EDITORIAL STAFF

E . L . S h a n e b EdUor-in-Chief

E . C . K r e u t z b e r g Editor WM. M. R o o n e y I r w i n H . Such News Editor Engineering Editor

J. D. K n o x G u y H u b b a r d Steel Plant Editor M achine Pool Editor

A r t h u r F . M a c c o n o c h e e Contributing Editor The Magazine of Metalworking and Metalprodueing D o n S . C’a d o t A rt Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

G. H . M a n l o v e , W . J. C a m p b e l l G . W . Bib d s a l l , F . R . B r i g g s , D . B. W i l k i n AUGUST 21, 1944 New Pork: B. K. P r i c e , L. E . B r o w n e Pittsburgh: R . L. H a r t f o r d Chicago: E. F. R o s s Detroit: A. H . A l l e n Washington: L . M . L a m m London: V i n c e n t D e l p o r t Volume 115—Number 8

ASSISTANT EDITORS

~J. C. Su l l iv a n , J . M . K u r t z , R . W . S h e s t a g J. M. W h e l a n , A. J. F i n g u l i n

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENTS NEWS

R, W . K i n c e y L. C. F e l d m a n Birmingham, Ala. Buffalo, N. Y. Effective Price Control During Transition Prom ised ...... 67 G eorge R . R e is s S a m u e l S. C a r r OP A will not establish hard and fast rules Youngstown, O. Cincinnati, O. J. Vio n P a p i n F. S. T o b i n Surplus Steel ...... 68 War Production ...... 80 St. Louis Toronto, Ont. Government Property ...... 69 WPB-OPA ...... 81 L u t h e b W h i t e m a n Present, Past and Pending 69 1414 Paducah St., Los Angeles, Calif. Export Prospects ...... 82 1918 vs. 1944 ...... 70 Men of Industry ...... 92 R o b e r t B o t t o r f f 415 Bush St., San Francisco, Calif. Civilian G oods ...... 72 Obituaries ...... 94 R. C. H ill W est Coast ...... 74 Activities ...... 95 408 Marion St., Seattle, Wash.

BUSINESS STAFF G. O. H a y s TECHNICAL Business Manager R. C. Ja e n k e C. H. B a i l e y Spot Welding Used for Fabrication of Heavy Steel Sections 98 Advertising Manager Advertising Service ■THTT'l'jUillli New developments aid in eliminating previous limitations New Pork, E. W. K r r u t z b e r g , K. A. Z ö l l n e r Pittsburgh, S. H. J a s p e r , Casting Alloy Steel for the Oil-Field Industry ...... 102 S is jító S B. C . S n e l l , H. G . R o w l a n d Static and centrifugal castings supplied in any size or shape 3¿Í22 Chicago, L . C . P e l o t t , V . W . V o l k Cleveland, D. C. K i e f e r , C. H. C r o s s Joining Aluminum Alloys by Most Recently Accepted Practices 110 Los Angeles, F. J. F u l l e r Variations in arc-welding procedure discussed in third section J . W . Z u b e r Application of Cast Iron Recuperator Elements ...... 118 Circulation Manager Mag cła? & Lower flue gas temperature lessens maintenance, lengthens life MAIN OFFICE Wartime Developments in Heat Treatment of Steel ...... 123 j; Ponton Building, Cleveland 13, Ohio Much progress made under pressure of military requirements 32J3Í3S ® J c? BRANCH OFFICES Government List of Enemy-Held Metalworking Patents Published 126 jf-aDv [;' w * 0 * 1 7 ...... 16 East 43rd St. Section VIII of abstract from Alien Property Custodian s list jpomfe* icago 11 ...... 520 North Michigan Ave. ■¡¡¡¡im " is urgh 19 ...... 2800 Köppers Building 2 ...... 6560 Cass Ave. Khmm 4 ...... 956 National Press Bldg. 1 ^ ...... - ...... 2030 Carew Tower FEATURES 4 . . , 130 N. New Hampshire Ave. • 2 Caxton St., Westminster, S.W. 1 As the Editor Views the News 63 W ing Tips ...... 88 Postwar Previews ...... 75 The Business Trend ...... 96

ifflP l The P e n t o n P u b l i s h i n g Co., Penton Windows of Washington ... 76 Industrial Equipment ...... 128 lit fffreksureuG n w ' n Shaner- President Mirrors of Motordom ...... 85 Construction and Enterprise 190 DiTFNlS 'f aser R r S' w’- Vl£e President a" d General PAICn , f my* t S r> - ’ JAENEE.• Vice vice .rresicient;President; r.F. o.G. oS t e i n e -- . /*/#» VICe a resident and Spirrtarv F T .Cl/P|ED CO^nt« T Treasurer. , l S nt and E. L. W e r n e r , Burreau of fuculations; Associated Sion ’ ’ and National Publishers’ oaöiii : ¥ onday- Subscription in the United MARKETS South p,0sses?10ns> Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Central 3 co,,ilfAmenca. one, year $6; two years S10; all War Pressure Continues but General Buying Lags ...... 167 ^ S 2 5 c |?ntere J® 3" % ^ a8 “ ,816 “ P ’“ C m T c n t Is 'ffice at r w f A 5 sec,ond i las,s matter at the Market Prices and Composites ...... 168 I JS n Cleveland, under the Act of March 3 1 Copyright 1944 by the Penton Publishing Co! Index to advertisers ...... 197

61 THEY KEEP US UP IN THE AIR

— those millions of screws and fasteners and

small parts for airplanes. Without th em -n o air victories in wartime — no great air transport

industry after V-Day. They’re built to precision accuracy, of course accuracy that usually starts from a Morgan-

built Rolling Mill that can produce uniform wire rod at high speeds to meet profitably the extra­

ordinary demand for drawn steel rod, from which

can be formed these "little giants of aircraft

construction” — now, and in the coming Age of

Flight.

MORGAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS

PLAN NOW W /Tpr ORGAN

engineers and builders of rolling MILLS • WIRE »IIJ GAS PRODUCER MACHINES • REGENERATIVE FURNACE CONTR» l/TEE 62 ' AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS \ '

August 21, 1944

“ Weakens National Character” Debate in the Senate over the Murray-Kilgore and George bills and the subse­ quent adoption of the latter by a resounding vote of 55 to 19 reflect differences of opinion that will be manifested in the discussion of many major issues which will arise in the next few years. It is unwise to ascribe this feud solely to a flare-up of the old states rights' versus federal control issue or to a straight out-and-out cleavage between conserva­ tives and liberals. Its roots go far deeper. In the first place the two bills have a similar objective. Each is intended to facilitate reconversion of the national economy from a state of war to a state of peace. The chief difference lies in the degree to which the bills would lodge authority in the federal government and in the amount of aid extended to persons suffering from the adjustment from war to peace. A second pertinent factor lies in the sponsorship of the bflls. Behind the Mur­ m ray-Kilgore bill is the powerful CIO and the radical element of the new deal bureauc­ racy. Backing the George bill are Senators representing both major parties who, feeling a responsibility to fight against what they believe is a dangerous trend toward state socialism, are supported in this particular instance by the majority of taxpayers. So the issue boils down to one wherein one side, having gone a long way toward centralizing government authority and abusing that authority to the benefit of favored pressure groupSs, now wishes to carry the centralization and the attending additional opportunities for abuse a few steps farther—in fact to a fantastic extreme. The other side, seeing the danger, is trying to avert it by sponsoring enabling legisla­ tion which will deal with reconversion effectively without subjecting the nation to the hazards inherent in the Murray-Kilgore proposal. On Feb. 16, 1887, Grover Cleveland, a great Democratic President, wrote a letter to members of the House of Representatives in which he emphasized the fol­ lowing two points: . . . The lesson should be constantly enforced that though the people sup­ port the government, the government should not support the people.” “Federal aid .... encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character.” These are good points for the congressmen of 1944 to consider carefully when they take up the George bill this week.

NO SUDDEN EXODUS ; A comparison When we are able to look back upon our present of the effects of World Wars Nos. 1 and 2 upon in­ war experience in retrospect, we may find that the dustry shows numerous parallels and some impor­ sharpest contrasts were not in the war effort itself tant divergencies. For almost every major point but in the readjustments after the fighting ceased. at issue during the present conflict one can find The armistice of World War I occurred at 11 a.m. a corresponding controversy in the earlier war. The Somebody—oversimplifying the rapid removal of chief points of difference arise from the great dis­ wartime restrictions—remarked that all the dollar- crepancy in the magnitudes of the two events. a-year men fled Washington on the 11 p.m. train World War I was a small-scale operation in com­ the same day. parison with World War H. Nothing like that will happen this time. Much . nil* (OVER) p c i 63

_ SELLING U. S. PLANTS: Disposition of as most persons will welcome the abandonment of government-owned plants is one of the most impor­ excessive government controls, they recognize the tant problems of the reconversion period. Most of necessity of proceeding cautiously during the period the bills before Congress on the disposal of wartime of adjustment. This time our release from wartime surpluses deal with the subject but thus far debate | restraints will be more orderly. P* ^ has not brought forth any definite policy from legis­ * * * lative sources. O U R SECRET W EAPON: Battlefields Meanwhile the Surplus War Property Administra­ are great testing grounds for automotive vehicles. tion and the Defense Plant Corp., proceeding un­ Some of the Allied nations have been so impressed der authority acquired by executive order, have by the stamina of American automotive military been formulating policies governing the sale of equipment that they are investigating design and plants. While these policies are far from being fixed production procedure in the United States. or definite, they do indicate that a pattern is being British investigators are finding sharp differences developed which may encourage seller and buyer in costs. They have discovered that a steering to get together. wheel in a British vehicle costs 81 per cent more Prospective buyers are warned not to expect bar­ than that in an American car of comparable design. gains.” At the same time it is apparent that re­ A British starter costs 79 per cent more, a distributor placement cost at the time of sale will weigh heavily 59 per cent more, a crankshaft 127 per cent more in determining the price asked. and malleable iron castings 100 per cent more The quicker the government can come to a talk than their American counterparts, respectively. turkey” position on this difficult problem, the sooner These comparisons are particularly significant industry will be able to key these governm ent^. when viewed in the light of British and American ties into its postwar plans. P- 69 wage rates. GeneraUy, the worker in a manufac­ * » <* turing establishment in the United States receives Metallurgists an hourly wage which is about double that received WARTIME PROGRESS: have learned much about the heat treatment of by his British contemporary. steel during the war period. According to Har­ Obviously there is something in the American sys­ ry W. McQuaid, assistant chief metallurgist of tem of manufacturing which makes for greater effi­ Republic Steel Corp., this accelerated progress is ciency. It may be ability to organize effectively, reflected in two ways: The use of multiple lower higher productivity of labor, superior “know how” or special refinements in mass production technique. alloy steels to replace simpler steels of higher alloy Whatever it is, it is a national asset which will content and water quenching of alloy steel anna- be invaluable in the postwar competition for world ment are full-fledged developments largely attribut­ able to the war. Induction and flame heating, iso­ markets. P' thermal heat treating, improved quenching, shot * « * blasting and controlled atmospheres are develop­ ADJUSTMENT AHEAD! As the net ments which were under way in prewar days and draws tighter around the enemy in Europe, repre­ have advanced to various stages of commercial ap­ sentatives of government and industry study more plication under the pressure of war. intently the events which would follow a sudden Much remains to be learned about these devel­ victory. Industrialists are thinking of inventories, opments and considerable additional refinement in pVices, etc. in relation to their reconversion prob­ the technique of applying them can be expected. lems. The government men are scanning the same Nevertheless, the accelerated progress induced by factors, but from the angle of their overall effects. the war now provides designers of structures, ma­ Of all of the public statements on this subject, chines and parts with some important materials and the most specific is Donald Nelson’s estimate that methods which under the normal rate of peacetime a German collapse will mean a 40 per cent cut in development probably would not have been avail­ munitions orders after which “industry will be able able for a decade or more. —P* 1^3 to produce as much for civilians as it did in 1939, at the same time carrying on all the military pro­ duction necessary for the war against Japan. This is a rather reassuring prospect, but it in­

volves a terrific amount of difficult adjustment. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF —n. 07. 72. 73

'TE 64 Projections of the spectrum cf a steel sam­ ple being studied by the spectroscopist. S; U h ea t tree A ceortfos ie f meta! The Case Against "Tramp” Elements d erated j e o f m nltf Ten minutes after a sample of steel is placed in the apparatus, where it is quickly delivered to the Inland laboratory its 3f alloy it«8 vaporized by an electric arc, and the spec­ ?nts largek^1 chemical content is clearly and perma­ trum recorded on photographic film. 1 nently recorded on spectrographic film. ed Inland uses the spectrographic labora­ jheres ® Je« This film is greatly enlarged by proj ection, tory for frequent and rapid tests while in prewar and is studied by the spectroscopist. There s of heats are being made. But this is only is not a chance for any “ tramp” elem ent rar. one of the many methods used by Inland to pass undetected. to control the quality of steel— steel that The apparatus by which these checks is uniform from order to order— steel are made is known as a spectrograph. A that is easily fabricated with minimum small specially prepared sample of steel is wastage.

Sheets • Strip • Tin Plate • Bars • Plates • Floor Plates • Structurais • Piling • Rails • Track Accessories • Reinforcing Bars

INLAND STEEL COMPANY 38 S. Dearborn St., Chicago 3, III.

Branth Offices: Cincinnati Detroit . Kansas City • Milwaukee • New York St. Louis St. Paul 8-Cylinder Frame-Up

lubricate the tools, and by carrying away the ASS producing the millions o f parts that M go into the combat equipment of the heat, prevent chip welding, improve the fin­ United Nations requires metal working ma­ ish, increase tool life. chines ranging in size from a few pounds to For example, finish reaming Army tank tread pin couplings, Texaco ALMAG thousands of tons. Cutting Oil increased reamer life 5 times. This record mass production would not have been possible but for the introduction The services of a Texaco Engineer special­ of vastly improved machining methods, and izing in cutting coolants are available to you of equal importance, the cutting and soluble through more than 2300 Texaco distributing oils developed by Texaco. points in the 48 States. Texaco Cutting Oils permit higher spindle The Texas Company, 135 East 42nd Street, speeds, increased feeds, greater output. They New York 17, ,N. Y.

TEXACO

E ,N THE TEXACO STAR THEATRE EVERY SUNDAY N IG H T—CBS ★ HELP W IN THE W AR BY RETURNING EMPTY DRUMS p j H PRICES Effective Price

Control Promised ***! During Transition

0PA administrator holds hard and fast rules for i reconversion pricing not feasible. Outlines general policies to be followed during changeover from war to civilian production

CITING the War Production Board’s ction in permitting, subject to avail- bility of labor, materials and facilities, CHESTER W. BOW LES ...... OPA Director esumption of the m anufacture of m any Mian items which had not been made into account increased wage rates and in­ of 1919 with booming inflationary prices ¡ince early 1942, Chester Bowles, OPA creased prices of material. In the case of followed by an inevitable collapse and Administrator, told his press conference companies which continue to have war economic disaster.” last Thursday that effective price con­ business or other civilian business we Mr. Bowles said: “We will modify and trol will be provided during the recon­ will also consider the general financial version period. change our pricing methods to fit chang­ position of the firm. We will decentralize ing conditions and in line with our ex­ He said: “It is obviously impossible for the adjustment of these prices to our perience. Pricing (or prices) will be re­ the OPA at this time to lay down any district and regional offices as far as pos­ checked at regular intervals and all new hard and fast rules for reconversion pric­ sible. In adjusting these prices we must prices will be subject to prompt recalcu­ ing. Conditions will vary sharply from also take into consideration the decrease lation if they are out of line.” industry to industry and even betw een in unit costs resulting from technological Mr. Bowles said: “We can sum it up 'ompeting firms in the same industry. advances and a high level of output. The this way. Our pricing policy should en­ :ome manufacturers’ unit production costs production ‘know-how’ we acquired dur­ courage the fullest possible production re up substantially while others have ing the war is going to stand us in very of goods and services at the lowest pos­ isen very little, if a t all. Some firms good stead. sible prices to the consumer. Unless Amer­ 1 aay be able to reconvert wholly to peace- “This means that while some com­ ican industry produces to the limit of its ime items following the end of the w ar modities are going to come back into powers, there will be an increased danger » Europe, while others will reconvert production at higher prices than when of depression and eventual collapse.” rvitiff awaT pai tbeir facilities with a large they went out, not all of them will be -¡.pit, 3rtion output still going to trie higher. In every case, the OPA will be npiove ar Eastern battlefronts. Today, we are particularly concerned not to set prices W age Case Stymies ill faced with shortages of m anpow er, which force deflation of the general wage Steel Price Increase ^ ®aterials in general are still tight, level. When the work-week drops from 48 :Ü lliG , ™ atior|ary pressures are close to an hours to 40, overtime payments of some co 1-time peak.” Upward adjustment of steel prices, $12,000,000,000 will drop out. To that acknowledged to be necessary if the in­ .jjfe5 ¿to.. Mr. Bowles said: First, the cost of liv- extent there may be a drying up of po­ dustry is to break even or earn a profit c^ersp# g index must continue to be held in tential sales for our business men and when the demand for premium-priced •■jihble ® I® j ^econ<^> we will continue to price m erchants. war steel slackens, is being stymied ., oducts which have been available to “During the reconversion period there by the steel wage case now in the hands nsumers throughout the w ar period ac- is bound to be some unemployment. Even of the War Labor Board. rc*lng to present standards. He pointed with adequate unemployment insurance The industry has presented figures to sl0 t these standards had given us effective this will mean a further reduction in the the Office of Price Administration show­ ce control while not interfering with purchasing power of many of our workers. ing that many products are being sold ‘ payment of wages and the realiza- If the prices on reconversion items are set below cost. OPA is biding its time, a of profits substantially higher than too low they may further add to this awaiting a decision of the WLB on the ore the war. Third, on items coming dangerous drop in national purchasing United Steelworkers’ demand for a wage 0 production we will take prompt power and hence help pave the way for increase. Any increase in wages, of 1 °n either company by company or on another depression. course, would necessitate a corresponding industry-wide basis, depending upon “If on the other hand, prices are set increase in prices. circumstances. In deciding the amount too high, our savings and current dollar Many steel executives believe the increase, if any, above the old ceiling income will be dissipated to pay un­ WLB will grant the union some in­ ies which is needed by a m anufac- necessarily high prices and we will soon crease in wages, although there is no :r who is reconverting, we will take find ourselves repeating the deadly cycle expectation that the full demands of the

67 PRICES

Troopships assembled to, therinoadon of ‘Z tlTFfroZ Z d7 *“ m ove in on a broad front. Widening of the Allied front ana s plioto indications of weakness in German resistance place m- à pure steelworkers for a 17-cent hourly in­ crease, guaranteed annual wage and Steel Stocked and in Fabrication other benefits will be allowed. Gen­ erally it is expected that an advance ot Not Thought Excessively Large perhaps 5 cents an hour will be grant­ id thee ed. Such an increase, retroactive to carbuilding items, as well as boiler | last December, would make an impres­ PITTSBURGH for the locomotive. sive pay check just before the national GUESSES are being made in all quar­ Bars present a little difficulty. There is,® elections and would wipe out the profits ters of the steel industry as to the effect a substantial tonnage of bar items m * of most producers. of surplus stocks in the reconversion Opinion on how large an increase is hands of consumers, both primary anc period. Guesses as to the tonnage in­ secondary. Cold drawing plants are xel|*Bii necessary varies. Generally the figure, volved have been large and small, but tively well stocked and might conceiv-«. based on present wage levels, is around the most common at the moment seems 10 per cent on an overall basis, a - ably be in trouble if they could not imf ^ , to be that there are some 15 million tons mediately match their stocks with civilian ' though it generally is conceded that of steel in mill and warehouse stocks, con- demand. However, one answer t® at * * j this will vary according to product. Any sumer and government inventories, and increase in wage rates would have to be problem is a shift of specifications to Jvai in process of fabrication. those sizes which are availabe in stock. ^ q, superimposed upon the higher prices How potent a force to be reckoned WLB will start consideration ot the This could be done w ith relatively low with is such a tonnage? CIO unions’ demands that the Little loss on the part of the producer. ¡soft] Steel wage formula be breached on Sept. Much Material Will Be Used Much of the secondary bar consumer 3i8 a, stocks are in the automotive industry, ^ p In the first place, it can be assumed ’ The problem also is made more diffi­ that the 15 million tons of steel will be where they can be used immediate y. cult by the necessity for safeguarding only partially available for use. Materials T ruck production has been pushed over . war production while at the same time in process will be greatly discounted, al­ the past few months, and the remaining encouraging greater output of civilian most 100 per cent expected to be returned truck program for the military is goods. via the scrap route after termination of enough to provide a market for all ava , The manufacturers’ attitude is fairly contracts. As a matter of fact, much of able stocks and a considerable tonnage ,« summarized by the statement to g jfE j the material now in process will be used. of S. Duncan Black, president Black & Shipyards, for example, will have plenty The plate situation is tied up closely;54(] Decker Co., Towson, Md.: All manu­ of warning on their contract cancellation, with the ship program. facturing industries that have no re­ and if they have been playing the game Concrete reinforcing bars are aun ■ ^ conversion problem or who have com­ according to the rules, they will have nonexistent as a stock item, there is a pleted reconversion should have price on hand little more than enough steel to tonnage problem involved whats°eV® v , Semifinished delivery picture is so tig I controls removed now or very soon. complete ships on the ways. Those with reconversion problems should The tonnages involved in inventories on that the problem here is one of inadequj», have liberal ceilings on peacetime other programs are relatively small, and rather than surplus inventories, wtf,., .;C products during the transition pe­ for the most part usable in civilian goods the product involved is sheet bar, »^ riod to cover advance m all costs production. A short period of civilian skelp, slab, ingot or tube round. ^ over the prewar period and to cover goods production will eat heavily into Sheet deliveries on existing needs i;> compliance with government regula­ available usable inventories. thousands of tons behind schedules n tions of all kinds, such as overtime in Taking a look down the fist of major with little hope for a change in ti;e r‘ x critical manpower areas, costs of recon­ steel products, it becomes evident that future. There are virtually no sheet s o ^ version, etc. Competition and tire de­ the chief trouble will be in one or two and the sam e is true of strip and o j u sire to cultivate and maintain public ac­ items. Railroad steel poses no problem; fiat rolled items including tin mill pr ceptance and trade good will will be the there is even now a shortage of rails, ucts. Black plate and terne plate are best insurance against gouging the pub- track accessories, wheels, axles and other (Please turn to Page 188) lie.” / T E f 68 SURPLUS PROPERTY

wages and premium costs for materials. Plant Disposal Pattern Shaping DPC engineers also are expected to al­ low proper deductions for depreciation, Policy being developed with reference to sale of government- also for costs required in converting some of these plants for peacetime op­ owned iron and steel properties. Prospective buyers should not eration. In addition, DPC engineers are expect bargains prepared to consider any factors or con­ ditions that are special to a particular plant. Some of the iron and steel plants STUDIES by the Surplus War Prop­ these properties and putting them to use. built to supply war demand, for example, erty Adm inistration and the D efense Another conclusion that can be count­ are not located as favorably as others Plant Corp. w ith reference to the sale of ed on is that prospective buyers of gov­ with respect to proximity to consuming government-owned iron and steel plants ernment-owned iron and steel plants will territories, or to competitive plants. have progressed to the point where a not be asked to pay any abnormal war­ While Defense Plant Corp. engineers prospective buyer should have little dif­ time costs that were incurred in build­ have not attempted to set up any final ficulty in having a reasonable offer ac­ ing these plants and the equipment in sales formulas with respect to disposing cepted prom ptly. them. DPC appraisals will be aimed at of iron and steel plants, this is largely For some time, Defense Plant Corp. determining the replacement value of due to lack of interest among prospective engineers, as stated by Jesse H . Jones, these plants on the basis of costs prevail­ buyers up to this time. They are now Reconstruction F inance Corp. head, have ing at die time of sale; they will not in­ ready to “talk turkey” with interested been preparing detailed reports on gov­ clude costs resulting from overtime parties. ernment-owned plants, covering details « d i s of cost, plant layout, data on taxes, utili­ ties, transportation, raw materials, con­ vertibility to peacetim e operations and other factors. In addition, they have Present, Past and Pending been analyzing operating costs w ith a view to fitting these plants into the post­ ■ STEEL PLATE SHIPMENTS LOWER IN JULY war civilian economy. W a s h in g t o n — Shipments of steel plates in July totaled 1,069,771 tons, slightly lower “Prospective purchasers of plants than June shipments of 1,111,561 tons. For the first seven months shipments amounted abricai should not expect bargains, b u t will be to 7,973,479 tons. assured of fair prices,” says Mr. Jones, adding that “bargains would prove un­ B WYCKOFF ACQUIRES EMPIRE FINISHED STEEL y H fair to the purchasers’ com petitors and to P it t s b u r g h —Wyckoff Steel Co. on Sept. 1 will acquire the properties of the Em­ the taxpayers of tire country. While no pire Finished Steel Corp., Newark, N. J. and Putnam, Conn. The Newark prop­ set formula can be applied as to the sale items, as w ï erty will be operated as the Empire Works and the Putnam plant as the New Eng­ price of the plants, the salient factors motive, land Works augmented by the company’s works at Ambridge, Pa. and Chicago. ent a M e : entering in such determ ination are pres­ ent reproduction cost, cost of adaptation al tonnage B U. S. STEEL TAKES OYER BENNETT MFG. CO. onsumeis, - to civilian production, and the cost of special wartime installations having no C h ic a g o —United States Steel Products Co., U. S. Steel subsidiary, has acquired CoH draw peacetime value.” the manufacturing assets of the Bennett Mfg. Co., maker of steel drums, with stocked E ; plants at Chicago and New Orleans. The plants will be operated as the Bennett RFC Ready To Finance Mfg. division. Stevens A. Bennett has been named vice president of United States natch tkffl Mr. Jones adds that where private Steel Products Co. in charge of the Bennett division. financing is not available, “the Recon- — straction Finance Corp. stands ready to B ALLOY RODS CO. TO CONSTRUCT NEW PLANT supply all necessary and proper financ- Y o k e , P a .—Alloy Rods Co. has received authorization from W P B to construct a new : - ing in the sale of these plants, and in plant. Complete laboratory facilities for chemical and metallurgical control and re­ : pat -;; appropriate cases a tem porary continua- search will be included. The company is the world’s largest producer of stainless 'je ; V' kon of a leasing program such as the steel electrodes, according to E. J. Brady, president. ® ■■ defense Plant Corp. has used during the v can ; war may be useful in putting plants into B VIRGINIA BRIDGE BUILDING BAILEY UNITS lnefiM®"7| early production.” R o a n o k e , V a .—For more than a year and a half the Roanoke plant of the Virginia • Although no form uIa for the sale of Bridge Co., U. S. Steel subsidiary', has been engaged in secret production of pre­ - 11011 ail

AuPiisf 9.1 1QAA 7 9 18 vs. 1944

Many Parallels Are Noted in

Divergencies also exist First conflict and accompanymg con- ditions were miniature of present war. Earlier and more com- By G. H. MANLOVE Associate Editor, STEEL prehensive planning may ease transition to civilian production M and provide more adequate fob opportunities in 1944

