bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

European admixture in Chinchorro DNA Robert Smith

Abstract It is widely held that, except for migrations from Beringia or Siberia, there was no contact between the Old World and the New World prior to the colonization of North America by the Norse in the late 10th century AD. Analyses of 23 ancient American DNA samples reveal, however, the presence of European admixture in a sample taken from a Chinchorro mummy of northern Chile dated to 3972–3806 BC. This discovery implies a more complex history of the peopling of the Americas than previously accepted.

Introduction Mainstream accounts of the peopling of the Americas stipulate that there was a large migration of people from Beringia during the late Pleistocene, and that modern Amerindians derive most of their ancestry from these migrants. It is commonly believed that these migrants were the originators of the Clovis material culture, and it was long asserted that the appearance of these migrants south of Beringia did not predate the earliest datings of Clovis artifacts, around 13,200 years ago. The accumulation of evidence for earlier American settlements has forced mainstream scholars to abandon the latter position, however. Mainstream accounts also acknowledge two later migrations from Siberia, responsible for bringing speakers of Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut languages to the Americas. A small minority of researchers have advanced theories of other migrations to the Americas. Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley, observing the many similarities between Clovis technology and that of the Upper Paleolithic Solutrean culture of Western Europe, have theorized that the ancestors of the Clovis people came not from Siberia, but from Europe, by traversing the Atlantic Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum [1, 2]. In his 1947 crossing of the Pacific on the balsa raft Kon-Tiki [3], and his 1970 crossing of the Atlantic on the reed boat Ra II [4], Thor Heyerdahl demonstrated the feasibility of early transoceanic contacts, and in his written works he produced an abundance of historical, archeological, and anthropological evidence that such contacts had indeed taken place [5, 6, 7]. Mainstream scholars have continually rejected these other proposed migrations to the Americas, in spite of the evidence from a multitude of scientific disciplines in support of them. Ancient DNA evidence, however, can prove incontrovertibly that these other migrations took place, and such evidence is presented here for the first time. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Methods

Data The 23 ancient American genomes analyzed are those published in [8]. Genotype calls generated from aligned reads were intersected with a set of 110,817 transversion SNPs (set 1) for principal component analysis, and a set of 228,841 transversion SNPs (set 2) for qpAdm and ADMIXTURE analyses. The resultant numbers of SNPs for each of the ancient American samples are shown in Table 1.

qpAdm analysis The program qpAdm [9] was used to estimate mixture coefficients for the ancient American samples, using the following populations: • Target population: One of the 23 ancient American samples.

• Source population 1: A collection of populations shown to be purely Amerindian in admixture analyses: Mixe, Piapoco, Wichi, Chané, Karitiana, and Surui. • Source population 2: One of 11 ancient or modern European, Middle Eastern, or South Asian populations. • Outgroup populations: Mbuti Pygmies, Han Chinese, Nganasans, Eskimos, and Papuans.

Principal component analysis Principal component analysis of the ancient American samples was performed using the smartpca program of EIGENSOFT [10], using default parameters and the lsqproject: YES and numoutlieriter: 0 options.

ADMIXTURE analysis Model-based clustering analysis of the ancient American samples was performed with the ADMIXTURE program [11], with the number of assumed ancestral populations ranging from K = 4 to K = 13.

Results

qpAdm analysis The results of the of the 253 qpAdm analyses are shown in Table 2, which gives the mean source population 2 mixture coefficient, and the coefficients plus or minus one standard error, for each analysis. The analyses are listed in decreasing order of the mixture coefficient lower bounds. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Principal component analysis A plot of the results of a principal component analysis of ancient and modern American, European, and Middle Eastern samples is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 is a plot of the results of a second principal component analysis, in which the Middle Eastern samples were excluded, leaving only the American and European samples.

ADMIXTURE analysis Plots of the results of K = 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 13 ADMIXTURE analyses of the ancient American samples, along with other ancient and modern samples, are shown in Figures 3 through 8.

Discussion

qpAdm analysis In Table 2, the 11 analyses in which the Chinchorro mummy sample was the target population have the 11 largest European, Middle Eastern, or South Asian mixture coefficient lower bounds. The mean coefficients for the Chinchorro sample tend to be around 0.45, with the lower bounds mostly around 0.30.

Principal component analysis In Figure 1, some of the Mayan, Bolivian, and Quechua samples, which ADMIXTURE analyses show to contain up to 17% European admixture, are shifted to the right of the more pure Amerindian samples, toward the European and Middle Eastern samples. To the right of them is a Mixtec sample which is 23.5% European, and to the right of that Mixtec sample is the 30–40% European Chinchorro mummy sample, and also the Pericú sample BC23, which ADMIXTURE analyses also show to have a significant amount of European admixture. Note that in Figure 1 the Chinchorro mummy sample has a positive value of the second principal component, making it shifted in the direction of Europeans rather than Middle Easterners. In Figure 2 the positions of the Amerindian samples are similar, but BC23 is horizontally between the Mixtec sample and the Chinchorro mummy sample.

ADMIXTURE analysis In Figures 3 through 8, for all of the different values of K, the Chinchorro mummy sample consistently shows between 30% and 40% non-Amerindian admixture, and the only other samples that show a pattern of non-Amerindian components similar to that seen in the Chinchorro sample are the European samples from before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM): • K = 4: The Chinchorro sample is 31.66% non-Amerindian. It has a large amount of the blue component, and a small amount of the yellow component. The pre-LGM European bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

samples also have large amounts of the blue component, and smaller amounts of the yellow component. • K = 5: The Chinchorro sample is 32.13% non-Amerindian. It has a large amount of the blue component, a very small amount of the yellow component, and some of the purple component. The pre-LGM European samples also have large amounts of the blue component, and smaller amounts of the yellow and purple components. • K = 6: The Chinchorro sample is 32.67% non-Amerindian. It has large amounts of the blue and green components, and small amounts of the yellow and purple components. The pre-LGM European samples also have large amounts of the blue component, and smaller amounts of the yellow and purple components, and some of them, particularly Kostenki 14 and the Gravettian sample Goyet Q53-1 from Belgium, have some of the green component. • K = 7: The Chinchorro sample is 34.30% non-Amerindian. It has significant amounts of the plain blue, light blue, and green components, and a small amount of the purple component. The pre-LGM European samples also have significant amounts of the plain blue, light blue, green, and purple components. • K = 9: The Chinchorro sample is 37.00% non-Amerindian. It has significant amounts of the plain blue, light blue, and plain green components. The pre-LGM European samples also have significant amounts of the plain blue, light blue, and plain green components. The pine green component is completely absent in the Chinchorro sample, and, with the exception of Kostenki 14, it is also completely absent in the pre-LGM European samples. The plain green component is absent in post-Magdalenian Europeans, and the pine green component is present in significant amounts in Europeans from the Copper Age on, which eliminates modern contamination as a possible source of the European admixture in the Chinchorro sample. • K = 13: The Chinchorro sample is 36.49% non-Amerindian. The Chinchorro sample has significant amounts of the dark blue, light blue, and plain green components, and a small amount of the plain yellow component. The pre-LGM European samples also have significant amounts of the dark blue, light blue, and plain green components, and small amounts of the plain yellow component. The medium blue component is completely absent in the Chinchorro sample, and since the Eastern European and Western Siberian hunter-gatherers are made up mostly of that component, they are excluded as sources of the European admixture in the Chinchorro sample.

Conclusions The above qpAdm, principal component, and ADMIXTURE analyses of 23 ancient American bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

samples reveal that one of them, taken from a Chinchorro mummy of northern Chile dated to 3972–3806 BC, contains 30–40% European admixture. That the non-Amerindian admixture present in the Chinchorro sample is more closely related to Europeans than to Middle Easterners is demonstrated by both the principal component and ADMIXTURE analyses. The ADMIXTURE analyses further shed light on exactly which European population the non- Amerindian admixture in the Chinchorro sample might be from: only the pre-LGM Europeans show a pattern of non-Amerindian components similar to that seen in the Chinchorro sample, which strongly suggests that the pre-LGM Aurignacians or Gravettians, or possibly the LGM Solutreans, were the source of the admixture. The Solutreans seem like a particularly likely source population, in light of the ample archeological evidence for their presence in the Americas. A complicating factor in identifying the exact source of the European admixture in the Chinchorro sample is the amount of divergent genetic drift that would have occurred between the arrival of the European source population in the Americas and the time of the Chinchorro individual analyzed. If the Solutreans were the source, and if they arrived in the Americas around 26,000 years ago, then around 20,000 years of divergent genetic drift would have accumulated in their American descendants by the time of the Chinchorro individual. This drift might account for the differences in the exact proportions of the non-Amerindian components in the Chinchorro and pre-LGM European samples, but it could also conceivably result in a somewhat later European population, such as the Magdalenians, not being correctly identified as the true source population. Regardless of the exact source of the European admixture in the Chinchorro sample, the fact that such admixture exists is the first ancient DNA proof of pre-Norse transatlantic contact.

References 1. Bradley, B. and Stanford, D. 2004. The North Atlantic ice‐edge corridor: a possible Paleolithic route to the New World. World Archaeology, 36: 459–78. 2. Stanford, D. and Bradley, B. 2012. Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3. Heyerdahl, T. 1950. Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally. 4. Heyerdahl, T. 1971. The Ra Expeditions. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 5. Heyerdahl, T. 1952. American Indians in the Pacific: The Theory behind the Kon-Tiki Expedition. London: George Allen & Unwin. 6. Heyerdahl, T. 1971. Isolationist or Diffusionist? In The Quest for America (ed. Geoffrey Ashe). New York: Praeger Publishers, pp. 115–154. 7. Heyerdahl, T. 1971. The Bearded Gods Speak. In The Quest for America (ed. Geoffrey Ashe). New York: Praeger Publishers, pp. 199–238. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

8. Raghavan, M., et al. 2015. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science, 349: aab3884. 9. Haak W., et al. 2015. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature, 522: 207–211. 10. Patterson N., Price A. L., and Reich D. 2006. Population structure and eigenanalysis. PLoS Genetics, 2: e190. 11. Alexander D. H., Novembre J., and Lange K. 2009. Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome Research, 19: 1655–1664. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Table 1. Description and numbers of SNPs used for 23 ancient American samples.

