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A Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Irving I. Gottesman June 8–9, 2001, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA

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A Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Irving I. Gottesman June 8–9, 2001, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA NEWS, VIEWS AND COMMENTS Behaviour Genetic Principles — Development, Personality, and Psychopathology: A Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Irving I. Gottesman June 8–9, 2001, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, USA Reflections: An Interview with Professor Irving I. Gottesman on the Occasion of His Festschrift Nancy L. Segal Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, USA Even more compelling than Dr. went on to study behavioral correlates How shall we view the life work of Gottesman’s professional achievements of low birth weight in young twins; Professor Irving I. Gottesman on the are his reflections on where he has taken Myrianthopoulus et al., 1972.). eve of his retirement? How shall we twin research and where twin research Gottesman’s adolescent twin analysis of judge his contributions to twin research has taken him. These thoughts, shared personality, using the MMPI, was the at the juncture of genetics, develop- with me on the occasion of his June, first such American study since ment, personality and psychopathology? 2001 Festschrift at the University of Newman, Freeman and Holzinger’s One way is to review Dr. Gottesman’s Minnesota, add depth and meaning to classic 1937 study of 19 reared apart curriculum vitae that boasts 16 ongoing his many lectures and publications. MZ twin sets (Newman et al., 1937). research collaborations (“[list] not com- Reproducing Dr. Gottesman’s words in I wondered if there were favorites plete”!), 19 books and monographs, 181 Twin Research will, hopefully, preserve among the many twin studies Prof. articles, 76 book chapters and 23 book them as part of his invaluable legacy to Gottesman had conducted over the reviews. Most, if not all twin investiga- International Twin Society members years. I was not surprised to learn that tors, would note his seminal work, and to twin researchers everywhere. he “loves all his twin studies,” but that Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin How did Gottesman first become the highlight remains the Gottesman involved in twin research? Smiling, he and Shields collaboration that began in Study Vantage Point, co-authored with admitted that he had “no idea he was 1964. “We were able to do research in a James Shields (Gottesman & Shields, starting an avalanche of twin studies by treasure trove.” He explained that, in 1972). (This book is often known both psychologists and psychiatrists.” A 1948, Eliot Slater, at the MRC Unit in simply as “Gottesman and Shields,” University of Minnesota course in indi- Psychiatric Genetics, established a having attained stellar status in the vidual differences taught by James unique twin registry based on consecu- field). Others might recall that the Jenkins, introducing the twin studies of tively admitted psychiatric patients. common neuroscience terms “reaction psychoses by Franz Kallmann and Eliot Intake workers recorded whether these range”, “endophenotype” and epigenetic Slater, set him on his way — but the patients were members of a twin pair puzzle” derive from Gottesman and real triggers were the work and inspira- (Healy, 1998). Virtually all schizo- Shields’s adaptation of these terms from tion of Professor Sheldon Reed. Reed, a phrenic outpatients eventually become plant and animal genetics (Gottesman, former Drosophila geneticist, was inpatients given the debilitating nature unpublished biography). Still others involved in family studies of mental of the disorder. Gottesman and Shields would highlight his creative collabora- retardation when Gottesman enrolled in benefited from access to the “best tions with Aksel Bertelsen in Denmark, his human genetics class (Healy, 1998). sample for schizophrenic twin studies,” comparing risk for schizophrenia in “Sheldon was eager to capture a psy- amassed over a 16-year period. Upon children of disease-discordant monozy- chology student and I came at the right conclusion of their work, all twins had gotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. time.” (Reed had recently mentored been hospitalized. Using these yardsticks would be well- twin-based dissertation research on There were two more twin research intentioned, even right, but not entirely multiple sclerosis by another notable in favorites, however. One was a tripartite to the point. the field, Ntinos Myrianthopolous, who event, involving Irving Gottesman, Twin Research Volume 4 Number 4 pp. 275–284 275 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.229, on 27 Sep 2021 at 05:50:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.4.275 Nancy L. Segal Aksel