IS THE history of World War I, as it reached that the end of the war could be put into effect to assure steel supply for affects steel and the metalworking in­ foreseen by the close of June, 1919. That war purposes, but its provisions were dustries, repeating itself in the present th e end of the w ar w as several months not clear cut and much confusion re­ conflict? nearer had not yet become apparent. \{gki sulted. W ar Industries Board, correspond­ With current reports of disintegration Rapidly advancing needs for the Army ^ . ing to the War Production Board, was of German morale, continued defeat of in France in its steady progress brought ^ j(a charged with administration of the pri­ the German armies and expectation of an seemingly impossible demands on the ^ ority plan. However, allocation of steel early Nazi collapse, many aspects of the steel industry in October and only scanty was undertaken by the director of steel situation are startlingly similar to those amounts of steel were available for non- ' supply only with reference to direct gov­ of August, 1918. It appears, however, war uses. Early in that month peace talk * ernment orders. This contrasts sharply that more preparations are being made appeared but had practically no effect ^ with powers of the W ar Production Board. today to cushion the shock of peace and on the steel industry. The President's de- Much freedom of action was allowed, to ease the transition into civilian pro­ mand in October for unconditional sur- ]M the steel director giving mills blanket duction. render stimulated output of all war sup- ’ ' authority to ship small lots to consumers This is as it should be, for the 1918 plies and shipments were rushed to in nonwar fines. war and the conditions surrounding it ap­ F rance in increasing volume. About the “ pear to be only a miniature of today’s Civilian Steel Use Curtailed end of October consideration began to I* situation. Production then was only a be given to contract termination at the ¡Aetl By the end of July, 1918, restrictions fraction of 1944’s, operations were lower, end of the war. and prices were much higher, though un­ on use of steel for other than war pur­ poses were tightened. At that late date So little credence w as given to peace 4 « der control to some extent. talk that late in October an order for fll® In drawing a parallel it must be noted manufacturers of passenger automobiles were requested to curtail output to 2o 40,000 freight cars for General Pershing’s MI that the United States had been in the forces was closed and 150,000 tons of *S|!: war only a little more than a full year per cent of their 1917 output. This was followed almost immediately by an order barbed wire were being distributed, lb51 in August, 1918, compared with almost Then, almost without warning, the ili,f three years of participation in the pres­ of the War Industries Board to builders of pleasure automobiles to change over armistice was signed and pressure for ssifi ent European war. Some of the measures war materials stopped abruptly. now long in force were being put into operations to a war basis by Jan. 1, 1919. During August the conclusion was This brief survey of the final months (olfi effect in August, 1918. General Pershing’s American army was pushing ahead in France in August, 1918 and the victorious advance of the Allies heartened the people at home and indicated a turn in the tide. Production of munitions and armament was reach­ ing a peak and more was demanded, as is the case today. Selective service was depleting working forces and labor was cutting into production by unwise leader­ ship. Costs of many materials were in­ When news of the 1918 creasing and relief was being sought by armistice was announced, steelmakers, ore sellers and pig iron pro­ workers threw down their ducers. While civilian goods had been pro­ tools, staged mammoth duced without severe curtailment the be­ parades. Shown here are ginnings of drastic control of materials shipyard workers cele­ started in August, .1918, manufacturers brating in a Broadwaij of automobiles being denied steel except parade in New York. where it had been given priority or cov­ Manufacturers, with a ered by permit from the steel director. sense of imminence of Ship design was being simplified to re­ duce sizes and forms of steel ship sec­ victory, now are antici­ tions to concentrate mill production and pating a recurrence of increase output. Demand for shells was the 1918 celebration at its height, mainly for cast semisteel when Germany shells. At the beginning of September N E A Photo needs of the Allies for these shells was estimated at 12 million 3-inch and five million 6-inch, wanted as quickly as pos­ sible. Files of Iron Trade Review, predecessor of S t e e l , reveal that at the beginning of July, 1918, a priority system was being 7 9 7 8 vs. 7 944

iron, basic iron $23.50, steel bars, 2 15c in evidence in 1918 and postwar plan­ structural shapes, 2.10c, plates,’ 2.10c! ning, reconversion, re-employment of Heavy melting steel maximum was set veterans and surplus property disposal W o r / d Nov. 5, 1917, at $30, delivered, later were not considered as important as at l educed to $29. This contrasts with a present. Less than a month before the Pittsburgh base of $20 during this war. armistice peace talk was deflecting accompanying,f World W ar I indicates points of simi- Effective control of steel by priorities thought into postwar channels and a rlier ond». arity and of divergence from the situa- dated from March 4, 1918, when ad­ rather complacent view was taken on war at the present time. As previously ministration was placed in the hands of contracts should peace become an ac­ 5 CIV||ian pujfiientioned the present w ar is m uch older the Priorities Division of the War In­ tuality within the next few months. ,ifi6s jjj in,, jow than the prior struggle was in the dustries Board. About this time Bernard Baruch pre­ ;orresponding months of 1918 and much One of the factors in the tremendous pared an exhaustive report for President 0f the current regulation was developed production of war material in the pres­ Wilson in which he suggested the urgent many months ago. Doubtless the plans ent war was the early application of re­ need of appointing a committee to study '; 1 priCe control and priorities applied strictions on civilian production, best il­ the orderly conversion to peace. On ad­ C misady in the present war stemmed from lustrated in the case of the automobile vice of Newton D. Baker, Secretary of " 1« sve(experience in 1918 and by grasping the industry, when complete cessation of War, the president held the matter in ■ c*® af;situati0n early governm ent control saved production was ordered after a brief abeyance; the -armistice was signed and g l»«4l®.much of the difficulty experienced then, period for using up inventory. In the returning soldiers found no jobs awaiting prejfc- price control was instituted in 1941, former war automobile builders con­ them, a condition which present planners “ ■ - freezing prices at a level of a few months tinued production at about 50 per cent hope to avoid. Today as in 1918 the before the announcement and for the of capacity by voluntary restriction, latei military authorities are reluctant to per­ mli-most part no increases have been made reduced to 25 per cent and in August, mit resumption of civilian production on “I in ft# uni since. In World W ar I the President an- 1918, it was determined no more pleas­ a wide scale so long as the war continues. i: pnctal nounced maximum prices in September, ure cars were to be manufactured, only In October, 1918, a clause was inserted ■ T h e f t 1917, on iron ore, coke, pig iron, steel passenger cars needed for the war. into new ship steel contracts, providing liars, shapes and plates, applying until for cancellation by the Shipping Board ijan, 1, 1918. The prices had been de- Less Subcontracting in World War I whenever it was to the country’s interest s termined by agreement between the War War production in the first war was to do so. Provision was made for termina­ : . ^Industries Board and steel producers and not spread so widely by subcontracting, tion of Army Ordnance contracts by an were subject to revision Jan. 1. which is such an important factor in the adjustment for materials manufactured. «stosfc: Before this date the m arket had been present instance. In fact, the first war was Yet some thought was being given and free and had advanced sharply. Foundry not as highly mechanized as the present provision was made for expenditure for . pig iron, Valley, was reduced from $52 struggle. Emphasis then was more heavily construction or operation of plants built te in Or. per ton to $33; basic, Valley, from $48 laid on ships, shells, artillery, railroad by steel producers for the government. ■; cars torfe! to $33. Steel bars, Pittsburgh, w ere cut rails, cars and locomotives for the Army British purchases of shell steel were to from 4.00c to 2.90c; structural shapes, to use in its advance in France. be replaced by an equivalent tonnage ■e irere :: Pittsburgh, from 5.00c to 3.00c and tank While labor shortage existed to some of other rolled material for any unde­ withou! plates from 8.00c, Pittsburgh, to 3.25c. degree it was not as marked as at pres­ livered shell tonnage. signed i ^ ^iese prices remained unchanged to ent, probably another result of the short Ship Contracts Canceled r the end of the war. These compare with time the war had been in progress and ; present prices of $24 for foundry pig the fact that the draft did not cut as First actual indication of the approach deeply. of peace was met in cancellation of much While it is difficult to make exact com­ ship tonnage in the final week of October, parisons, the labor situation in 1918 was 1918. At the same time new contracts for about the same as now, numerous strikes steel products were being distributed. causing idleness and cutting down pro­ November 11, 1918, brought the war’s duction. It was stated that in seven end and within a week 50 per cent of the months of 1918 there were 922 strikes restrictions on supply of steel for civilian involving 140,042 men, an increase of 12 use had been lifted. Steel prices were per cent in number and 18 per cent in steady, but scrap prices, always sensitive men involved, over the preceding year. to coming events, had been irregular for It was noted then that strikes were several weeks. Scrap at present is also showing signs of slackening demand as increasing for the purpose of forcing melters seek to avoid being caught with employers to discharge nonunion workers and reinstate union men discharged for too large inventory. cause. Changeover was swifter than had been Conditions became so bad by Septem­ expected. Cancellations made steel avail­ ber that the President issued an order to able for lines of output sorely curtailed striking machinists at Bridgeport, Conn., under war demands. The French govern­ that unless they accepted the decision of ment at once placed an order for 150,- the War Labor Board and returned to 000 to 200,000 tons of soft steel bars for work they would be barred from em­ rebuilding work and Italy came into the ployment in any industry in control of market for 150,000 tons of plates. The the government for one year and would Secretary of War announced that proj­ be inducted into military service. The ects for his department authorized but not men then returned. In the present war started would be abandoned and work seizure of plants by the government has under way would be adjusted at once. The adjustment at the end of World been resorted to in similar cases. In the War I was simpler than it promises to former year labor leaders lacked control be in the present instance. By the end of their men and the latter refused to of November, 1918 the steel market was obey orders, striking without authority reassured against drastic upheaval. Steel and refusing to return to work or to com­ allocations ended that month and a free ply with contracts. market was restored. The War Industries Nothing like the present effort to cushion the effect of the war s end was (Please turn to page 188)

71 t 21, 1944 CIVILIAN GOODS

now, provided the materials, manpower, and facilities not needed for war produc­ - WPB Removes Production Ban but tion are available. Authorizations to manufacturers to fcg ¿V proceed with civilian goods production fog Slow Start on Reconversion Seen by WPB field offices are subject to re- ^ % view by the Area Production Urgency ^ Only handful of manufacturers expected to qualify in near Committee and to veto of the local Man- fegfj power Commission representative. This pGP future for civilian goods production. Manpower regulations is in step with W ar Mobilization Direc- hfj, prevent broad resumption. WPB's latest move is last of series tor James F. Byrnes’ recent directive, f^a» It is understood civilian reserves of ^ of four aimed at easing transition some metals are being established by WPB from which allotments will «il made to manufacturers qualified undei THE War Production Board last week “This is primarily a plan to decentral­ the new order. It is said an alumniun] t » went through the motions of launching ize some of the operations which will be m reserve definitely will be set up, bmjji j®.lC industry on the reconversion trail. necessary to Take up the slack as men and materials cease to be needed for war is not certiin whether supplies of steel Aflp® WPB Director Donald Nelson’s much purposes,” Mr. Nelson said. and copper will be so earmarked disputed order to permit resumption of “Above everything else it is vital to present. f® civilian goods production in plants where arrange the machinery, so that in the To obtain WPB consent for civiliani5®| materials and manpower are available future when military demands decline or production under the new order a manu- and where such resumption does not in­ change, the men, the facilities and the facturer m u st file a request on specified r M t terfere with the war effort went into materials which are set free can speedily forms with his district WPB office. After 0 Is effect on schedule Aug. 15. be put to other uses. screening by W PB and W M C, authoriza­ It was doubtful, however, if the formal “Under the terms of the ‘spot’ proce­ tion will be granted fixing the amount offljl order means much in present circum­ dure, field offices will be in a position goods w hich m ay b e m ade and setting a stances. Few manufacturers, it is be­ S to authorize production of civilian goods production schedule. aim 6 lieved, will be able to prove (this is mandatory) they are in position to re­ sume or expand their normal activities, especially in view of the manpower ceil­ Civilian Goods Items To Be Given Priority ing regulations of the War Manpower Commission issued early this month. In Sfe other words, while the formal order per­ Preference Under WPB's Reconversion Order_ mits reconversion, the WMC regulations largely will veto moves in that direction. EOTTTPMF1sjrr- all ’terns of th is tvne.------Consequently, only a comparative hand­ CIVILIAN goods items which will be BEDS. BED SPRINGS, MATTRESSES AND given War Production Board priority pref­ DUAL SLEEPIN G EQUIPMENT, bed springs, ful of manufacturing firms is expected box, coil and flat and metal crib springs; bed- g-g, to qualify for civilian goods production erence under its latest reconversion order steads, m etal cots, bunks and roUaways; mat­ over the next few months. Indicative of permitting limited resumption of pro­ tresses innerspring, sofa beds and studio couches. BICYCLES AND BICYCLE PARTS, all items. ____ this also is the fact that few manufactur­ duction where manpower and materials O FFIC E M ACHINERY, all items. = sa ers have sought to avail themselves of permit without interference with the ELEC TR IC A L APPLIANCES, dishwashers ---- domestic; electric appliances, commercial; lood ___ the benefits of previous actions, in the war effort are as follows: preparation; hair clippers; electric hand; heaters, - Cleveland area, one of the larger war DOMESTIC MECHANICAL REFRIGERA- space, electric; heating pads, electric; repair Mid replacement parts; automotive, refrigeration, do- --— production centers, not a single request TORS, all items except electric. DOMESTIC LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT, all mestic and electric appliances. having yet been received by the regional items except washing machines. ELECTRIC FLAT IRONS, all items. — - WPB office for permission to go ahead METAL OFFICE FURNITURE AND FIX­ LAWN MOWERS, all items. ----- TURES, cabinets, bathroom and utility filing CLOSURES AND ASSOCIATED HEMS, on experimental model production al­ cabinets, steel safes and safe deposit boxes, all items. though the order permitting such went school furniture. OFFICE SU PPLIES, pins, common DOMESTIC VACUUM CLEANERS, all into effect July 22. items. SafOIL BURNERS, all items. DOMESTIC ELECTRIC RANGES, all items. COAL STOKERS, Class A and Class B. The Aug. 15 order is the last of a series DOMESTIC COOKING APPLIANCES AND ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS, ali of four designed to ease industry back DOMESTIC HEATING STOVES, all items. GALVANIZED WARE AND NON-METAL ^C O M M E R C IA L LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT into civilian goods production. The first COATED METAL ARTICLES, ash cans, coal DRY CLEAN ING EQ U IPM EN T AND TA1- of these orders lifted restrictions on the hods, diaper pails, funnels, garbage cans, gar­ LOR’S PRESSIN G EQ U IPM EN T, afl lten use of aluminum and magnesium, the bage can" liners, oil cans, pails and buckets, DOMESTIC SEWING MACHINES, I utility and wire picking baskets, step-on pails, items. second permitted manufacture of experi­ wash boilers- wash tubs. M ETAL HAIRPINS AND BOB PINS, mental models, and the third authorized ENAMELED WARE, infants* enameled bath­ items. tubs, household coffee makers, not electrical, all CHURCH GOODS, all items. placement of forward orders for machine types, cooking utensils, all types; dinner pails, CUTLERY, all items. tools for use in postwar manufacturing. dishpans, double boilers, frying pans, covered FLATWARE AND HOLLOWWARE, . kettles, percolators, saucepans, surgical and med­ ware. The last of the four orders, that which ical (and veterinary) instruments and equip­ DOMESTIC WATT-HOUR METERS, went into effect last Tuesday, permits ment, and tea kettles. items. . —tc CAST IRON WARE, cooking utensils. AUTOMOTIVE REPLACEMENT PARU, WPB field offices to approve production MISCELLANEOUS COOKING UTENSILS all functional items. „a*. of civilian goods by manufacturers who AND OTHER ARTICLES, can openers, cans, DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL ELEC step-on, and liners, choppers, hand, food, meat, TRIC FANS, all items. -^r-orrv show they have plant capacity and labor onion; clothes pins, diaper cans and pails, REPLACEMENT STORAGE BATTER®. ?>- not needed in the war effort. This order dish drainers, blued steel drip pans, dustpans, all items. eggbeaters, flour sifters, frying pans, wire gar­ COMMERCIAL COOKING AND E 00|^ had been strenuously opposed by the ment hangers, insecticide spray guns, juice ex­ AND PLATE-WARMING EQUIPMENT, » ® armed forces who had succeeded in post­ tractors, commercial and household; kitchen items. poning its effective date a month. tools, lunch boxes, mop wringers, openers, bot­ WATER HEATERS, all items. tle, can; dustpans; pans, household, baking, CAST IRON BOILERS, all items. The latest action of WPB cuts across drip, pie, cake, roasting; pot scourers, spoons, SCALES, BALANCES AND W EI|g_ basting, cooking, mixing, measuring; stirring scales, balances and weights, except com-or 86 restrictive orders empowering WPB spoons; strainers, coffee, tea, food, fruit, vege­ field offices to permit individual plants table, jelly; carpet sweepers, vacuum bottles and erapLdUM BING AND H EA T IN G TANKS, range - wash boards. boilers, hot water storage tanks and water jjnhjv to make consumer goods hitherto pro­ INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL RE­ AUTOMOTIVE TIRE__ CHAINS, TBAQP'L hibited or limited. It provides priority FRIGERATING AND AIR CONDITIONING TIRE CHAINS AND CHAIN PARTS, all MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT, Blood plas­ FLOOR MACHINES, RUB-SCRUBBDgX. aid, also, for companies able and willing ma equipment, coolers, evaporative, walk-in, MACHINES, INDUSTRIAL VACUUM CLEAVN. to manufacture any of several hundred water, reach-in and refrigerated display cases, ERS AND BLOWERS FOR CLEANING frozen food dispensing equipment, home freezers, POSES, floor finishing and floor maint^^gX “preferred” items listed by WPB as ice cream cabinets, air condition equipment. machines, including floor sanding machi#-® scarce. FIRE PROTECTIVE, SIGNAL AND ALARM portable rug scrubbing machines, vaciri3

t 72 T E El CIVILIAN GOODS

"cleaners; commercial and industrial, including ' P ortable electric hand blowers. ELECTRICAL CONDUIT, ELECTRIC 1ETALLIC t u b i n g a n d r a c e w a y s , Nelson Sees Civilian Goods Output lectrical conduit and fittings. , PRINTING AND PUBLISHING MACHIN- ifte L ■; UY, PARTS AND SUPPLIES, composing ‘ %oom and type setting equipment, plate-making At 1939 Level After Nazi Defeat 1 rtodidij, quipment, photoengraving, lithographic, stereo- lo vein ,tD ■pe; electrotype, and rubber and plastic plate 1 ’feliMatrdoting * ------press equipment,------bindery ------and printers’ ' ' NONMILITARY goods production in fishing equipment. plements, and textiles as examples. All this country will increase 30 per cent ' COMMERCIAL DISHWASHERS, all items. of these industries, he said, have huge FARM MACHINERY EQ U IPM EN T, all after the defeat of Germany, returning ■ms except tractors. backlogs of peacetime orders and will re­ AUTOMOTIVE MAINTENANCE EQUIP- the nation s output of civilian goods to quire little, if any, adjustment. ifilENT, for shops and garages, passenger car the 1939 level, Donald M. Nelson, chair­ acte, tire gauges, tire pum ps, tire tools. The biggest gap, in his opinion, will i; i jr "ALARM CLOCKS, all items. man, War Production Board, estimated he in the automobile industry which was 10 « h a is , f o o d PROCESSING "MACHINERY, " all at a press conference last week. completely scrambled” in converting to OD DEHYDRATORS, DOMESTIC, all The war production chief said the war production. He was not pessimistic It is sä ^ iems. LUBRICATION EQUIPM ENT, all items. German collapse will mean, roughly, a over the automotive outlook, however, MOTION PICTURE 35-MM. PROJECTION 40 per cent cutback in munitions orders, pointing out that this industry has “some EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES, all items. upon receipt of which industry will be "ill V i 1 ELEPHONE EQUIPMENT, all items. of the best management in the United COPPER, animal traps and cages tor com- able to produce as much for civilians as States, and he thought the auto builders nereial trapping and pest control, blow torches, it did in 1939 at the same time carrying may surprise the nation with the speed WPB m t gasoline flat irons, laundry tags, liquid fuel amps and lanterns, marking devices, metal on all military production necessary for they get back into normal production. useet screen cloth, padlocks, pin tickets, rivets the war against Japan. : i -- iid bun's, watches, weather stripping, window Some relaxation of WPB controls will •A tii+ii bade rollers. Mr. Nelson expects there will be an follow the victory over Germany, Mr. - ZINC, laundry tags, marking devices, pad- unemployment gap” in many indus­ V'TB aJW.1' ocks, pin tickets, rain goods. Nelson said, adding that at the conclu­ LEAD, rain goods. tries during the reconversion period. sion of the war with Japan there would ri-AH® STEEL, fireplace equipment, fumace scoops, However, he pointed out that there are lardware cloth, laundry tags, marking devices, be no need for any of his agency’s con­ ladlocks, partition studs, pin tickets, play- numerous manufacturers of war goods trols at all. However, he thought it may —- ¡round equipment, rain goods, snow shovels, that can immediately devote facilities to Matches, water storage tanks, agricultural use, he found necessary to maintain some of weather stripping, wheelbarrows, window shade production of civilian products. He cited the regulations in force that apply on rollers and steel wool. the rubber tire industry, agricultural im- crude rubber, tin, and lumber. Given !r Steel and Iron Produced for Sale During June

AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE CAPACITY, PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS Period..JSNE..-.19k;k.

) SPRKGi E Current Month To Dato This Year ■KG EQIBÏ Maximum Shipments (Net Tons) Annual Capacity Shipments (Net Tons) Net Tona To members of the industry for con­ To members of the îbîS, sots be: ' version into further industry for con­ finished products version into further AXDBICTC finished products Ingots, blooms, billets, tube rounds, sheet and tin bars, etc. LiCH KEBT, 732,000 2kl,888 k, Structural shaoes (heaw) ...... „ . 276,070 l»35l,kkk iL APFL® 10 } 8 , 9 7 7 4 5 o { 300,839 297,850 X X X X 2, 028, 92k X X X X sppfeS; Steel piling. 1,979,506 k,073 kx5k3 X X X X 33,701 -33.»2Z7 sir dippæ:3SJ and universal)- 15,990,020 e j . j Skelp__ 1>092,7Q3 1,075,178 65,kok 6, 95k, 131 87.k 6,760,377 301,123 X X X X X X X X 65.676 Rails—Standard (over 60 lb a .)_ -50,539 _k£6,8k5 331,858 3,625,000 171,528 X X X X X X X X -AH other.. 57.7 17k,556 1,155,55? 6k. 1 l,lk8,885 518,600 11,605 27-3 16,957 X X X X 92,003 X XJt X f u t M S * Splice bars and tie plates.. 35-7 97|9k3 l,7*»3,500 67,671 k7-3 70,056 X X X X X X X X )WERS, äl » . Track spikes.. kl0,092 k7.3 kl9,2k6 ; AND JSK 350,6ko 12,580 k3.0 13,795 X X X X 7k,k01 k2.6 79,575 X X X X Hot Rolled Bars—Carbon. J 3 T X X X X 699,208 XXX XXX —Reinforcing—New billet 581,315 69472 k,372,270 3,66k, 8k5 k67,197 s ith je s , P- 15 X X X X XXX XXX X X X X -Rerolled. 37,287 39,659 226,652 2ko,310 .15 X X X X XXX X X X X XXX X X X X —Alloy.. k,9?k >3,863 k8 ,k 9 1 EBS. aü ** it 3---- 2k X X X X 25^ 5%1 XXX -172-4 38,361 1 .61k: 013 XXX l.l66Í5ko -232,-872 ,rT B Ç (~by A -* ______—-TOTAI_____ ZW-- 21,177,110 -995,070 -57.1 - 798,686 107,833 6,256,798 59.4 85 i\D L'ßb c °UFmisbedBai»--Carboa 28 X X X X lko,o66 XXX lk l,8 8 8 X X X X 905,528 X X X X -Alloy.. -22 X X X X 3l,kk9 XXX X X X X X X X X UOSDff . 28,665 gn6,72] -T otal... 32 3AI - 5 7 1 ,5 1 5 . 77.k l,112,2k9 Rp.a X X X X ,TVG u Tool łW ‘ Bua:‘steel oara_bars. ------2,700,650 .170,555 1,085,577 09. 21k. 770 11.610 65.8 X X X X 68.0 X X X X «X-- ,/il 11,751 6 9 ,5 6 8 ;çr\'G EQjF’ÎTi T Rpe 30(1 Tub®—Butt weld. t e : 2,289,130 Ilk, 760 61.1 121,026 X X X X X X X X SPffiC » -Lap weld. 71k, 170 62.7 707,683 967,900 kk,721 56-3 k6,30ć X X X X 296,689 61.6 ,295,579 X X X X -Electric weld. 1,225,170 83.9 X X X X 391,kko 6k.2 388,030 X X X X [ilBTEB 9 -Seamless____ ä ' 36? 2,625,250 187,95k 67. 2 188;78k X X X X 1,176,117 90.0 1,167,027 X X X X —C o n d u it. GOODS- & * * l 8k,500 5,688 37.6 5,165 X X X X 26,521 28.9 27,30k X X X X -Mechanical tubing.. 1,038450 6k.651 154- 60,920 X X X X k!3.201 80.0 kl7.1k8 X X X X T. A- U’j ra_ 6,883,170 370,611 6 ^6 109,821 29,225 2,228,302 65.1 ,632,k29 169,268 „Wire—Drawn___ 296, 0k2 25,3k6 WATT'HOCa ^ —Nails and staples. 5,558,750 6k.9 173,361 k,ik9 1 ,79k, 962 6k. 9 1,021,711 X X X X l , 2ko,900 52,898 5 1 . 9 53,582 3k6,k65 56.1 337,999 and twisted... 20,831 20,878 X X X X k7.0 126,5k5 X X X X -Woven wire fence___ 5k6,230 k6.5 127,595 ive X X X X 192480 X X X X —Bale ties... 1, 110,200 31,880 3 5 .0 32,6k5 192,805 3k. 9 643k X X X X ko. 285 38.965 X X X X ■ KB COM- iiack Plate—Ordinary ... 150.660 8,528 51.2 53LL i? Hcni. — : / u XXX kb, 352 233,368 886 —Chemically treated.___ X X X X kćk,000 9,290 2k.k 9,712 X X X X 8o,231 3k. 8 76,993 ® Md Terne Plate-H ot dipped..... 3,719,650 176,072 57-7 192,116 X X X X 883,359 k7-7 965,911 X X X X 2,155.100 65475 2L0. 65.726 X X X X 333.68k 31.1 310.517 X X X X 3,170,865 126,157 20,137,200 1 , 022,132 61.9 506,666 19,769 6,26k, 989 62.5 X X X X 7,318,780 309,899 51.6 167,23k 1,819,883 0.0 1,003,169 2,681,130 ilk , 162 51, Ilk, 515. 634.650 8. 627,801 20,65k l,337,2k5 31-k 85k, 899 138,582 8,5k9,590 22k, 857 32.1 139,675 X X X 3.267 470 108.kil ko.k 97.kl7 589.20k 36.2 550,933 X 3k8, 8oo 22, 7kk 79-5 20,770 X X X X lk6,03k 8k.2 lk3,862 kl6,170 lk, 806 k3.k X X X X 105,661 51.0 101,699 172.290 k(315 30-5 X X X X 20,958 2k.k 21,079 5.703,31Ew 539. s i r 3k,9ll,U*i

hsxJrrfç ctive steel 051 tolshinafinishing capacity ______X X X X XXX X X X X X X X X X X X X XXX X X X X X X X X 44 I6k,722,000 X X X X i Ç j H g P VA0’:T!°t °f shipments to effective finishing capacity" X X X X X X X X XXX 98.7 4 15 k- 45 I X X X X X X x-x XXX 97-21 ttTKSf0? Ml Companies included represented 98.7 per cent of total 1943 output gust 21. 1944 73 / %

Coast's Postwar Prospects Studied By Senate Group

M urray Small Business Com­ mittee told West must retain as much of wartime industrial development as possible

SAN FRANCISCO THE Far West’s postwar prospects, with emphasis on California’s reconver­ sion problems, were given a thorough overhauling in discussions before the Senate Small Business Committee here recently. Headed by Sen. James E. Mur­ ray, (Dem., Mont.) the group held a two-day session during which views were obtained from many westerners. Woven into most of the testimony was the theme that the West must retain as EXPLAINS GAS TURBINE, J. Kennelh Salisbury left, a member of General much as possible of the wartime indus­ Electric Co.'s turbine engineering division explores « ttafln trial developments in this area and at the cutaway model 3 0 0 0 -horsepower gas turbine to William H. Guild exeeu- same time exploit its rich natural re­ “ ,e assistant to the president of the Union Pacific Railroad and S. E sources on an expanded basis. Gates, manager of General Electric's Los Angeles office during a r.cen, Keynoting this viewpoint, Senator Mur­ ray called on “industrial, financial and demonstration of the new power plant in Los Angeles business leaders to exercise a dominant leadership in the development of econ- omic plans and programs necessary for ly before by Benjamin F. Fairless, necessary to postwar development of the broad expansion of business and industry’ U. S. Steel Corp. president, at a press-^M W est”. in the- West. The western part of the conference in San Francisco which ted ® » 1 United States has resources far greater Asked if this meant the possibility of no connection with the hearings being ..... than those of any other section of the a government subsidy to continue opera­ conducted by the Senate committee. ^ tion of the steel plants, Senator Murray country. Its industry' and agricultural A fter em phasizing that the federal development can provide jobs and homes added: “I think the government should government, not U. S. Steel, would liave, sential] for millions of new residents”. make a loan on favorable terms as part the final say in reg ard to disposition of Jesbops of its major problem of plant disposal. Prominent in discussion before the the Geneva works, Mr. Fairless indicated i $( I have no doubt that Congress will take committee were the problems of postwar that postwar outlook for Geneva and .: a hand. By this I definitely do not mean operation of new steel producing facili­ other steel producing facilities established | government operation. We do, however, ties in the West, at Geneva, Utah, and in the West during the war would de-!ai Fontana, Calif. Eventual policy on dis­ have a solemn obligation to employ some 15 million people after the war and every pend almost entirely on the extent mar­ position of these installations, of course, kets could be developed for their output.^ must come from the federal government, effort should be made to continue Mr. Fairless would make no commit­ which owns them, and no solution or Geneva according to sound economic ment as to U.S. Steel’s attitude on con­ possible hint of policy came out of the practices and in accordance with condi­ tinued operation of Geneva, saying that^ ^ committee hearings here. Attitude or tions favoring the expansion of the West. when the government asked the aflMpjgj, the group was summed up, however, by I think also that the same policy should lion for its recommendation, a statement Senator Murray who said: be pursued with government aluminum and magnesium plants.” would be forthcoming. No such recoin- “Our conferences on the West Coast mendation has been asked or given a> ^ have brought out the fact that the full “Keep Plant in Stand-by Condition” yet, he said. fejj operation of the Geneva and Fontana Senator Murray said that in the event H ow ever, M r. Fairless expressed ^ steel mills is indispensable to any sound cautious optimism that West Coast nut- ^ plans for full employment m the West. it is not possible for private enterprise to operate the Geneva plant, it should kets for steel could be built up after The legislation which Congress enacts on war, especially in light rolled products,1^ , the disposition of government plants must “most certainly be kept in stand-by con­ He also flatly stated his view that exp™ provide for the operation of these plants dition by the War Department” in pre­ prospects were bright, not only for at full capacity. It must guarantee the paredness for a future war. Pacific area, but for the country people of the West that western steel, Not mentioned by Senator Murray nor whole. g fejjj properly priced will be available for the discussed by other members of the com­ Accelerated oil well drilling in SjVR. industrialization of the western states. mittee at the hearings is a fact which fornia thus far this year has expander,, Regarding the Geneva steel plant, many private industrial leaders in the demand for pipe, oil field equipnl^:.jA Senator Murray said that it should con­ West, and elsewhere, see as the crux of and other steel products. tinue in the postwar period “and every postwar prospects for this area. This is During the first half of 1944 a t® ^ effort should be made to find some the development of new markets to em­ of 7 9 5 oil wells was completed, as coflt 5^ group who will lease the plant. If neces­ ploy the war-expanded capacities built pared with 525 wells in the similar , sary the government should give very up in steel, magnesium, aluminum and period. A total of 995 new rigs liberal terms and make every effort to many other lines. This trend of thinking was voiced short- set up on drilling sites. f I l f , , further develop this vital industry so