Sample Tribe Region Age BP SNP set 1 SNP set 2 939 Unknown British Columbia 6260–5890 38,692 81,341 MARC1492 Micmac New Brunswick 516–258 15,374 27,461 F9 Unknown Northwestern Mexico >500 684 1,320 MOM6 Unknown Northwestern Mexico >500 1,233 2,378 BC23 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 1,068 2,100 BC25 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 21,180 38,118 BC27 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 1,216 2,195 BC28 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 1,083 2,041 BC29 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 5,634 10,770 BC30 Pericú Baja California Sur 800–300 12,469 24,827 Enoque65 Unknown Northeastern Brazil 3635–3483 7,433 15,098 Chinchorro Unknown Northern Chile 5922–5756 1,067 2,055 AM66 Alacaluf Chilean Patagonia 132 3,167 5,899 AM71 Alacaluf Chilean Patagonia 132 13,322 24,060 AM72 Alacaluf Chilean Patagonia 132 502 918 AM73 Alacaluf Chilean Patagonia 132 2,398 4,290 AM74 Alacaluf Chilean Patagonia 132 46,680 87,680 MA572 Selknam Tierra del Fuego ~200 1,242 2,268 MA575 Selknam Tierra del Fuego ~200 369 732 MA577 Selknam Tierra del Fuego ~200 93,774 181,308 890 Yaghan Tierra del Fuego ~200 28,202 50,746 894 Yaghan Tierra del Fuego ~200 66,852 121,408 895 Yaghan Tierra del Fuego ~200 71,415 129,719 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Table 2. Estimated source population 2 mixture coefficients produced by 253 qpAdm analyses.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Chinchorro mummy Pit Grave CA 0.3526 0.5426 0.7326 Chinchorro mummy Spanish 0.3141 0.4741 0.6341 Chinchorro mummy Iran EN 0.3070 0.4770 0.6470 Chinchorro mummy Mala 0.2927 0.4697 0.6467 Chinchorro mummy NW Asia Minor EN 0.2868 0.4368 0.5868 Chinchorro mummy Pre-LGM Euro 0.2849 0.4749 0.6649 Chinchorro mummy West Euro HG 0.2841 0.4481 0.6121 Chinchorro mummy Georgia HG 0.2634 0.4014 0.5394 Chinchorro mummy Tamil 0.2595 0.4205 0.5815 Chinchorro mummy East Euro HG 0.2280 0.5600 0.8920 Chinchorro mummy Natufian 0.1447 0.3457 0.5467 Mex mummy F9 East Euro HG 0.1303 0.4593 0.7883 Mex mummy F9 Spanish 0.1033 0.2683 0.4333 Mex mummy F9 Pit Grave CA 0.0964 0.2944 0.4924 Mex mummy F9 Tamil 0.0954 0.2844 0.4734 Mex mummy F9 West Euro HG 0.0924 0.3034 0.5144 Mex mummy F9 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0896 0.2476 0.4056 Mex mummy F9 Georgia HG 0.0880 0.2470 0.4060 Mex mummy F9 Iran EN 0.0720 0.2570 0.4420 Patagonian AM73 Natufian 0.0668 0.1698 0.2728 Mex mummy F9 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0611 0.2161 0.3711 Micmac MARC1492 Georgia HG 0.0359 0.0749 0.1139 Micmac MARC1492 Pit Grave CA 0.0355 0.0785 0.1215 Micmac MARC1492 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0336 0.0686 0.1036 Brazilian Enoque65 Natufian 0.0335 0.1025 0.1715 Brazilian Enoque65 Mala 0.0334 0.0874 0.1414 Micmac MARC1492 Spanish 0.0326 0.0706 0.1086 Micmac MARC1492 Iran EN 0.0323 0.0673 0.1023 Pericú BC25 Spanish 0.0233 0.0563 0.0893 Brazilian Enoque65 Tamil 0.0232 0.0792 0.1352 Pericú BC25 West Euro HG 0.0231 0.0591 0.0951 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Pericú BC25 Georgia HG 0.0225 0.0565 0.0905 Pericú BC25 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0222 0.0532 0.0842 Pericú BC25 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0220 0.0550 0.0880 Pericú BC25 Tamil 0.0217 0.0577 0.0937 Micmac MARC1492 East Euro HG 0.0209 0.0779 0.1349 Pericú BC25 Pit Grave CA 0.0204 0.0604 0.1004 Micmac MARC1492 West Euro HG 0.0204 0.0624 0.1044 Pericú BC25 Mala 0.0186 0.0546 0.0906 Pericú BC25 Iran EN 0.0184 0.0504 0.0824 Mex mummy F9 Mala 0.0184 0.2364 0.4544 Micmac MARC1492 Natufian 0.0151 0.0581 0.1011 Micmac MARC1492 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0146 0.0516 0.0886 Brazilian Enoque65 Georgia HG 0.0133 0.0683 0.1233 Pericú BC25 Natufian 0.0128 0.0498 0.0868 Brazilian Enoque65 Iran EN 0.0079 0.0569 0.1059 Brazilian Enoque65 Pit Grave CA 0.0061 0.0661 0.1261 Brazilian Enoque65 NW Asia Minor EN 0.0041 0.0541 0.1041 Mex mummy MOM6 Natufian 0.0040 0.1150 0.2260 Brazilian Enoque65 Pre-LGM Euro 0.0036 0.0586 0.1136 Fuegian 894 Natufian 0.0023 0.0213 0.0403 Brazilian Enoque65 Spanish 0.0023 0.0553 0.1083 Fuegian 890 Natufian 0.0022 0.0302 0.0582 Micmac MARC1492 Tamil 0.0014 0.0414 0.0814 Brazilian Enoque65 West Euro HG −0.0004 0.0576 0.1156 Fuegian MA577 Georgia HG −0.0019 0.0161 0.0341 Fuegian MA577 West Euro HG −0.0026 0.0174 0.0374 Pericú BC25 East Euro HG −0.0027 0.0493 0.1013 Fuegian MA577 Iran EN −0.0029 0.0141 0.0311 Fuegian MA577 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0034 0.0136 0.0306 Fuegian MA577 Pit Grave CA −0.0036 0.0184 0.0404 Fuegian MA577 Spanish −0.0042 0.0148 0.0338 Fuegian MA577 Tamil −0.0042 0.0158 0.0358 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Patagonian AM66 Natufian −0.0045 0.0995 0.2035 Fuegian MA577 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0056 0.0124 0.0304 Fuegian MA577 Mala −0.0074 0.0136 0.0346 Micmac MARC1492 Mala −0.0093 0.0327 0.0747 Fuegian MA577 East Euro HG −0.0097 0.0173 0.0443 Fuegian MA577 Natufian −0.0103 0.0087 0.0277 Fuegian 890 East Euro HG −0.0125 0.0305 0.0735 Fuegian 894 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0127 0.0053 0.0233 Fuegian 894 West Euro HG −0.0138 0.0072 0.0282 Fuegian 894 Spanish −0.0140 0.0060 0.0260 Fuegian 894 Iran EN −0.0141 0.0049 0.0239 Fuegian 894 Georgia HG −0.0144 0.0056 0.0256 Fuegian 894 Pit Grave CA −0.0145 0.0085 0.0315 Fuegian 894 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0153 0.0047 0.0247 Fuegian 890 West Euro HG −0.0173 0.0137 0.0447 Fuegian 890 Georgia HG −0.0175 0.0105 0.0385 Patagonian AM74 Natufian −0.0176 0.0064 0.0304 Patagonian AM66 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0181 0.0539 0.1259 Pericú BC28 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0185 0.0945 0.2075 Fuegian 890 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0189 0.0091 0.0371 Fuegian 890 Iran EN −0.0194 0.0076 0.0346 Fuegian 894 East Euro HG −0.0198 0.0102 0.0402 Fuegian 890 Spanish −0.0199 0.0081 0.0361 Fuegian 890 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0199 0.0071 0.0341 Fuegian 890 Mala −0.0201 0.0119 0.0439 Fuegian 890 Pit Grave CA −0.0202 0.0138 0.0478 Fuegian 890 Tamil −0.0208 0.0102 0.0412 Patagonian AM66 West Euro HG −0.0210 0.0540 0.1290 Patagonian AM66 Iran EN −0.0212 0.0448 0.1108 Pericú BC23 Natufian −0.0218 0.2042 0.4302 Fuegian 894 Tamil −0.0219 0.0001 0.0221 Patagonian AM66 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0224 0.0456 0.1136 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Patagonian AM66 Spanish −0.0235 0.0525 0.1285 Fuegian 894 Mala −0.0244 −0.0014 0.0216 Patagonian AM74 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0246 −0.0046 0.0154 Patagonian AM74 Iran EN −0.0247 −0.0047 0.0153 Patagonian AM74 East Euro HG −0.0248 0.0072 0.0392 Patagonian AM74 Spanish −0.0253 −0.0043 0.0167 Patagonian AM66 Georgia HG −0.0256 0.0524 0.1304 Patagonian AM74 Georgia HG −0.0256 −0.0046 0.0164 Patagonian AM66 Pit Grave CA −0.0276 0.0634 0.1544 Patagonian AM74 Pit Grave CA −0.0276 −0.0026 0.0224 Patagonian AM74 West Euro HG −0.0280 −0.0040 0.0200 Patagonian AM74 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0288 −0.0068 0.0152 Mex mummy MOM6 Iran EN −0.0305 0.0945 0.2195 Patagonian AM66 Mala −0.0312 0.0488 0.1288 Patagonian AM74 Tamil −0.0332 −0.0092 0.0148 Pericú BC29 Iran EN −0.0340 0.0160 0.0660 Mex mummy MOM6 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0352 0.0698 0.1748 Patagonian AM74 Mala −0.0364 −0.0124 0.0116 Patagonian AM66 