAA A P P A A A A A A AA A

AAA A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A

AAA A A A A A A A A

AAA A A A A A A A AA A A A A stress accent (prominencia) pitch loudness intonation (preferential word stress) A A

AAA A A A A AA A A A A A A A

AAA A /a/ A A hölläliittymäinen lujaliittymäinen A A A A A A A A

AAA A AA A A A A A A A A

AAA A A A (permische Grundsprache) (urpermische Zeit), A A A A (Sprachwandel) A A

AAA A A A A A A A A A A A k m t j k m t A -k-, mtj-A

AAA A A śk A A A A A A A A A AA

AAA A A A A A гондыр/шур гондыр шур A A лумпун' калым лумпун' лымпä унь

AAA A A кичма, a) fizikai-földrajzi jellegre utaló név 29,62% b) emberi tevékenységre utaló név 67,94%

AAA c) ismeretlen eredetű nevek 2,44% A A A эбэк/шур/ул/н'ук дкп < долголетнее культурное пастбище A A A A A A

AAA

A A Ősi kapocs A A A AAA A

AAA A A rasna A A A etruszk A A A A A AA Ősi kapocs A maru mérő mer 3A A AA A // /i/

AAA gyula g yu A A A A

A AA A A caa caoaacaeeceea

Moneemen ameoeTanoaeonOnomacaaca

Память земли „

Память, запечатленная в слове. aaa aa

a x Onomaca a ca

aypaca epeee epee eap a yepaoc aaaeeeeaaaayepyae oa Peoao o e a o ao aaaaeoyaAeoaeao eeaaoaaaaoaaaey aaaaeyeeeapoeepa oaeeeaaapeaao aeeaaeeeeeeo eoooeaayooepo eoeeeeeeeeeeee aeyeeeaaoaaeaeepoeo oaaeyeee a poeo oyo eey eee ayo e eeeaeepceyeAaaaea copooayeepeaaaeeaoyo e eye eeyeppe eee e a aaa e Aaaoaeeaecaaepe oaoo aeeeaeaeaoaoao aaeye eeo ceaoep a ape eeeoceaaeeeeaeea oe

yeooaaoeeeaaeyaoaopoo aaeeee

Aepeaaeeeeeaayeeoo aoaoaeeyeaeeeee eea aaeeeaayooe co cee aeeaa aea ceoa a a a oa a e oao eeeee eyeeeoaeeoaoea coyaeceaoaeeaye ooeapo a poeo ey eeeeeeyaaee e y e ee e aa a oocoa e e eoa e a eyeee eoa a yacapeeoyeeeee aaaeayaoaoaa Aeeyaa eoa e ee oao a a ey eyee eeeeaaaoeoaeeAea ma a ceem eo eeee A epe a oo eeoayceeyeoaooaaaa aaoaaeeepe a a eee eeaoyoa eee

eyeee ey aaoyaeecepoaa ey a oaca aca ayooa eee a Boapy Onomacaaca eecee oocoae a eeee eee ee a e aa e a a ee ay ee aaa eeaooaae ee a a a eye a eayeeapcoaoaoaooaoope ooaa aeeaaaaeoaa eee e oy ayee oa eyee a oa aee e o yee a ye aceapeaaaexo a poeo eey e ca a oyo pc eyeeeeeaeaaaaeec o a oya a poeo a o yee oo oa aaaeeeapeeaec eeeeeooyaaa eaoacaacaaeyeapoaee ceaaeeoeoeeeeaee aepee A

A AA A A ooo o A A A A A A

A oooo A A A AA A A A A

A A o A oo o A A A A

A A oo

A

AA o A AAA A (Pápay József osztják hagya téka) A A A A A A

A A A A A A (Settlement Names in the Uralian Languages, Резултаты и планы периодики Onomas- tica Uralica; К этимологическому исследованию гидро- нимов – на мордовском материале). – A Az időhatározók a mordvinban A A - Az inari és a kildini lapp egyházi terminológia etimológiai elemzése néhány bibliafordítás alapján; Az északi lapp bibliafordí- tások betegségneveinek etimológiai vizsgálata; A „kísértés” terminológiájának kérdései A (The National Awakening of Endangered Uralic Peoples) A A (A mordvin nyelv rendszere), (Suomi ja unkari sukukielinä) A Folia Uralica Debreceniensia A

o co x

ccc c P ccc c c c ecee c c yy

eee eee ecee cc u c eee ccceee ccc ue c c ueey c c c c e c

(http://mnytud.arts.unideb.hu/finnugor/kiadvanyok.htm) (pp. 142) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1989. Red. Keresztes László–Kiss Antal (pp. 222) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1991. Red. Keresztes László–Kiss Antal–Maticsák Sándor (pp. 160) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1994. Red. Keresztes László–Kiss Antal–Maticsák Sándor (pp. 260) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1997. Red. Nyirkos István–Kiss Antal–Maticsák Sándor (pp. 262) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1998. Red. Nyirkos István (pp. 246) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 1999. Red. Keresztes László–Maticsák Sándor (pp. 216) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 2000. Red. Keresztes László–Maticsák Sándor (pp. 761) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen–Jyväskylä, 2001. Red. Maticsák Sándor–Zaicz Gábor–Tuomo Lahdelma (pp. 224) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 2002. Red. Keresztes László–Maticsák Sándor–Dusnoki Gergely (pp. 270) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 2003. Red. Keresztes László–Maticsák Sándor–Dusnoki Gergely (pp. 184) ISSN 0239-1953 Debrecen, 2003. Red. Keresztes László–Maticsák Sándor–Dusnoki Gergely

* * * Ki kicsoda Finnországban? Száz híres finn élete és munkássága. Szerkesztette Mati- csák Sándor. A szócikkeket írta Kovács György, Sanna Lähde, Maticsák Sándor és Anna Tarvainen. Debrecen, Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, 1999. 151 pp. Maticsák Sándor–Anna Tarvainen: Finn nyelv. Debrecen, Kossuth Egyetemi Kiadó, 2005 3. 200 pp. * * * • Congressus Septimus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum. Debrecen, 1990. 1A, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4, 5, 6. ooo oo H-4010 Debrecen, Pf. 54. – Fax: (36-52)-512 923 – E-mail: [email protected]