/TEE1*; WEST COAST

inum-bearing clays are found in ample — Spokane-City of Small Plants quantities in nearby deposits. Spokane’s aluminum rolling mill is the only plant of Eastern Washington center, with population increased 20 per its kind west of Chicago and it is rea­ cent, feels pains of war expansion. Business men believe they sonably believed that its continued opera­ tion will be justified by the demand from I can hold prosperity after war ends West Coast centers. Lastly, Spokane’s small plants, always a stable payroll, have expanded during the war activity, SPOKANE, WASH. bright future for light metals. Now developed new methods and created new THIS eastern Washington city is ex- that the plants are here, trained labor markets. i periencing all the pangs and pains of at hand and ample raw materials and In one respect Spokane’s labor problem ; other areas which have suddenly found capital available, they see no reason why I themselves in the center of w ar activities. is different fom that of Coast centers. local, industry should not be prosperous The largest percentage of Spokane’s It was, before 1941, a prosperous, easy­ in the future. going center of the lumbering, mining working class is western labor. There Magnesium deposits of great magni­ has been little importation of negroes ' and agriculture areas surrounding. Its tude are available within 50 miles of population in 1940 was 122,000. Today from the deep South and white labor Spokane. Spokane’s aluminum plants, 1 1 it is estimated in excess of 150,000. from midwest and eastern states. Con­ i■'11 is expected, can compete in western sequently the turnover is much less than The war has brought three major markets even under present conditions in Seattle, Portland and California. In manufacturing plants to Spokane. These ot bringing bauxite from the South. If other words the situation is much more 1 « ? are die aluminum reduction plant, the pending research can develop and per­ normal and stable and does not present 1aluminum rolling mill and the magne­ fect an economical process of extracting the problem of the future of this work­ sium reduction plant. In addition its aluminum from local clays, the situation ing population which looms as a large ¡ t i | small plants have expanded, most of will be immeasurably improved as alum­ question mark on the Coast. ", them having received subcontracts from larger war industries in other sections. The aluminum plants are not operating t, a memberSi to capacity but at a ratio consistent with s o desgafeA .national needs. Recently the govern- , ¡am H.G.i: ment ordered a 20 per cent cutback on P o s t w a r P r e v ie w s . . ^a „... magnesium output b u t the labor thus . . . displaced has been absorbed mostly in STEEL PRICING— Industry marking time pending development of gov­ ' ' the same plant w hich h ad not been run- ernment policy with respect to product pricing in transitional period. Some in Los Anj:: njng at capacity advances expected. See page 67. As in other areas, Spokane, which is classed No. 2 by the Manpower Com­ PLANT DISPOSAL— Government policy with reference to disposal of mission, is suffering from lack of work­ government-owned iron and steel plants is shaping up. See page 69. ers. This is particularly true in lum ber, C o rp. ^ RECONVERSION— Clew to Congress’ temper seen in Senate vote on mining and the railroads. All mining is in S an F e restricted to essential m aterials. the George bill which is passed 55 to 19. Continuance of state unemploy­ ment payments approved. See page 76. he See Machine Shops, Foundries Active LOAN POLICY— Some principles of the V and VT loans are adopted i p b a a a n g : .*notÜ .S.S Spokane is essentially a center of small by the Smaller War Plants Corp. in move seen as giving small business plants. Machine shops are filled to capa­ v in Kffiffl same loan advantages as big business in the transition period. See page 79. ' Mr 1 city on. war work. Some ship and air­ WORN 1 plane subassemblies are being fabricated POSTWAR EXPORTS— Trade expected to exceed prewar volume “VJjh at local plants, shops specializing in though Nazi fall may be followed by a lull. Factors at present apparent brass, aluminum and m agnesium being in point to fairly early expansion in international trade. See page 82. the foreground. ®tP AUTOMOBILES— Allied nations impressed by efficiency of American Foundry operations are active, plants automotive industry study its mass production methods. See page 85. running at capacity, particularly gray ' , iron. Their contracts are essential war PLANNING ^ N eed for advance planning by manufacturers and the gov­ a work, including lumber and mine re- ernment emphasized by Army Air Forces, Materiel Command, which is ex­ ■m c W placements, agricultural machinery and panding its efforts to help war contractors by means of an extensive train­ ■ cnfl®*- some civilian replacem ents. In the large ing program which covers contract termination, settlements, and property reci-nuBcB and prosperous farm ing area, the popu- disposal. See page 88. • lation has ample funds to purchase agri- has be® 8 cultural equipment but conditions natu­ DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE— Fairbanks, Morse to offer in L . . rally restrict sales. As soon as farming postwar period dual-service locomotives in standardized units for both Mr. [iiachinery is available as in norm al times, freight and passenger service. See page 95. . - Mil ..... be c, market of great possibili­ il CO! ties. The 1944 wheat crop is reported SPOT WELDING HEAVY STEEL— Until recently regarded as un­ ally in *' he! largest on record and the rural popu- suitable for joining heavy alloy steel sections in mass production, spot weld­ ly s ta l ition in eastern Washington is enjoying ing technique growing out of new conception of machine control permits ere „ ^ea^er prosperity than in years. It is welding of wide range of thicknesses. See page 99. b u t f « ‘ a rich field for new automotive jjuipment as every farmer wants a new JOINING ALUMINUM— Minimum distortion, confinement of metal­ $ oil w '''■}*> many of them new tractors and lurgical changes in parent metal, less edge preparation and increased speed fer th« year - :her machinery, purchases of which are proving potent factors in expanding commercial importance of the r pipe. 0,1 ust necessarily be postponed, metallic arc process for welding aluminum alloys. See page 110. tee! P l ! Tlle P°stwar outlook looks encourag- | first half» ,gto Spokane business men and in- HEAT-TREAT PICTURE • Many wartime developments in heat treat­ Tlley exPect that the war ing steel have made progress under pressure of emergency. See page 123. located here in the last three ^ r .£ dQo ft !iars,9}TS_ will continue. Fi-nn a ' They point i . . to the

»gust 21, 1944 75 WINDOWSTMMU v rr J ofu i WASHINGTONyt n u iiht w « ^ ^

Sen. Millard E. Tydings (Dem„ Md.) w arned: c Clew to Congress' Temper Seen “I don’t know how many ot us will be here during the next six years, but mark this prophecy and mark it well: By In Senate Vote on George Bill continued deficit spending to be carried out over a long period of time in the CConservativenncprvofivp element in saddle as reconversion measureme is postwar period, we are laying the foun­ dation for a depression w hich conceiv­ passed 55 to 79. "Liberal" bill providing unemployment com­ ably will make the 1932 depression look V pensation benefits up to $35 a week tossed out as upper body like C oolidge prosperity. Continuing the spending of money we haven’t got L approves continuance of state administration of payments is sheer demagoguery.” L Sen. Warren R. Austin (Rep., Vt.) said the provisions of the Murray-Kil- _ PASSAGE of the George reconversion tract settlement, surplus property dis­ gore-T rum an bill to set u p industry P and demobilization bill by the Senate posal, and retraining and re-employment. committees were reminiscent of the marks the first major step toward en­ Create a bipartisan committee in Con­ acting legislation covering the inevitable gress and an advisory board to consult NRA and possibly the first step in na-I, dislocations which will follow the col­ with the President and with the mobili­ tional socialism. lapse of Germany. The measure was zation director on questions of policy. “I t th en w ould b e just a question j - favored by the more conservative ele­ Prescribe contract termination pro­ whether we would take another step jorf,yye and an o th er step u n til the nation reached ;S{[eW ment in the Senate over the Murray- cedure aimed at channeling into civilian Kilgore-Truman bill which would have production plants and materials not need­ a state of national socialism like Ger- ‘ granted unemployment benefits up to ed in the prosecution of the war. Small many under Hitler.” $35 a week (later reduced). business would receive especial consid­ eration. The George bill (approved 55 to 19) Establish a Retraining and Re-employ­ Says Government Controls |ii#i places primary emphasis on the “human ment Administration comprising a direc­ side” of the reconversion problem, and W ill Promote Unemployment ,,, tor at $12,000 a year and representatives covers the industrial and technical as­ of government agencies. The agency silts, H pects in general terms in line with the C harging th a t th e governm ent is pro­ Would direct the retraining and re-em­ blueprint laid down in the Baruch-Han- moting future unemployment by refusing ployment of discharged service men and to rem ove its controls over magnesium cock report. its war workers. Transportation allow­ and that the recently announced relaxing The measure provides that the states ances up to $200 would be permitted for of controls w as deceptive, Dr. Willard continue to administer unemployment demobilized war workers. H. Dow, president, Dow Chemical Co., compensation with the added provision' Mrs Authorize the federal government to Midland, Mich., in an open letter to Don­ that such benefits be extended to fed­ lend or advance money to states for ald M. Nelson, chairman, War Produc­ Striigl eral workers not now covered and es­ public works projects. The amount tion Board, asked that the controls be re­ tablishes a federal revolving fund from would be based on population. moved at once to prevent the possible which the states might be reimbursed destruction of a vast potential industry, for additional expense incidental to the The “liberal” Murray-Kilgore-Truman “Every day that the government now payment of benefits to the federal work­ bill, which had the active support of the CIO and other labor unions, drew delays in freeing the industry means a ers. greater delay later on in providing em­ In addition the George bill would: the fire of both conservative Democrats ployment. As matters now stand, said Establish an Office of War Mobiliza­ and Republicans in the debate preced­ D r. Dow , “th e industry is entirely cap­ tion and Reconversion to be headed by ing passage of the George bill. Their «neo able in th e ordinary course of produc­ a director approved by the President and remarks were indicative of the temper who would serve two years at a salary of Congress regarding radical proposals tion of supplying all possible needs of the of $15,000 annually. He would have sure to be made during the reconversion government, either for domestic use or broad powers over such problems as con­ period. for export, and the stockpile is of such proportions as to give ample insurance against any kind of shortage. There­ fore, as far as the needs of the war are concerned, there is no longer any reason » a : to keep the magnesium industry under Sen. Alben Barkley, left, any form of control or allocation. Dr. Dow declared that the order issued scans the demobilization by the WPB on July 15 had been repre­ and reconversion bill re­ sented to the public as removing, controls cently passed by the Sen­ over magnesium. “That is not true, * ate with Sen. Walter F. stated. “The order M-2-b, while it modi­ George, sponsor of the fies certain controls over magnesium measure. The bill, favored products, leaves the industry in essential by the more conservative respects under the same control as A element of Congress, gov­ was before.” erns unemployment com­ pensation, sets up con­ Saves Government $200 tract termination proce­ dure, creates an office of Million by Renegotiation demobilization and re­ Total government savings of m°re i conversion to handle the than $200 million, through contract re­ transition from war to negotiations by the Maritime Commi­ peace. NEA photo sion Price Adjustment Board since its 'i; inception two years ago, was a n n o u n c e d recently by the Maritime Commission, Processing about 2000 cases, the Com- U ( mission effected price reductions of »,

f TEE1 76 m, Advertisement

NE AUTOMATIC MACHINE COMPANY First post-war models of tele­ vision sight and sound receivers are sees many expected to sell at from $200 to $700. Reception will about equal in quality GOOD THINGS AHEAD the familiar 16 mm. motion pictures. get readj1 with CONE for tomorruw is reported th a t ...... Aplant has been built for process- * ing large quantities of the lowlv A new cream protects those of our Vibrating chisels, similar to those milkweed. The floss is a good sub- Navy who are exposed to the nsk of used to break up pavements, are stitute for kapok in upholstery, an rns‘ being tried out by dentists as an °d for paint is made from the seeds, gel ready with CONE for tomorrow improvement over the familiar drill, wallboard can be made from the tie «-.4-r.iiw«stalks, «and « j latex extracted. ii/* from the leaves. Coilsprings of Nylon, while not n. get read) with C 0 N E for tomorrow as strong as steel, will function in­ get read) with CONE for tomo definitely without breaking from The rare metal, tantalum, un “fatigue.” known forty years ago, is being used A new machine checks the size of ■Afflal sxsiai bolts, screws, and plates to repair , n u " - T gel ready with CONE for tomorrow M g ." to broken boies of wounded »1- “ ‘6h as A new rubber sheeting perforated vemment C? get read) with CONE for tomorrow Set read» wi,h C 0 N E '«“ »"»w with 6,400 holes to the square inch is being used for filters. note Uneipi . C11 , , , , , , New sleeping cars have a triple A gas-filled fuse, nowused to det- deck arrangPm“nt of berths. p get read) with CONE for tomorrow that the p at onate mmes, will explode a charge Ù three and one-half mUes away in one get read) with CONE for tomorrow ts aatok iss: second. It can be used under water A new microscope converts an in­ lecaársHB visible ultra-violet image into a ws daqfel Tati *fn ^ShTe% m sTcm m trv^ifSwin <

either fa ®- A noted aviation engineer and and tk strii*' successful industrialist has plans for äs to gfaf s ? a revolutionary helicopter th at uses kind of a contra-rotating propeller, carries as 4e seeds four passengers, and can be operated hue is in fa on a highway. T h IS speedometer pinion blank is gel read) with CONE for tomorrow made of cold rolled steel and has a hole 1” deep A new heat-resistant alloy is re­ in one end. It is produced in 10 seconds on a 6* ilicssif ported that uses silicon and man- ■ gañese to- replace part of the scarce Spindle Conomatic. . oTS í nickel and chromium formerly used.

get read) with CONE for tomorrow

Fireproof cotton batting is now ,,/ornmei't r made for upholstery and in- 5ve" . ■, sulatinnsulation. Renegó < get read) with CONE for t om orrov

f ie l& m new iron is being made which ]■ wenf ^ s as much as five times the tensile CONE ars 0r ?trength of ordinary cast iron. With je Alariti®e even cast iron springs can be AUTOM ATIC MACHINE CO., INC. ★ WINDSOR, VERMONT, U. S. A made.

J price r< 21 _ 1Q44 77 WINDOWS of WASHINGTON

615,931 on renegotiable sales and exces­ sive profits at a total government ex­ pense of $300,000, about one-tenth of one per cent of the savings to the tax­ payer. Three hundred and forty-five contractors were found to have realized excessive profits on renegotiable sales of $2,104,299,311, the total amount recovered being $140,811,8ol. Clearance was granted to 335 firms with renegotiable sales totaling $416,- 228,686, where no excessive profit was realized. Further price reductions of $76,804,100 were effected through re­ negotiation with respect to contracts in force and subject to further review in­ volving renegotiable sales of $511,280,- 247.

Approves Hiring of Seaman W ithout USES Clearance

Recognizing the vital importance of lake and river shipping and the peculiar operating factors of the industry, the BRITISH DELEGATES: Members of the British delegation to the Washing­ War Manpower Commission has author­ ton conversations on an international organization for peace and security, ized vessel operators and labor unions having contracts with certain vessels, to which open in the capital Aug. 21, arrive at Washington airport where hire male workers without clearance with they were greeted by American officials. Left to right: Lord Halifax, the United States Employment Service, British ambassador; Edward Stettinius Jr., under secretary of state; Sir Paul V. McNutt, chairman of WMC, said Alex Cadogan, chairman of the British delegation; and former ambas­ recently. sador Joseph Grew. NEA photo Mr. McNutt’s instructions to WMC regional directors are that they will be responsible for the periodic review of the 1943, and most of the main ODT pro- arrangements from the standpoint of the companies which operate Great Lakes grams for transportation equipment j effective use of manpower. This ar­ ore boats. The authorization covers over­ showed the largest production of any rangement can be canceled by the chair­ time and bonus pay. \ six-month period since the United States man of WMC at any time if it appears Adjustments are designed to re-estab­ that it is not working in the best interest lish the relationship between the pay of entered the war. A total of 32,680 medium, light-heavy of the war effort. those covered by the directive order and and heavy-heavy trucks were produced Labor unions and vessel operators will those working for the 30 companies. Board authorized a 95-cent-an-hour over­ for civilian use in the first six months of continue using the facilities of the USES 1944 compared with a programmed pro­ whenever advisable. The USES office time rate for all unlicensed personnel. The overtime rate applies for all work duction for the entire year of 101,298 will refer male workers with previous ex­ vehicles. Railroad freight cars produced perience in lake or river shipping to ves­ except regular watches and for all work in excess of eight hours a day. numbered 16,862 compared with a 1944 sel operators and the unions when such programmed production of 52,547. workers apply for employment. A bonus of 10 per cent of the wages earned during the season is to be paid In spite of the great volume of this to those who were on the vessels on or year’s tonnage, the largest in the history Says W omen Can Fill of the industry, the job of moving it is before August 1 and who remain until being done, Mr. McNutt pointed out, laid off during the lay-up of the vessels Foundries' Labor Needs with no delays attributable to manpower after the season closes. shortage. This season’s movement of ore At a recent meeting of the foundry through June, he said, has been approxi­ and forging operators of the Philadel­ mately 5 million tons greater than in the Transportation Equipment phia Industrial Area, former chief of the WMC Manpower Utilization D ivisio n , 1943 season; bituminous coal more than Output Lagging Seriously 7 million tons greater and grain approxi­ E. J. Ronan, declared that A m e ric a n w om en can efficiently answer tire call mately 50 million bushels greater. This Production of some of the principal required, he added, an all-time employ­ items of transportation equipment for for labor in the foundry industry. This statement was endorsed by repre­ ment peak on Great Lakes vessels of ap­ civilian use lagged seriously behind proximately 29,000 seamen. schedule in the first six months of 1944 sentatives of the Philadelphia area s larg­ est foundries and forge plants who at­ although the output was considerably greater than in the first half of 1943, the tended the meeting—Midvale Steel Co, Bolt Anchor Chain & Forge Co., Penn Wage Adjustments Approved Office of Defense Transportation an­ Steel Castings Co., Dodge Steel Cast­ For Steamship Companies nounced recently. The production of items for railway, ings, Crucible Steel Castings, and Atlan­ tic Steel Castings. National War Labor Board recently highway and water transport in the six unanimously granted requests of 30 steam­ months ending June 30, 1944, was gen­ Their endorsement followed Mr. P°' ship companies operating on the Great erally less than anticipated when the nan’s outline of the means by whicn Lakes that they be permitted to put into programs were established by the War womanpower and the foundries c a n be effect a supplementary wage authoriza­ Production Board to meet ODT’s require­ co-ordinated: By job reclassificat*011’ tion issued by the board last June in a ments as claimant agency. However, the plant m echanization, pow er utilization ot dispute case involving the National ODT announced, production generally women’s skills, the use of part time e®' Maritime Union, CIO, and four other was greater than in the same period of ployes.

/ TEE1 78 WINDOWS of, WASHINGTON

It was also stated by Mr. Maverick | New Loan Policy Liberalizes that the new SWPC policy will be ap­ plicable not only to future loans, but also to all SWPC loans made heretofore »¡Regulations for Small Business for financing war contracts, and will be applicable on loans made both to prime Some of the principles of the V and VT loans previously au­ and to subcontractors. thorized by executive order are adopted by the Smaller War Plants Corp. Move seen as giving small business same ad­ Contamination of Carbon vantages as big business Steel Scrap Increasing

Contamination of carbon steel scrap AFTER an investigation of the needs settlement of the termination claim. The with alloys is becoming a more serious j of small business during the contract contractor, therefore, in paying SWPC problem, industry representatives have I termination period, the board of direc- a rate of 2V2 per cent, will pay exactly informed the War Production Board. T tors of the Smaller W ar Plants Corp. last the same rate he receives, and there will Nickel and molybdenum residuals also week announced a new loan policy that be no loss or profit to anyone on the have been rising. liberalizes regulations with respect to transaction. ■1 suspension of payments on principal and Some mills are encouraging the mix­ ing of alloy -and carbon steel scrap by reduction in tire rate of interest. Contains Important Feature According to M aury M averick, chair­ accepting mixed shipments, a WPB offi­ man, the new policy sets forth the fol­ Mr. Maverick emphasized that an im­ cial said. Dealers and producers of scrap lowing conditions: portant feature of the new policy is that are not willing or able to maintain large 1. Type of Loan: Loans must beit made makes available to small sub-subcon­ inventories, it was explained. The pres­ tractors the principal advantages formerly sure to keep alloy steel scrap moving from :of on to t t0 Provi(^e working capital in connection available only to prime contractors or to r , with a war contract. Loans made to pro- industrial plants and dealers’ yards has ' vide fixed assets or for other purposes a few subcontractors on V or VT loans.. resulted in increasing the mixture of For example, a V and VT loan could be not be eligible. these grades. made only if payment of a substantial *3 tfS 2. Termination of Contract: The war Some alloy steel scrap is moving at be­ part of the loan was guaranteed by a war low carbon scrap prices, so that the in­ ssr:: : contract, for the completion of which agency. Because of legal and administra­ centive for maintaining proper segrega­ :n aod SWi'C supplied the w orking capital, m ust tive difficulties, the war agencies found tion is lost in many instances. The in­ .,:c be terminated for the convenience of the it difficult to guarantee loans to small ventory of alloy steel scrap in the hands government. Contracts term inated be- subcontractors. In fact, the war agencies of the steel industry consisted of more -cause of the default of tire borrower will do not even know of the existence of than 50 per cent triple alloy types, a re­ not be eligible. In the event of partial thousands of small subcontractors. The cent WPB survey revealed. However, oost of Ah termination of the w ar contract, the new small subcontractors, because they could consumption of triple alloy scrap was not transport policy will apply to a proportionate part not get the guarantee of a war agency, so large in relation to the percentages of largest; of the loan. could not get a V or VT loan. Loans from triple alloy steels produced as was the aiod sinct It was pointed out by Mr. Maverick SWPC do not require the guarantee of consumed scrap of some of the other war. that the new loan policy was not an in- a war agency. grades. 31680 m novation in government finance, but ;e;vy tax merely represented the SW PC adoption use in the x of some of the principles of the V and -id v/x:: VT loans previously authorized by execu­ te entta tive order and by regulations of the F ed- AWARDS . . . . nr'id federal Reserve Board and the w ar agencies. ,6.562 cntffiThe importance of the new SW PC policy Additional war plants honored with Army-Navy-Maritime | prodncfc -*s that the little business m an who has emblems for outstanding achievement in the production a loan from SWPC will have th e same ..advantages as big business, he said. of war materials DUisn Coif Pays After Termination Settlement Milwaukee Stamping Co., Milwaukee. Wood Newspaper Machinery Corp., Plain­ field, N. J. >S LflDOl 1 Mr. Maverick stated further th a t un- Stamford division, Yale & Towne Mfg. Co.. Stamford, Conn. Hickinbotham Bros., Construction division, i- ■ P e new P0Fcy, when a contract is Majestic Mfg. Co., St. Louis, awarded “M” Stockton, Calif. (ul m,[r i f°r the convenience of the pennant. Indiana Steel Products Co., Valparaiso, Ind. Norton Pike Co., Littleton, N. H. Martin Band Instrument Co., Elkhart, Ind. ' aH payments on the loan Montpelier Mfg. Co., Montpelier, O. Scaife Co., Oakmont, Pa. Resistoflex Corp., Belleville, N. J. " eQ6OTre ®nance fkat contract will be Buffalo Pumps Inc., North Tonawanda, N. Y., ipover aspended until the term ination claim of Strong Mfg. Co., Sebring, O. adds fourth star. Universal Electric Co., Owosso, Mich. “ ffi ntlv m contractor is Paid. Heretofore, SW PC B-G Machine Co., West Haven, Conn. Rudolf Wendel Inc., Long Island, N. Y. i L'nmn agreements have made no reference Camden Wire Co., Camden, N. Y. Chas. D. Briddell Inc., Crisfield, Md., adds Jgl! ike termination of war contracts, and Champion Spark Plug Co., Detroit. star. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., New­ borrower was required to make regu- Perfect Circle Co., plants at Hagerstown, burgh, N. Y. Richmond, Tipton, and New Castle, Ind.,. If PaymerFs even though his funds Franklin Lamp Co., Philadelphia. awarded pennants. s ded up in a termination claim Greer Steel Co., Anderson, Ind. Handy & Harman, Bridgeport, Conn., re­ jeetia?''1 pt might take months to settle. Under Industrial Rubber Goods Co., St. Joseph, ceives fifth award. Mich. Farrell-Cheek Steel Co., Sandusky, O. 13®° f new policy, the contractor will pay W. A. Moyers & Sons, Parkers Landing, Pa. awarded third star. P w^en dis termination claim is Perfex Corp., Milwaukee. Consolidated Engineering Corp., Pasadena, ¡e Steel USWl .id. Reming Arms Co. Inc., Findlay, O. Calif. 4 * , jd was also pointed out by Mr. M averick M. H. Rhodes Inc., Hartford, Conn. Herschede Hall Clock Co., Cincinnati. Sausalito Shipbuilding Co., Sausalito, Calif. Kahlenberg Brothers, Two Rivers, VTis. oiseinent “ the interest rate will be reduced to Scovill Mfg. Co., Racine, Wis. May Oil Burner Corp., Baltimore. , 0f the # 2 per cent, which is the rate to be paid Hamilton Beach Co., Racine, Wis. The Production Plating Works, Inc., Leb­ aDd the ^contractor by the war agency on Standard Piezo Co., Scranton, Pa. anon, O. The Republic Stamping & Enameling Co., By joh Union Carbide & Carbon Co., Chicago. termination claim under the Contract Canton, O. ¡plion, P»f’imination act, recently enacted by the Autopoint Co., Chicago. Wales Strippit Corp., North Tonawanda, United States Industrial Diamond Corp., (fie us® o P >ngress, and will be payable only upon Adamant Tool Co., Division, Bloomfield, N. J. N. Y.

79 WAR PRODUCTION

aircraft engines, and an increase in heavy truck output, recently given top priority Nelson Appeals to Foundries, on par with B-29 bombers and heavy artillery production. Manufacture of replacement parts for Forge Shops To Boost Output civilian vehicles has reached the §700.. 000,000 mark in the last 18 months. WPB chairman says great need for heavy trucks and heavy During the last four months, some 18,- 000 civilian trucks in the heavier cate­ artillery exists in war zones. Need for 20 per cent more castings gories have b een pro d u ced as compared during current quarter than WPB had figured as its needs with 2888 in all of 1943. fo r A p ril, M ay and June 21 Warehouses Co-operate DONALD M. NELSON, chairman, “In gray iron castings, the need for In M aterial Disposal Plan War Production Board, last week issued automotive castings for the truck and ve­ an urgent appeal to the foundries and hicle program is critical; also for chilled- Contracts have been signed with 21 forge shops for increased production of iron wheels and brake-shoes for the rail­ warehouses and related interests to oper­ roads. Increased production needed is castings and forgings critically needed in ate under direction of the Metals Re­ 25 per cent, except for brake-shoes war industries. serve C orp. in disposal of surplus mate­ Mr. Nelson’s appeal, addressed to where a 50 per cent boost is needed. In rials in aircraft plants, in accordance with leaders of both management and labor steel castings, the program now calls provisions of th e “P eterka plan” detailed for both heavy and small castings. Twen­ in the foundries and forge shops, fol­ in S t e e l several months ago. ty per cent more manpower or its equiva­ lows: Under reorganization recently effected “Now, with the war at a crisis, I find lent is needed to meet the demand.” at W rig h t F ield, disposal of surplus prop­ But it is pointed out that the forge it necessary to make an urgent appeal erty is being directed m its entirety by industry is working at only about 70 to the small group of men who are re­ Lieut. Col. A. E . R. Peterka, as assistant per cent of its hammer capacity. Mal­ sponsible for the production of the cast­ to Col. H. S. Rawlings who now heads leable foundries, likewise, are operating ings and forgings for American war in­ the Readjustment Division of the Mate­ at only 70 per cent capacity and are dustry. America’s commanding generals riel Command. unable to meet their orders, according in every war theater are asking for more It is understood the Glenn L, Martin to W PB. equipment at once. They need heavy Co. has disposed of surpluses valued at trucks and heavy artillery, especially, to around $6,000,000 to the government for speed up the destruction of the enemy Somervell Says Shortages a nom inal fee of $1, charging off the re­ and save American lives. We could in­ sultant bookkeeping loss against profits, crease production of these and other Of Munitions Delay War thereby reducing excess profits taxes. needed weapons—if we had enough of Presumably the surplus materials will be Lieut. Gen. Brehon B. Somervell, the required castings and forgings. disposed of b y th e MRC through its “Whether or not we can meet the im­ commanding general, Army Service designed warehouses and its sales in­ perative demands of the fighting fronts Forces, has given the War Manpower terests. for more equipment depends on you and Commission concrete evidence of short­ Similar plan is being developed for every worker in your shop. We appreci­ ages of essential war materials on the disposal of surplus b y North American ate the remarkable job you and your in­ battlefields, WMC Chairman Paul V. Mc­ dustry have been doing under difficult Nutt announced recently. Aviation Inc. conditions. But we must ask you to do In a talk before the Management-La­ Where possible, property disposal even more— to find somewhere, some­ bor Committee of WMC, General Somer­ officers are urging contractors to dispose how, extra energy and ingenuity, and to vell cited cablegrams from generals at of surpluses by returning them to the give even more vigorous co-operation. . . the battlefronts showing that battle plans original vendors at cost less an allowance “The extra effort that you make today, had been interfered with because of for handling, since this is the quickest tomorrow and in the days ahead, will shortages of war materials. way of channelling such surpluses back into the trade. However, where vendors mean speedier victory in the great battles General Somervell appeared before the axe unwilling or unable to take back such that loom before our armies. The na­ committee to explain from a military material, and where other contractors are tion is counting on you.” standpoint the necessity for closer and unable to use it, the MRC plan appears Mr. Nelson’s letter occupies the cover more effective manpower control, under to be the logical alternative. of the Forge and Foundry Action Edi­ tire recent directive of James F. Byrnes, tion of Labor and Management News, Director of War Mobilization, to provide official publication of the War Produc­ adequate manpower for war production. Demand for Motor Graders tion Drive, WPB. WPB officials explained that while Expected to Increase castings and forgings constitute only 1 Automotive Industry's per cent of the value of total U. S. war Output Passes $20 Billion Navy’s requirements for motor grades production, they are the basic compon­ during 1945 are expected to be appros- ents for war goods worth fifty times Tempo of war production in the na­ mately 75 per cent above those of 194% their own value. There are approximate­ tion’s automotive industry is being the Motor Grader Manufacturers Indus­ ly 300 critical foundries and forge shops, stepped up rapidly as a result of the in­ try Advisory Committe was informed b) which employ about 130,000 workers. vasion of Europe as deliveries from auto­ W ar Production Board officials at its i®' cent meeting. Army requirements in In discussing the forge and foundry motive plants of war goods passed the 1945 w ill b e ab o u t th e same as those in situation, the WPB publication said: $20 billion mark since it began in 1944. “We need 20 per cent more castings September, 1939, according to the Auto­ motive Council for War Production, Civilian needs for 1945 will be about during the current quarter than we had D etroit. two and one half times greater tbao figured as our needs for April, May and the number of motor graders authorize® June. But we aren’t even caught up The invasion has called for increased for production in 1944, WPB offiebh with our casting needs for the first six production of tanks, about one and one- pointed out. H ow ever, 1945 civilian F months of 1944. For the entire malleable half times as many as were delivered quirements have not yet been screened industry, an increase of at least 20 per before the invasion, increased shell pro­ for essentiality. cent over present output is needed. duction for 155-millimeter guns, more

fit tl 80 WPB-OPA

tank car heaters and pumping boosters or cir­ PRIORITI ES-ALLOCATIONS-PRICES culators; bituminous paving finishers; bitumin­ ous heating kettles; bituminous materials main­ tenance units; bituminous patch plants; and Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi- asphalt surface heaters. Producers entering into production of any of the above types of equip­ J cial interpretations and directives issued by W ar Production ment may have to appeal from the provisions *’• Board and Office of Price Administration of order M-9-c (copper) and M-43 (tin) to ob­ tain neeessdry materials. (L-217)