Tamil −0.0366 0.0444 0.1254 Pericú BC29 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0368 0.0172 0.0712 Pericú BC29 Spanish −0.0383 0.0177 0.0737 Pericú BC29 Georgia HG −0.0396 0.0204 0.0804 Fuegian 895 Natufian −0.0435 −0.0235 −0.0035 Pericú BC29 West Euro HG −0.0438 0.0182 0.0802 Pericú BC29 Tamil −0.0438 0.0172 0.0782 Pericú BC28 Georgia HG −0.0441 0.0779 0.1999 Mex mummy MOM6 Spanish −0.0447 0.0723 0.1893 Fuegian 895 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0461 −0.0271 −0.0081 Pericú BC29 Pit Grave CA −0.0468 0.0192 0.0852 Fuegian 895 Iran EN −0.0469 −0.0279 −0.0089 Fuegian 895 Georgia HG −0.0474 −0.0284 −0.0094 Patagonian AM71 Natufian −0.0479 −0.0049 0.0381 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Fuegian 895 Spanish −0.0481 −0.0281 −0.0081 Fuegian 895 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0507 −0.0307 −0.0107 Pericú BC28 Spanish −0.0507 0.0733 0.1973 Fuegian 895 West Euro HG −0.0517 −0.0307 −0.0097 Pericú BC29 Mala −0.0520 0.0090 0.0700 Patagonian AM66 East Euro HG −0.0530 0.0480 0.1490 Brazilian Enoque65 East Euro HG −0.0540 0.0210 0.0960 Pericú BC28 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0545 0.0615 0.1775 Fuegian 895 Pit Grave CA −0.0551 −0.0321 −0.0091 Pericú BC29 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0553 0.0027 0.0607 Pericú BC28 West Euro HG −0.0568 0.0822 0.2212 Mex mummy F9 Natufian −0.0598 0.1282 0.3162 Fuegian 895 Tamil −0.0601 −0.0381 −0.0161 Pericú BC28 Pit Grave CA −0.0602 0.0798 0.2198 Mex mummy MOM6 Georgia HG −0.0603 0.0877 0.2357 Pericú BC28 Mala −0.0610 0.0850 0.2310 Pericú BC28 Iran EN −0.0626 0.0634 0.1894 Fuegian 895 Mala −0.0647 −0.0417 −0.0187 Pericú BC27 Natufian −0.0650 0.0570 0.1790 Fuegian 895 East Euro HG −0.0651 −0.0361 −0.0071 Pericú BC28 East Euro HG −0.0678 0.1322 0.3322 Pericú BC28 Tamil −0.0699 0.0641 0.1981 Pericú BC30 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0710 −0.0320 0.0070 Pericú BC30 Iran EN −0.0720 −0.0330 0.0060 Pericú BC30 Georgia HG −0.0722 −0.0312 0.0098 Mex mummy MOM6 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0730 0.0480 0.1690 Mex mummy MOM6 West Euro HG −0.0736 0.0794 0.2324 Pericú BC30 Spanish −0.0741 −0.0331 0.0079 Pericú BC29 Natufian −0.0744 −0.0044 0.0656 Mex mummy MOM6 Pit Grave CA −0.0783 0.0647 0.2077 Pericú BC27 Georgia HG −0.0786 0.0514 0.1814 Pericú BC30 West Euro HG −0.0814 −0.0374 0.0066 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Pericú BC23 Tamil −0.0818 0.0732 0.2282 Pericú BC30 Pit Grave CA −0.0831 −0.0361 0.0109 Pericú BC30 Natufian −0.0856 −0.0376 0.0104 Patagonian AM72 Mala −0.0864 0.1236 0.3336 Pericú BC27 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0871 0.0229 0.1329 Patagonian AM72 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0884 0.1086 0.3056 Pericú BC30 Tamil −0.0900 −0.0450 0.0000 Pericú BC30 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0904 −0.0464 −0.0024 Pericú BC23 Georgia HG −0.0906 0.0554 0.2014 Pericú BC23 Iran EN −0.0919 0.0571 0.2061 British Columbia 939 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0923 −0.0673 −0.0423 Pericú BC29 East Euro HG −0.0932 −0.0072 0.0788 Pericú BC23 Spanish −0.0934 0.0546 0.2026 Pericú BC23 Pre-LGM Euro −0.0934 0.0716 0.2366 Pericú BC23 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0934 0.0536 0.2006 Pericú BC30 Mala −0.0935 −0.0495 −0.0055 British Columbia 939 Iran EN −0.0936 −0.0676 −0.0416 Pericú BC27 Spanish −0.0949 0.0251 0.1451 Patagonian AM71 Iran EN −0.0953 −0.0593 −0.0233 British Columbia 939 Georgia HG −0.0962 −0.0692 −0.0422 Mex mummy MOM6 Tamil −0.0966 0.0454 0.1874 Patagonian AM73 Iran EN −0.0972 −0.0262 0.0448 British Columbia 939 Spanish −0.0978 −0.0708 −0.0438 Patagonian AM73 NW Asia Minor EN −0.0979 −0.0249 0.0481 Patagonian AM72 Georgia HG −0.0984 0.1506 0.3996 Patagonian AM72 Iran EN −0.0988 0.0842 0.2672 Patagonian AM72 Spanish −0.1007 0.1043 0.3093 Patagonian AM71 NW Asia Minor EN −0.1014 −0.0644 −0.0274 Patagonian AM73 Spanish −0.1023 −0.0253 0.0517 Pericú BC30 East Euro HG −0.1030 −0.0400 0.0230 Patagonian AM73 Georgia HG −0.1037 −0.0287 0.0463 Pericú BC27 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1039 0.0291 0.1621 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE Patagonian AM72 Tamil −0.1059 0.1171 0.3401 Pericú BC27 Iran EN −0.1060 0.0110 0.1280 Patagonian AM71 Georgia HG −0.1064 −0.0664 −0.0264 Patagonian AM71 Spanish −0.1072 −0.0682 −0.0292 Pericú BC23 West Euro HG −0.1076 0.0534 0.2144 British Columbia 939 West Euro HG −0.1083 −0.0783 −0.0483 Pericú BC27 West Euro HG −0.1086 0.0214 0.1514 Pericú BC27 Pit Grave CA −0.1096 0.0304 0.1704 Patagonian AM73 East Euro HG −0.1097 0.0043 0.1183 Patagonian AM73 Pit Grave CA −0.1099 −0.0199 0.0701 British Columbia 939 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1116 −0.0846 −0.0576 Mex mummy MOM6 Mala −0.1120 0.0360 0.1840 Patagonian AM71 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1129 −0.0729 −0.0329 British Columbia 939 Pit Grave CA −0.1152 −0.0832 −0.0512 Patagonian AM73 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1152 −0.0372 0.0408 British Columbia 939 Tamil −0.1164 −0.0874 −0.0584 Patagonian AM71 Tamil −0.1170 −0.0770 −0.0370 Pericú BC27 Tamil −0.1186 0.0064 0.1314 Patagonian AM72 Pre-LGM Euro −0.1189 0.0861 0.2911 Patagonian AM71 Mala −0.1191 −0.0801 −0.0411 Patagonian AM73 Mala −0.1197 −0.0417 0.0363 British Columbia 939 Mala −0.1216 −0.0916 −0.0616 Pericú BC27 Mala −0.1221 −0.0031 0.1159 Patagonian AM73 Tamil −0.1228 −0.0428 0.0372 Patagonian AM71 West Euro HG −0.1231 −0.0801 −0.0371 Patagonian AM73 West Euro HG −0.1241 −0.0371 0.0499 Pericú BC23 Mala −0.1251 0.0379 0.2009 British Columbia 939 Natufian −0.1271 −0.0971 −0.0671 Pericú BC23 Pit Grave CA −0.1280 0.0460 0.2200 Patagonian AM72 Pit Grave CA −0.1299 0.1241 0.3781 Patagonian AM71 Pit Grave CA −0.1308 −0.0828 −0.0348 Patagonian AM71 East Euro HG −0.1344 −0.0774 −0.0204 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Target population Source population 2 − 1 SE Mean + 1 SE British Columbia 939 East Euro HG −0.1434 −0.1044 −0.0654 Patagonian AM72 West Euro HG −0.1447 0.1213 0.3873 Mex mummy MOM6 East Euro HG −0.1657 0.0323 0.2303 Pericú BC27 East Euro HG −0.1731 0.0249 0.2229 Fuegian MA572 Georgia HG −0.1806 −0.0816 0.0174 Fuegian MA572 NW Asia Minor EN −0.1941 −0.0861 0.0219 Pericú BC23 East Euro HG −0.1991 0.0389 0.2769 Fuegian MA572 Iran EN −0.2024 −0.0924 0.0176 Fuegian MA572 West Euro HG −0.2039 −0.0859 0.0321 Patagonian AM72 Natufian −0.2101 0.2569 0.7239 Fuegian MA572 Pre-LGM Euro −0.2137 −0.0997 0.0143 Fuegian MA572 Spanish −0.2184 −0.1014 0.0156 Fuegian MA572 Mala −0.2217 −0.1097 0.0023 Fuegian MA572 Tamil −0.2228 −0.1018 0.0192 Fuegian MA572 East Euro HG −0.2326 −0.0956 0.0414 Pericú BC28 Natufian −0.2424 −0.1064 0.0296 Fuegian MA572 Pit Grave CA −0.2532 −0.1122 0.0288 Fuegian MA572 Natufian −0.2882 −0.1412 0.0058 Fuegian MA575 Pre-LGM Euro −0.3196 −0.1466 0.0264 Fuegian MA575 Iran EN −0.3350 −0.1380 0.0590 Fuegian MA575 Georgia HG −0.3576 −0.1676 0.0224 Fuegian MA575 Spanish −0.3629 −0.1779 0.0071 Fuegian MA575 NW Asia Minor EN −0.3717 −0.1837 0.0043 Fuegian MA575 Mala −0.3774 −0.1454 0.0866 Patagonian AM72 East Euro HG −0.3854 0.0356 0.4566 Fuegian MA575 Natufian −0.3864 −0.1784 0.0296 Fuegian MA575 Tamil −0.3923 −0.1723 0.0477 Fuegian MA575 Pit Grave CA −0.4451 −0.2371 −0.0291 Fuegian MA575 West Euro HG −0.4688 −0.2238 0.0212 Fuegian MA575 East Euro HG −0.5707 −0.2947 −0.0187 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Figure 1: PCA of Amerindians, Europeans, and Middle Easterners