Bertelsen and Margit Fisher line of work to intelligence and person- Fuller Torrey and colleagues (Torrey et (Gottesman & Bertelsen, 1989). At ality seems farther in the future, al., 1994), will also commence. Finally, issue was the relative risk of schizo- although some pioneering efforts have together with graduate student Jim phrenic disorder among the offspring been made. Public health issues are Reilly, Gottesman will try to “add meat of disease-discordant MZ and DZ presently of greatest concern to him. to the bones” of what is a neurodevel- twins. The research logic flowed from Who in the world of twin studies opmental theory of schizophrenia that recognizing that the children of MZ has had the greatest impact on his accords proper weight to genetic ideas twins are genetically equivalent to half- thinking and his research activities? already in place. siblings, in addition to being legal first James (Jerry) Shields was the easy There is a certain symmetry to the cousins (Segal, 2000). Twin mothers answer. “He [Shields] knew the twins fact that this Sherrell J. Aston Professor and fathers in these special families themselves and he knew the methodol- of Psychology Emeritus from the assume the genetic equivalence of ogy.” Many people may be unaware University of Virginia is returning to “mothers” and “fathers” of their nieces that Shields interviewed all his reared the University of Minnesota, the and nephews who, in turn, become apart twins himself, despite eventual setting of his first twin study. In addi- their genetic “children.” These relation- confinement to a wheelchair due to tion to the research activities ships do not apply to DZ twin families polio. Gottesman told me he possesses mentioned above, Gottesman will whose members retain the same kinship a duplicate set of Shields’s precious team teach a research seminar in connections generated when ordinary research archive, an arrangement behavioral genetics with Profs. Thomas non-twin siblings marry. The results prompted by practical, as well as per- J. Bouchard, Jr. and Matt McGue, and were provocative: The children of sonal considerations: Behavioral spend one day each week in the affected and unaffected MZ co-twins genetic findings in general, and twin Psychiatry Department and one day were at similar risk for inheriting the research data in particular, have been each month at the Minneapolis schizophrenic predisposition (16.8% seriously challenged, occasionally Veterans Medical Center. He will con- and 17.4%, respectively). In contrast, attacked, by individuals indifferent to tinue his service as Chair of the Twins the children of affected and unaffected biological explanations of human Committee of the Institute of DZ co-twins were at dissimilar risk behavior. Access to original data files Medicine/National Research Council (17.4% and 2.1%, respectively). These allows new analyses that can counter and as board member of the IOM findings lead to the “fortifying notion old criticisms. It also offers opportuni- Medical Follow-Up Agency. He will, already common in plant and animal ties to test fresh ideas about behavior, despite his relocation to the midwest, genetics that organisms may carry as evidenced by a 1991 paper on reared retain a significant presence at the unexpressed genotypes.” apart twins weight and body mass University of Virginia due to endow- Gottesman’s final research favorite index, completed with Dr. Arlen Price ment of an eponymous lecture series. involved reconceptualization of co- (Price & Gottesman, 1991). Analyses When pressed to reflect upon his twins as “co-clones.” He saw twin of twins’ answers to original items thoughts at this celebration by friends research become more exciting in the included in early versions of Hans and colleagues, Gottesman revealed an wake of tools such as PET (positive Eysenck’s personality questionnaire inquisitive clinical side that has served emission spectometry) scans, MRI have never been attempted, but may be him well throughout his career. (He is, (magnetic resonance imaging) and undertaken in the future. in fact, a trained clinical psychologist other techniques for assessing genetic In recognition of his friend’s stun- with a doctoral degree from the expression. Such developments have ning contributions to twin research, University of Minnesota, awarded in lead Gottesman to turn again to the Gottesman established the James 1960, and an honorary fellow of the discordant twin design to apply these Shields Memorial Award for twin Royal College of Psychiatrists.) True to methods with exquisite genetic research in behavioral genetics. This fashion, his answer reached beyond the control. He is adamant that twin honor is accepted with great pride and obvious pleasure anyone would draw studies have not stood still following humility, given its association with so from such a gathering to tap a deeper introduction of these sophisticated distinguished
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