INSTRUCTIONS By amendment, L-63 includes the above items M ORDERS m List A, which specifies goods not defined DISTRIBUTORS: Distributor’s application for as supplies within the meaning' of the order. CADMIUM: Additional uses for low-melting preference rating, form W PB-547, used by point alloys containing cadmium are permitted L-63 established supplier inventory controls for wholesalers and retailers of hard goods, should under a new revision of restrictions applicable such items as electrical, hardware, automotive, be filed with WPB field offices, although dis­ plumbing and heating supplies. (L-63) to this metal. In announcing the revision, which «es Co. tributors who sell more than 50 per cent of is contained in WPB general preference Order ' their total goods outside of their WPB region RAILROAD COMPONENTS: Filing of M-65 as amended, Aug. 8, WPB officials may continue to file directly w ith W ashington, monthly shipping schedule reports on critical pointed out that most low melting point alloys railroad components, with the exception of (those which melt at temperatures below the SPROCKET CHAIN: Because of the ex- five items, has been eliminated by issuance of boiling point of water) contain cadmium and treme shortage of sprocket chain and attach­ direction 1 to L-97-d. The five items are are therefore restricted by the order. (M-65) ment links, WPB has am ended Lim itation Order locomotive and tender beds, clasp brakes, L-193-a to permit the exercise of greater con­ CONTAINERBOARD: Sheet plants which use frames, live steam injectors, and mechanical containerboard will be permitted to accept corru­ trol over deliveries of sprocket chain. Any per­ lubrication equipment. (L-97-d) son assigned a preference rating by means other gated or solid fibre sheets and charge them to than the use of W PB-547 (formerly PD-1X) is AUTOMOTIVE PARTS: Anyone may now third quarter quota even though delivered Oct. I. This action was taken by issuance of direc­ (1*4“®1K now required to w rite to WPB in W ashington, go into the business of distributing automotive giving the information requested in appendix replacement parts by acquiring up to $1000 tion 5 to Order M-290. (M-290) A of the order if he proposes to receive in woith of parts as an initial inventory and SILVER: Rules relating to the use of copper MIMS the succeeding m onth sprocket chain in excess theieafter being subject to inventory limitations interliners in the manufacture of gold plate and h : of the following values: Steel detachable type, of order L-158. Any producer of parts for gold-filled stock containing more than i/2 of 1500; malleable detachable type, $500; other original equipment or replacement when such teiedmi 1 per cent of silver by weight, exclusive of the types, production will not interfere with any “frozen” silver content of the karat gold, for use in LR.?eïà schedule for the war program, is now permitted LIQUIDATION SALES: Additional types of making items such as fountain pens, mechanical liquidation sales m ade under statute or court pencils and watch cases, have been modified to »îüiià order were exempted from price control by place manufacturers of these items on the same OPA, which said tnat these sales were so small basis as manufacturers of jewelry. (M-199) a fraction of total sales that their exemption INDEX OF ORDER — h would not disturb the price stabilization pro- PRICE REGULATIONS ■ gram. These exemptions, contained in a revi­ REVISIONS RADIO RECEIVERS: Price schedule previ­ sion of the original order governing judicial S ubject Designations ously governing manufacturers’ maximum prices sales, effective Aug. 19, 1944, are for sales of Automotive Parts ...... L -158 1. C-I: many items by administrators and executors, for consumer type radio receivers and phono^ C adm ium ...... graphs has been revoked and the articles trans­ - as well as sales by sheriffs, constables or other Construction Equipment L -2 1 7 judicial officers in carrying o u t their legal ferred to coverage by regulation affecting most Containerboard ...... M -290 other consumers’ durable goods. Pricing eng ate duties. Certain scarce durable commodities Railroad Components ...... L -9 7 -d formulas of maximum price regulation 188 will offered at all these sales are not exempt from besmpte S ilv e r ...... be in effect on radio receivers and phonographs. price control. Suppliers ...... L -63 These are considered more adequately suited to T anks ...... HOUSING PROJECTS: U nder terms of pricing these articles than either revised price schedule 83 or the general maximum price limited preference order P-55-c, housing proj­ PRICE REGULATIONS ects authorized before the effective date of regulation. (No. 188) Radio Receivers is te P-55-c, and for which authorization is still in No. 188 Stoves ...... STOVES: Several changes in the regulation effect, may be constructed under provisions of governing ceiling prices of domestic cooking and the specific authorization received or under the heating stoves were announced. There are sev­ provisions of P-55-c, at the election of the eral changes in definitions of domestic cooking owner. This means that the owner may take and heating stoves, modification of the adjust­ advantage of any relaxation in the w ar housing to use in any month for the production of the ment provision, and several new provisions critical list or war housing contractions stand­ parts listed in schedule I 5 per cent of his added to the regulation. (No. 64) ards as they appear in schedules 1 and 2, re­ total man or machine hours, or both, which spectively, of Order P-55-c. H e may also take were devoted during the preceding month to advantage of the method of using the preference the production of automotive parts for original Announce Freight Trailer - rating and allotment symbol for acquiring m a- equipment and replacement, without restriction tenais as outlined in paragraph (d) and (e) as to their use and without regard to priorities of P-55-c. and controlled materials plan regulations. Construction Program Component manufacturers are given the CIVILIAN GOODS: Priorities regulation 25 same 5 per cent authorization for the produc­ Allocations of general freight trailer establishes methods to be used in authorizing tion of automotive type components for the construction to American manufacturers the resumption of civilian production as local parts already listed. They are also authorized conditions permit. It provides a way by which calls for the construction of 14,466 trailers, to ship each month against orders for replace­ of which 11,248 will be general freights, manufacturers may be authorized to m ake ment parts from producers up to 5 per cent articles which are otherwise restricted or pro- of their total monthly production of automotive 263 lowbeds, 1570 poles, 130 milk tanks, phibited by WPB b ut only when they have type components. (L-158) 625 petroleum tanks, 375 highway and fo r Motor v labor facilities available w hich are no longer needed for essential purposes. Regulation ex­ TANKS: Production in excess of established 255 miscellaneous. plains products covered, nature of authoriza- quotas may be authorized for the manufacture General freight trailers to be produced to 1 0 ns, pohcy in granting authorizations, and of range boilers and expansion and storage under the allocations will be for the )ther important details. tanks. Tank manufacturers are permitted to Office of Defense Transportation, Canada, produce 70 per cent of their 1941 output of are range boilers and expansion tanks, and 75 per Foreign Economic Administration and CMP REGULATIONS cent of their 1941 output of hot water stor­ Maritime Commission. rcent CONSTRUCTION: When a restriction on the age tanks. Additional authorizations will be asirse an hem is changed or removed by an made on form GA-1850. (L-199) . amendment to general construction limitations CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT: Restrictions Lift Restrictions on n;/;, ^sued after an authorization has been re­ which prohibited manufacturers from producing W ject, the builder may disregard the previous specified types of 10 kinds of construction Metallurgical Fluorspar "S+ 1Cu°n anc* f°h°w the new provision with- equipment, if they were not manufacturing these ut obtaining specific authority. (CMP No. 6) types before certain dates, have been removed. Industry may resume its normal, pre­ The manufacture of these items is subject, how­ 1945 v war purchase and sale of metallurgical >dsfor L ORDERS ever, to production control under order L-192. The amended schedules, which provide for fluorspar, effective immediately, WPB ^ : Repair and replacement parts the issuance of simplification and conservation announced recently. Some restrictions ^ ' commercial refrigeration equipment and schedules for various types of construction ma­ on fluorspar were lifted last spring. latenals or finished goods sold to a supplier chinery and equipment, cover: Portable jaw This latest action frees fluorspar for all I $ “der priorities regulation No. 13 are exempt and roll crushers; portable construction con­ I suppliers’ Inventory limitation order L-63 crete mixers, truck mixer-agitators; pumps; purposes, including the metal industries. ?e ^ ' .ugust 21, 1944 81 ;/l EXPORT PROSPECTS

WHAT effect will the collapse of Ger­ many and cessation of war in Europe td ( now believed by many to be imminent ) Postwar Foreign T r a have on United States’ export trade in steel and allied products? Immediately and for the longer pull? Three major factors point to a consid­ erable and fairly early expansion of in­ Prewar; N azi Fall ternational trade over prewar levels. One is the need for rehabilitation of devastated areas. A second is pentup demand and accumulated buying power in other countries. The third is this country’s larger capacity to produce, born of the war, and the desire for a higher stand­ ard of living in the less industrialized countries. However, due to the lag between can­ cellations of war work and reconversion to peacetime production, the setdement of treaties and the re-establishment of trade channels, many exporters expect a temporary lull. There will be, of course, considerable inquiry. Substantial demand will appear in South America, in the Near East and in certain other countries which during the war have been receiving little or nothing from this country. Such countries include Sweden, Nor­ way, Denmark and Holland. Inquiries, in fact, already are being received by producers either through trade commis­ sions in this country or through repre­ sentatives of governments in exile. Sweden, for instance, has had a commis­ sion in the United States for some time. Inquiries Being Brought Out Inquiries are being brought out simply in an effort to get orders on mill books as quickly as possible for whatever prefer­ ence may be obtained. These countries have little expectation of getting any­ thing now because of the war; moreover they realize their requirement probably would have to be approved by our gov­ ernment before the mills could definitely enter their orders. Sweden, which has always been a sub­ stantial producer of special steels, is par­ View of the port at Rio de ticularly interested in ship plates and to other alloys. There will be substantial re­ Brazil, which is expected to be one a lesser degree in some of the other more quirements for automobiles and at least a of the major receiving points for common grades of steel. Denmark is espe-. certain improved demand for electrical American exports after the war. household appliances. cially interested in plates and tin plate, N E A photo and Holland, in plates and structural ma­ Most South American countries at pres­ terial. ent will have no trouble in establishing There is substantial demand from the credit. In fact, several of the principal Germany’s collapse. Treaty Near East and some relief is already be­ countries have plenty of money in Amer­ will have to be worked out and surveys ing afforded such countries as Egypt, ican dollars. Neither does there appear to m ade. Some leading steel exporters be­ Iran and others, through the Foreign be any difficulty with respect to the lieve there will be a considerable lag- Economic Administration. These countries financing of purchases by the Scandi­ Russia is expected to be a heavy import“ are especially interested in pipe, tin plate, navian countries and Holland. Sweden, of American goods, but steel for rehabili­ construction materials and railroad equip­ for instance, can place cash right on the tation purposes likewise will be affecte ment. In fact, there should be much de- barrel, if necessary. for reasons given above. She is in ® Tryvnd for rails and rolling stock from Exporters look for little from South market for considerable machinery va jAus foreign countries. Africa, where steel production is said to this equipment should be moving oi ,*uth American countries will continue have practically doubled since the war to Russia w ith not m uch delay after G® at sly interested in steel from this began. South Africa, it is said, now has many collapses. cot.: try for some time. Here requirements just about enough steel to meet her own As has been emphasized in exp^ forri railroad, road building and public requirements. India likewise has ex­ circles heretofore, Russia over a Penf utilities equipment and materials will panded production capacity. No special of years w ill probably be the largest u come in for special interest. In addition activity is expected from the Far East porter of American steel. Some export® there should be substantial demand for until after the war with Japan is ended. believe this will be true on an average galvanized sheets, tin plate and certain Demands for the rehabilitation of Eu­ at least 10 to 15 years. Here again # specialties, such as stainless steel and rope are expected to develop slowly after is regarded as satisfactory. EXPORT PROSPECTS

actually heavier than they were but not sufficiently so to offset the proposed drop 1 \pected to Exceed in tonnage to Great Britain.

Two More Societies ale Followed by Lull To Meet at Metal Congress Two additional technical societies will participate in die forthcoming National ton, surplus war property administrator, Metal Congress and War Conference Dis­ said most people are inclined to be too plays, to be held in Cleveland the week pessimistic regarding the buying power of Oct. 16. They are the Society for of Europe at the end of the war. En­ Experimental Stress Analysis and the tirely aside from the $1.35 billion the American Industrial Radium and X-Ray United States has appropriated for the Society. Other co-operating societies in United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation the congress are the American Society for Administration, said Mr. Clayton, Eu­ Metals, sponsor of the event, the Iron rope will have large quantities of spend­ and Steel and Institute of Metals divi­ able funds. sions of the American Institute of Min­ ing and Metallurgical Engineers, and the “I am informed by very good authority American Welding Society. that France has about $2 billion in gold The Society for Experimental Stress in a safe place, and in addition she has Analysis has national headquarters at the about $2 billion in foreign exchange Massachusetts Institute of Technology, which belongs to her citizens, but it is with Professor W. M. Murray of M.I.T. subject to requisition in exchange for as president. Members of the executive francs.” " committee are M. Hetenyi, Westinghouse Asked by Chairman Clarence E. Can­ Electric & Mfg. Co.; C. Lipson, Chrysler non (Dem., Mo.) if he realized that the Corp.; and R. D. Mindlin, Columbia Uni­ Germans had swept France clean, Mr. versity. Clayton said that would make French During the Metal Congress the demands all the greater. S.E.S.A. will have headquarters at the “Other countries abroad will have con­ Carter hotel, Cleveland. Technical ses­ siderable buying power,” said Mr. Clay­ sions will be held both miming and ton. “Holland will have considerable afternoon on Tuesday, Wednesday, buying power; Belgium, Sweden and Thursday and Friday, Oct. 17-20, with Denmark will have considerable buying the annual dinner meeting on Thursday power. Obviously Germany and Italy will evening. have very little buying power. But The American Industrial Radium and Sweden, Spain and Portugal will have a X-Ray Society will have technical ses­ good deal of buying power. Switzerland sions for mornings and afternoons on will have some buying power. So I think Thursday and Friday, Oct. 19 and 20, we need not be too pessimistic on that with a special meeting of the Cleveland score.” section on Monday, Oct. 16, and the annual meeting of the society on Thurs­ Government Control Likely day afternoon. Convention headquar­ The Russian situation, he added, will ters will be at Hotel Hollenden. not immediately be good. “Her foreign The technical program of this Society balances now must be very small,” he is under the direction of Roy W. Emer­ said. “But Russia is a considerable pro­ son, metallurgist, Pittsburgh Piping & ducer of gold and of other things which Equipment Co., Pittsburgh. M. B. Evans, China will have heavy needs, but Temstedt Mfg. division of General Mo­ are readily marketable. I think Russia credit will represent some complicated tors Corp., Detroit, is president; Philip D. will soon have a considerable amount of ; : problems. Further, C hina will require Johnson is secretary with national head­ buying power.” - nany years of development before she quarters at 25 East Washington St., While the United States has $22 billion vill be a leading buyer of steel. Chicago. J. A. Catanzano is treasurer. In some trade circles recently question of the world’s total of $33 billion of gold, The American Society for Metals will ias been raised with respect to Great said Mr. Clayton, he reminded the com­ have headquarters during the Metal Con­ Dapse Wtain’s steelmaking capacity. No official mittee that the other $11 billion worth gress at the Statier and the Hollenden . rii gures have been issued for security is scattered all over the world, thus con­ hotels; the A.I.M.E. will be at the Statier, eidingMasons. However, it is believed her ingot stituting the basis of a large amount of and the American Welding Society at ¡1 be J apacity has increased but little during foreign purchasing power. Hotel Cleveland. led is ¡x- ae war for the reason, primarily, that With commercial arrangements likely ¡ods, but si® *ihe has had relatively little ore. H er nor- to be given important consideration in {jreffi* lal supply from Sweden was cut off at the formulation of treaties many exporters To Discuss Progress in a above- - re outbreak of the war (this surplus believe foreign trade will continue to be Fuels at Meeting, Sept. 1 4 governed to a large measure by the gov­ ¿(¡erabfe *%ing to Germany) and for a long time i clioulb -•er Mediterranean and South African ernment not only immediately after Ger­ Progress in fuels will be repor' to were practically tied up because many’s collapse but after the war is over the Division of Gas and Fuel Chei .ry, f shipping difficulties. England’s own in the Far East as well. American Chemical Society, in New fork ^pbajp on ore is of an inferior grade, so that Meanwhile, fourth quarter steel alloca­ on Thursday, Sept. 14. Dr. Gilbert Bussia ftpply has constituted quite a problem. tions are being set up with a reduction Thiessen of Koppers Co., Pittsburgh, ijjUy be Another factor with England has been in lend-lease shipments and with general chairman of the division, will preside. aS steel S^prtage of manpower. export provisions about the same. A re­ The sessions will be held in connection je true f ® Testifying before the House Appropri- duction in lend-lease will affect Great with the society’s one hundred and J P !dons Committee recently, Will L. Clay- Britain most. Russian allotments will be eighth meeting.

ugust 21, 1944 onaHIGH-PROÜÜ!

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Frazer becomes chairman of board at Graham-Paige Motors sales manager and a member of the oper­ ations committee of Chrysler Corp. be­ Corp. Allied Nations impressed by efficiency of American fore leaving in 1939 to take over the automotive industry, study our mass production methods. In­ presidency of Willys-Overland. During his tenure there for five years the com­ dustry's war production exceeds twenty billion dollars pany, thanks largely to the war, increased its annual sales volume from 9 to 170 CLARIFICATION of the future status craft engines. About half of the total millions, and its number of employes of Graham-Paige Motors Corp. has come number of machines in the plant are from 1100 to 16,000. j direct from its new impresario, Joseph DPC owned, but in point of value the In forming the new company, there Washington Frazer, who, after acquiring DPC share is by far the larger. were an unusual number of stock trans­ 265.000 shares of G raham common stock President and general manager of the actions involved, and the SEC was from Joseph B. G raham and the G raham new Graham-Warren combine is R. L. prompted to ask a few questions, all of family, was nam ed chairm an of the Hodgson, a former RFC official who which were reported answered satisfac­ board. The purchase was m ade by Mr. took over the presidency of Graham- torily. Both Messrs. Frazer and Plodgson Frazer and his New York associates, in­ Paige several years ago, presumably in have options to purchase several hundred cluding Oswald L. Johnston, attorney the interests of protecting RFC loans thousand shares more of Graham com­ and director of the Atlas Corp. and other which at that time amounted to several mon, at prices well below the current companies, who was elected to the million. According to Mr. Hodgson these market, Mr. Frazer, incidentally, is serv­ Graham board. Three Graham directors have been virtually all repaid. ing without salary for the first year. have resigned—E. R. Harrel, R. E. Stone Impressed with the stamina of Ameri­ No World-Shaking Potentialities and W. L. Eaton. can automotive military equipment as Simultaneously, by the exchange of A look at the manufacturing plant well as with its seemingly endless supply, 150.000 shares of Graham common, the available at the moment, together with representatives of the United Nations Warren City Mfg. Co., W arren, O., of the engineering and managerial talent, are reported by the Automotive Council 'e gem which Mr. Frazer has been president, and possible distribution outlets, does not for War Production to be investigating was acquired as a wholly owned sub- seem to point up any world-shaking production methods and xorinciples which oS difslj sidiary. This plant, built in 1942 by the potentialities for Graham in the auto­ are in vogue here. In studies of the Navy Department at a cost of $9,000,000, motive picture. Mr. Frazer says they matter by the British, some startling con­ n ore m is an outgrowth of tire old Warren Tank will have to depend on outside talent for trasts were uncovered. For example, & Boiler Co. and in recent m onths has styling and engineering, and that, ex­ they found that although American labor been turning out LCM -3 landing craft, cept possibly for engines, manufacturing costs per hour ran twice their own dur­ i n t h « diesel engine crankcases, generator bases will be largely an assembly proposition. ing the immediate prewar years, the and oil pans, gear drives for cargo ships, He thinks the company might be in pro­ price of vehicles in the U. S. declined t h e s e 1' boiler turbine cases, 155-millimeter gun duction within a year after the close of steadily while quality increased. rails and miscellaneous parts for the the war and on the score of distribution Comparing costs of materials used in le uni: Navy. Floor space totals 225,000 square says that “If we have a hot car, we a representative English vehicle and feet, and equipm ent includes 21 planers, won’t have to worry about dealers.” those used in a similar American product, e toe seven shapers, eight milling machines, Mr. Frazer is of course no novice in the British found that without exception six engine lathes, two turret lathes, four the automobile business, having spent their prices ran considerably higher. A Bullards, 21 boring mills, 41 drills, 250 the better part of 30 years in it. He was steering wheel cost the British manufac­ f a : arc welders, 44 positioners, 120 grinders, associated with the late Walter P. turer 81 per cent more than it did the 14 flame cutting machines, 55 cranes and Chrysler for 15 years and was general American producer. A starter cost 79 . b e ® hoists, along w ith brakes, saws, shears, rolls, furnaces, sandblast equipm ent and eking. miscellaneous m achinery. Three top officials other than Mr. leed , ity Frazer are former Willys-Overland ex­ ecutives—R. J. Fitness, W . A. M ac­ ing Donald and Marvin J. Alef. Naturally, before the plant can be operated on peacetime work, it will be necessary to buy out title to the property and equip­ ment from the Navy, b u t doubtless Mr. rife ! Frazer and his associates hope to be able to accomplish this on an economical basis. Facilities would hardly be adapt­ able to automotive work, b u t plans are being developed for a line of farm im- piements, and F razer thinks there may y | be some good postw ar business in build- § H i ing storage tanks for gasoline service

f Graham-Paige’s automotive facilities in wit® Detroit include only one plant in D etroit, ■^otteith about 500,000 square feet of space. Part of this currently is under lease to mother company and the balance is ^__^-^"devoted in p a rt to m anufacture of am ­ ALL ABOARD: "Water Buffaloes," built by Food Machinery Corp. in phibious tractors or “alligators;” designed Florida and California, not only carry troops, but also vehicles. Above, ¡ome years ago by the Food Machinery a jeep is driven into one of the amphibious tanks. The tank also is capable orp. and subsequently rem odeled sev- ral times and armed, and in part to of carrying a heavy howitzer achining of components for Wright Air­

(Material in this department is protected by copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited) MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

which distributors will be eliminated and scores of dealer outlets throughout the per cent more, a distributor 59 per cent country have been taken over by women more, a crankshaft 127 per cent more, all dealers placed under direct factory franchises is interesting in that it formal­ —wives or relatives of men who have while malleable iron castings and steel izes a trend which has been developing left for military service, most of them body sheets cost just twice what the without any previous experience in run­ American car builders paid for the same in the industry for some years. Chevrolet is believed to be the only other producer ning a business. product. not officially operating under distributor­ Speaking in Portland, Oreg., on the Speaking of affairs international, a ships, but one of the other independent subject of diesel engines in w ar equip, report is heard that Willys-Overlancf may producers has been ready to announce m ent, J. H . M oloney, of the Detroit be contemplating participation in a world such a plan momentarily and Studebaker Diesel division of General Motors, men­ combine under the name International tioned a recent development relating to beat it to the punch. Motors Corp., to include several foreign the preconceived line of demarkation be­ producers. Can Police Their Dealers tween the gasoline and the diesel engine. W ith increased schedules for a number T he form er has conventional compression of products, such as tanks, shells and Principal objection to the plan of sell­ ratio of around 6 to 1, whereas the heavy trucks, the manufacture of mili­ ing through wholesale distributors is that diesel uses ratio of 16 to 1. As the tary items by the motor industry is being they often receive a share of factory dis­ gasoline engine has advanced beyond held in line with current military de­ counts out of all proportion to the ratios of 6 to 1, antiknock additives have actual selling they do. By eliminating m ands. been m ade to th e gasoline. However, In the field of army trucks, the Dodge distributors, factories can offer their deal­ it has been found possible to inject gaso­ division of Chrysler reports it is more ers more attractive discounts and at the line in exactly the same manner as diesel than 1000 trucks ahead of schedule, and same time police their dealers more fuel, th a t is, into a 16 to 1 compression since 1939 has built more than 340,000 effectively, preventing such things as ratio. As a matter of fact, when gasoline for the United States and Allied Nations. dealers handling competing lines in the is injected into the hot air of the com­ Announcement of a new merchandis­ same showroom, etc. bustion chamber, ignition takes place ing plan by Studebaker Corp., under Ford reports the interesting fact that m ore slowly th an w hen diesel fuel is injected, contrary to what many might have expected. Experimental ordnance vehicles have been built w ith tw o fuel tanks, one containing diesel fuel, the other gasoline, so the diesel engine could operate on either. The economy of consumption of gasoline, using it this way in the diesel cylinders compared with the normal car­ buretor engine, can be shown by the figures of 10, 14 a n d 16 miles to the gallon . . . 10 being the consumption with the carburetor engine, 14 with gaso­ line injected into the diesel cylinder, and 16 w ith the straight diesel engine. Mr. Moloney observed that the project has not yet reached th e practical application stage. Union labor is making ominous ges­ tures indicating its unwillingness to be downgraded or to accept jobs paying less than the high rates prevailing on war production. Many of the recent strikes in this area have been because of the out­ grow th of just such protests, suggesting that the reconversion of labor to peace­ time production is going to be no simple proposition. If that is not enough for managements to worry about, let them consider the problem of thousands of junior executives and administrative per­ sonnel who in the past three years have been suddenly th ru st into well-paying jobs with responsibilities far beyond the normal expectancy of such employes. The dismantling of war production and the subsequent reconversion to compet1- tive production certainly will mean that many of these newly affluent executives will have to step down the ladder to their former rungs. Obviously they will not like it, but there is not much they BRAKE INTENSIFIER: Newly developed vacuum brake intensifier for power can do about it. Unfortunately or fortu­ application of hydraulic brakes on trucks, developed by Pesco Products nately, depending upon how you low Co., Cleveland, division of Borg-Warner Corp., is tested at the Cleveland at th e situation, these deflated individuals plant. The intensifier units have undergone tests in actual usage on heavy will have no union leaders to scream trucks ranging from 7 to 12 tons gross weight. They are adaptable for their protests before the government or brake and clutch operation on other equipment such as power shovels, to pull their men out on strike. road machinery and industrial hoists There are few the coming war defla­ tion will not touch.

t e e i CANCELS IHIT KEAHIMi LIIAHH

As illustrated by the diagram above, equal and opposing important reason for the exceptionally high efficiency pressure areas are provided on the outlet side and on of these pumps. the inlet side of Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps. Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps are available The equal and opposing radial hydraulic thrust loads in single-stage for 1000 psi (see Bulletin 40-25a); cancel each other . . . consequently there are no bearing two-stage for 2000 psi (see Bulletin 40-16) and also loads resulting from pressure. The maj or cause for wear two-pressure, large-small volume (see Bulletin 38-14). is thus completely eliminated and the result is much Vickers Application Engineers will gladly discuss with longer pump life. This “Hydraulic Balance” construc­ you the many different types of hydraulic power and tion is exclusive with Vickers Vane Type Pumps; it control circuits on which these pumps have improved also permits an unusual design compactness and is an machine performance. Write the office nearest you.

VlCKERf incorporated • 1480 OAKMA N BLVD. • DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN . NEWARK • PHILADELPHIA • ROCHESTER • ROCKFORD • TULSA • WORCESTER Application Engineering Offices: CHICAGO • CLEVELAND • DETROIT • LOS ANGELES

Representative Of More than 3,000 Standardized Vicl.ers , y-v«- , l.-run tl, ......

' PRESSURE C O N TR O l P ... CONSTANT DiUVtKr : ¡5 HUID W m m s m A ssem tm MOTORS MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

scores of dealer outlets throughout L per cent more, a distributor 59 per cent which distributors will be eliminated and country have been taken over by won® more, a crankshaft 127 per cent more, all dealers placed under direct factory —wives or relatives of men who have while malleable iron castings and steel franchises is interesting in that it formal­ left for military service, most of thoj body sheets cost just twice what the izes a trend which has been developing without any previous experience in r®. American car builders paid for the same in the industry for some years. Chevrolet ning a business. product. is believed to be the only other producer Speaking in Portland, Oreg., on Speaking of affairs international, a not officially operating under distributor­ subject of diesel engines in war eq report is heard that Willys-Overland may ships, but one of the other independent producers has been ready to announce ment, J. H. Moloney, of the D be contemplating participation in a world Diesel division of General Motors, combine under the name International such a plan momentarily and Studebaker beat it to the punch. tioned a recent development rela" Motors Corp., to include several foreign the preconceived line of demarkation producers. Can Police Their Dealers tween the gasoline and the diesel eng® W ith increased schedules for a number The former has conventional compress® Principal objection to the plan of sell­ of products, such as tanks, shells and ratio of around 6 to 1, whereas ing through wholesale distributors is that heavy trucks, the manufacture of mili­ diesel uses ratio of 16 to 1. As they often receive a share of factory dis­ tary items by the motor industry is being gasoline engine has advanced bey counts out of all proportion to the held in line with current military de­ ratios of 6 to 1, antiknock additives actual selling they do. By eliminating m ands. been m ade to th e gasoline. Ho distributors, factories can offer their deal­ In the field of army trucks, the Dodge it has been found possible to inject ers more attractive discounts and at the division of Chrysler reports it is more fine in exactly the same manner as same time police their dealers more than 1000 trucks ahead of schedule, and fuel, th a t is, into a 16 to 1 comp effectively, preventing such things as since 1939 has built more than 340,000 ratio. As a matter of fact, when g- dealers handling competing lines in the for the United States and Allied Nations. is injected into the hot air of the Announcement of a new merchandis­ same showroom, etc. bustion cham ber, ignition takes Ford reports the interesting fact that ing plan by Studebaker Corp., under more slowly than when diesel fu injected, contrary to what many have expected. Experim ental ordnance vehicles been built with two fuel ta containing diesel fuel, the other so the diesel engine could ope. either. T he econom y of consumptio gasoline, using it this way in the di cylinders compared with the normal buretor engine, can be shown by figures of 10, 14 and 16 miles to the gallon . . . 10 being the consumption with the carburetor engine, 14 with gaso­ line injected into the diesel cylinder, and 16 with the straight diesel engine. Mr. M oloney observed th a t the project has not yet reached tire practical application stage. Union labor is m aking ominous ges­ tures indicating its unwillingness to be dow ngraded or to accept jobs paying less than the high rates prevailing on war production. Many of the recent strikes in this area have been because of the out­ growth of just such protests, suggesting that the reconversion of labor to peace­ time production is going to be no simple proposition. If th a t is not enough for managements to worry about, let them consider the problem of thousands of junior executives and administrative per­ sonnel who in the past three years have been suddenly thrust into well-payi»? jobs with responsibilities far beyond tie normal expectancy of such employe* The dismantling of war production M the subsequent reconversion to competi­ tive production certainly will mean that many of these newly affluent executives w ill have to step dow n the ladder to their form er rungs. O bviously they w BRAKE INTENSIFIER: Newly developed vacuum brake intensifier for power not like it, but there is not much the; application of hydraulic brakes on trucks, developed by Pesco Products can do about it. Unfortunately or fortu­ nately, depending upon how you 1 Co., Cleveland, division of Borg-Warner Corp., is tested at the Cleveland a t th e situation, these deflated indivi plant. The intensifier units have undergone tests in actual usage on heavy will have no union leaders to set trucks ranging from 7 to 12 tons gross weight. They are adaptable for their protests before the government brake and clutch operation on other equipment such as power shovels, to pull their men out on strike. road machinery and industrial hoists There are few the coming war de lion will not touch.