ContinenzaLoschbour Berry•au•BacVillabruna Bichon

Falkenstein

Narva MHGChaudardes 1 Hungary KO1 Latvia ENHG BocksteinRanchot 88 Rochedane Pitted Ware NHG Kunda MHG

La Braña 1

Motala HG Ofnet Motala HG Les Closeaux 13

Motala HG Motala HG

MotalaMotala HG HG

Pitted Ware NHG Latvia MNHG

Pitted Ware NHG

Motala HG

Pitted Ware NHG

Comb Ware LV HG Pitted WarePitted NHG Ware NHG Iboussières 39 Ukraine MHG Karelia HG

El Mirón Dnieper•Donets N

Karelia HG Stora Förvar 11 Samara HG Goyet Q•2

Khvalynsk MCA

Brillenhöhle Nordic BA

Hohle Fels 79 Hohle Fels 49 LithuanianVatya MBA Latvian LithuanianLithuanianLatvian Finnish Estonian Lithuanian Estonian Rigney 1 EstonianEstonianLithuanianLithuanianEstonian Hungary BA Finnish EstonianLithuanian LatvianLithuanianEstonian Khvalynsk MCA BurkhardtshöhleFinnishEstonianCordedEstonianBelarusian WareLithuanian CA Finnish EstonianLithuanian NordicKarelian LN WesternLithuanianLithuanian RussianPole Karelian Estonian VepsianIngrianKarelianEstonianPoltavka BABelarusian NordicVepsianFinnishPaglicci BA Ingrian 108FinnishFinnishEstonianNorwegianBelarusianSwedeElIcelandicIcelandic Portalón 20 CA FinnishBenzingerodeEstonianBell BeakerBelarusianCorded CALN Ware CA El Portalón 12 CA Belarusian NorthernVepsian RussianNorthern RussianKomiIngrianWestern RussianHalberstadtSintashta EBA LBA NorthernNorthern Russian RussianTimber Grave BelarusianLBABelarusianNorwegianIcelandic Northern RussianVepsianFinnish NorwegianIcelandicFrench Northern RussianEasternWesternBelarusianBelarusianKuban UkrainianFrenchNorwegian CossackUkrainianMontenegro IA NorthernMordvin FinnishRussianNorthernMordvin RussianIrelandEasternNordicUneticeBelarusianIcelandicIcelandic SwedeEBABellLN WesternBellUkrainianOrcadian EBA BeakerBeaker Ukrainian CACA Funnelbeaker MN Northern Russian SwedenUkrainianRussianUneticeCossackLithuanian IANorwegian EBAPole El Mirador CA NorthernNorthern Russian Russian ScottishIcelandicIcelandicOrcadian Spain MN NorthernNorthernCorded Russian Russian WareCordedNordic LV LN NorwegianWare LBAOrcadianOrcadianPole BellFrenchEEAlberstedt LNBeaker LNCA El Mirador CA NorthernNorthern RussianKubanUnetice TimberRussianBellBelarusian BelarusianCossack EasternBeakerLithuaniaEBAGraveUneticeBellOrcadianUnetice LBABeaker CAUkrainian EBA LBA EBA CABasque CentralNorthernNorthern RussianTimber Russian Russian GraveUkrainian LBAUkrainianUneticeOrcadianIcelandicNorwegianFrenchScottish FrenchEBA El Mirador CA NorthernNorthern NorthernRussianMordvin RussianMordvin RussianCentralTimberNorthernBell Russian GraveBeakerNorwegianScottishOrcadianBelarusian PoleUkrainian LBAHungary CAEnglishFrenchBasque BA BasqueEl Mirador CA PavlovNorthern Northern1 Mordvin Russian MordvinRussianUneticeBell EBANorwegianIcelandic BeakerUkrainianEnglish CAOrcadianBasqueBasque Northern RussianCordedTimber WareGraveBelarusianNorwegian CA LBANorwegianUkrainianCzechCzechFrenchBell BasqueBeakerBasque BasqueCAElBasque MiradorElEl MiradorCAPortalón CA 7 CA Aleut MordvinMansiAndronovoCorded Ware BABell CA BeakerFrenchIcelandicCorded BasqueCAOrcadianFrench BasqueWareBasque CA El Portalón 2 CA Goyet Q376•19 Mordvin CzechNordicNordicHungarian LNCzech BA BasqueEl Mirador CA Russia LBA AleutGoyet Q56•16 IrelandUneticeNordicOrcadianUneticeNordicSouthern EBAFrenchIcelandicPole CzechLNEBA BA EBANorthern FrenchBasqueBasque Spanish TimberNorthern GraveCorded RussianAndronovo LBA WareTimber BA CA GraveUkrainianUkrainianIrelandBell LBA CzechBeaker EBAHungarianOrcadian EnglishCA BasqueBasque MordvinCordedMordvinCorded WareCorded CAWare WareBellHungarian CA Beaker UneticeCA English CAFrench HungarianEBAUneticeElOrcadian MiradorBasqueBasque EBA CASpain MN Afontova Gora 3 Meshovskaya LBAPit GraveKomi CAMordvinSintashtaNordic EBAUkrainian MNCzech B FrenchEnglishCzechNorthernEnglishEnglishBasque SpainSpanish ElMN Mirador CA SintashtaHungarianHungarian FrenchEBACroatianFunnelbeakerFrenchNorthernFrenchBasqueBasqueBasque BasqueSpanish MNBasqueSpain MN Chuvash BattleMaros AxeScottish MBA CASouthernHungarianFrenchFrench French Goyet Q53•1 Mordvin SintashtaTimber EBAHungarian GraveOrcadianCzech LBACroatianHungarianFrenchElSouthern Portalón French9 MBA Meshovskaya LBA UkrainianEnglishGermanFrenchNorthernSouthernFrenchSouthern Spanish French FrenchBasque Baalberge MN Mordvin UneticeUnetice EBAHungarianFrenchNordic EBAFrenchNorthern LNEl Mirador Spanish CA Ireland MLN Aleut Aleut AfanasevoCordedPit CA Grave Ware CA CAAndronovoTimber Grave HungarianBA LBACroatianHungarianFrenchFrenchFrenchFrench Pit Grave CA HungarianHungarianHungarianEnglishFrenchFrench El Mirador CA Pit GraveCorded CA Ware CAWestern UkrainianVatyaSouthernFrenchFrenchEnglishCroatian MBA French Funnelbeaker MN Pit Grave CA HungarianFrenchSouthernFrenchFrenchFrenchFrenchSpanish French El Portalón 16 CA Corded Ware CANordic BA FrenchFrenchFrenchGerman El Portalón 17 CA Mari PotapovkaVestoniceKarsdorf BA 15LNTimber Grave LBA BellFrenchFrench BeakerCroatianSpanishFrenchVatyaSpanishFrenchFrench BasqueCA MBA EsperstedtRemedello MN CA Afontova Gora 2 Karasuk LBA PoltavkaPoltavkaPoltavka BA BA BA PotapovkaBenzingerodeBell HungarianBeakerFrench BACroatianHungarian CA LN Basque VestonicePit Grave 43 CAPit GraveCorded CA Ware CA HungarianHungarianBellFrenchCroatian BeakerSpanishSpanish CAFrench Tlingit Mari Chuvash MeshovskayaTimber Grave LBA LBAPitCorded Grave Ware CATimber CA Grave LBARomanianFrenchFrenchSpanishBaalberge MN Chuvash CroatianCroatianCroatianSpanish Chuvash KryashenAfanasevo Tatar CA Hungarian GermanCroatianFrenchSpanishSpanish Salzmünde MN Timber ChuvashGrave LBA KarasukVestonice LBA 16 Afanasevo CA FrenchCordedSpanishSpanish Ware CA KryashenAfanasevoOstuni Tatar1 CA Bell Beaker CA CroatianBellSpanishFrench Beaker CA Andronovo BA Chuvash PotapovkaMisharPoltavka BA Tatar BAPit Grave CA Sintashta EBACroatianFrenchSpanishSpanishSpanish BaalbergeVatya MN MBA ChuvashUdmurtChuvash Afanasevo CA MoldavianSpanish Spain EN ChuvashChuvash PitPit Grave Grave CA CA SpanishMarosSpanishSpanish MBA Udmurt Chuvash RussiaKarasuk EBA LBA RomanianHungarianSpanishSpanishSpanishSpanish Hungary CA Mari MariUdmurt KhvalynskChuvash MCAKryashen Tatar Croatian Spanish C Asia Minor PPN Russia IA SpanishSpanishSpanishSpanish Pit GravePit CA Grave CA SpanishSpanish Spain EN Udmurt TatarTatar RomanianSpanishSpanishBergamo Corded Ware CA SpanishSpanishSpanishVatyaSpanishRemedello MBAVatyaHungary MBA CASardinian EN Aleut Pit GraveCorded CA Ware CA Romanian SpanishBergamoBergamoBergamo RomanianSpanishSpanishSpanishSpanishSardinianRemedello CASpain EN Tatar RomanianRomanianBulgarianRomanianSpanishSpanishSpanish Sardinian Samara Scythian IAUnetice EBA BulgarianBell BeakerSpanish CA Tlingit Karasuk LBA Krems WA3 RomanianRomanianSpanish Bergamo MoldavianBulgarianSpanishCBergamoSpanish Asia MinorSardinianSardinianSardinianSardinian PPN Germany BA Spanish SardinianSardinian BulgarianSpanishBulgarian HungarySardinianSardinianSardinian EN Spain EN Paglicci 133 CossackFrench Bergamo Sardinian Tlingit BulgarianMarosSpanish MBA HungarySardinianHungarySardinian ENEN Mal'ta 1 BergamoNW AsiaLinear Minor Pottery SardinianENSardinian ENÖtzi Goyet Q116•1 Bergamo LinearHungarySardinian Pottery EN EN Bulgarian SardinianLinear Pottery EN PC 2 Bulgarian Linear Pottery EN TurkishAlbanianGreekSpanishBergamoSardinianSardinianSardinian AlbanianTuscan Sardinian CanaryCanaryBergamo Islanders BergamoIslandersSardinianNWSardinian LinearAsia Minor Pottery EN EN Ostuni 2 SpanishTuscan SardinianEl Portalón 3 CA GreekAlbanianGreek FunnelbeakerHungary ENMN Greek Turkish TuscanTuscanGreekSardinianLinear Pottery EN Chinchorro mummy BulgarianAlbanianGreek Tuscan Linear Pottery EN BulgarianTuscanGreekAlbanianC Asia Minor PPN VestoniceMuierii 13 2 StuttgartStarcevo EN Kostenki 12 AlbanianGreekNWHungary Asia Minor MBA EN Albanian LinearLinear Pottery Pottery EN EN GreekGreek GreekTuscan Linear Pottery EN GreekGreekTuscanAlbanian Linear Pottery EN LinearGreek PotteryNW EN Asia Minor EN Pericú BC28 NW Asia Minor EN Greek Linear Pottery T EN AlbanianSicilianLinearNW Pottery Asia Minor ENGreece EN LN NW Asia Minor EN Anzick 1 Pericú BC29 GreekNW AsiaC AsiaMinorNW Minor AsiaEN PPNMinor EN Bolivian Turkish Patagonian AM72Kennewick Man NWNW AsiaAsia MinorMinor ENEN Patagonian AM74 Quechua Quechua NWNW AsiaNW Asia Minor AsiaNW Minor EN MinorAsia EN Minor EN EN Mixtec Bolivian Sicilian NWNWNW Asia Asia Asia Minor Minor MinorGreece EN EN EN EN MixeFuegian MA577 Pima MixtecQuechua Adygei NW AsiaNW MinorNWNW Asia AsiaENAsia Minor MinorMinor EN ENEN Piapoco Pima AthabascanAthabascan NW Asia Minor EN KaritianaSurui MixeBolivianMixePima Quechua Fuegian 890 Mayan Mex mummy MOM6 Hungary EN PimaMixeFuegianPimaPima 895Colla MayanFuegian MA572Bolivian Quechua Sicilian KaritianaKaritiana WichiMixePatagonianChané AM71ZapotecPimaZapotecPimaCachi PimaMayanMayan Kostenki 14 Surui Surui BolivianMixeQuechuaMixeMixeMayanPimaMayan ZapotecCollaMayanZapotecMayanPima Pericú BC23 Greek KaritianaKaritianaSuruiKaritiana WichiMixeWichi Mayan Mixtec SouthernSicilian Italian KaritianaKaritianaSurui BrazilianPima Enoque65Mayan ZapotecMayan AshkenaziAshkenaziMalteseSicilian JewSicilian JewNW Asia Minor EN Surui PiapocoPatagonianMixe MixtecAM73CachiColla ZapotecPima Nogai AshkenaziSouthernSicilian ItalianJew Greece FN SuruiKaritiana Pericú BC30 FuegianCachi Zapotec894 ZapotecPericú BC25 Nogai SicilianSouthern ItalianNW Asia Minor EN Karitiana Piapoco WichiPima Zapotec ZapotecMixtecCachi SicilianCretan KaritianaSurui Piapoco Mixe Mixtec MixtecBolivianMixtec British Columbia 939 AshkenaziMaltese Jew Fuegian MA575Karitiana CollaCachiMayanMixtec SouthernLevant AshkenaziItalianZoroastrianN Jew Iranian Mixe Zapotec Bolivian Turkish Tabasaran Maltese NW Asia Minor EN MayanZapotec TabasaranKumyk Ashkenazi Jew MixtecMayan SouthernMalteseMalteseSicilianC AsiaItalian Minor PN Mixtec Nogai Patagonian AM66 Mayan Kumyk MalteseSicilian C Asia Minor PN Mayan Micmac MARC1492 KabardinAvar Ashkenazi Jew Mixtec Tajik TajikPamiri TurkishTurkish Avar KumykKumyk BalkarAdygei Maltese NW Asia Minor N Mayan Tajik TurkishKumykTurkishLezginArmeniaLezgin LBA NogaiNogai TurkishLevantCircassianTabasaran N Armenia CA C Asia Minor PN Tajik PamiriTajik PamiriTurkish BalkarNorthAdygei AdygeiOssetian Cretan Pericú BC27 YaghnobiArmeniaBalkarNorth MBAKumykBalkar OssetianBalkarTurkishKumykChechenAvar ArmeniaMaltese SephardiLBACypriot Jew NogaiTajik Pamiri Turkish ArmeniaBalkarLezginChechen MBAArmenia CA TurkishBalkarNorthBalkarKabardin OssetianChechenChechenLezginArmeniaTurkishLezginChechen LBA Sephardi Jew Ishkasim TajikTurkish Pamiri TurkishNorthLezgin Ossetian Greek Mayan Rushan•VanchTajik PamiriRushan•Vanch NorthNorth OssetianBalkar OssetianChechenAdygeiAdygei Sephardi Jew Nogai CircassianKumykChechenBalkarCircassianTurkishAdygei Sephardi Jew Shugnan KabardinTurkishArmeniaLezginChechenLezginAdygeiAdygeiAdygei MBAAdygeiSephardi Jew C Asia Minor PN TajikIshkasim Pamiri Turkish BalkarChechenKabardinLezginLezgin Armenia MLBA Mex mummy F9 NorthKumykAdygei AdygeiOssetianLezginTurkish Adygei NW SephardiAsia Minor Jew CA Natufian North NorthOssetianKumyk OssetianLezginTurkish Sephardi JewLevantC Asia N Minor PN TurkishNorthNorth Ossetian TurkishOssetianLezgin TurkishLezgin MoroccanMoroccanMoroccanMoroccanMoroccan JewCypriot Jew Jew Jew Jew TurkishTurkishTurkish AdygeiArmenia CA Cypriot ArmeniaAdygei CAKumykArmenia CACypriot Tajik North OssetianTurkishTurkish Tajik Pamiri AdygeiBalkarTurkishTurkish AbkhazianSephardi Jew Azerbaijani Levant N Moroccan Jew Turkish Abkhazian Turkmen Turkish Turkish AzerbaijaniArmeniaArmenia LBA LBACypriotTurkish TurkishTurkishAbkhasianAbkhazianTurkishLevant N Turkish TurkishGeorgianTunisianCypriot Jew TurkishAbkhazianAbkhazianTurkishLibyanLibyanGreek Jew Jew Turkish AbkhazianTurkish Turkish TurkishAbkhazianGeorgianTunisianLevant Jew N Levant N TurkishAbkhazianTurkishGeorgianArmenianArmenianTurkish Iranian Fars LibyanTunisianCypriotTunisian Jew Jew Jew TurkishAbkhazianGeorgianArmenianLibyanTunisianLibyanLibyanTunisian Jew Jew Jew Jew Jew Pathan Georgian Pathan Turkish AbkhazianGeorgianGeorgianTurkish Pathan AzerbaijaniTurkish Muslim Lebanese TurkishGeorgianGeorgianArmenianArmenianTurkishDruzeArmenian Pathan Iran recentGeorgianAssyrian Jew Druze Burusho Pathan AssyrianArmenianArmenianMuslimDruzeLibyanSyrian Lebanese Jew Pathan GeorgianChristianTurkishChristianDruzeDruzeTunisianDruze Lebanese Lebanese Jew Cochin ZoroastrianJew IranianIranian Iranian FarsGeorgianArmenianAbkhazianArmeniaGeorgianDruzeArmenianDruze EBA Jew Pathan AbkhazianGeorgianArmeniaChristianAssyrianDruzeMuslim JewTurkish EBALebanese Lebanese Levant N Levant N Burusho Kalash Iranian FarsZoroastrianIranian IranianDruzeDruzeArmenianDruze Pathan Iranian ArmenianChristianGeorgianArmenianChristianDruzeDruzeDruze Lebanese Jew Lebanese PathanKalashKalash Pathan IranianIranianIranian LibyanSaudiDruzeDruze Jew PathanPathanPathanPathan IranianIranian GeorgianAssyrianLebanese JewArmenianArmenianAssyrianDruzeChristianDruzeTurkishNatufian Lebanese Burusho IranianIranian Fars FarsZoroastrianIranianLebaneseMuslim Lebanese SyrianArmeniaIranianChristianAssyrianDruzeDruzeDruze EBA Lebanese Burusho PathanKalashKalashKalash ZoroastrianZoroastrianIranian Iranian Iranian DruzeChristianCypriotDruzeDruzeLebanese ArabLevant N Gujarati ASindhi IranianIranianIranian FarsZoroastrian Fars Fars IranianIranianChristian JewDruzeSyrianDruzeDruzeLevant DruzeArab N KalashKalashKalash Balochi Iranian Iranian GeorgianIranianMuslimLebaneseArmenianAssyrian JewAssyrianAssyrian Druze LebaneseChristianJewDruzeIraqiNatufian Lebanese Jew Gujarati APathanKalashKalashKalash ZoroastrianZoroastrianIranianIranian ZoroastrianFarsIranian IranianIranian FarsMuslimGeorgian IranianLebaneseIraqi DruzeAssyrianLebaneseDruze JewJewSamaritan BrahminGujarati A Kalash IranianZoroastrianIranianIranianZoroastrian IranianMuslim IranianJordanianIranian LebaneseAssyrianIranianIraqiChristian Jew Jew Jew Arab PathanPathanKalashKalashKalash ZoroastrianIranian FarsIranianZoroastrianZoroastrianIranianLebanese IranianIranian Iranian FarsIranian JewDruzeDruze BurushoBurusho Gujarati A IranianZoroastrianLebanese Armenian IranianChristianAssyrianIraqiAssyrianDruze JewLebaneseLevant N Kalash IranianIranianIranianIranianIranianMuslim LebaneseIranianIraqi JewJew Gujarati PunjabiB SindhiSindhiKalashPathan IranianIranianIranian Fars Levant BA ZoroastrianIranianIranianZoroastrianZoroastrianNatufianZoroastrian IranianFars Iranian Iranian IranianIranian JewDruzeDruzeDruze Sindhi Balochi IranianIranianZoroastrianIranianIranianZoroastrianIranian MuslimIranian IranianMuslim Lebanese Lebanese Brahui Iranian MuslimIran Arab EIAPalestinianDruze SindhiSindhi ZoroastrianZoroastrianIranian IranianIranianIranian IraqiJew JewLevant BA SindhiSindhi IranianZoroastrianIranianZoroastrian FarsGeorgia Iranian MHGJordanian Iranian Jordanian BalochiBalochi IranianJordanianJordanianBedouinIranian A Jew Gujarati A Sindhi Iranian Bandari ZoroastrianIranian IranianMuslimSyrian Lebanese Sindhi IranianIranianPalestinian PalestinianPalestinianPalestinian Balochi Balochi Georgia PHGPalestinianPalestinianPalestinianJordanian Levant N Sindhi Balochi IranianIranian Fars JordanianJordanian Sindhi Sindhi Cochin JewMakrani Zoroastrian Iranian PalestinianPalestinianPalestinian Sindhi BalochiBalochi PalestinianJordanianPalestinianPalestinianLevant BA Brahui Iranian PalestinianPalestinianPalestinian Sindhi Sindhi BrahuiBrahuiBalochi Iranian BandariJordanianPalestinianPalestinianPalestinianPalestinianPalestinianPalestinian BrahuiBrahui Iranian LebanesePalestinian Sindhi BalochiBalochi PalestinianPalestinian BalochiBalochiBrahuiBrahuiBrahuiMakrani PalestinianPalestinian Brahui BrahuiBrahuiMakraniBalochi BedouinPalestinianPalestinian A BrahuiBrahui BedouinBedouin SaudiA A BrahuiBalochi Bedouin A Brahui BrahuiIranian Bandari MuslimIranSyrian PalestinianCA Arab Balochi IranianBrahuiMakrani BandariIranian Fars BedouinBedouin A A Sindhi Balochi SyrianBedouinIranYemenite CA A Jew Makrani BedouinPalestinianPalestinianSaudi A MakraniBrahui IranianMakrani Bandari Iran CA IranianYemeniteYemeniteBedouin Jew Jew A Makrani Yemenite Jew MakraniBalochiMakrani BedouinSaudiYemenite ASaudi Jew Balochi Brahui IranSyrian CABedouin AYemenite Jew Brahui MakraniMakrani Bedouin B Makrani Yemen MakraniIran EN IranBedouin CABedouinSaudiSaudiSaudi B B MakraniMakrani YemeniteYemenite SaudiJew Jew Iranian Bandari Yemen Makrani BedouinBedouinBedouin BSaudi B B BedouinBedouin B B Iran Hotu IIIb Makrani BedouinBedouin B B BedouinBedouinBedouin B BBedouin B B BedouinBedouin B B BedouinBedouinBedouin BB B Makrani Zoroastrian Iranian