86 TEE1 'Vl Üeu (i fees oî, » ’ions HYDRAULIC BALANCE C AIM I* ELS (HIT HEARING LOADS

Anil M e a n s M IIL'H LIIIMGElt Pll M l’ LIFE

ICKERS Li a I a it i' e d

wtray to its «ted VANE TYPE onisajxs Ri wÉ tro y g fe d fœifei PII MI'S

Diagram showing patented ''Hydraulic Balance" construction.

As illustrated by the diagram above, equal and opposing important reason for the exceptionally high efficiency pressure areas are provided on the outlet side and on of these pumps. the inlet side of Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps. Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps are available The equal and opposing radial hydraulic thrust loads in single-stage for 1000 psi (see Bulletin 40-25a); cancel each other . . . consequently there are no bearing two-stage for 2000 psi (see Bulletin 40-16) and also loads resulting from pressure. The major cause for wear two-pressure, large-small volume (see Bulletin 38-14). is thus completely eliminated and the result is much Vickers Application Engineers will gladly discuss with longer pump life. This “Hydraulic Balance” construc­ you the many different types of hydraulic power and tion is exclusive with Vickers Vane Type Pumps; it control circuits on which these pumps have improved also permits an unusual design compactness and is an machine performance. Write the office nearest you.

V ic k e r s Incorporated * 1 4 8 0 OAKMA N BLVD. • DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN . NEWARK • PHILADELPHIA • ROCHESTER ■ ROCKFORD. TULSA • WORCESTER Application Engineering Offices: CHICAGO • CLEVELAND • DETROIT * LOS ANGELES MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

scores of dealer outlets throughoi per cent more, a distributor 59 per cent which distributors will be eliminated and country have been taken over by women more, a crankshaft 127 per cent more, all dealers placed under direct factory —wives or relatives of men who while malleable iron castings and steel franchises is interesting in that it formal­ izes a trend which has been developing left for military service, most of body sheets cost just twice what the without any previous experience in run. American car builders paid for the same in the industry for some years. Chevrolet is believed to be the only other producer ning a business. product. Speaking in Portland, Oreg., on Speaking of affairs international, a not officially operating under distributor­ ships, but one of the other independent subject of diesel engines in war e report is heard that Willys-Overland may producers has been ready to announce ment, J. H. Moloney, of the D be contemplating participation in a world such a plan momentarily and Studebaker Diesel division of General Motors, combine under the name International beat it to the punch. tioned a recent development rela' Motors Corp., to include several foreign the preconceived line of demarkatio producers. Can Police Their Dealers tween the gasoline and the diesel engine. W ith increased schedules for a number The former has conventional compress» Principal objection to the plan of sell­ of products, such as tanks, shells and ratio of around 6 to 1, wh< ing through wholesale distributors is that heavy trucks, the manufacture of mili­ diesel uses ratio of 16 to 1. As they often receive a share of factory dis­ tary items by the motor industry is being gasoline engine has advanced bi counts out of all proportion to the held in line with crurent military de­ ratios of 6 to 1, antiknock additives actual selling they do. By eliminating m ands. been made to the gasoline. Ho' distributors, factories can offer their deal­ In the field of army trucks, the Dodge it has been found possible to inject | ers more attractive discounts and at the division of Chrysler reports it is more fine in exactly the same manner as di< same time police their dealers more than 1000 trucks ahead of schedule, and fuel, that is, into a 16 to 1 compri effectively, preventing such things as since 1939 has built more than 340,000 ratio. As a matter of fact, when dealers handling competing lines in the for the United States and Allied Nations. is injected into the hot air of the coi Announcement of a new merchandis­ same showroom, etc. bustion cham ber, ignition takes pla Ford reports the interesting fact that ing plan by Studebaker Corp., under more slowly than when diesel fuel injected, contrary to what many have expected. E xperim ental ordnance vehicles been built with two fuel ta; containing diesel fuel, the other so the diesel engine could opej either. T he econom y of consumption of gasoline, using it this way in the diesel cylinders com pared w ith the normal car­ buretor engine, can be shown by the figures of 10, 14 and 16 miles to the gallon . . . 10 being the consumption with the carburetor engine, 14 with gaso­ line injected into the diesel cylinder, and 16 with the straight diesel engine. Mr. M oloney observed th a t the project has not yet reached the practical application stage. Union labor is m aking ominous ges­ tures indicating its unwillingness to be dow ngraded or to accept jobs paying less than the high rates prevailing on war production. Many of the recent strikes in this area have been because of the out­ growth of just such protests, suggesting that the reconversion of labor to peace­ time production is going to be no simple proposition. If th a t is not enough for managements to worry about, let them consider the problem of thousands of junior executives and administrative per­ sonnel w ho in the p ast three years have been suddenly thrust into well-pay»? jobs with responsibilities far beyond tit normal expectancy of such employ® The dismantling of war production anti the subsequent reconversion to competi­ tive production certainly will mean that^ many of these newly affluent executive!; w ill have to step dow n the ladder hi their form er rungs. O bviously they w BRAKE INTENSIFIER: Newly developed vacuum brake intensifier for power not like it, but there is not much W application of hydraulic brakes on trucks, developed by Pesco Products can do about it. Unfortunately or fortu­ nately, depending upon how you to® Co., Cleveland, division of Borg-Warner Corp., is tested at the Cleveland at th e situation, these deflated individu^ plant. The intensifier units have undergone tests in actual usage on heavy will have no union leaders to scream trucks ranging from 7 to 12 tons gross weight. They are adaptable for their protests before the government # brake and clutch operation on other equipment such as power shovels, to pull their men out on strike. road machinery and industrial hoists There are few the coming war defla- tion will not touch.

86 CANCELS (HIT BEARING LOADS

And Means MUCH LILNGEH PlIMI’ LIFE

X,-X; B a I a n i e (I VANE TYPE PUMPS ! «fflomy di 3E2 it this W5 :mpared \rift1

rburetor enj i a to the d

As illustrated by the diagram above, equal and opposing important reason for the exceptionally high efficiency pressure areas are provided on the outlet side and on of these pumps. the inlet side of Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps. Vickers Balanced Vane Type Pumps are available The equal and opposing radial hydraulic thrust loads in single-stage for 1000 psi (see Bulletin 40-25a); cancel each other . . . consequently there are no bearing two-stage for 2000 psi (see Bulletin 40-16) and also loads resulting from pressure. The major cause for wear two-pressure, large-small volume (see Bulletin 38-14). Vickers Application Engineers will gladly discuss with t issiti is thus completely eliminated and the result is much longer pump life. This “Hydraulic Balance” construc­ you the many different types of hydraulic power and tion is exclusive with Vickers Vane Type Pumps; it control circuits on which these pumps have improved also permits an unusual design compactness and is an machine performance. Write the office nearest you.

V lCKERS Incorporated * 1480 OAKMA N BLVD. • DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN - NEWARK • PHILADELPHIA • ROCHESTER • ROCKFORD. TULSA • WORCESTER Application Engineering Offices: CHICAGO ♦ CLEVELAND • DETROIT • LOS ANGELES

Representative «f More than 3,000 Standardised Vickers Units

/ i;PK b r t f f * l i ifanaueltBwnc , Obvio» v . 7 J r ' ' ' /R S : VARlAßtf DMŸERY t on ' c o n st a n t o t ü v r n r FLUID m ' : a s s e m b l ie s WtKXBmmmSmKi MOTORS CONTROLS WING TIPS York. A course at the University' of Michi­ Materiel Command of Army Air Forces expanding efforts to gan will rim for eight evenings. train manufacturers in necessary steps of terminating and An especially productive form of con­ tractor training has been Materiel Com­ settling contracts. Special courses for contractor personnel will mand participation in conferences called by prim e contractors for their subcon­ be offered tractors, and such participation will be greatly increased. EMPHASIZING the need for advance and similar factors. This does not lower planning by manufacturers and the gov­ the overall volume of war production to any substantial extent. The second phase Willys Boosts Landing ernment, the Materiel Command of the will come with tire defeat of Germany, Army Air Forces is expanding its efforts Gear Output 30 Per Cent when a considerable cut will be made. to help war contractors by means of an extensive training program which covers The third phase will be at the end of the Production of landing gears for the contract termination and settlements and war when the war production cut will Navy’s Grumman fighter plane has been property disposal. be very deep. increased approximately 30 per cent by A number of meetings have already It is emphasized at Wright Field that Willys-Overland Motors Inc., Toledo, 0., been held throughout the country. Pres­ contractors themselves must do most of during the past six months, it was an­ ent plans provide for additional sessions the work in connection with terminations, nounced recently by W ard M. Canaday developed by the six procurement dis­ although the AAF will give all possible chairm an. tricts of the Materiel Command, and the assistance. The Materiel Command pro­ Mr. Canaday complimented employe: establishment of special courses for con­ gram is designed to inform war contrac­ for having turned out more than 3501 tractor personnel in important industrial tors of their responsibilities—what steps sets of this vitally-needed precision equip ment without one single failure, poinl areas. they should take in preparation for term­ ination'—and to outline the actual termi­ ing out that to pass inspection all pari A contractor training organization has nation and settlement process. must fit within tolerances of on< been established within the Readjustment thousandth of an inch. The landir Division at Materiel Command head­ Plans are being completed to make gears are tested on a stand which simi quarters at Wright Field, O., and similar teams of informed experts available to lates the structure of the Navy fighter units are being established in the dis­ address groups on the various aspects hydraulic mechanism for operating tl tricts. of contract settlement and termination. Sessions will vary from one-day meetings gear in and out of the fuselage. It is basic War Department policy that to complete courses of three, four, or terminated contracts be settled equitably and with the utmost promptness. Nego­ more days. W illow Run Uses Immense tiation of settlements is stressed, and Typical of the training already ac­ sound commercial practices will be fol­ complished was a recent 4-day session in Quantity of Aluminum lowed. The Materiel Command, which Los Angeles, attended by more than a has in effect approximately 11,000 prime thousand contractor personnel. In Day­ Deliveries of aluminum to the F< contracts and many times that number ton, a four-day course, called a contract W illow R un bom ber plant to Aug. of subcontracts covering more than half readjustment forum, was held by the totaled approxim ately 133,000,000 pounj a million items, feels that its contractor Materiel Command and the Chamber of with 120,000,000 pounds being in sh' training efforts will be an important con­ Commerce. Active co-operation has been form . Sheet alum inum is used to fal tribution to tire rapid and orderly change effected with such institutions as the cate internal structures in the boml from a war to a peace economy. University of Pennsylvania, while in pros­ and to form the outer surface or skir There are three basic phases of the pect are a series of five, one-day meet­ the entire assembly. war contract termination picture. In the ings, sponsored by the Chicago Associa­ Approximately 6,000,000 pounds current phase, the great volume of cut­ tion of Commerce, in which the Materiel aluminum wire, rods and bars have backs is dictated by changes in strategic Command and other services will co­ used. Most of this went into the i requirements, improvements in design, operate, and a three-day session in New facture of rivets, 400,000 of which used in each bom ber. The rema 7,000,000 pounds was in the form of ing and extrusions. T ubing alone is one of the most items in the B-24 Liberator. Ther^ more than 3600 feet of it, providin, arterial system for hydraulic fluids, line, oxyen, vacuum and pressure ; speed indicators, engine oil, electrica duit and ventilation. Nearly 9,000,0' dividual tubes have been fabricat the Willow Run manufacturing s<

Modifies Aircraft Bearing m V£^ Material Specifications felted uv Operating Committee on Aircra$)^^||* terials Conservation has directec ' precision antifriction bearings, colic Plyjj^Q ! ing to Army-Navy Aeronautical cation AN-B-4, shall be used in t ; hfcS And V face control system of all airpls well as in other applications wher , DOUBLE BOMB BAYS: The B-29 superfortress has two bomb bays which requirements so dictate. Plain b enable it to carry the heaviest bomb load of any military plane. The bays, may be used for the surface contrr^fy I, y one forward of the wings and one aft, are shown above surface control systems of targets, and other similar aircruft**BHMM|

K 1944 88 « H T« ' •iICCl *

; . .. , - : - ' - •'

^ / ¡ ( é

l€° Make$ Engineering History

At last f battery with a revolutionary» new construction that

fabric -,on * * * developed after years of research in the Philco labor oow introduced after exhaustive tests in actual service. It's tbe ^ A?>/y . . . your post-war battery, available now in certain cyp r nited quantities. Write today f M full information.

«tco CORPORATION, Stwoge B a ^ ^ /• Trenton 7, fl!W Jeney ‘ *<’ « § 4 ’W ÊÊSÊïÊÊÊ&M îi

i r\A À . WING TIPS

which depends on shrinking of parts by The advantage of shrinking a part to plications where the added friction will size lies in the fact that no metal is re­ the liquid oxygen method. not adversely affect the operation of the moved or burnished by forcing Tappet guide inserts, 36 of which are it into control evolved. used on each of the 2000-horsepower position. Normal machining leaves too] Commercial type antifriction bearings marks around a part in a radial Pratt & Whitney engines manufactured position may be used as an alternate for pre­ to the center. Then these microscopic at the Rouge plant, are shrunk by reduc­ cision antifriction bearings where low grooves expand, from the center out, ing their temperatures to 300 degrees friction properties are necessary, or they fill in the high spots and valleys of below zero. The new type freezer and where lower capacities than those pre­ a prepared hole and create a much better dispenser makes this possible on an as­ scribed for precision ball bearings can be seal. accepted. sembly line basis. The committee has adopted also the Outwardly the dispenser resembles a following program for reconversion in soft drink vending machine. There are Aluminum Plant Shuts Down aircraft items: Reversion to or initial use eight openings to accommodate various of alloy steel, ferroalloys, copper, zinc, size guides. To obtain a shrunk part, the Two Production Lines aluminum, and magnesium may be given operator inserts one from stock and The $12,000,000 aluminum plant of consideration when military character­ presses a solenoid button. A chilled part the D efense P lant C orp. at Riverbank, istics of the end products will thereby drops into a rubber receptacle at hand Calif., shut down its two production lines be improved or when a saving of labor, level. If desired, a shrunken part may be on Aug. 4, b y order of th e W ar Produc­ production time, etc., will result. obtained without inserting a warm one. The parts never come in direct con­ tion Board. tact with the liquid oxygen. They are The plant, which employed about 500 Ford Shrinks Parts on chilled by their slow passage through persons, first went into operation on tubes suspended in a tank of liquid oxy­ May 15, 1943, and has been operated by Assembly Line Basis gen. At normal temperatures the valve Aluminum Co. of America under lease from DPC. A surplus of aluminum in­ Combination refrigerating machine and tappet guides are from 0.002-0.003-inch oversize. After emerging from the re­ gots was the reason for closing. A skele­ dispenser used in the aircraft engine ton crew has been retained to operate building at the Ford Motor Co., Dear­ frigerator they drop into prepared holes with ample clearance and expand as they the ingot furnace, and about 100 men born, Mich., has cut in half the time will be kept on duty indefinitely. necessary for a single assembly operation warm.

Altitude Wind Tunnel Installed at Cleveland Research Laboratory

A NEW altitude wind tunnel has been placed in operation at the NACA aircraft engine research laboratory in Cleveland for investigation of new military power plants, including jet propulsion systems. Built by the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co., Pittsburgh, the new wind tun­ nel is the first of its kind for investigating aircraft engines under altitude conditions. The test section of the tunnel has a diameter of 20 feet, sufficient for testing engines of 3000-horsepower or more. The tunnel is designed to simulate sub­ zero temperatures encountered at 30,000 feet, and is strong enough to simulate pressures encountered at 50,000 feet. The refrigerating plant provided to produce altitude temperatures in the tun­ nel test section has a refrigerating ca­ pacity which, if utilized for ice making, would manufacture 10,000 tons of ice each 24 hours. Twenty thousand gallons of cooling water per minute are required to transfer the heat removed to the sur­ rounding air via the cooling tower. The total power required by the tunnel to test a 3000-horsepower aircraft engine at 30,000 feet and 500 miles per hour airspeed, is in excess of 50,000 horse­ pow er. Because of the fact that power plants are operated in the tunnel, provision has to be made for cooling the air in the steel rollers on concrete piers in such a side the tunnel shell. tunnel and disposing of the engine ex­ manner as to provide for movement in Both tunnel and engine under test are haust gas. The installation therefore any direction to permit expansion and controlled from an adjoining sound-pl® includes cooling radiators, intake-air duct contraction of the steel shell. Heat losses control room, where the operator gover® and an exhaust-air scoop that are not are minimized by an insulating layer of the pressure, temperaturej air speed wi®' normally parts of an aerodynamic wind glass wool which is in turn covered by in the tunnel, angle of attack of tW tunnel. a steel cover. An 18,000-horsepower model and operation of the engine and The tunnel is of steel construction using motor drives the 31-foot diameter, 12- propeller. Instruments indicate the few an alloy especially adapted to tempera­ bladed propeller, shown in accompanying on the model as well as complete pH" ture changes and is supported through photo, on an extension shaft from out­ formance data.

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CRÛMES IN ONE SHOP BAY To secure maximum crane service in the unit assembly department, The John Bertram & Sons Co., Limited, Dundas, Ontario, have installed two parallel runways with four cranes on each. This installation provides crane facilities for double the number of workers possible with con­ ventional wall-to-wall cranes. Though not inter­ NOTE: The John Bertram locking, the cranes may easily be so arranged. & Sons Co., Limited, has long had a reputation of Thus considerable time usually spent by being one of the largest cosüy, skilled mechanics waiting for crane and foremost builders of service is greatly reduced and production of fine precision machine- vital war machinery speeded. This is another of tools in Canada. the manifold ways that Cleveland Tramr. ” equipment can be used to advantage.

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OVERHEAD MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT ugust 21, 1944 91 MEN of INDUSTRY

ARTHUR M. MORGAN J. HARRY CHRISTMAN M . J. BOHO R. A. HARTMAN

for the United States. Mary Emily Lundquist has been made assistant man M. J. Boho has been appointed as­ ager at Los Angeles. sistant general manager of sales, H-agan Jones has been made assistant man­ Corp., Pittsburgh. Prior to joining ager, and Margaret Bulmer heads a similar new applications department for J. H arry C hristm an, vice president, the Hagan Corp. in 1936, Mr. Boho had Milcor Steel Co., Milwaukee, who has world trade. been associated with Bailey Meter Co., been in charge of the company’s Chi­ Cleveland. cago branch since 1936, has been as­ Arthur M. Morgan, vice president in .3 5 charge of sales, Latrobe Electric Steel signed new duties connected with spe­ R. A. Hartman, for the past four cial sales problems and merchandising years master mechanic, Crosley Corp., Co., Latrobe, Pa., has been elected a director. policies. Byron B. Barker has been Cincinnati, has joined Kropp Forge Co. named to succeed Mr. Christman in and Kropp Forge Aviation Co., Chi­ Chicago, and th e com pany also has an­ cago, as superintendent of the machine Paul Torre has joined Foxboro Co., Foxboro, Mass., as sales engineer in the nounced appointm ent of D on L. Rossiter shop. as district sales manager at Canton, 0. --- New England territory. Allen C. Chambers, for the past 17 — o— R. C. Stanbrook has been appointed ' years Detroit manager, Bendix Products New resident representatives in New marine engineer of the Pittsburgh Steam- -®- division, Bendix Aviation Corp.,^ South York for Cherry Rivet Co., Los Angeles, ship Co., Cleveland, subsidiary of Unit- it,W Bend, Ind., has been appointed director are Harold B. Thomas and P. J. St. ed States Steel Corp. safes of automotive sales for the division. He James. William M. Rosborough has succeeds Frank B. Willis, who will as­ been placed in charge of the Detroit sume fulltime management of all Ben­ territory. A. J. Hanlon, who retired recently as qais dix Products war contract terminations — o— manager of the production department, ;; fe William Bausch has been elected and settlements. International Nickel Co. Inc., New York, — o- chairman of Bausch & Lomb Optical has been appointed production manager, Mark Noble is the new Pacific Coast Co., Rochester, N. Y., succeeding his Harvill Corp., Los Angeles. sales representative of Pullman-Standard brother, the late Edward Bausch. New Car Mfg. Co., Chicago. He fills the directors include Alan Valentine, presi­ Wilbur E. Geiser, who has been on s ^ vacancy caused by the death of Latham dent of the University of Rochester, loan to the scheduling department of U p. and T. Carl Nixon, senior partner of M cM ullin. WPB’s Valve and Fittings Section, has ¡(^j Goodwin, Nixon, Hargrave, Middleton returned to his post as m anager of the ^ Walter A. Fairchild has been placed & Devans, the company’s general coun­ Philadelphia office of Tube Turns Inc., sel. 111in Ulltugccharge of the A* — new *--- sales office which Louisville, Ky. Bliss & Laughlin Inc., Harvey, 111., has R. Wade Bowman, formerly sales opened in Hartford, Conn. The office Tube Turns Inc., Louisville, Ky., manager, Pittsburgh Bridge & Iron is located in room 827, 650 Main street, has announced re-opening of its Los Works, Rochester, Pa., has been elected a Hartford 3. Angeles office, Van Nuys building, with director and vice president in charge of James H. Withers in charge. sales. Robert C. Hardy, member of the firm of Willkie, Owen, Otis, Farr & Gal­ Reginald B. Taylor has resigned as lagher of New York, and general counsel Edmund C. Sulzman, formerly chief vice president and treasurer, Sterling for Barium Steel Corp., Canton, O., has field engineer, Wright Aeronautical Engine Co., Buffalo, to join the American Corp., Paterson, N. J., has been appoint­ been elected a member of the board of Field Service. ed manager of the sales division of the that corporation. 1 > engine company of the organization. Prof. Carl E. Schubert, for the past f H. A. von Hacht has been named H. A. Lilly is in charge of the office 18 years assistant professor of median- I New York representative for Heppen stall ical engineering at the University of ffli- I Co., Pittsburgh, succeeding C. G. Single­ which Aluminum Co. of America, Pitts­ burgh, has opened in Birmingham, Ala., nois, has joined Certified Core Oil & Mf& ton, resigned. Sidney A. Pfaff has been Co., Cicero, 111., as manager. appointed sales representative for the at 1320 First National Bank building. company in Minneapolis and St. Paul. He will be assisted by James L. Frank. Frank L. LaQue of the Development and Research division, International International Business Machines Corp., Fred A. Koepf has been named district New York, has announced appointment manager for Northwest Pacific division Nickel Co. Inc., New York, has elected chairman, American Co-ordi­ of Margaret E. Hester as head of the territory, Link-Belt Co., Chicago, with newly-created applications department headquarters in Seattle, and George T. nating Committee on Corrosion for the

^TEEL 92 MEN of INDUSTRY

i: current year. Dr. George H. Young, of had been associated with Galena Oil Tube Co., Pittsburgh, another United 'a the Mellon Institute of Industrial Re- Corp., and Valvoline Oil Co., both of States Steel subsidiary. Mr. Mason 1 search, was named vice chairman, and Cincinnati. will make his headquarters in Wash­ t George W. Seagren, also of Mellon ington. | Institute, was elected secretary-treasurer. Eugene B. Mapel has been appointed -—o— — o— .-»v supervisor, administration planning, Car- E. J. DelVecchio has been appointee! ! J- J- I- Jamieson, formerly central negie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, field sales manager, Progressive Weldei V)l district sales manager of the Steel and succeeding George A. Whitehurst, re­ Co., Detroit, and will supervise all field i Tubes division, Republic Steel Corp., signed. sales activities outside the Detroit area. i Cleveland, has been named manager of — o— Harry S. Rose, formerly chief sales en­ sales, Mechanical division. D. K. Smith, John J. Tansey, formerly assistant gineer, has been named sales manager previously m anager of the general sales treasurer, General Alloys Co., Boston, for the Detroit district. office of Steel and Tubes division, suc- has been elected vice president. |ds Mr. Jamieson. — o— Capt. “Jimmy” B. Willis has returned Charles B. Saunders, previously as­ to the technical laboratories of the L. F. Weyand, general sales manager sistant sales manager, Lone Star Steel Pemco Corp., Baltimore, after nearly | of the Adhesive and Coatings division, Co., Dallas, Tex., has joined the sales four years with the armed services in ^[Minnesota M ining & Mfg. Co., St. Paul, department of Woodward Iron Co., this country, New Guinea and Aus­ lias been appointed general manager of Birmingham, Ala. tralia. W c j û » division. — o— Guy E. Hairston has been appointed Richard Conder has been appointed ¡Elies Martin K. Schnurr, formerly secre- manager of the Atlanta district sales ter­ purchasing agent of the Hagerstown tary-treasurer, Rustless Iron & Steel ritory for American Machine & Metals plant of Perfect Circle Co., Hagerstown, Inc., East Moline, 111. -c- Corp., Baltimore, has been appointed Ind. He succeeds Robert Borst, who has. tsm - comptroller of the N ew York T rust Co. joined the United States Navy. — o— Karl A. Roesch has been appointed Cleveland branch manager, White Motor f me cgj Harold W. Schaefer has been named Samuel M. Stone has resigned as chair­ Co., Cleveland. assistant manager of the newly-formed man of Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Mfg. - . ; - Radio Receiver division, Westinghouse Co., Hartford, Conn. Edward C. Quinn has been named Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh, assistant sales manager, Dodge division, B. Bos' Pa. National Carbon Co. Inc., New York, Chrysler Corp., Detroit. has announced reorganization of its elec­ —-o-— Col. Francis K. Duffy, commanding of­ trode service engineering department. Adolph K. Stoye, formerly associated T. L. Nelson is in charge of the expand­ ficer of the New York Quartermaster’s with Reeves Sound Laboratories, has office since 1941, has been named man­ ed department, which will consist of two been elected president of Atmo Auto­ divisions. Dr. Charles H. Chappell will ager, Industrial Bureau, Commerce and matic Fire Alarm Systems. Industry Association of N ew York Inc. be in charge of the electrothermic serv­ — o— ice division, and Dr. Neal J. Johnson has Joseph S. Bennett, formerly manager been named to head the department’s Frederick C. Know les has been ap­ of sales for American Engineering Co., electrolytic service division. el Corp. pointed boron carbide engineer for Nor­ Philadelphia, has been elected vice presi­ — o— ton Co., Worcester, Mass., and will dent. Earle R. Atkins has resigned as vice make his headquarters in Detroit, cov­ president and sales manager, Chiksan ering Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago Elmer C. Maywald, for a number of Tool Co., Brea, Calif. Nickel Co.is territories. years vice president and sales manager of Chicago Molded Products Co., Chi­ G. H. Smith has resigned as general L; h s Frank C. M oyer, previously chief es- cago, has been appointed to represent sales manager, Edison General Electric _i_ timator and process engineer, W illys- Lester-Phoenix Inc., Cleveland, in the Appliance Co., Chicago. Mr. Smith has - Overland Motors Inc., Toledo, O., has Chicago territory. not made known his future plans. been appointed general sales m anager, d ! # ? * BanUm Steel Corp-’ Canton> °- Louis W. Mason, formerly purchasing Dr. Gerald F. Loughlin, for the past agent of Tubular Alloy Steel Corp., nine years chief geologist of the Geo­ logical Survey, United States Department nfe w‘ Young has ioin€d L. J. Gary, Ind., subsidiary of United States Miley Co. Inc., Chicago, as manager Steel Corp., has been appointed assistant of the Interior, has been appointed to the of Eastern division. Previously he to general manager of sales, National newly created post of special scientist is Inc, fi*5® ■ d re^pa^J , Van Nays w® ¡then is * -0 -