Iran LN

−0.04 −0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN

Iran EN

Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN

−0.08 −0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0.00 0.02

PC 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.

Figure 2: PCA of Amerindians and Europeans

Karelia HG

Comb Ware LV HG

Motala HG

Motala HG Narva MHG Samara HG Latvia ENHG

Kunda MHG

Khvalynsk MCA

Karelia HG Afontova Gora 3 Motala HG LoschbourVillabruna Mal'ta 1 Dnieper•Donets N Ukraine MHG Bichon Pit Grave CA Motala HG

Poltavka BA La Braña 1 MotalaMotala HG HG Hungary KO1 Khvalynsk MCA Pit Grave CA

Afanasevo CA Pit Grave CA Latvia MNHG Ranchot 88 Berry•au•BacContinenza Pitted Ware NHG PoltavkaPit BA Grave CA Timber Grave LBA PitPit GraveGrave CACA Falkenstein

0.05 Les Closeaux 13 Corded Ware LV LN Rochedane Pit Grave CA Bockstein Pit Grave CA Chaudardes 1 AfanasevoPoltavka CA BA Khvalynsk MCA Pitted Ware NHG Afanasevo CAPit GravePit Grave CA CA Afontova Gora 2 Pit Grave CA PoltavkaPit Grave BA CA Pitted Ware NHG Pit Grave CA PotapovkaAfanasevo BA CA Pitted Ware NHG Ofnet Burkhardtshöhle Afanasevo CA Andronovo BA Mari Pit Grave CA Karasuk LBA Timber Grave LBA Mari Ingrian UdmurtMariUdmurt Pitted Ware NHG ChuvashSamaraMeshovskaya Scythian IA LBA Northern Russian ChuvashChuvash Finnish Latvian Udmurt Goyet Q•2 El MirónCordedCorded Ware Ware CA CA Tlingit MeshovskayaChuvash LBA Karasuk LBA FinnishKarelian Stora Förvar 11 Mari ChuvashChuvash Timber GraveTimber LBA Grave LBA Chuvash Russia EBAKarelianEstonianTimber Grave LBA ChuvashKarasuk LBA NorthernVepsian RussianKarelian EstonianLithuanian Chuvash VepsianVepsianAndronovoEstonian BA Latvian Aleut Chuvash NorthernCorded Russian Ware CA Lithuanian Chuvash NorthernNorthernVepsianFinnish Russian Russian EstonianEstonianLithuanian Aleut Chuvash NorthernNorthernFinnishCordedFinnish Russian Russian WarePoltavka CAEstonian BA Aleut Aleut Rigney 1 NorthernNorthern RussianFinnishRussianIngrian WesternIboussièresLithuanianLithuanian Russian 39 Timber GraveMotala LBA HG UdmurtChuvash CordedMordvin WareKomi CA LithuanianLithuanian NorthernMordvinMordvin RussianFinnish Lithuanian NorthernCordedMordvinNorthernNordic RussianWare FinnishLNEstonian RussianWestern CALatvianEstonian Russian Hohle Fels 49 NorthernNorthern RussianSintashta NorthernRussian EstonianRussianEBALithuanian Corded NorthernWareMordvin CA RussianEstonianEstonianEstonian Potapovka BANorthernNorthernNorthern RussianMordvin Russian Russian Mishar TatarNorthernMordvin RussianMordvinMordvin Estonian Tlingit Russia IA MordvinAndronovoAndronovo BA Estonian BA Russia LBA Central RussianEstonian Tlingit BrillenhöhleKomiNorthernTimber RussianTimberTimberKuban Grave GraveGrave BelarusianCossack LBA Lithuanian LBALBA Corded WareCordedNorthern SintashtaCA WareFinnish Russian EBA CA BelarusianBell Beaker CA NorthernMansiCordedFinnishIngrianFinnish Russian WareUkrainian CABelarusian Timber Grave LithuaniaBelarusianLBAEstonianBelarusianLithuanianBelarusianPole LBA Vestonice 43 NorthernKarsdorfMordvinMordvin Russian LN Russian Tatar CordedTimber Ware GraveCorded CA LBABelarusianKubanNordic Ware Cossack EELithuanianBellLN LN Beaker CA Kryashen Tatar EasternBelarusian Ukrainian Kryashen Tatar Timber GraveUkrainian LBAPole Tatar Mordvin CentralPotapovka Russian BA Tatar UkrainianBelarusian BattleBelarusianNorthernUnetice AxeBell CASwede BelarusianBeakerWesternUkrainian EBAPole CA Ukrainian Aleut Cossack Goyet Q53•1 Karasuk LBA EasternSwede UkrainianBelarusian CordedUneticeIrelandNordicSweden UkrainianWare EBAEasternBelarusian CAEBALNSintashta IA Ukrainian EBA Kryashen Tatar SintashtaBell WesternBeakerLithuanian EBA CA Ukrainian Nordic BACorded Ware CATimberBenzingerodeUkrainian Grave LBA LN Corded Ware CA SintashtaBell Beaker EBACorded CA Ware CA Goyet Q116•1 Vestonice 13 UkrainianUnetice EBA BenzingerodeMaros MBAIcelandicIcelandic LN Vestonice 16 BelarusianUneticeUkrainian EBA Ostuni 1 Nordic MN BHalberstadtIcelandic LBA Pavlov 1 NorwegianIcelandicIcelandic NorwegianUneticeIcelandicPoleCorded EBA Ware CA Meshovskaya LBA CzechNorwegianOrcadian Athabascan NordicUnetice BAIrelandBell UneticeEBA BeakerUkrainian EBAUkrainianCzechIcelandic EBA CAVatya MBA Pericú BC29 Unetice EBABell NordicBeakerScottishNorwegianIcelandic LN CA Krems WA3 NorwegianUneticeIcelandicOrcadian EBA Kostenki 14 Paglicci 108 Bell BeakerIrelandNorwegian CAEBANorwegianIcelandic British Columbia 939 Unetice EBA NorwegianNorwegianHungarianOrcadianCzech Athabascan Goyet Q376•19 Bell BeakerHungarianNorwegianScottishIcelandicCzechIcelandicOrcadian CACzech NordicOrcadianNordicFrenchOrcadianOrcadian LN BA Vestonice 15 NorwegianHungarianCzechCroatianAlberstedtCzechFrench LN HungarianCzechHungarianCzech Goyet Q56•16 HungarianScottishHungarianOrcadian HungarianOrcadianCzechHungarianFrenchHungarianFrench Kennewick Man Hohle Fels 79 NordicFrenchScottish BA WesternOrcadian UkrainianGermanFrenchFrench BellOrcadianHungarianBellNordicCorded Beaker Beaker BAOrcadian WareCA CA CA Corded Ware CA Hungarian French Micmac MARC1492 Paglicci 133 EnglishEnglishEnglishCroatian Kostenki 12 OrcadianHungaryHungarianUneticeEnglish BA EBA Muierii 2 BellNordic Beaker HungarianLBA CA EnglishBellHungarianEnglish Beaker CA Anzick 1 Adygei HungarianUneticeHungarianEnglish EnglishEBA Mex mummy MOM6 Bell BeakerHungarianMoldavianHungarian HungarianCAFrenchFrench UneticeBellCroatian EBAFrenchFrench CroatianBeakerFrench CA CroatianCroatianCroatian Patagonian AM72 MontenegroCossackHungarian IA Fuegian 890 RomanianCroatianFrenchCroatianCroatianFrenchFrenchEnglish Patagonian AM73 Ostuni 2 Unetice EBAFrenchCroatianGermanEnglish Bell BeakerFrench FrenchCA Pima FrenchCroatianFrenchFrenchFrenchFrenchCroatian Pima HungarianGermanFrench Pima Pima Turkish Croatian Pitted Ware NHG PatagonianMixtec AM71Pima French Pima PatagonianZapotec AM74 Pima Mixtec VatyaFrenchFrench MBA PimaFuegian 895 ZapotecPericúPima BC25 FrenchFrench MixePima PimaZapotec MoldavianFrenchFrench Pericú BC27 MixeMixeFuegianMixeWichi MA577QuechuaZapotecPimaZapotecZapotecMayan FrenchRomanianFrenchFrench WichiWichi PimaFuegian 894 Colla Pima Quechua RomanianBulgarian 0.00 HungaryFrenchFrench BA Mixe MayanMixtecZapotecZapotec BulgarianBulgarianFrench PC 2 BolivianMixe Colla Zapotec FrenchFrench Quechua CachiZapotec MayanQuechua RomanianRomanianFrench MixePiapoco Mixe Mayan Mixtec RomanianBulgarian MixeChanéMayan MayanMixtec CachiMixtec Cachi MayanBolivian Chinchorro mummy RomanianFrench WichiMixeMixe Zapotec MayanZapotec BulgarianFrenchFrenchFrench PiapocoPiapoco MixtecMixtecColla Quechua Karitiana PiapocoBolivianMayan Mayan Mayan QuechuaBolivian French Brazilian MixtecEnoque65BolivianColla French Karitiana Mixtec Mayan Bolivian Romanian Karitiana Surui Mayan Bolivian Pericú BC23 BulgarianVatya MBA KaritianaKaritianaKaritiana Cachi Mayan BellBell Beaker FrenchBeaker CA CA KaritianaKaritianaSurui Pericú BC30 Mixtec Mayan Bulgarian KaritianaKaritiana Cachi Mayan RomanianFrench Fuegian MA572 Mixtec KaritianaSuruiSurui TurkishEl PortalónFrench 20 CA AlbanianFrenchVatya MBA Karitiana Mayan TurkishMarosSouthern MBAHungary French MBA Surui Mayan BulgarianGreekNorthernGreek Spanish Surui Pericú BC28 SouthernGreek FrenchSpanishSpanishBasque BulgarianSouthernFrenchSpanishBergamoBasque French Surui Patagonian AM66 Germany BA AlbanianSpanishSpanishSouthernGreekBasque French SouthernNorthernSpanishBasqueNorthernSpanish FrenchSpanishBasque Spanish Spanish BergamoNorthernBasqueBasque BasqueSpanish Vatya MBA SpanishSpanishSpanishSpanishBasqueSpanishBergamoBasqueVatya MBA GreekAlbanianNorthernGreekGreekGreekTuscan BasqueSpanishSpanish Surui SpanishAlbanianBasqueBasqueBasque GreekBasqueSpanishSpanishSpanishSpanishBergamoBasqueBasque SouthernSpanishAlbanianSpanishBergamo BasqueFrench Funnelbeaker MN GreekFunnelbeakerSpanishSpanishSpanishTuscanBasqueSpanishSpanishSpanish MN SpanishSpanishSpanishGreekSpanishSpanishBasque SpanishSpanishSpanishBasqueBasqueBergamoBasque GreekSpanishSpanishGreekBergamoBasqueBasque BergamoBergamoSpanishSpanish SpanishSpanishGreekSpanishGreekSpanishBasqueBasque TuscanSouthernSpanishAlbanian French CanaryGreekBergamo AlbanianIslandersTuscanTuscanBergamo Fuegian MA575 TuscanSpanishSpanishGreek El PortalónBergamoAlbanian 9 MBA Mex mummy F9 MarosAlbanian MBATuscan El Portalón 7 CA SpanishSicilianTuscan Spanish CanarySpanish Islanders El MiradorSicilian CA Sicilian