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L. F. WEYAND J. J. I. JAMIESON D. K. SMITH \ n C0<& ^.ugust 21, 1944 9 MEN of INDUSTRY Polish-American Business Men’s Associa­ ing as executive officer of a United tion, Chicago, was named secretary- in the Survey. Dr. Wilmot H. Bradley States Navy advanced amphibious base has been appointed successor to Dr. treasurer. in the European war zone. L oughlin. Albert M. Marsh has been named food C. W. Perelle, vice president in charge W. H. Loeber has been appointed east­ industries representative for Allis-Chalm- of manufacturing, Consolidated Vultee ern district manager, Electric Appliance ers Mfg. Co., Milwaukee. Aircraft Corp., San Diego, Calif., has re- ,ßt division, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. signed to become associated with Hughes Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. Grant Curry, who was retired In July Tool Co., Houston, Tex. as Lieutenant Colonel, United States — u--- A. J. Kerr has been appointed gen­ Army, has been appointed chairman ot T. D. Stay, for 27 years active in met­ eral sales manager for Pittsburgh Equit­ the Pittsburgh Ordnance District s Price allurgical work for Aluminum Co. of able Meter Co. and Merco Nordstrom Adjustment Board. Until recently o America, Pittsburgh, is now associated Valve Co., Pittsburgh. M. D. Gilbert onel Curry supervised officer procure­ w ith R eynolds M etals Co. Inc., Rich­ succeeds Mr. Kerr as district manager ment for the Third Service' Command. mond, Va., and will take charge of a »„f® of the Tulsa, Okla., office of the com­ new research laboratory which the com­ bined organizations, and other newly-ap­ Donald B. MacAfee has been named pointed district managers are C. K. Mad­ pany plans. ^0« vice president in charge of sales, Bene ison, Houston, Tex.j and W. S. Andrews, master Mfg. Co., Los Angeles. Before O. W. McMullan, for the past w Pittsburgh. the war Mr. MacAfee had been presi­ — o— year's metallurgist at the Indiana Harbor dent of Mechanical Supplies Inc., Man­ Douglas Via has been named indus­ plant of Y oungstow n Sheet & Tube Co., trial insulation sales manager, Eagle- ila, Philippine Islands. Youngstown, O., has been appointed Picher Sales Co., Cincinnati, and An­ chief metallurgist for Bower Roller Bear­ Joseph S. Kozacka, professor of me­ drew L. Harris has ioined the company chanical engineering, Illinois Institute of ing Co., Detroit. as manager of sales promotion. — o— Technology, Chicago, has been elected Melvin E. Lamning has been named president of the Polish-American Tech­ C. M. Cooper has been elected presi­ merchandise manager, Electric Appliance » nical Societies Council composed of en­ dent, Bostwick Steel Lath Co., Niles, division, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. gineers and technicians of Polish de­ O., succeeding Commander Griswold Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. scent. Frank Nurczyk, secretary of the Hurlbert, who died July 13 while act-

if, 8 stitute of Steel Construction Inc., died Boustead & Co., London, they became Aug. 11 in P hiladelphia. Mr. Hastings OBITUARIES . one of the most important distributors had taught engineering at Yale, Carnegie of pig tin in the United States. This Institute of Technology and the Univer­ George F. Evans, 63, vice president connection was retained until after Pearl and treasurer, Beals, McCarthy & Rogers Harbor when the government took oyer sity of Pennsylvania. Inc., Buffalo, died Aug. 12 in that city. the entire importation and distribution iitlic Raymond L. Schuyler, 61, general su­ of tin in this country. Mr. Groves was Harry S. Wherrett, 68, chairman of the perintendent and treasurer of the Acme president of the old New York Metal board and former president, Pittsburgh Bearings Corp., Buffalo, died there Aug. Exchange during World War I and was Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, died Aug. 13. one of the organizers of the American Tin 11. Associated with the organization for Trade Association in 1928. more than 53 years, Mr. Wherrett had William B. Marvin, 64, secretary of the longest service record of any em­ Alfred H. Kroenke, 42, president and F arrel-B irm ingham Co. Inc., Ansonia, ploye. He had been active in civic and general manager, Cleveland Pressed philanthropic affairs of the city of Pitts­ Conn., died Aug. 13 in New Haven, Steel Co., Cleveland, died Aug. 12. Mr. burgh and served as a director of many Conn. He had been affiliated with Far­ Kroenke had acquired the steel company companies, including Bell Telephone rel-Birmingham for 39 years. five years ago. Co. of Pennsylvania, Westinghouse Elec­ tric & Mfg. Co. and Westinghouse Louis Falender, 73, who retired 14 Electric International Co. Timothy W. O’Brien, 62, plant in­ years ago from F alen d er Iron & Meta ventory manager of the Stanley Works, Corp., Indianapolis, Ind., died Aug. 6. is James W. Madden, 69, owner of the New Britain, Conn., died Aug. 9 in Hart­ Madison Plating Co., Oak Park, 111., died ford, Conn. Harry A. Craig, 56, assistant sa recently. manager in the Chicago territory, Uni­ u--- versal Atlas Cement Co., Chicago, died Frederick C. Kroeger, 56, vice presi­ John Spiller, 62, who organized the Aug. 11 in th a t city. H e had been 4 * Wisconsin Upholstery Spring Co., She­ dent and retired general manager of associated with the company 32 years. the Allison division, General Motors boygan, Wis., in 1931 and served as Corp., Detroit, died Aug. 10 in Indian­ president since that time, died Aug. 6 in Shelby M. Jett, 55, secretary of the i apolis, Ind. Mr. Kroeger had been as­ Sheboygan. B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, O., since fe| sociated with the Delco-Remy division 1927, died Aug. 9 aboard a commercial | of the corporation for 23 years before Pritchard Stewart, 78, who retired in transport plane approaching Cleveland, ji^ he was placed in charge of the Allison 1938 as vice president, Hibbard, Spencer, division in 1940. He had retired several Mr. Jett also was head of the legal de- Nj Bartlett Co., Chicago, died there Aug. partment and was a director of the com- ^ months ago. 7. He had been associated with the pany. company 53 years. Edwin Groves, who prior to his re­ tirement several years ago had been Joseph J. Federkiel, 54, president and K Frank C. Worthington, 78, former prominently identified with the New general manager, J. C. Ulmer Co., Cleve­ vice president, Western Wheeled Scrap­ York tin trade for half a century, died land, died Aug. 10 in that city. Aug. 12 in Long Branch, N. J. Mr. er Co., now the Austin-Western Co., Groves joined J. W. Phyfe & Co. in the Aurora, 111., died Aug. 6 in that city. Samuel Shanker, 72, secretary and early Nineties’ and when in 1896 that treasurer, Shanker Steel Ceiling Co. InC-i company succeeded Bidwell & French Berthold H. Hastings, 55, Philadelphia New York, for 25 years, died Aug. 6. as the American agents of Edward district engineer of the American In­

/ T E E 1 94 Í a c t i v i t i e s

Fruehauf Trailer Co., Detroit, reports BRIEFS development of a steel-ribbed floor of new design for trailers which is capable Paragraph mentions of developments of interest and of withstanding concentrated load of 1 0 0 0 significance within the metalworking industry pounds per square foot. The new de­ sign comprises hardwood floor boards bolted down between 1 0 flanged steel International Business Machines Corp., handle sand, clay and silt to a depth of ribs. New York, has placed contracts to add 16 feet. 1 0 , 0 0 0 square feet of floor space to its — o— plant No. 4 at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Sterling Alloys Inc., Boston, announces Ohio Crankshaft Co., Cleveland, an­ — o— the appointment of Associated Engineers nounces appointment of Anderson Ma­ Phillips Mine & Mill Supply Co., Inc., Springfield, Mass., as its engineer­ chine Tool Co., St. Paul, Minn., as a Pittsburgh, has been appointed district ing service representative for western special distributor of its induction equip­ sales representative for the Hyster Lift New England and eastern New York. ment in the Wisconsin and Minnesota area. Truck Co., Portland, Oreg. — o— — o— Klein Tool & Mfg. Co., St. Louiis, — o— Majestic Electric Appliance Co. Lie., virtually doubled its factory space by Meehanite Research Institute of Amer­ Galion, O., has leased the former site of purchasing a, property at 4375 Duncan ica Inc., New Rochelle, N. Y., has avail­ the Plymouth Stamp Metal Co., Galion, avenue, adjoining its present holdings, able for use by interested societies or and started the manufacture of automatic for $30,000. groups a motion picture entitled, “The flat irons for civilian use. — o— Flow of Metal Into Molds.” Buffalo Bolt Co., North Tonawanda, Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, N. Y., has spent more than $1,000;000 Ferro Enamel To Build 0 ., announces plans to open a third bear­ in permanent improvements to its plant ing grinding plant at Zanesville, O. Op­ in North Tonawanda in the last four Leming tas (g. New Plant on West Coast erations will begin about Sept. 1 with years. ¿-igs.Elsfc about 250 wom en workers. — o— Ferro Enamel Corp., Cleveland, an­ isgbsEkal Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, has pub­ nounced plans last week for construc­ Kenosha Brass & Aluminum Foundry, lished a 48-page catalog which takes tion of a new manufacturing plant lo­ Kenosha, Wis., has been purchased by the guess work out of the problem of cated in the Los Angeles area. Leland B. Pfost and O tto A. Sadofsky, selecting the proper bucket for a par­ The new plant will produce porcelain both of Racine, Wis. They were formerly ticular industrial job. enamel and synthetic enamel industrial associated with the Iroquois Foundry at — o— paints and will warehouse a complete Racine. Paisley Products Inc., Chicago, reports line of its other products. Decision to development of a new synthetic resin build on the West Coast was made after American Steel D redge Co. Inc., Ft. adhesive capable of joining many com­ surveys of the area’s business by the Wayne, Ind., is now producing a new binations of materials. It reportedly is company officials who are convinced of 12-inch hydraulic dredge for the Army being used in many industrial operations that section’s continued business growth , Sdrayia. - Engineers Corp. It was designed to as a replacement for rubber latex. after the war. ad treasc -- L B a t t l Fairbanks, Morse & Co. Delivers First Diesel-Electric Locomotive \fa rm 85

- • ' 7 FIRST of the new line of diesel-electric - locomotives announced recently by Fair- hanks, Morse & Co. ( S t e e l , M ay 15, p . 16) was presented by the company to its . purchaser, the Chicago, M ilwaukee, St. ads. y Paul & Pacific Railroad, in ceremonies at Falsds.Beloit, Wis,, Aug. 8 . Among guests upon :-;!iIndy-- the occasion w ere 400 railroad officials, -o - equipment and parts suppliers. Craig. Significantly, the day chosen for the

7 Chii-f0 k' presentation was a tw o-fold anniversary "eniesi —the 115th anniversary of the first suc- flut city. ® d cessful run to be m ade by a locomotive j the ® America, and the 115th year of the _o- founding of Fairbanks, Morse & Co. Jett, fe ***! Tke diesel switcher was presented by ^ Co., Ah*^hert H. Morse Jr., general sales man- ‘ Fairbanks, Morse, to James T. . °k’ chief operating officer of the road, after which it was j ¿¡rector» ®ristened by the latter’s wife.

Weighing 1 2 0 tons, the switching lo- -o - comotive is pow ered w ith a 1 0 0 0 -horse- ■ i :: i,ower diesel engine of the opposed piston however, the Navy has taken the com­ through multiple unit control to meet any speed and power requirement within the gflerfo'ch ’ Qi,|ype, which develops 2 0 0 horsepower per pany’s entire output for powering subma­ limits of drawbar and braking capacity. ;er, J-C; This radically different engine, rines and other craft. Switching locomotives, too, will be built g 10 to in which two pistons move in opposite In postwar, Fairbanks, Morse will offer " .directions within each cylinder, was de- both freight, passenger and dual-service in two sizes, the larger of which will ujjer, ® |V.eloPed *n 1930 with locomotive applica- locomotives in standardized units. Two or have characteristics suitable for operating speciacallF in view- During the war, more units may be coupled and operated local freight and passenger trains. 25 years, ^ ' ^August 21, 1944 THE BUSINESS TREND L unnecessary to accumulate additional stocks but has also enabled manufacturing firms to reduce mventories War Output Expected ta relation to output. This has resulted in a steady liquid* tion of raw materials and goods in process inventories. To Record Little Change Reflecting expanding output in some war lines not all f i r m s reduced then stocks the first six months this year. This was particularly true of the metal fabricating mdUS- ONLY minor fluctuations in munitions output from the tries, whose inventories rose more than $60 million. current near record level is indicated through the remain­ der of this year—barring sudden termination of the Eu­ FOREIGN TRA D E-U nited States June exports reached: ropean war. Government officials are msistent about the fhe second highest monthly total in history, valued at need to step up production, but this is necessary m only 81271 million This was about 10 per cent below the a relatively few although critically important items. S 5 d May figure of $1,419 million, but 27 pet c m Expansion in production schedules on such programs a b o v e t h a t reported in June last yea,. Lend-Lease ship­ as the heavier bombers, large shells and artillery, radar ments accounted for about 80 per cent. of the June n military trucks and various type bombs, are expected port total, and were 13 per cent below those of May be offset in coming months by cutbacks and contrac General imports during June were 14 per cent b * . cancellations of other items of which the Army has enough the May total, but 12 per cent above those regrstered m regardless as to when the German war ends. June last year. If the European war should suddenly be termmated, many observers feel that it will require six to nine months before civilian goods production would be sufficiently advanced to begin to take up the production slack caused by the wholesale cancellation of war contracts. MACHINE TOOLS— Decreased military requirements resulted in a decline in ma­ chine tool shipments during the first half compared with a year ago of 59.5 per cent; net new orders were off 22.8 per cent; and unfilled orders on June 30 were 62.2 per cent below the like 1943 period. New net orders during June recorded the first monthly decline since December, 1943. Despite the easing in new orders, the industry’s order backlog during June Foreign Trade continued the upward trend underway Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce since April last. (Unit Value— $1,000,000) -Imports S -Exports- INVENTORIES — Value of manufacturers’ 1944 1943 1942 194S il 1944 1943 1942 1941 il, 254 inventories was reduced by almost $500 4 81 325 300 228 Jan...... 1.192 730 254 234 480 303 313 234 million during the first half of 1944. This F eb ...... 1.086 719 628 357 359 249 liquidation, which began in the latter part M arch ...... *’188 988 235 287 980 717 387 359 258 April ...... 1.182 191 297 of 1943, resulted in a book value of in­ 1,085 535 385 386 281 May ...... 1.419 215 1,002 648 330 330 295 ventories on June 30 last which was about June ...... 1.271 213 278 1,262 650 365 300 equal to that of two years ago. ^Allow­ Ju ly ...... 460 315 186 Aug...... 1,204 703 732 425 285 196 ing for changes in prices, the “real” value Sept...... 1,233 304 1,193 802 666 329 200 of inventories at present is lower than any O ct...... 281 1,074 787 492 317 168 Nov...... 344 time since Pearl Harbor. Virtual stabil­ 653 278 358 D ec...... 1,241 873 ization of overall war output since the 3,345 12,716 8,035 5,147 . . 3,369 2,742 close of last year has made it not only Total _ FIGURES THIS WEEK L atest P rior M onth Yeai W eek Ago INDUSTRY Period® 97.5 97 96.5 98.5 t Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity) ...... 4,399 4,377 Electric Power Distributed (million kilowatt hours) 4,415 1,997 2,058 1,443 4,656 4,651 4,692 Petroleum Production (daily a v . — 1000 bbis.7 $62.5 Construction Volume (ENR—unit $1,000,0007 $39.5 $31.8 18,895 20,220 19,420 Automobile and Truck Output (Ward s— numb «Dates ou request.

TRADE 880f 890 905 Freight Carloadings (unit— 1000 cars) •■■■■•■ 15 15 Business Failures (Dun & Bradstreet number) 16 $22,134 $22,561 Money in Circulation (in millions of dollars)+ . . $22,910 + 11% + 11% + 11% JPreliminary. ^Federal Reserve Board.

f TEEŁ 96 THE BUSINESS TREND

Iron, Steel Production (Net tons—000 omitted) Steel Ingots ----- Pig Iron----- 1944 1943 1944 1943 7,587 7,425 5,276 5,194 7,189 6.825 5,026 4,766 7,820 7,075 5,434 5,314 7,589 7,374 5,243 5,035 7,680 7,545 5,843 5,178 7,217 7,027 5,057 4,836 7,474 7,376 5.023 7,562 5,316 ...... 7,489 5,226 ...... 7,786 5,324 ...... 7,374 5,096 7,266 5,213

...... 88,878 ...... 61,777

rrp-f ]■ vi i n i irp -rrrrfn

tyU tiâited £ teel ~ Steel Shipmentsf—Plate Production! Plate .O utput (Net tons; 000 omitted) — Shipments— Plate Output 1944 1943 1944 1943 Jan. . . 1,701 1,680 1,178 1,185 Feb. . . . 1,7S8 1,602 1.122 1,072 Mar...... 1,875 1,778 1,223 1,168 Apr, . . . . . 1,757 1,631 1442 1,122 May . . . 1,777 1,707 1,132 1,115 June .. . 1,788 1,553 1.112 1,056 July . . . 1,755 1,661 1,093 1,090 Aug. . . . 1,705 1,061 S ep t . . . 1,665 1,108 Öot. . . . .,. . , 1,795 1,147 Not. . . . 1,661 1,142 Dec. . . . 1,720 1,169

Total 20,245 13,382 (SOURCE: U. S. STEEL CORP.) (SpURCE. WPB STEEL DIVISION) Of-1-1 I i i I i i I i ' I i i I i i I i i I i i u i i i i u i i i i i i i i i i i i I fU. S. Steel Corp. ! War Production Board.

Machine Tool Output 1550 (000 omitted) 1450 Æ s c  é m e : Comm«* 1944 1943 1942 1350 DOLLAR Jan...... $56,349 $117,384 $ 83,547 1250 Feb...... 50,098 114,593 84,432 Max, ... 125,445 98,358 „ ,1S0 § 1050 Apr. ,.. .. 41,201 118,031 103,364 May ... . . 41,819 113,710 107,297 Q 950 June .., .. 41,331 108,689 111,090 850 YEARLY OUTPUT July ... 97,428 113,596 O 750 (SCALE AT LOT) Aug. .,. 87,405 117,342 Sept. ,. 85,842 119,883 £ 650 Oct...... 78,300 130,008 § 550 Nov. .. 120,871 g 450 Dec. . . 131,960 Year 350 1942 .. 1,321,862 250 1941 812,462 150 1940 . . 450.000 50 1939 . . . 210.000 0 1452 1432 1433 1434 1440 1941 1942

Prior Month Year ' ? I K l A M n c Latest NANCE , Period® W eek Ago Ago ®ank Clearings (Dun & B radstreet— m illions)...... $8,864 $9,943 $9,832 $8,118 43! Federal Gross Debt (billions). . . $210.5 $210.1 $207.8 $146.9 \» Bond Volume, NYSE (millions)...... $30.5 $36.8 $55.5 $37.7 16 9 » Stocks Sales, NYSE (thousands)...... 5,641 4,504 7,486 2,934 $62,3 Loans and Investments (millions)f $56,917 $57,065 $56,262 $46,954 19,42# United States Government Obligations Held (millions) f ...... $42,488 $42,460 $41,048 $34,464 fMember banks, Federal Reserve System. 'RICES $56.73 963 STEEL s composite hnished steel price average $56.73 $56.73 $56.73 15 , Spot Commodity Index (Moody’s, 15 items)! 249.9 249.6 248.3 245.3 “ dust«al Raw Materials (Bureau of Labor index)! 113.8 113.8 113.8 113.0 ¡ .0 Manufactured Products (Bureau of Labor index)t 101.1 101.1 101.0 99.8 fl931 = 100; Friday series, f.1926 = 100.

97

By FRED A. LEE International Harvester finds recent departures from conven­ Assistant Superintendent International Harvester Co. tional practice make joining of alloy steel plate a fairly simple Springfield, O. J ll procedure in fabrication of Army half-tracs

production was the refrigeration of the ATTEMPTS in the past to use spot tion in just one yea» of thousands of half- electrodes with brine held at zero de­ I welding for the fabrication of heavy sec­ trac trucks in three armor-plated body grees Fahr. Such cooling made pos­ tions of aljoy steels have been accom­ types—antiaircraft gun mount, machine sible the successful use of a thermo­ panied by enough difficulties to create gun mount and personnel carrier. The couple embedded in the electrode; gave the assumption that the process was not plate panels were light-gage medium- rapid quenching of the welds; and carbon medium-alloy steel. To this readily adaptable to such w ork in mass helped maintain electrode shape even at production, particularly where strength plate numerous parts and fittings had to the high welding temperatures pressures of and at the weld was vital. be attached—door battens, brackets, and speeds used, thereby materially re­ hinges, latches, etc. These were mostly As the result of recent new develop­ ducing the amount of down-time neces­ ments in spot-welding techniques, how­ of mild steel varying widely in thickness. sary for maintenance. ever, including an entirely new concep­ To cut production time, International Visual inspection of the spot welds tion of welding machine control, Inter­ decided to try out a new resistance weld was made possible because of the temper national Harvester Co. found it possible ing process developed by Progressive colors which develop during the heat- to avoid the lim itations previously im ­ Welder Co., Detroit, called Temp-A-Trol. treating cycles. These temper colors posed. The complete manufacturing were found to furnish an accurate index Temperature Controls Current process as worked out at tire Internation­ to the hardness, strength and degree of al Springfield plant represents a major Tests on actual machines revealed grain refinement attained both in the departure from conventional spot-w eld­ that the new process would not only in­ weld proper and in the adjacent metal. ing practice. H ow ever, tire net result sure uniformity of welds but also would It is unnecessary, therefore, to section or has been to simplify actual application permit the making on a mass-production break a weld made by this process in of spotwelding from a plant operating basis of welds of vastly higher quality order to determine its quality, as must of spot welding from a plant operating than thought possible heretofore in the be done ordinarily. ter of fact that the findings here may materials under consideration. have a major bearing on future applica­ Eliminates “Trial-and-Error” Major reason for this was that the tions of spot welding in other fields. time-honored method of controlling cur­ The importance of the development Inspect Outside Surfaces Only rent input to the weld by adjusting the of this process may be more fully real­ time of current flow was eliminated. ized when it is remembered that in a One of the most important results of With the new process and machines, the conventional machine, induction losses the development of the new spot-w eld­ amount of current used is automatically and the short circuiting effect of previous ing technique is th at the physical char­ determined by the weld itself—tem­ welds in the same parts cause variable acteristics of the completed weld can perature at the weld being the con­ losses in actual weld current, vitally af­ be ascertained by m erely inspecting the trolling factor. In addition the process fecting weld size and quality. Compen­ outside surfaces of the parts which have made possible for the first time the com­ sation for such variable conditions in been welded together. Relatively un­ plete automatic heat treatment of spot conventional processes can be made only trained operators, the use of which was welds in the spot-welding machine, be­ on a trial-and-error basis. With the new also facilitated by the new process, can fore passing on to the next weld—in­ process, compensation for such losses is thereby inspect the quality of the welds cluding both grain-refinement and tem­ automatic. as the machines make them. The de­ Moreover, with the conventional spot pering. velopment is of m ajor im portance not welding process, every change in thick­ The entire control of the process and only in assuring consistency of optimum ness, change in alloy, etc., necessitates a machines is initiated by a thermocouple weld quality b u t also in speeding pro­ separate trial-and-error adjustment of embedded in one of the electrodes to ac­ duction of a large contract for half-tracs weld time and current. The new meth­ curately “measure” the temperature at at the Springfield plant. od, on the other hand, makes it possible the weld. Dials calibrated in degrees This was true despite the fact that with the same setting of the control panel of temperature at the weld, control ac­ only 38 spot-welding machines of a new to weld a wide range of thicknesses of tual functioning of the machines. These type did the job of some 200 arc weld­ metal, since the controls are actuated by dials are merely set to values correspond­ ers which would have been required had the actual temperature at the weld and ing to the consecutive temperatures de­ the usual fabrication procedure been em­ not by the length of time the current has sired for preheating, welding, quench­ ployed. The ability to use spot weld­ been flowing nor the total energy input. ing, grain refinement, tempering, and ing and relatively untrained operators the various cooling intervals between Types of Operations: The welding saved vast amounts of time—and some operations at International consisted of *$240,000 of cost—in personnel training these heating stages. welding the various mild steel attach­ alone. The smaller number of un­ As a result, the quality of the welds ments, ranging in thickness from No. 19 skilled operators required to operate the produced was maintained at a consist­ up to No. 3 U. S. S. gage, to the plate spot-welding equipment represented an ently higher level than was demanded by panels. Typical welds required were important contribution to the conserva­ the Ordnance Department. The welds also exhibited an unusual freedom from the joining of %, 3/16, %-inch and, in tion of industrial manpower. The same some instances, a 3/16-inch section of blow holes, as well as excellent hard­ is true of war plant floor space, consider­ mild steel plus a section of 14-inch mild ing that much additional space would ness, shear and tensile strength, and re­ steel to the plate. The most frequent lave been required. sistance to shock. weld operation made, however, was the The contract involved was the produc­ One factor contributing to the speed of joining of 3/16-inch mild steel to the plate panels. Fig. 1—Many small assemblies are hand held during the welding operation, Materials Handling: The 38 spot- as shown here welding machines are located 16 on the first floor and 22 on the second floor of Fig. 2— Temperature-current-time chart showing typical remits obtained with the same plant. Machines on the second Progressive Temp-A-Trol process. Time for each stage varies automatically with floor are used to weld subassemblies stock thickness, size of plate, throat lo s s e s , etc. which can readily be lifted by the indi­ vidual operator without the use of a to avoid unnecessary steel in tire ma­ tually, this particular stage in the web power lifting device. chine’s throat. mg cycle is not a true cool period On the first floor are three lines of Making Heat Treated Spot Welds: though commonly known as one. this period, pressure between the elf welding machines, five per line, to handle In welding the various assemblies, four trodes is momentarily increased with cur. the right and left-hand combined side and heating periods with cool periods in be­ rent “off” in order to establish maximum rear panels. Each line accommodates tween are employed. The complete intimacy of contact at the weld. Only a the welding of six different types of cycle is: slight amount of cooling is permitted by panels. Right and left panels require 1. P reheat the thermocouple— equivalent to some­ different attachments, and hence differ­ where less than half a second, beforj ent welding times. In order to balance 2. Cool Forge weld current is initiated. up the work of welding a complete side 3. W eld 4. Cool and Forge panel on five machines per line, it is 3. Weld: At the beginning of the 5. Grain Refine necessary for one machine to weld 14, weld period, the electrode pressure au­I 6. Cool and Forge 3/16, 14-inch, and 10-gage mild steel to tomatically cuts back to its original set-1 7. T em per alloy, steel. Some of these spot welds ting. When the preselected weld tem­ are located on the edge of the plate with During tire cool periods, the pressure perature -—- somewhat above melting practically no material in the throat of on the electrodes is increased by approx­ range— is reached, the control automat­ the machine. Others have a full 24- imately 50 per cent. Identical pressures ically cuts off the welding current. Cur­ inch slab of steel in the throat. are applied to the electrode for all heat­ rent intensity is of course much higher Since many of the parts are relatively ing periods. Time control for the vari­ than during preheat. large and heavy, it obviously was unde­ ous heating and cooling periods is The weld is usually completed in from sirable to support parts manually during achieved automatically by means of an 2.5 to 3.5 seconds at the high current the making of several welds on one ma­ iron - constant thermocouple, sil­ levels used. In general, higher power chine. However, instead of construct­ ver soldered into the lower electrode levels are u sed for thin attachmenj ing complicated fixtures to support the near the contacting surface. Each heat­ than for thick attachm ents, since parts while going through the machines ing period is also independently adjust­ tends to displace the heat balance to­ —which fixtures would also tend to de­ able as to rate of current flow. wards the thinner section, thus offsetting crease accessibility to the machine it­ the unfavorable geometric center and 1. Preheat: With the two pieces of self—International developed a simple lower electrical resistance of the thinner steel in position, the machine is started. method of materials handling at welders. mild steel. The electrodes come together under suf­ Various Types of Conveyors Used ficient pressure to insure proper contact 4. Cool After Weld: At the same in­ and heating. Tire current starts and con­ stant th at th e w eld current is automat­ Low cost wooden tables, mounted on tinues until the maximum* desired tem­ ically' cut off, the electrode pressure is in­ casters, were notched out so that they perature has been reached, when cur­ creased to produce a “forging” action by could be rolled into place around the rent cuts off automatically. squeezing the plastic material in the welder electrode. For the parts them­ This preheat period establishes an in­ w eld nugget. T his pressure is held selves, simple dolly-type fixtures on timate contact between the mild steel at­ throughout the entire cool period which casters were provided. These dollies tachment and the alloy steel plate, and. m ay last approxim ately 12 seconds for were adjustable as to height so that mere­ also between the electrodes and the work heavy sections. ly rolling them across the table would and thus (1) reduces the proportion of locate the part in proper height relation This particular cool period—which is current loss through short circuits with the electrode of the machines. With really a quench after the weld—is ex­ through previous welds in the vicinity this arrangement the same flexibility was tremely important in securing the high of the new weld; (2) helps to center the obtained with stationary welders as is quality welds obtained. Its purpose is weld nugget directly beneath the elec­ normally available with permanent fix­ to transform tire iron in the m rg et from trodes; and (3) permits the use of high tures and gun-type welders. See accom­ the gamma to the alpha condition, with­ power levels in subsequent “melting” of panying illustrations. out w hich transform ation grain refine­ the nugget. ment is impossible. Roller gravity type conveyor equip­ The maximum amount of energy The length of this cool period per­ ment is used to convey the larger panels which can be quickly applied without mits a martensitic condition to be at­ from one machine to the next. At the any actual material fusion of the plates tained in the w eld zone. No external machines, one section of these roller has been found to be most desirable dur­ quenching medium is necessary to ob­ conveyors is of the cross transfer type ing preheat. The duration of current tain this result because the tremendous and is designed to raise and lower the flow during the preheat period is from 2 temperature differentials between the panel and move it at right angles to the to 3 seconds for the heavy sections be­ electrode. This arrangement provides ing welded. plate and the refrigerated electrodes— support and permits movement of large which are cooled by a brine solution at panels in all directions for locating the 2. Cool and Forge after Preheat: Ac­ zero degrees F ahr.— give a quenching welds. At one station, the welding ma­ chine is actually suspended from the ceiling with the throat downward. This arrangement permits welding attach­ ments to the leg of L-shaped panels without removing assembly from conveyor. Tilting cross transfer conveyor sec­ tions are used to hold the assembly at an angle while welding the front end of

the panel, which has a 1 2 y2 -degree break. This permits horizontal movement of the assembly through the machine. One machine on each line is set at an angle to the conveyor line in order to clear the tumed-up end of the plate forming the rear panel. The remaining machines are set at right angles to the conveyor line. There is one turn-table section in each line which permits the panel to be turned end-for-end in order

100 rate higher than tire critical quenching F ig. 3— Here welder is suspended from ceiling with throat opening downward rate of the alloy steel used. Therefore, to permit attaching brackets, etc. to the short leg of the L-shaped panel the haidness of the w eld zone, im m e­ without need for a hoist. Note transfer conveyor for moving assembly through diately after this cool period, approaches machine and over to gravity-type conveyor in background the maximum hardness th at it is possible to obtain in view of the carbon content of the steel. Fig. 4— Simple fixture mounted on casters here speeds up positioning of work An important metallurgical advantage piece,. Tables of different heights cun be used where fixtures require it. of using a therm ocouple to control cool­ table being also easily movable on casters ing after welding is that it facilitates cooling the steels dow n below the crit­ Fig. 5— Bent front leg of this long panel is pul in horizontal position by a ical “martensite arrest” point, and in­ special cross-transfer conveyor fitted with an air-operated mechanism to tilt sures proper cooling of various thick­ work to angle desired. This arrangement permits horizontal movement of work nesses of mild steel attachments and dif­ ferent diameters of welds with the same through welder while in tilted position setting of the control. 5. Grain Refine: After the weld zone Fig. 6— Stationary straight-line conveyors carry the assemblies through the : has been transformed into martensite by welders, for some of these plates are quite heavy to handle. Note variety

I n a s m u c h as Tulsa, Okla. is the and inspection will not be covered, in de­ gating and feeding that provides uni­ ijjRA , 'titter of of most productive oil one the tail but the accompanying illustrations formity of metal distribution, equaliza­ jf iV%)ions in the world, it is by the same provide a general picture of the more tion of shrinkage and avoidance of mis- §2* A t an important center for the pro- significant operations in making static runs. -ijltion of oil-field tools and equipment. castings. One pattern showed the use of a center , 'Ire are 132 drilhng operators working A casting is no better than its pattern. plate with the gate at an angle to prevent Tulsa alone and many of these are So, the company starts with thorough a hot spot which would develop a bowl plied with equipment m ade by m anu- customer-counsellor service on pattern crack at the base. Another flanged ring ^L i fc | iurers in the district. design, a completely equipped pattern had gating at the joint and into the heads, dR r turn, many of these equipment department, and a system of photo­ permitting the metal to drop down from gfL mfacturers require quantities of high graphic records. Fluidity of metal, the the mold joint, resulting in cold metal at ngth castings, of which tire Oklahoma law of gravity, rate of solidification, mold the bottom, hot metal in the heads and ■1 Casting Co. is one of the leading manipulation, necessitate extreme care excellent directional distribution. H & j ducers. This com pany was founded and special rigging of patterns. In gen­ Still another clutch pattern was gated ... p 926 and now produces both static and eral practice, the author has found that into the head, using an extra metal pad irifugal castings in thousands of de- the foundry is seldom consulted before to feed down and assure solid metal after v . J is and weighing from a few ounces to the casting is designed and patterns are machining the groove. A joint and head tons. made. But by its pattern consulting gating of a screw-type valve pattern lany rmique characteristics in plant service, by “prevamping” design, much which provided pad metal under the jtice are apparent. Pattem m aldng, additional customer expense is avoided heads to feed the heavy underneath sec­ Minting and storage, molding, pouring as well as considerable foundry burden. tion was observed. Another unusual one shake out, welding, rework, straight- Particular artistry is shown in methods was a valve bonnet pattern, gated into ■>g and shot blast, heat treating, testing of gating and feeding. “There are vari­ the flange with the head overlapping ous kinds of ways of gating,” the works the flange and to one side and low to manager emphasized, “all having their feed the hot spot caused by the gate, advantages; such as bottom or fountain using a blind head to take care of center horn, bottom side in gate, gating in joint, intersecting metal. step gates and the top or pouring type. One head feeding two heavy lugs, These are used singly or in multiple, ac­ gated into the head, formed a good cording to size, shape and metal section grease cup valve flow pattern. A huge involved.” Pattern designers here are header, gated at one end, with seven adept at the selection of the particular heads to feed all intersections because of the square outside comers and large Fig. 1— One of many jolt radius inside was another unusual ar­ squeezer machines em­ rangement. The pattern counsellor group reviews ployed at Oklahoma Steel each blueprint, determines the rigging Castings Co. as to proper metal, flow, risers, gates, Fig. 2—Portion of pat­ varying cross sections—all to provide the tern storage showing wide soundest casting in relation to internal range of work produced stresses and to prevent such faults and hazards as surface blemishes, spongy or Fig. 3— Automatic elec­ porous sections. The size of the pattern tric winches controlling determines whether the mold will be electrode movement in made on the floor or in squeezer molding melting furnace machines; the production of small and large castings proceeding on two different Fig. 4— Top charging ar­ lines in the plant. rangement o n electric The pattern shop is distinctive from melting furnace the standpoint of new equipment, fa­ Fig. 5— Pouring produc­ tion molds 1

|?ig. 6— Pouring squeezer molds from monorail shanking ladle

that happens to be close at hand. Cote and tile gates of special baked hardness also are employed to avoid improper down gating and ingating, and to prevent misruns. Rough and dented gating is eliminated, preventing tearing sand grains. These core and tile gates prevent improper ramming, careless cutting, hard striking metal or washed-in sand. “A cast­ ing is no cleaner than its gate,” is con­ stantly emphasized. The same care is used in heading, proper placing of gates to avoid hot-spotting and the assurance of uniformity.

Squeezer M achine M akes Small Molds

Molds are made on cope and drag roll­ for is over molding machines, receiving Uri®'* special mud wash, skin dried with a natural gas torch and air. Cores are in­ serted, m olds finished and assembled, pattern and equipment on the layout cilities, skills and supervision. White mating members being fastened with floor, the foundry foreman lines it up with pine, mahogany and some aluminum special cope an d drag clamps designed particular attention to requirements of mounting material are used. Thousands by company engineers. The entire mold chemical composition and the molder of patterns are maintained in “active” is then moved by roller conveyor to the makes the required number of molds for and “dead” storage, the latter including pouring floor. Small molds are made on that day’s operation. those held over two years. A complete squeezer machines in a large department. The same care is used in molding. A is ml tom photographic filing record is kept of all Sand comes to them by monorail con­ thorough laboratory sand analysis is m s spiid patterns. This includes the entire in­ veyor molds which are roller conveyed to ventory of parts and loose pieces. To made, consisting of permeability, moisture sp steel os content, green compression strength, dry th e pouring zone w hich sets at right place a pattern in work, the production angles to the large mold pouring floor. ibitkess, o: manager orders the required number of shear strength, complete screen tests to Js No. IIS check grain fineness. All sands are bought Cores are d ried in special ovens, castings, the store room man puts the siri, »is on a grain fineness specified by the com­ equipped with indicating pyrometers and pany. From 50 to 75 per cent new sand is w ith com plete flame control and safety used in facing. Backing sand is all re­ valves. After final segregation and clean­ sill is |K claimed material. Arkansas and Evans­ ing, molds are ready for pouring. ville sand brands are used. C astings are poured from 300 to 500- Cores are made from several special pound pouring ladles, suspended from sand mixes for strength retention, wash an overhead monorail and refilled by prevention and ready collapse. Molders 2000-pound ladles which transfer the are not permitted to use any stick or pipe metal from the furnaces by overhead crane. T he w ork comes to the shakeout Fig. 7— Control board for electric area after pouring and cooling, and is « solvint melting furnace th ereafter “m uled” by an overhead sssd with gantry crane equipped w ith hydraulic Fig. 8— Fisher Carbanalizers used tongs. T he w ork is placed into buckets in melt control

. v - r ~ : 1 • ■:< ; iit - ......

104 H ow I Tool Steel Selection Problem

"¡PRODUCTION ROTTLBN

A prominent metal parts manufacturer first became acquainted with Carpenter Matched Tool Steels because of a tool-caused production bottleneck. A shaving die used in a punch press operation wore rap­ idly and would not hold size. An oil-hardening steel had been tried but it lacked the necessary wear resistance. When Carpenter Hampden was selected for its maximum wear resistance and accuracy in hard­ ening, production was increased from 99,600 to 504,000.

After the first successful experience with Carpenter Matched Tool Steels, the tool room tackled another job. A staking punch used to stake nuts on a spindle had a short life that averaged 40 hours. The oil-hardening steel used, either failed by breakage when treated for maximum hardness, or battered out of shape when drawn for greater toughness. No. 11 Special, a tough timbre, straight carbon water- hardening steel, was tried w ith excellent results. Punch life went from an average of 40 hours to more than six months service, and punch was still in good condition at the end of that time.

Confidence in solving tool problems with Carpenter Matched Tool Steels increased with results and inspired a search for improved performance on other jobs. H igh speed steel had been used for a burnishing punch. T he selector section in the C arpenter M atched Tool Steel Manual recommended K-W (W ater—Wear) for burnishing tools. The slick glass-hard surface provided by K-W gave a smoother, cleaner finish and tool life was increased 66%.

Lower Unit Costs and Increased Output Result from Carpenter Matched Tool Steels These examples show how Matched Tool Steels provide an easier method of selecting tool steel to' meet specific require­ ments, or to get improved results.

Many plants have discovered that this method of tool steel »election has many advantages—protection against hardening ailures and premature service failures— greater freedom from °°1 troubles and very substantial increases in the service life •f tools. If you are looking for a chance to lower unit costs nd increase output, re-examine your tooling problems now ph the help of the Carpenter Matched Tool Steel Manual. 'Trite on your company letterhead, giving title or position, for Jour copy of this helpful 168-page manual E CARPENTER STEEL CO., 139 W. Bern St., Reading, Pa. 2 minutes that proceeds continuously in its timed movement. After rough sand blasting, castings are segregated into large an d sm all classifica­ tions and moved into lines right and left along the cutoff floor. Gates and risers are removed and returned to the f u r ­ naces for remelting. Large castings mov­ ing left come to the swing grinders and chippers and are then rough inspected for misruns, scabbing and metal pene­ trations. Defective castings (and the rec­ ord is unusually low ) are sent to the welding room for repair and remachin- ing. Small castings, moving to the right, are placed in boxes on roller conveyors and m oved to chippers an d sand grinders w here, after such inspection and rework as is required, they are brought together with large castings into the normalizing furnace heating racks for homogenizing heat treatment. All castings are norm alized before leaving the shop to assure proper grain refinement, improve ductility and to re­ lieve internal stresses. This is done on a battery' of M ahr 10 and 5-ton gas-fired normalizing furnaces. The temperature, determined by die particular steel com­ position, ranges between 1650 and 1750 degrees Fahr., using the formula of 90 degrees per inch of maximum cross sec­ tion; stepping up the soak 200 to 300 degrees per hour until normalizing tem­ perature is reached. The work is re­ ceived and discharged in racks, going to ; ; the cooling room. 90-Pound Air Pressure Test The work then goes to final shotblast, coming to large final inspection tables by monorail, where it is classified into buckets for further handling, such as ship­ ping, chipping, grinding, heat treating. Fig. 9— Pouring from large ladle All types of valve bodies, which consti­ tute a considerable part of the output, into monorail conveyed shanking are tested under 90-pound air pressure pot for squeezer molds before shipment to weed out defective ! Fig. 10— Shaking out flasks by units. The cleaning room has modem equipm ent, is serviced by overhead crane, means of a vibrating machine has special designed swing grinders and Fig. 11— Stand grinder in opera­ wheel presses for straightening—the lat­ tion, with section of roller con­ ter with special fixtures to fit all valves. H eart of any foundry is the melting veyor in foreground practice, and observation proved this shop outstanding from the standpoints of for shot blasting for removal of remain­ equipm ent, technique, alloying range ing foundry sand. and metallurgical check analyses. Shakeout is performed on an eccen­ Two 2-ton Moore Rapid Lectromelt, trically vibrated table, the mold sand top charge furnaces are used. The aver­ lumps being joggled into a trench grate age heat is 1 hour 21 minutes, with serviced by an endless belt which con­ charging time of 5 to 6 minutes and the tinuously conveys the sand into a hopper pour per heat 7000 pounds. The add for reclamation. Special blowers remove electric m elting practice is employed. fines, magnets pick out all spills and Power consumption is 525 kilowatts per screens sieve out all slag and aggregate. hour per ton. The reclaimed sand is then returned to The furnace hearth is rammed with the mill for use as backing sand. F iregan a n d suitable binder. Sidewalls Sand blasting equipment, for both and roof are of silica brick. The fu rn a c e rough and finished work, is specially de­ is 5 feet 11% inches in diameter. Secur­ signed by the organization itself. The ing approximately 560 heats per roof rough shot blaster is completely auto­ an d 280 heats per lining, the relining matic, having four 5-foot diameter re­ interval is: Week No. 1—new lining of volving tables mounted on a pedestal sidew alls an d roof; w eek No. 3— refining and supported by a vertical shaft. The of sidewalls and not the roof. work is arranged on these for best shot The transformer room is neatly ar­ blasting, and then proceeds on a regular ranged. Power comes in at 13,000 volts cycle into the sandblast room, timed to and is handled by a 2 0 0 0 -kilovolt-ampere y4-tum cycles with a blasting interval of transformer equipped with four taps- The P S zelep ^a -t G oldstein,

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heat. Since the shop is equipped to per form 24 hours each day, it maintains tw o of everything, furnaces, air pressure | equipment, etc. j Pouring control is so precise as to score each m elter and helper as to the number of chemical and physical analyses within specifications. The batting average, on this individual basis, was running 97 per cent perfect on chemical, and 99 per cent on physical tests. T he tapping is perform ed by a teapot 4-ton tapping ladle equipped with a slag pour-ofF spout. As the heat is tapped, a special deoxidizer, such as cal- cium-manganese-silicon is added, ap­ proximately three pounds per ton. The tapping ladle is w eighed and checked against the charging w eight to determine the melting loss which runs between 2 latest type of air circuit breaker to break Carb. reading 85.17; slag pad medium and 3 per cent. These tapping ladles are the high tension under load, as well as density, color blue. preheated on a wall. After weighing, they the automatic winch-type unit to raise Preliminary additions at 1:30 p.m. are placed in a pouring stand, a transfer and lower graphite electrodes, are part of with final test at 1:35 p.m ...... est. ladle is brought from its preheater and the installation. Carb. reading 82.18; medium density of filled with the liquid steel. Material of course, is charged into the slag pad, color blue; additions silicon- It requires 45 minutes to pour and manganese 0.55, iron-manganese 0.60. furnaces cold and is brought up to a top­ less than five minutes to transfer. Thin ping temperature of 3200 degrees Fahr., Time power on to low tap, 40 minutes; section castings are poured first—heavy low tap to preliminary addition 20 the pouring temperature being 2750 to sections last. minutes; to tapping time 10 minutes. 2850 degrees Fahr. Every heat is Along the commercial grade steel, checked by optical pyrometer. Physicals analyzed: Ultimate strength, about 40 p er cent of the shop tonnage 70,900 pounds per square inch; yield goes into its ow n Tuf-W ear series of Complete Log of Every Heat point, 43,400 pounds per square inch, alloy steels which are medium manga­ Charge is made up of cold scrap, 35 elongation, 34.0 per cent; hardness, 40 nese, nickel-molybdenum; low alloy to 40 per cent of it comprising shop scrap, to 50 brinell; reduction of area, 55.7 per chromium-molybdenum and creep re­ and the balance outside scrap consisting cent; fracture %-cup; analysis, carbon sistant molybdenum steels—all designed 0.20, manganese 0.69, silicon 0.35, of heavy and light plate, forgings, punch- to fulfill requirements of the oil, rail­ ings, etc. The charge is carefully con­ sulphur 0.042, phosphorus 0.042; bend road and general purpose machining test, 180 degrees; pouring temperature, trolled to prevent variance in metal fields, capable of being heat treated to analyses. The scrap is fed to the furnace 2840 degrees Fahr. the desired physical properties. Two Fisher Carbanalyzers are main­ by charging bucket, the furnace lid is A completely equipped physical and tained in the transformer room and from swung back and the power is applied I T ) 1 r. 4-a i i- i-i f A V / I C l0 . 1 l I through graphite electrodes. Every heat three to five readings may be taken per is logged thoroughly. A typical melt observed was poured in casting a pressure valve body 18 x 24 feet, overall pattern dimension, having a center core forming three outlets and with several varying cross sections, hav­ ing to be rigged properly to accommodate three flanges and a pivot block, the core being anchored in three places only. The details of the furnace log on this heat ran: Metal specification, “B”; total charge, 7015 pounds; power on 12:20— off 1:40 p.m.; elapsed heat time, 1 hour 20 minutes; kilowatt hours, 1820; started oring time 35 to 40 minutes; addition 250 pounds; low tap-time 1:00 p.m.; first preliminary reading 1:10 p.m. . . . estimated Carbanalyzer reading 88.15; slag condition fight, color dark, viscosity thin; pig iron, addition 100 pounds; sec­ ond preliminary reading 1:20 p.m ...... est. Carb. reading 83.18; slag condition medium, color blue; pig iron recarburiz- ing addition 50 pounds (special pig low in silicon, sulphur, phosphorus); third preliminary reading 1:28 p.m ...... est.

Fig. 13— Hand pouring of squeez­ er m olds I/,

« m m li * TWta^i i pooling stoli dtfranifcp te iamił *4 i 4a raufest : ¡niaises ío ía¿ s p aie n d i — DRIVING CRUSHERS : ÜSfflMS.1 BELT CONVEYORS/ ETC. i cent of âeî| ; own * M g H P HIS is the EC&M Unit-type Starter of l-moivb Steel-clad design for high voltage wound- okManall rotor motors. It is completely wired ... totally wbauifl fix enclosed . . . shock-proof, hence quickly in­ ¡rire¡nei<íí¡: 5 stalled and general j safe. ib of la f5' The EC&M 2300 volt Magnetic Contactor is physical £ iek ajff l' oil-immersed in rear tank (a) with secondary ir fym ir " acceleration panel (b) and disconnect switches (c) mounted in front compartment. EC&M Bulletin 1041 NEO. TIME-CURRENT Starter. Acceleration is by the EC&M NEO-TIME- CURRENT (d) m ethod. . . a unique system for bringing a.c. wound-rotor motors up to speed automatically. It accelerates motors quickly on light loads . . . lengthens time automatically on heavy loads . . . yet forces motors to maximum torque when needed. For complete information on these EC&M Magnetic Starters for a.c. wound-rotor motors, ask for Booklets 67 and 1041.

Where more than one m otor drive is involved,, these motorv control units can be central­ ized at a convenient location.

THI ELECTRIC CONTROLLER & MFG. CO. CLEVELAND ©Hi© Third section of series on fabricating light alloys cov­ ers the several variations in arc-welding procedure, in­ cluding metal arc, carbon arc, carbon torch, tungsten arc, atomic hydrogen, auto­ matic and semiautomatic carbon arc. First and second sections covered riveting and gas welding

m etal arc w elds. B ecause of the high 7 thermal conductivity of aluminum, the welded metal freezes very rapidly. When welding thin material, gas may be en­ trap p ed in th e joints. Im proved sound­ ness can be attained by preheating the THE ALUMINUM alloys are 1.1. «I E. C. HARTMANN,G. O. HOGLUND parts at temperatures from 400 to 600 with several arc-welding procedures, and M. A. MILLER degrees Fahr. Such preheating is al­ namely, the metal arc, carbon arc, car­ Aluminum Research Laboratories ways necessary to make liquid or gas bon torch, tungsten arc, atomic hydro­ Aluminum Co. of America tight joints in metal up to %-inch thick. gen, automatic and semiautomatic car­ New Kensington, Pa. A ll m etal arc w elding is done with bon arc. Of these, the process of great­ heavily coated electrodes. The coating est commercial importance is the metal consists of fluxing ingredients that break arc. trial on the parts to be welded. dow n the oxide coating on the metal All of the arc-welding processes have Metal arc welding is used for butt and stabilize th e arc. M ost of the coat­ the advantage that a comparatively welding metal from 0.081-inch thick ing materials are hygroscopic and ex­ large amount of energy can be concen­ and thicker. No upper limit on thick­ posure of the electrodes to atmospheric trated in the weld zone. This is rela­ ness exists, and sound welds have been moisture results in excessive spatter dur­ tively of more importance in the case made in plate 2 inches thick. Fillet or ing welding and a porous weld structure. of the aluminum alloys than in the case lap welds can be made on 5/32-inch This condition can be prevented and of the ferrous metals because the effects thick and thicker metal. It is difficult to moist electrodes reclaimed by baking of the welding heat can be confined control the operation to prevent melting them for severel hours at 250 to 300 to a narrow area. through the underlying part on metal degrees Fahr. For example, the amount of distortion that is thinner. Edge Preparation Simple that occurs during and after a welding An additional factor of importance operation is much less than when gas in this connection is the soundness of Electrodes contain a core wire of welding because the total expansion is either commercially pure aluminum or confined to the narrower heated zone. 5 per cent silicon aluminum alloy. Speci­ Metallurgical changes in the parent met­ Pressure fications and electrode requirements and al structure are also confined in extent tests are shown in AWS-ASTM Tenta­ when arc welding. The rate of weld­ tive Specification No. B184-43T. These Current ing is increased and less edge prepara­ electrodes are suitable for all struc­

tion is required. All of these factors Time tural and general welding. are important from the standpoint of re­ Edge preparation is simple for arc ducing cost, and it seems apparent that welding. Butt welds in metal up to wider use of the arc-welding methods ki-inch thick need no special prepara­ can be expected. Pressure tion. Heavier material is prepared with Metal Arc Welding: Metal arc weld­ a 60 to 90-degree vee to within y4 -inch ing of aluminum alloys is done with the of the bottom of the section. Metal same equipment and general technique up to Va-inch thick can be butt welded that are commonly used in the welding without edge preparation if the welds industry. Standard direct-current motor can be made from both sides of the generator sets are suitable for welding section. these alloys. Alternating-current weld­ Energy storage-electromagnetic ing equipment of the type that superim­ Butt welds in the aluminum alloys are poses a high frequency current on the made by controlling the penetration bead Pressure welding circuit also makes good welds. with a copper or steel back-up strip that The standard alternating-current sets, is grooved u n d e r the joint. A smoother however, do not maintain a steady arc penetration bead is obtained if the back­ when welding aluminum and are not u p strip is thinly coated w ith flux. suitable for such work. Time Arc welding fluxes are similar to The capacity of the equipment and tire Energy storage—electrostatic welding fluxes in that complete re of the slag must be accomplished after electrode size are determined by the Fig. 10 — Comparative pressure thickness of the material being welded. welding. The procedure is the same and current cycles for alternating Table VI contains suggested sizes of elec­ as that described for gas welds except trodes and current required for welding. current and energy-storage resist­ that a preliminary chipping or wire The proper polarity is determined by ance-welding systems brushing operation is usually applied

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Designers, fabricators and purchasers of standard grades of engineering alloy steels from Timken have a new tool at their disposal — Heat Hardenability Data. These new data are now being furnished on all heats of low carbon and medium carbon engineering alloy steels currently melted by us. Purchasers of these steels are receiving complete Jominy harden­ ability data expressed graphically as shown on the above chart. This information is being supplied on each heat of steel in every shipment and is mailed with the shipping manifest. These hardenability data will prove to be an important tool in A request written on your firm's letterhead facilitating the selection and processing of the engineering alloy will bring a folder th a t contains a series of steels because they can be used to predict the mechanical properties five messages on hardenability, an article on Cast Hardenability Specimens" a of steel after heat treatment and in this way determine the suit­ bibliography of 44 basic references on the ability of the material for chosen applications. Until now the chem­ subject and a copy of the form which we ical composition has been the only guide to these facts. will use to report the hardenability of Timken Alloy Steels. Write for your free The interpretation of hardenability data and their application to copy today. both design and production problems have been the subject of con­ siderable study and research by our technical organization. The outstanding quality of Timken electric furnace and open hearth steels are the result of similar programs. We invite you to con­ sult with us on your metallurgical problems. The Steel and Tube TIMKENTftAos-MAitK n ee. u. *. »at. o r r. ALLOY STEELS Division, The Timken Roller Bearing Company, Canton 6, Ohio. j\ August 21, 1944 111 RACO 13 Electrodes are designed primarily for the welding of thin and medium gauges of mild steel. They may also be used successfully as general purpose electrodes for ' 'poor fit-up" work. The outstanding feature of RACO 13 Elec­ trodes is their extremely stable arc at low current densities. Although RACO 13 Electrodes were designed primarily for use with Alternating Current, equally good results may . be obtained with Direct Current, straight polarity.

This combination of features makes RACO 13 Electrodes exceptionally useful for practically every shop. Give them a tryout in your plant . . . prove on a va riety of jobs just how efficient they are. We shall be glad to send samples. Just write.

112 / tee after welding to remove tire brittle crust of slag on .the welds. Carbon Arc Welding: The carbon arc process is widely used for welding alum­ inum parts and is sjrperior to the metal arc for m any applications. The proce­ dure is carried out m anually or auto­ matically. In the manual operations, it is possible to make butt welds in thin­ ner material .than with the metal arc, and the commercial range of application is for metal from 0.040 to %-inch thick. Suggested values of w elding current and electrode size are shown in Table VI. Sound welds can be made in this thick­ ness range without preheating the parts, although preheating w ill speed u p the welding operation. The filler rod is fed in separately for carbon arc welding. Flux is applied to the filler m etal by dipping the rod in Fig. 11— Schematic diagram of an alternating current rocker-arm spot-welding a mixture of flux and water and drying machine. Shown are pressure mechanism and electronic tubes for current the coating thoroughly before welding. timing in primary circuit. Transformer secondary delivers high-amperage Metal arc-welding electrodes are fre­ low-voltage alternating current for welding quently used for this purpose. It is more economical, however, to apply a thinner coating of filler metal which upon the thickness of the metal, and been adapted to welding aluminum al­ works just as well from the welding Table VII shows suggested machine set­ loys, particularly for sheet parts, in a standpoint and results in m ore feet of tings for various thicknesses. thickness range from 0.064 to %-inch, weld per pound of rod than is the case The carbon arc is also used in a semi­ and its commercial use so far has been when using metal arc-welding electrodes. automatic welding procedure. The limited to manual operation of the torch. The carbon arc has also been adapted technique and equipment are similar Experimental welding automatic equip­ to automatic welding, particularly for to that used for manual welding, hut ment has also been accomplished with large type structures such as tank cars. the carbon is mounted on a bracket that excellent results from the standpoint of Equipment has been developed fo r m et­ travels on one or two small wheels along soundness and strength. al from 3/16 up to %-inch thick. The the joint. This carrying device may he In this process, an arc is drawn be­ advantages of automatic welding are in­ actuated manually or may be motor driv­ tween two tungsten electrodes in a hydro­ creased welding speed and substantially en. The speed is adjusted by the melt­ gen atmosphere. For manual welding, less distortion in the parts. ing rate and the metal thickness, and control of the melting rate can be ac­ Control of the arc is accomplished by the wire is fed in manually or the edges complished by moving the torch away using a superimposed alternating-current are flanged to provide filler material. from or toward the work, and conse­ field around the carbon electrode. The On edge welds particularly, this proce­ quently the process has some advantage parts to be welded are clamped in a dure results in a very smooth sound over the metal or carbon arc from this jig over a copper or steel baififc-up strip contour and increased welding speed. standpoint. Filler rod is applied manu­ and flux is applied in powder form Flux is usually applied by painting a ally and in much the same manner as with a mechanically driven flux feeder. water mixture on parts before welding. when gas welding. The same fluxes Filler wire is fed mechanically into the Atomic Hydrogen Welding: The used for gas welding are used with the joint. Machine set-up variables depend atomic hydrogen welding process has atomic hydrogen torch and the flux is usually applied by dipping the rod in a water mixture of the flux. Suggested machine settings for various thicknesses TABLE VI of material are shown in Table VIII. ELECTRODE SIZE AND MACHINE SETTING FOR METAL AND CARBON-ARC Tungsten Arc Welding. A great deal WELDING OF ALUMINUM of experimental work and some com­ Approxi­ mercial applications have been made in Metal Electrode mate Number of Passes Electrode Consumption, Elec­ arc welding aluminum by an arc drawn Thickness Diam eter, Current, Lap and ------lb. per 100 ft.------trodes between the work and a tungsten elec­ in. Fillet Butt Lap Fillet per lb in. amperes Butt trode in an atmosphere of helium or 0.081 Vs 60 1 1 4.7 5.3 6.3 32 0.101 Vs 70 1 1 5.0 5.7 6.3 32 argon. Sufficient experience with this 0.125 Vs 80 1 1 5.7 6.25 6.3 32 process has not yet been obtained to 0.156 Vs 100 1 1 6.3 6.5 6.5 32 permit making specific recommendations 0.187 9.0 23 A 125 1 1 8.7 9.0 on equipment and machine settings. The 0.250 f t 160 1 1 12.0 12.0 12.0 17 0.375 ft for laps and fillets 200 2 3 25.0 29.0 35.0 17 indications are that the procedure can V i for butts be used for welding thinner metal than 0.500 ft for laps and fillets 300 3 3 35.0 35.0 35.0 17 has been possible with other arc weld­ V i for butts ing procedures. Welding flux is applied to the filler wire, and the filler metal is TABLE V II handled in much the same manner as DATA FOR AUTOMATIC CARBON-ARC WELDING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS when gas welding or carbon arc weld­ (Butt Joints) ing. W ire Wire W ire per Flux per W elding Thickness, Current, Are Size, Speed, 100 ft. 100 ft. Speed, Qualification of Welding Operators, in. amperes voltage in. in .m in . W eld, lb. W eld, lb. in./m in. Procedure Specifications and Codes 0.188 310 35 A 16.8 2.5 17 16.0 0.250 360 36 A 20.3 3.7 21 14.0 Arc and gas-welding operations on the 0.312 380 38 V i 9.6 4.8 26 12.3 0.375 390 aluminum alloys require operator train­ 38 V i 10.2 5.0 28 12.0 0.500 410 39 V i 9.3 7.8 51 7.1 ing to make joints that will meet pro­ duction standards for sound and strong

Au rtl 1 A 113 t h e ® W » “ o í pREPfcîtïH h t m o s p h e ^ ® Svlurface Combustion research in the physical structure of metals. Some of these use of gases for atmospheres in the heat treat­ gases are retained from the melting operation ment of metals, has made possible metallur­ and some are entrapped during heat treat­ gical results of such significance that it ment. Some gases cling tenaciously to a metal goes far beyond the mechanical details of surface just short of chemical union, while furnace construction. others are readily driven off into the sur­ Today, with the use of Surface Combustion rounding medium. It is desirable to eliminate RadiantTube Heating Elements and Prepared harmful reactions between metals and gases, Atmosphere Generating Units metal surfaces and to develop superior metallurgical prop­ are preserved, including both high and low erties here-to-fore unknown. Gas quenching carbon steels and non-ferrous m etals. There and dry pickling are recent outstanding are atmospheres to prevent decarburization Surface developments embracing the science of steels, and also for recarburization in case of gas chemistry and heat treating, that have the carbon has been removed by an earlier been industry proven. Other major develop­ operation. -There are surface hardening at­ ments are in the making. mospheres of a number of kinds, and atmos­ Surface believes that great advancements pheres for producing specific effects upon in metallurgical treatment will come from the metal surfaces. application of gas chemistry.. .that many post- In addition to these surface treatments, recent developments have shown marked from new scientific angles that will give su­ effects of small amounts of gases within the perior results at new low production costs.

WHEREVER HEAT IS USED IN INDUSTRY FROM INGOT TO; FINISHED PRODUCT on the ferrous materials is not usually welds. Experience has indicated that TABLE VIII suitable. On the odier hand, equipment there is little difference in training in­ APPROXIMATE MACHINE SETTINGS FOR designed for aluminum can be used on i ATOMIC-HYDROGEN WELDING dividuals whether they have had previ­ practically all other weldable metals,1 ous experience in welding other metals (A-inch Diameter Electrodes) 18 Filler with good results. or not. An adept individual will acquire Hydrogen Wire Spot welding is the most widely ap­ sufficient skill to pass the qualification Thickness, Current, Pressure, Diameter, plied resistance welding process. Many test with about 40 hours on various in. amperes psi »'• aircraft applications of spot welding can types of welds. Another 30 to 40 hours' 0.064 10 7 Vs be m ade w th a low er labor expenditure training is given certain operators who 0.081 15 I V 0.101 21 8 * by spot welding than by riveting. War cannot acquire a skill as quickly. Un­ 0.125 27 a effort has accelerated the development less the qualification test can be passed 0.187 33 H * of equipment and procedure so that spot in 80 hours of training, it is usually 0.250 39 14 « w elds are now u sed in bo th structural best not to attempt to use an individual 0.375 45______14______A an d n o nstructural aircraft applications for welding operations. Both men and TABLE IX for cowling, wing skin, attaching stiffen- women operators have been trained with MACHINE SETTINGS FOR A.C. SPOT ers to fuselage wing, or control surfaces, little difference in results from the stand­ WELDING ALUMINUM ALLOYS and many other parts. point of quality of welds. Gage__ Tip Pressure, lb. B. & S. Time, Current Mini- Maxi- This experience points to wider use Most welding operators are qualified No Inch cycles amperes mum mum of this joining method for the assembly by the procedure laid out in Section 9 26 0.016 4 14,000 200 400 of automobile parts, railroad, bus and of the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel 24 0 020 6 16,000 300 500 truck structures, refrigerator parts, fur­ Code, the Bureau of Ships’ Specification 22 0.025 6 17,000 300 500 20 0 032 8 18,000 400 600 niture, cooking utensils, in fact, almost E-l and E-2, Appendix 7—Welding, or 18 M040 8 20,000 400 600 any field where the aluminum alloys the Army-Navy Aeronautical Specifica­ 16 0.051 10 22,000 500 700 will be used. Equipment has been de­ tion ANT38, depending on the type of 14 0.064 10 24,000 500 700 veloped to w eld m aterial on a produc­ work to be done. Further details on 12 0 081 12 28,000 600 800 10 0 102 12 32,000 800 1000 tion basis in a thickness range from training method to qualify operators to 8 0.128 15 35,000 800 1200 0.010 u p to 5 /3 2 -in ch thick. Experi­ meet these specifications are available mental programs are under way to de­ from many sources and will not be re­ TABLE X sign equipm ent an d develop procedures peated here. SPOT WELD ELECTRODES—TIP RADIUS Intermediate to perm it spot w elding tw o sections hav­ The welding of tank structures under Annealed Temper the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code ing thicknesses up to 3/16-inch, which and of non-heat is die maximum thickness for which spot is handled in accordance with the special Thickness, As- Treated Heat provisions listed in Case 994. This in. extruded AUoys Treated welding is generally used. code specifically covers vessels made Up to 0.020 ...... 2 2 1 0.021-0.032 ...... 3 3 2 T hree T ypes o f Electrical Circuits from aluminum manganese plate, and 0.033-0.064 4 3 3 there are no code provisions for ves­ 0.065-0.094 ...... 4 4 4 Three general types of electrical cir­ sels made from other alloys. 0.095-0.125 ...... 4 4 cuits have b een developed for commer­ cial spot welding, namely, alternating Resistance Welding If a minimum of indentation on one surface current, magnetic energy, or condenser is required, one tip is made to the above radius The aluminum alloys are electric resist­ and the other is flat. On thickness 0.064 inch energy storage. The superiority of any , ance welded by spot or seam welding, and above, use a 10-inch radius instead of flat. of the three types has not been estab­ depending on the requirements and de­ lished in industrial practice. Each of sign of the parts. The aluminum ma­ the three has specific advantages which terials have high thermal and electrical ent and strong welds can be made only makes it quite likely that all three types conductivity and are covered with an if equipment designed to take these fac­ w ill continue to develop. The current oxide coating; all of these factors affect tors into account is provided. It fol­ pressure and time cycles of these types the welding characteristics, and consist- lows that the welding equipment used of equipment are shown schematically in L Fig. 10. Alternating-current equipment is low- Fig. 12 (Left, below)— Schematic diagram of a magnetic-energy spot-welding est in first cost and has been widely machine. Energy is stored in transformer primary and welding current is formed used for nonstructural applications, such ® in secondary when primary circuit is open as cooking utensils, refrigerator parts, ^ etc. The welding circuit consists of a ‘ Fig. 13 (Right, below)— Schematic diagram showing operation of electrostatic transform er th at w ill deliver relatively * spot-welding machine. Current is stored in condensers and discharged to welder high currents, depending on what is re- in­ primary. Welding current of high amperage in the secondary makes the weld. quired for a specific metal thickness. Pressure mechanism can be adjusted for either single or double pressure during (Please turn to Page 156) the weld cycle

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a! type ¿g n Jattaü iing, e . îtk as;! . Thí r- ipes t e The Parable of the Boy Who was Short-Suited striai

- Once upon A tim e there were a father and a mother And then—all of a sudden—the kid started to sprout. f who had a son. This, of course, was strictly accord­ In the short span of a summer vacation he shot up ing to the rules, since, to qualify as a parent, one must here, stretched out there, and bulged in various . have either a son or a daughter. In this case it hap­ places. Luckily for the kid, his skin could stretch— pened to be a son, and, as is the custom w ith all male but unluckily for the Old Man, the kid’s clothes ..... children, this p artic u la r son g rew u p in to a boy. N o t couldn’t! Which was very sad indeed, because the at once, m ind you. In fact, his g ro w th w as alm ost Old Man had spent plenty of good green stuff on imperceptible. First he was a baby; then a small boy; those same clothes only a few months back. a larger boy. Nothing sensational, you under­ MORAL: If the Old Man had been smart, he would stand. So it isn’t hard to see why his Pa and M a hardly have bought clothes roomy enough to let the kid .Realized that Sonny w as g ro w in g a t all. ex

The lesson of the foregoing is obviously this: Now, in the ad­ vanced stages of postwar planning, is the time to bring ade­ quate wiring into the picture. Talk to your consulting engineer, electrical contractor, your utility power engineer. Unwired planning will cost you a lot more than planned wiring.

N A C 0 N D A WIRE & CABLE COM PAN Y 25 Broadway, New York 4 . . . Sales Offices in Principal Cities

CUA

117 rffífclicatiatt a¿ METALLIC

Reducing temperature of flue gases to 1700 degrees Fahr. by dilut­ ing them with air from two points practically eliminates all mainte­ nance of recuperators and assures satisfactory life of elements. Greater turbulence is secured by the addition of more cast needles. Data covering skelp, batch and rotary-hearth furnaces are presented

By JOHN H. LOUX Engineer Salem Engineering Co. Salem , O .

COMBUSTION AIR blown directly recuperators is similar in every way to into and through the elements of a the control that would be applied on a metallic recuperator is in the cold state. furnace without recuperators5. The blower is capable of delivering air Because the metallic recuperator is to the recuperator at 16 ounces per unable to withstand the full temperature square inch pressure and the recuperator of the hot flue gases, it is necessary to the combustion air entering the coolerfilp-l is capable of withstanding this pressure. add dilution air equipment. This con­ pass and discharging from the hot pass. One particular reason for using 16-ounce sists of an individual blower for each The result is that the products of com­ combustion air is that a more uniform recuperator plus a controlling valve. This bustion being discharged to the stack distribution may be supplied to a 300- controlling valve is actuated by a po­ are extremely cool. burner installation on a furnace than if tentiometer, controlling from a thermo­ T he efficiency of any surface heat ex­ a lower pressure were used. A second couple installed at a point directly above changer is dependent upon ( 1 ) velocity lleutii reason is that any leakage will result in the metallic recuperator. The maximum an d turbulence of the heating medium,,;^ air being forced into the flue gases rather temperature of gases allowed to pass over (2) conductivity of the material, 13) ,m than flue gases being sucked into the these recuperator elements is 1800 de­ recuperator. The combustion air con­ grees Fahr. Years of actual operation area exposed both internally and ex­ ternally, and (4) upon the velocity and trol system for the furnace with metallic have shown that practically all main­ turbulence of the medium being heated. tenance can be eliminated if this limiting *In a previous article, S t e e l , June 1 2 , All types of recuperator elements may1'fee p. 1 1 6 , the author considered postwar pos­ temperature is reduced to 1700 degrees sibilities of metallic recuperators. Fahr. be spaced close enough to give the de­ sired velocity outside and core busters,^ ] Dilution air is mixed with the hot prod­ or cast needles may be installed internal- - K ucts leaving the furnace at a point at least 4 feet away from the first bank of ly to produce the desired turbulence injjfc side. The turbulence outside however, recuperator elements. At one time it was can best be obtained around the metallic ' thought advisable to distribute this dilu­ elements by the simple addition of more ^ tion air so that it would thoroughly mix needles. These needles serve two pur- 11 with the hot gases. Experience has shown, poses: They create turbulence and they however, that if the air is blown into the increase by many times the exposed sur-' ; products from at least two points and face. ® from a distance not less than 4 feet from The two remaining factors that control ' f the top of the recuperator, a satisfactory recuperator life will be obtained. efficiency, are the conductivity of the . material and the velocity of the air • s A secondary effect of this dilution air through the recuperato' elements. The si( is to reduce the temperature difference between the hot products and the com­ thermal conductivity, or K factor of cast s® iron at 400 degrees Fahr. is 220. Metallic 1%] bustion air. To offset this condition, the elem ents have a m axim um thickness o t1 »41 recuperator is made into two passes with approximately ^-inch. Because a much ily i higher pressure can be carried in the'id Bank of elements for metallic metallic element a much greater velocity h t of air through the element is allowed, k ; recuperator Rated velocity through metallic re-Ap air a* (Above)—Skelp-heating furnace rpisfe showing cross-over to recuperator with dilution air pipe feeding into W b®! cross-over 3oL (a 23T— idaiE (Right)— Elevation of heating of the k: furnace showing location of metal-

: of § ¡ 2 lie recuperators oil) up® ¿¡a | ■ 2^ cuperator is 68 feet per second at 600 [upfflls degrees Fahr. moozii fc ? Allowable inlet pressure for m etallic tade aJ recuperator is 16 ounces. ¡ybesfis Rated heat transfer for design pur- 'desrcJ t- Poses through metallic recuperator is 50 TCOiS’ u' Per hour Per element per degree temperature differential. If the velocity through any recuperator element is increased, with all other fac­ tors kept constant, the B.t.u. transfer will tl(fe I“016356- This is shown in the ac- 1 companying table. ¡j faetois t The number of recuperator elements jnniji i required for \ metalhc unit is low. This Vtloc? '■ ^eature is especially desirable where 0 r i f ®00r space is at a premium. Metalhc re- RELATION BETWEEN VELOCITY AND HEAT TRANSFER . eupcrator elem ents are m ounted in a cast B.t.u. transfer/hr./ Pressure drop Velocity jjg1 frame and held together by alloy bolts. Difference between deg. Fahr. difference through recupera­ through recu­ «00 ^ assembly is tight and a packing ma- perator element, air and chamber between avg. air and tor element, temp., deg. Fahr. chamber temp. f/gi terial is used around the end of each in. w ater col. ft. per sec. ' 0 ! element to improve the sealing still 60 1337 57.6 j, J further. T he analysis of th e elem ents is 1 90 1352 84.2 r su°h as to preveht excessive growth or 2.1 1356 95.5 ", J expansion and the m axim um leakage 4.3 120 * ever measured after years of service at 119 on the needles of the recuperator, and clogging the passages. It is believed, how­ ever, that the installation of such a pit, w along with an occasional cleaning with a steam or air lance, might make such an application practical.

Bendix Will Operate Navy Plant at Elmira

Appointed as official operating agency for the Army Air Forces, the Eclipse Machine Division of Bendix Aviation Corp. will take over operation of the United States Navy—Remington-Rand “N” plant at Elmira, N. Y., to expand mass production of new equipment for the B-29 Super-Fortresses. Production of the new equipment, de­ (Above)— Complete assembly of veloped by Bendix and Eclipse over a air and gas recuperator period of 15 years in conjunction with Arm y Air Forces engineers, to anticipate WASTE GAS TEMPERATURE AT FURNACE OUTLET IN DEGREES (Left)— Percentage fuel saving ob­ specialized global tactical requirements ; tained by preheating air required of A m erica’s new est long-range bombers, , for combustion in industrial w ill get u nder w ay as soon as possible, furnaces it was stated in a joint announcement by E clipse and th e Army Air Forces t 16 ounces inlet pressure was 7 per cent. officials. The maintenance on one large installa­ The Carl L. Norden Co., which has tion of these metallic recuperators on a operated the plant as managing agent ' continuous skelp heating furnace taken for the Navy, since November, 1943 over a period of six years has been the now is gradually terminating in Elmira replacement of one bank of elements. its production of N orden bombsights, For several years now a group of these due to fulfillm ent of the Navy’s current metallic recuperators has been in serv­ requirem ents, it w as recently disclosed. ice on five batch-type heating furnaces As soon as accountability for the struc­ which operate at forging temperature. ture officially passes from the Navy to Products of combustion are brought to the Army Air Forces, the factory will a collector and led through a downtake be designated as “Eclipse Plant No. 3 , to the stack flue. The recuperators are it was stated. The division operates two placed in this downtake and the com­ other Bendix-owned plants in Elmira. bustion air is blown through the tubes in the usual manner. Savings in fuel How Space Will Be Utilized are estimated to exceed 20 per cent. The fact that these batch-type fur­ The more than 400,000 square feet ot naces could have been installed with all floor space in the newly acquired plant controls, and then later equipped with w ill be utilized m ainly for the multitude recurecuperation without changing the com- of precision manufacturing processes in­ WASTE GAS TEMPERATURE AT FURNACE OUTLET IN DEGREES bfetion air control system whatsoever, volved in mass production of the new will be of particular interest in later B-29 equipment, Eclipse officials said. years when it is desired to convert present In carrying out the newest in its long equipment to recuperation with a mini­ series of important war-production as­ mum of investment. The only invest­ signments, Eclipse will employ and ment required will be the addition of train the majority of qualified workers the recuperators themselves, the necessary presently employed in the Norden- ducting and collector flues. operated plant and will carry on an im­ Another interesting installation of m ediate recruiting program to insure an metallic recuperators has been made on adequate working force for the new B-29 two standard rotary-hearth forging fur­ equipment manufacturing program, ft naces. In this case all of the hot gases was stated. are collected into a flue mounted on top of the furnace and the recuperators set The Eclipse also will continue such in the downtake leading to the stack. Hot long-established w ar tasks as production combustion air is piped around the out­ of 20-millimeter automatic cannons, me­ side of the furnace shell. chanical time fuzes, ordnance equipment, It is realized that there are many ap­ aircraft magnetos and Bendix starter plications for heat-saving devices on drives, it was pointed out. which the metallic recuperator has not The plant to be taken over by Eclipse been proven and may not, at the moment, was built by the Navy Bureau of Ord­ seem suitable. One of these is the open- nance and completed late in 1942. ?r0' hearth furnace. Because of the tremend­ duction w as lau n ch ed by RemiDgt0B' ous quantity of particles carried in the Rand Inc., in the summer of 1943. exhaust gases, an extremely efficient In November, 1943, the plant wa! settling pit would have to be installed turned over to the management of the to prevent these particles from depositing Norden company. WASTE GAS TEMPERATURE AT FURNACE OUTLET IN DEGREES

120 TEEl Misc^

|}W|. ON THE DRAWING BOARD — No matter how complex your piping assembly design m ay be, a ll p a rts—valves, fit­ tings, and pipe—are supplied by Crane. Sf One source of supply—one order covers everything. h ire

HOP-FABRICATION typifies Crane complete service in S the highest degree. Your blueprint in Crane Pipe Shops means delivery to your installation of a unit meeting every intent of design. For at Crane, no job is too small—none too large or complex—and absolute adherence to specifica­ tions is a matter of pride. As the world’s leading supplier of valves, fittings, and fabricated piping, Crane Co. produces all types of header assemblies of valves and fittings. Completely shop-welded, stress-relieved and tested, and conforming fully to code re­ quirements, such Crane-built units—whether for power or processing systems, high or low pressure—stand out as the finest combinations of materials and workmanship. The same rigid control applied in making Crane valves and fittings marks every pipe shop operation. From raw materials to finished assemblies, one high standard of qual­ 2. IN THE FABRICATING SHOP — All designs are completely fa b ric a te d by Crane. P roper selection of a ll ity is maintained by the most elaborate facilities in the indus­ parts is assured by the complete Crane line. One respon­ try. Your complete satisfaction with every job is assured sibility covers all materials aruf workmanship. by Crane Co.’s 89-year leadership in the piping equipment field. Crane Co., General Offices: 836 S. M ichi­ gan Ave., Chicago 5, 111. Branches and Wholesalers Serving A ll Industrial Areas.

3. ON THE SOB-W ith Crane materials and Crane craftsmanship in every part, one standard of quality guards the entire assembly. Shown is the completed 12x8x4 in. header assembly of 600-pound cast steel motor-operated gate valves and fittings, installed in a central station. imh

VALVES • FITTINGS • PIPE PLUMBING * HEATING * PUMPS

August 21. 1944 /' a i sińca

A B IG 24-PAGE

STOCK LISTSm

To aid you in locating tools now in

stock—ready for immediate delivery .. . this big book

listing standard production tools is yours for the asking. 1« ü It is no longer necessary to wait or

substitute . . . check this list and find the tools you want.

JUST CLIP AND MAIL " T t o m f ! All tools listed are subject to prior i i sale so act quickly. Kindly send a copy of your new “Tools on the Shelf’ ’ Stock List to |

M r.. — 1

T itle-

Com pany-

A ddress- _Zone_ _State_ m M Ü M à JOB C ity- □ Put my name on your regular mailing list to receive succeeding issues. 1901 SOUTH ROCKW Ul STRUT * CHICAGO, U.S.* □ We do not have your 384 page Tool Engineering Manual 500.

122 fTEE1 Wartime developments in

^ ea t ^ ï'ieaùneat S tee l

and their effect on design

MANY wartime developments in the determined by that of the flame and heat treating of steel actually have been By Harry W. McQuaid the heat conductivity of the metal being under way for some tim e b u t have m ade heated. The rate of heating from then Assistant Chief Metallurgist great progress under the pressure of on proceeds at a uniform rate, determined Republic Steel Corp. wartime requirements and have reached C leveland by the temperature of the surface and the commercial application stage be­ the heat conductivity. The tendency is Sf cause of the war. Some might be listed for somewhat deeper heating than by as follows: Induction and flame heating; be hardened, so that welded or brazed induction. isothermal heat treating; improved assemblies might be built up prior to Not all the advantages possible with M quenching; shot blasting; controlled at­ heat treating. The induction heating has properly applied induction heating are mospheres. valuable application in brazing opera­ available in flame hardening, but for Strictly wartime developments might tions and the distortion incidental to some applications there is little choice be limited to the following: Use of m ul­ overall heating of welded assemblies in between the two methods. Every pos­ tiple lower alloy steels to replace simpler heat treating could be eliminated. The sibility should be carefully studied so steels of higher alloy content, and water use of induction heating of gears by that if flame hardening will satisfy then quenching of alloy steel armament. applying the heat to the rim section only the advantages in much lower cost of The induction-hardfening technique has permits wide latitude in built up webs installation should be obtained. In any of course some metallurgical and me­ and easily machined hubs. event, the metallurgical and operating chanical limitations which must be con­ Much that has been said about the aspects, involved in the use of induction sidered. Properly worked out, however, use of induction heating can be said or flame-heated parts, should be obtained induction heating promises to give more about flame hardening. Where there are by the designer before deciding on the leeway to the designer, and hence its less limitations due to the external nature design or the equipment. scope and value should be of interest to of the heat application, as in large gears, Isothermal Heat Treatments every designer. It permits in objects of a concentrated high-temperature flame simple symmetrical shape, such as pins is used which is brought directly in con­ While isothermal heat treating was and bushings, the use of lower alloy and tact with the surface to be heated. This practiced many years ago, it was in the higher carbon combinations, which can surface rapidly reaches a temperature undeveloped state until the advent of be water quenched w ithout excess dis­ the constant temperature transformation tortion or internal stresses. This means curves of Bain and Davenport, about higher hardness and more useful avail­ c From data presented by Mr. McQuaid be­ 1930. This work led to the development fore the National War Materiel Meeting of able load carrying capacity. The use of of constant temperature transformation the Society of Automotive Engineers in De­ heat-treating practice as a commercial induction hardening should be primar­ troit. ily limited to shallow hardening steels, practice which, because of limitations i. e., lower alloy steels; otherwise the se­ A METALLURGICAL VIEW OF of size and analysis, was usually confined to small sections and carbon or low- vere quench m ay result in a highly A WORM AND WHEEL | p i stressed surface, which, if it does not alloy steels. The underlying factors governing the crack, has decreased load carrying ca­ results obtained by the process are: pacity. (a) Uniformity in temperature through­ , this II The principal advantage of induction out a part is approached before heating to the designer lies in its ap­ transformation starts. plication to localized zones. It makes (b) Transformation takes place at :or thei possible the designing of parts where it SURFACE AS HARD AND close to the same time through­ is not necessary to heat the whole piece, ~ r AS LARGE SMOOTH AS POSSIBLE out a given part, thereby prevent­ and hence distortion from this cause 0 AS POSSIBLE ing high stresses due to non- is eliminated. Parts can be designed so uniform volume changes. that the stresses in a finished piece, at The development of such a practice, a given point, can be relieved by local * d " - WHEEL WIDTH TO GIVE FULL CENTER while requiring perhaps the use of a heating. Parts can be designed w ith CONTACT WHEN FULLY LOADED. BRONZE (Please turn to Page 164) only internal surfaces, or projections to AS HARD AS POSSIBLE WITH HIGH YIELD

A METALLURGICAL VIEW OF AN AXLE SHAFT A METALLURGICAL VIEW OF A CONNECTING ROD i act! HIGH SURFACE HARDNESS if

r — HIGHLY STRESSED AREAS FREE f ------FROM LOW STRENGTH DECARBURIZED SURFACE U ta Æ a“ W to reouce bout s t r e s s . smooth surface in compression DESIGNED FOR RIGIDITY IN ALL DIRECTIONS n o t COLD STRAIGHTENED - SHOT BLASTED h ig h TENSION SURFACE PREFER^BLJ . ^ t 1 r AND SHOT BLASTED AFTER HEAT TREATME 123

T .| BLOOMS

STEEL’S Bloma was Anglo-Saxon for a small mass of malleable iron from which the dross or slag GIANT GATEWAYS was beaten out with hammers in the hands of dawn-of-civilization workmen. This primi­ tive method of making “ blooms” was pushed Virtually all the steel this country produces— aside by progress centuries ago. But the word for the product survives to give a name to the now more than 90,000,000 tons a year — heavy blooms rolled from steel ingots on to­ must pass through the giant gateways of day’s giant modern blooming mills. America’s blooming mills. For here begins Locomotive drove first reversing mill that became a blooming mill. In early mills the the shaping of steel into useful form, as rolls moved in one direction only. An Eng­ lishman, John Ramsbottom, in the i86o’s, mighty steel ingots, brought to uniform white manager of an iron works and a railroad, too, heat in the soaking pits, are skilfully rolled conceived the idea of a mill that could be re­ versed for repeated rollings back and forth. into long blooms and wide slabs. He coupled a railroad locomotive to one of his rolling mills and introduced the reversing The operation and maintenance of bloom­ mill to the iron and steel industry. This type ing mills at the highest peak of efficiency and mill evolved into today’s great, powerful blooming mills, gateways for the vast tonnages production ever known contribute vitally to of steel that made invasion possible. the output of war steel in this critical period. 2 World records made on J&L mill. T h e rolling of 171,440 tons of ingots on the Skill and speed in teamwork, with quality blooming mill of the Aliquippa (Pa.) Works of the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation control in command, keep our fighting men during the month of March 1943 established armed with superior weapons and assure bet­ a world’s record in production of steel for war. During the establishment of this month­ ter steels in abundance when the world ly world record, one of the three crews of the mill set up a world record for an 8-hour returns to peaceful work. turn by rolling 5 12 ingots. This is at the rate of more than an ingot a minute. {: ■ J ones & Laughlin Roller, manipulator, engineer constitute the operating crew of a modern blooming mill, S teel C orporation They control the mill and the ingot from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania the “ pulpit,” a small room high above the floor of the three-story mill. Several hundred CONTROLLED QUALITY STEEL FOR WAR other workmen round out the rolling team that works together in close timing and co­ ordination to obtain record production while rigidly maintaining high quality.

Army-Navy “ E” was awarded Otis Works, Cleveland, of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corpo­ ration on July 24, 1944 with patriotic cere­ monies. In his letter to the 5,000 employes, Robert P. Patterson, Under Secretary of War, said: “ Your record will be difficult to . O u u r surpass; yet the Army and Navy have every Lvr'tWi.',|pu£j3tt"’ confidence that it was made only to be broken.” Replying for the employes, H . E. Lewis, President of J& L said in part: “ This recognition by our Army and Navy of a job well done will serve to inspire all of us to C.B.mcKvwliAj strive for even greater production in the critical days now upon us and yet to come.” J c l This is the third J&L plant to receive the award, the Aliquippa and Pittsburgh Works having been so honored previously.

First iron rails used by railroads in this coun- try were imported from England in 1831, ArtitnA £,Gu-£- were 18 feet in length and light in weight. G^A-Vud Wlcuntuvlynci F Standard steel rails today are 39 feet in length and weigh as much as 1 5 2 lbs. per yard. CO PYRIG H I I 9 44— JON ES aLAUGHl’NETFFLCG' .lf* rc

125 ALIEN PATENTS

cents for each patent, specifying serial number. STEEL is presenting a list of enemy patents of inter­ These patents are classified by types of operation, sud, est to the metalworking industries. Many of these are as metal founding, metalworking, metal rolling, met»! available on a nonexclusive royalty-free basis under bending, metallurgy, metal treatment, metal forging and simple licensing terms. Copies of any patents listed may welding and the like. Included are enemy patents, patent* be obtained by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, pending and patents in enemy-occupied countries. United States Patent Office, Washington 25. Include 10

CLASS NO. 189— METALLIC BUILDING STRUCTURES

LIST OF ENEMY PATENTS

PATENT B,°' PATENT PATENT description n o . '* DESCRIPTION NO. DESCRIPTION NO. Pipe joint ...... 1642981 Automatic door and like controlling Safety magazine for explosives and device ...... 1987330 ammunitions ...... 1567893 Joint for flanged steel beams ...... 1724519 Fuselage fitting ...... 1785615 Heat responsive closure ...... 1868253 House construction of tubes or tubu­ Metal door ...... 2010520 jsa Connection between the longitudinal lar members ...... 1622071 Blind for shop fronts, doors, win­ and transverse bracing members in Building structure 1796481 dows and the like ...... 1643074 . ( hollow bodies for aircraft ...... 1802438 Building construction 1988075 Fireproof shutter 1707287 1 , Wall structural u n it ...... 2185916 Wall or roof construction ...... 2074656 Roller shutter for shop fronts, doors, Means for connecting metal sheets . 2268636 Portable shed structure 1845946 windows and the like ...... 1720850 Steel or iron pillar particularly adapt­ Metal girder for light metal struc­ Shutter ...... 1723487 tures ...... 1571239 ed for mounting electric wires 1674120 Protective rolling screen for win- M Steel or iron pillar particularly adapt­ Metal girder ...... 1571-240 dows, doors and the like ...... 1985828 gj ed for mounting electric wires. 1707871 G irder ...... 1604150 Blade member for rigid roller blinds 2093054 Structural member ...... 1895667 Light weight girder 1604151 Shutter ...... 1715424 g Structural element ...... 1910608 Hollow light metal girder 1643577 Projected window ...... 1688545 Heat insulating wall ...... 1965636 Hollow girder for light structures. . 1656810 Sliding window ...... 1935559 ~ Building element ...... 1975043 Assemblage point device ...... 1665872 Holding means for glass...... 1793127 Us Hollow structural element ...... 1978494 Building structure ...... 1702406 Collapsible grid ...... 1612771 Structural member 1989259 Structural m etal m e m b e r...... 1743327 Steel fram ework for walls, ceilings, ^ Carrier consisting of a braced metal Light weight girder ...... 1746344 roofs and the like ...... 1952807 ^ fram e ...... 1995248 G irder ...... 1855902 Street service structure ...... 2146915 Metal structure ...... 2012198 Light weight girder for aircraft .... 1943256 Transportable bridge ...... 1960355 • ■ Apertured structural elements and Girder for struts or the like ...... 2083226 Tubular pole ...... 2036771 machine parts ...... 2075546 Construction material for aircraft. . . 2316569 ^ Internal construction of ships 2091415 Welded structural element ...... 2163209 Light weight girder especially for Crank and like case ...... 1694535 ^ Metallic wall structure ...... 2108885 aircraft ...... 2170458 Girder ...... 1604150 Constructional element ...... 2140709 Sash window ...... 2289960L Composite sheet metal wall structure 2158234 Construction element for aircraft . . . 2259624 Window structure ...... 2313488 Chain link bar ...... 2199500 Hollow metal beam ...... 1928009 Glazing and the like ...... 2088884 4 Wall fastener ...... 2137911 Thermostatically controlled latch. . . 1950843

LIST OF PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS

DESCRIPTION SER. NO. DESCRIPTION SER. NO. DESCRIPTION SER.N0. Construction material for aircraft... 268.643 Demountable hangar for airplanes Compression resistant group of flat , and seaplanes ...... 369,500 link chams ...... Process and means tor e cons c System for joining parts of metallic Semi-tubular section with lateral tion of houses with standard panel- structures to each other ...... 411,588 flanges for use in mine gallery ...... 335,199 Compression resistant chains ...... 412,904 framing ...... 414,U

LIST OF PATENTS FROM ENEMY-OCCUPIED COUNTRIES

PATENT PATENT PATENT NO. DESCRIPTION NO. DESCRIPTION NO. DESCRIPTION Light metal barrack ...... 2297247 Construction of composite walls.... 2218675 Articulated beam ...... 2 1 ljm 1773656 Construction of w alls ...... 2263354 Automatic fire protection door or Shelter or shed for aircraft ...... 1682631 Portable metallic structure ...... 1863746 Construction of walls, partitions and screen ...... Support for the pylons of staging and the like ...... 2263355 Manufacture of thin panels - ...... the like ...... 1679254 Roofing fastening ...... 1638671 Screen for internal combustion en- Supporting frame for electric lines . 1727811 Fastening for overlapping roofing gines ...... 1713337 Constructional element ...... 1710350 plates ...... 1909559 Horizontally sliding sash window Building element ...... 1837374 Joint connection of the rods in struc­ fram e ...... 223869 Member for frame w ork ...... 1983612 tures, girders and the like ...... 1821736 Sheet metal structure ...... 21977b Cellular structure for panels and Fastening ...... 2088320 Metallic sash for windows and like other applications 1996490 Concealed fastening ...... 2200158 bays ...... Metallic construction 2147552 Assembly of metallic elements or the Grille or guard for bays of windows Metallic plate element for building like ...... 2293239 or doors ...... -- parts ...... 2164681 Frame component ...... 1677577 Anchoring device ...... 17

126 r te e1