El MiradorC Asia CAMinorEl PortalónPPN 3 CA

Funnelbeaker MN BaalbergeEl MNPortalón 17 CA El Mirador CA

El MiradorFunnelbeakerElEl Mirador CAPortalón CA MN12 CA

BaalbergeEl Mirador MN CA RemedelloSalzmünde CA MN RemedelloEl ElMirador MiradorEl CA Mirador CA CASardinian CA Sardinian Baalberge MN ElEl Mirador Portalón CA 2 CA SardinianC Asia Minor PPN Ireland MLN Sardinian SpainNW MN Asia Minor EN SardinianSardinian Linear PotterySardinian T EN Spain MNSardinianRemedello CA SardinianSardinian SardinianLinear Pottery EN SardinianSardinianC Asia Minor PPN SardinianSardinianSpainEl Mirador MNSardinian CA NW AsiaHungary Minor ENSardinian EN Hungary CA NW Asia Minor ENSardinianSardinian SardinianSardinianSardinianSardinian Sardinian Linear PotterySardinian ENLinearEl Portalón Pottery 16EN CA Spain MN SardinianSardinian Spain EN Esperstedt MN Linear Pottery EN LinearHungary Pottery EN EN

−0.05 Hungary EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN

NW AsiaHungary Minor EN EN C AsiaSpain Minor StarcevoEN PPN EN NW AsiaNW MinorNW Asia Asia MinorEN MinorStuttgart EN EN Spain EN NW Asia Minor EN HungaryHungary EN ENGreece LN

NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN HungaryLinear EN Pottery EN Spain EN NW Asia Minor EN HungaryGreece EN EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Linear PotteryÖtzi EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN NW AsiaNW AsiaMinor Minor EN EN

Linear PotteryLinear EN Pottery EN

NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN

NW AsiaNW Minor Asia MinorEN EN

NW Asia Minor EN

NW Asia Minor EN

−0.08 −0.06 −0.04 −0.02 0.00 0.02

PC 1 Figure 3: K = 4 ADMIXTURE analysis

Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Ethiopia Mota Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Bantu Herero Bantu Herero Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu Tswana Bantu Tswana Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Dinka Dinka Dinka Datog Datog Datog Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Mal'ta 1 Comb Ware LV HG Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Karelia HG Karelia HG Samara HG Afontova Gora 2 Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Kurmi Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Gupta Marwadi Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Thakur Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Mari Mari Mari Mari Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Ostuni 2 Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Goyet Q116-1 Kshatriya Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Krems WA3 Rigney 1 Samara Scythian IA Goyet Q53-1 Hohle Fels 79 Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Shugnan Tajik Tajik Tajik Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Mishar Tatar Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Brillenhöhle Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Tatar Tatar Tatar Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Ishkasim Ishkasim Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Muierii 2 Věstonice 43 Cioclovina 1 Věstonice 16 Paglicci 133 Ostuni 1 Věstonice 13 Kostenki 12 Kostenki 14 Burkhardtshöhle Hohle Fels 49 Goyet Q376-19 Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Goyet Q56-16 Iran LN Věstonice 15 El Mirón Yaghnobi Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Goyet Q-2 Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Iran Hotu IIIb Pavlov 1 Dnieper-Donets N Ukraine MHG Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Russia EBA Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Karelian Karelian Karelian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian La Braña 1 Central Russian Central Russian Russian Russian Russian Komi Komi Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Hungary IA Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Narva MHG Kunda MHG Latvia ENHG Karsdorf LN Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Falkenstein Stora Förvar 11 Latvia MNHG Corded Ware LV LN Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Avar Avar Avar Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Latvian Latvian Latvian Bockstein Chaudardes 1 Bichon Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Hungary KO1 Northern Ukrainian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Sweden IA Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Corded Ware EE LN Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Swede Swede Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Cossack Cossack Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Loschbour Battle Axe CA Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Berry-au-Bac Continenza Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Western Russian Western Russian Abkhasian Abkhasian Iboussières 39 Iran recent Georgia PHG Georgia MHG Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Iran EIA Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Circassian Circassian Circassian Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin North 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Christian Arab Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Moldavian Moldavian Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Armenia MLBA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Halberstadt LBA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Villabruna Nordic MN B Rochedane Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French Montenegro IA English English English English English English English English English English German German German Nordic LBA British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British Alberstedt LN Ranchot 88 Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Cretan Cretan Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Germany BA Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Hungary BA Hungary BA Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Ötzi Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Hungary MBA Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Stuttgart Starcevo EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Salzmünde MN Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Ofnet NW Asia Minor N Linear Pottery T EN Ireland MLN Hungary CA Greece LN Greece FN Greece EN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Esperstedt MN Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Les Closeaux 13 NW Asia Minor CA Lithuania LBA El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Věstonice 14 Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Paglicci 108 Afontova Gora 3 Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Khanty Khanty Khanty Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Malayan Asur Santhal Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Gond Tianyuan Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Madhya Pradesh Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Kapu Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Maori Mala Mala Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Yadava Yadava Balija Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Kol Orissa Ho Khonda Dora Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Ket Ket Ket Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kazakh Kazakh Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Middle Dorset Middle Dorset Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Pazyryk Scythian IA Pazyryk Scythian IA Shor Shor Kennewick Man Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Colla Colla Colla Colla Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Chané Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Wichi Wichi Wichi Wichi Anzick 1 British Columbia 939 Micmac MARC1492 Mex mummy F9 Mex mummy MOM6 Pericú BC23 Pericú BC25 Pericú BC27 Pericú BC28 Pericú BC29 Pericú BC30 Brazilian Enoque65 Chinchorro mummy Patagonian AM66 Patagonian AM71 Patagonian AM72 Patagonian AM73 Patagonian AM74 Fuegian MA572 Fuegian MA575 Fuegian MA577 Fuegian 890 Fuegian 894 Fuegian 895 Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Athabascan Athabascan Birnirk Greenland Greenland Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Thule Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelman Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Late Dorset Saqqaq Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Bajo Bajo Bajo Bajo Hawaiian Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Visayan Visayan Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China She She She She She She She She She She Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Aeta Aeta Aeta Agta Agta Agta Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Batak Batak Batak Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Kalmyk Kalmyk bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not Kalmyk Kalmyk certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under Kalmyk aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Tamang Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Figure 4: K = 5 ADMIXTURE analysis

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Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao She She She She She She She She She She Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Věstonice 14 Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Hohle Fels 79 Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Tatar Tatar Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Mishar Tatar Pavlov 1 Věstonice 43 Rigney 1 Yaghnobi Goyet Q376-19 Brillenhöhle Samara Scythian IA El Mirón Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Goyet Q-2 Dnieper-Donets N Comb Ware LV HG Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Karelian Karelian Karelian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Central Russian Central Russian La Braña 1 Russian Russian Russian Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Hungary IA Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Komi Komi Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Ukraine MHG Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Russia EBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Corded Ware LV LN Kunda MHG Latvia ENHG Narva MHG Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Karsdorf LN Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Latvia MNHG Stora Förvar 11 Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Cossack Cossack Moldavian Moldavian Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Chaudardes 1 Sweden IA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Nordic MN B Northern Ukrainian Corded Ware EE LN Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Loschbour Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Hungary KO1 Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Battle Axe CA Continenza Latvian Latvian Latvian Berry-au-Bac Bockstein Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Swede Swede Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Iboussières 39 Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Western Russian Western Russian Bichon Falkenstein Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Les Closeaux 13 Hungary MBA Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA NW Asia Minor N C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Stuttgart Starcevo EN Salzmünde MN Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Ofnet Linear Pottery T EN Ireland MLN Hungary CA Greece LN Greece FN Esperstedt MN Greece EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN Ötzi Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Ranchot 88 Villabruna French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian German German German English English English English English English English English English English Montenegro IA Nordic LBA Alberstedt LN British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Halberstadt LBA Rochedane Germany BA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Lithuania LBA Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Hungary BA Hungary BA Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish NW Asia Minor CA Cretan Cretan Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Canary Islanders Canary Islanders Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Iran EIA Iran recent Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Armenia MLBA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Abkhasian Abkhasian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Avar Avar Avar Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Circassian Circassian Circassian Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Goyet Q56-16 Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Levant BA Levant BA Levant BA Samaritan Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Arab Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Afontova Gora 2 Karelia HG Karelia HG Samara HG Krems WA3 Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Paglicci 133 Cioclovina 1 Věstonice 16 Shugnan Tajik Tajik Tajik Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Muierii 2 Ostuni 1 Burkhardtshöhle Hohle Fels 49 Ishkasim Ishkasim Věstonice 13 Ostuni 2 Goyet Q116-1 Kostenki 12 Kostenki 14 Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran Hotu IIIb Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Iran LN Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Goyet Q53-1 Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Věstonice 15 Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Georgia PHG Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Georgia MHG Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Paglicci 108 Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Gond Malayan Asur Santhal Tianyuan Ho Khonda Dora Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Kshatriya Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Thakur Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Kurmi Gupta Marwadi Madhya Pradesh Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Mala Mala Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Kol Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Balija Yadava bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not Yadava Orissa certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under Kapu aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Mal'ta 1 Afontova Gora 3 Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Mari Mari Mari Mari Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Maori Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Khanty Khanty Khanty Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Figure 5: K = 6 ADMIXTURE analysis

Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Ethiopia Mota Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Bantu Herero Bantu Herero Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu Tswana Bantu Tswana Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Dinka Dinka Dinka Datog Datog Datog Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Kshatriya Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran Hotu IIIb Iran LN Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Yaghnobi Ishkasim Ishkasim Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Tajik Tajik Tajik Shugnan Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Georgia MHG Georgia PHG Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Iran EIA Iran recent Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia MLBA Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Abkhasian Abkhasian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Circassian Circassian Circassian Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian Avar Avar Avar Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Paglicci 108 Věstonice 14 Věstonice 15 Goyet Q376-19 Pavlov 1 El Mirón Goyet Q-2 Ostuni 1 Paglicci 133 Věstonice 13 Muierii 2 Cioclovina 1 Věstonice 16 Brillenhöhle Rigney 1 Věstonice 43 Burkhardtshöhle Hohle Fels 49 Ostuni 2 Goyet Q116-1 Kostenki 12 Krems WA3 Goyet Q53-1 Kostenki 14 Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Dnieper-Donets N Ukraine MHG Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Comb Ware LV HG Karelia HG Karelia HG Samara HG Hohle Fels 79 Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Mishar Tatar Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Tatar Tatar Tatar Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Samara Scythian IA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Russia EBA Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Cretan Cretan NW Asia Minor CA Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Samaritan Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Levant BA Levant BA Levant BA Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Iboussières 39 La Braña 1 Kunda MHG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Latvia ENHG Narva MHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Latvia MNHG Stora Förvar 11 Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Corded Ware LV LN Karsdorf LN Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Hungary IA Goyet Q56-16 Komi Komi Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Karelian Karelian Karelian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Central Russian Central Russian Russian Russian Russian Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Greece FN Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Salzmünde MN El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Esperstedt MN Hungary CA Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Stuttgart El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Ötzi Greece LN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Ireland MLN Les Closeaux 13 Starcevo EN Linear Pottery T EN Ofnet Greece EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Montenegro IA Nordic LBA Continenza Falkenstein Bockstein Hungary KO1 Berry-au-Bac Chaudardes 1 Villabruna Ranchot 88 Rochedane Bichon Loschbour Hungary BA Hungary BA Lithuania LBA Germany BA Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Hungary MBA Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN NW Asia Minor N Canary Islanders Canary Islanders Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Moldavian Moldavian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Battle Axe CA Cossack Cossack Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish English English English English English English English English English English British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian German German German Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Alberstedt LN Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Western Russian Western Russian Latvian Latvian Latvian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Sweden IA Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Swede Swede Halberstadt LBA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Corded Ware EE LN Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Northern Ukrainian Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Nordic MN B Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Gond Asur Santhal Madhya Pradesh Malayan Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Thakur Gupta Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Kurmi Marwadi Orissa Kapu Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Mala Mala Balija Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Kol Yadava Yadava Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Tianyuan Ho Khonda Dora Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Afontova Gora 3 Mal'ta 1 Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Afontova Gora 2 Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Mari Mari Mari Mari Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Khanty Khanty Khanty Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Maori Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Kennewick Man Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Wichi Wichi Wichi Wichi Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Chané Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Colla Colla Colla Colla Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima British Columbia 939 Micmac MARC1492 Mex mummy F9 Mex mummy MOM6 Pericú BC23 Pericú BC25 Pericú BC27 Pericú BC28 Pericú BC29 Pericú BC30 Brazilian Enoque65 Chinchorro mummy Patagonian AM66 Patagonian AM71 Patagonian AM72 Patagonian AM73 Patagonian AM74 Fuegian MA572 Fuegian MA575 Fuegian MA577 Fuegian 890 Fuegian 894 Fuegian 895 Anzick 1 Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Athabascan Athabascan Birnirk Greenland Greenland Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Thule Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Itelman Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Late Dorset Saqqaq Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Ket Ket Ket Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kazakh Kazakh Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Middle Dorset Middle Dorset Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Pazyryk Scythian IA Pazyryk Scythian IA Shor Shor Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Tamang Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Bajo Bajo Bajo Bajo Batak Batak Batak Aeta Aeta Aeta Agta Agta Agta Hawaiian Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Visayan Visayan Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not Ami Ami certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under Atayal aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China She She She She She She She She She She Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Figure 6: K = 7 ADMIXTURE analysis

Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Ethiopia Mota Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Dinka Dinka Dinka Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Bantu Herero Bantu Herero Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu Tswana Bantu Tswana Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Datog Datog Datog Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Mal'ta 1 Afontova Gora 2 Afontova Gora 3 Karelia HG Karelia HG Samara HG Comb Ware LV HG Dnieper-Donets N Bichon Ukraine MHG Ranchot 88 Latvia MNHG Latvia ENHG Kunda MHG Falkenstein Continenza Chaudardes 1 Berry-au-Bac Bockstein Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Villabruna Loschbour Narva MHG Rochedane La Braña 1 Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Ofnet Hungary KO1 Les Closeaux 13 Rigney 1 El Mirón Goyet Q-2 Brillenhöhle Burkhardtshöhle Hohle Fels 49 Iboussières 39 Stora Förvar 11 Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Russia EBA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Corded Ware LV LN Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Mari Mari Mari Mari Maori Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Khanty Khanty Khanty Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Věstonice 14 Kostenki 12 Ostuni 2 Goyet Q116-1 Kostenki 14 Goyet Q53-1 Krems WA3 Paglicci 108 Věstonice 15 Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Western Russian Western Russian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Corded Ware EE LN Latvian Latvian Latvian Lithuania LBA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Halberstadt LBA Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Swede Swede Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Northern Ukrainian Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Sweden IA Battle Axe CA Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Nordic MN B Hungary IA Cossack Cossack Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French German German German Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungary BA Hungary BA British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British English English English English English English English English English English Nordic LBA Alberstedt LN Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Tatar Tatar Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Mishar Tatar Cioclovina 1 Paglicci 133 Muierii 2 Věstonice 13 Ostuni 1 Věstonice 16 Goyet Q376-19 Pavlov 1 Věstonice 43 Hohle Fels 79 Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Samara Scythian IA Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Karelian Karelian Karelian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Central Russian Central Russian Russian Russian Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Komi Komi Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Goyet Q56-16 Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Karsdorf LN Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Iran EIA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian Circassian Circassian Circassian Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Avar Avar Avar Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia MLBA Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Iran recent Abkhasian Abkhasian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Canary Islanders Canary Islanders Germany BA Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Montenegro IA Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Moldavian Moldavian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Cretan Cretan Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Hungary MBA Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA Ötzi Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Salzmünde MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Hungary CA Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Esperstedt MN Ireland MLN Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Stuttgart Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Linear Pottery T EN Greece EN Starcevo EN Greece LN Greece FN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN NW Asia Minor N Levant BA Levant BA Levant BA Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot NW Asia Minor CA Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Samaritan Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Ishkasim Ishkasim Shugnan Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Yaghnobi Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Tajik Tajik Tajik Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Georgia MHG Georgia PHG Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran Hotu IIIb Iran LN Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Kshatriya Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Thakur Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Gupta Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Kurmi Marwadi Orissa Kapu Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Mala Mala Kol Yadava Yadava Balija Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tianyuan Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Ho Khonda Dora Madhya Pradesh Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Gond Malayan Asur Santhal Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Itelman Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Late Dorset Saqqaq Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kazakh Kazakh Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Middle Dorset Middle Dorset Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Pazyryk Scythian IA Pazyryk Scythian IA Shor Shor Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Ket Ket Ket Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Bajo Bajo Bajo Bajo Batak Batak Batak Aeta Aeta Aeta Agta Agta Agta Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Hawaiian Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Visayan Visayan Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China She She She She She She She She She She Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Tamang Wichi Wichi Wichi Wichi Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Chané Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Anzick 1 British Columbia 939 Micmac MARC1492 Mex mummy F9 Mex mummy MOM6 Pericú BC23 Pericú BC25 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not Pericú BC27 Pericú BC28 certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under Pericú BC29 aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Pericú BC30 Brazilian Enoque65 Chinchorro mummy Patagonian AM66 Patagonian AM71 Patagonian AM72 Patagonian AM73 Patagonian AM74 Fuegian MA572 Fuegian MA575 Fuegian MA577 Fuegian 890 Fuegian 894 Fuegian 895 Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Colla Colla Colla Colla Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Athabascan Athabascan Kennewick Man Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Birnirk Greenland Greenland Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Thule Figure 7: K = 9 ADMIXTURE analysis

Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Ethiopia Mota Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Dinka Dinka Dinka Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bantu Herero Bantu Herero Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu Tswana Bantu Tswana Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Datog Datog Datog Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Kshatriya Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Ho Khonda Dora Mala Mala Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Malayan Gond Asur Santhal Tianyuan Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Thakur Balija Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Gupta Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Kurmi Marwadi Kol Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Yadava Yadava Orissa Kapu Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Madhya Pradesh Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran Hotu IIIb Georgia PHG Georgia MHG Iran LN Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia MLBA Avar Avar Avar Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran EIA Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Circassian Circassian Circassian Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Iran recent Abkhasian Abkhasian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Yaghnobi Ishkasim Ishkasim Shugnan Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Tajik Tajik Tajik Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Samara Scythian IA Russia EBA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Corded Ware LV LN Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Karsdorf LN Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Mal'ta 1 Afontova Gora 2 Afontova Gora 3 Tatar Tatar Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Mishar Tatar Mari Mari Mari Mari Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Cioclovina 1 Věstonice 15 Muierii 2 Věstonice 13 Ostuni 1 Paglicci 133 Věstonice 16 Goyet Q53-1 Krems WA3 Věstonice 43 Goyet Q376-19 Goyet Q56-16 Pavlov 1 Věstonice 14 Kostenki 12 Ostuni 2 Goyet Q116-1 Kostenki 14 Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Battle Axe CA Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Karelian Karelian Karelian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Central Russian Central Russian Russian Russian Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Komi Komi Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Latvian Latvian Latvian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Corded Ware EE LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Western Russian Western Russian Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Sweden IA Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Swede Swede Northern Ukrainian Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Nordic MN B Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Lithuania LBA Hungary IA Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British English English English English English English English English English English French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French French Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian German German German Cossack Cossack Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Alberstedt LN Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Halberstadt LBA Hungary BA Hungary BA Nordic LBA Montenegro IA Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Moldavian Moldavian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Germany BA Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Canary Islanders Canary Islanders Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Maori Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Khanty Khanty Khanty Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Hungary KO1 Bichon Narva MHG Villabruna Rochedane Ranchot 88 Ofnet Loschbour Les Closeaux 13 Latvia MNHG Latvia ENHG Kunda MHG Falkenstein Continenza Chaudardes 1 Berry-au-Bac Bockstein La Braña 1 Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Iboussières 39 Dnieper-Donets N Ukraine MHG Stora Förvar 11 Samara HG Comb Ware LV HG Karelia HG Karelia HG Brillenhöhle Paglicci 108 Hohle Fels 79 Burkhardtshöhle Hohle Fels 49 Rigney 1 El Mirón Goyet Q-2 Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Cretan Cretan Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Hungary MBA Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Samaritan Levant BA Levant BA Levant BA Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot NW Asia Minor CA Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Ireland MLN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Esperstedt MN Ötzi Hungary CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Salzmünde MN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery T EN Stuttgart Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Greece EN Starcevo EN Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Greece FN Greece LN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN NW Asia Minor N Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Anzick 1 Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Wichi Wichi Wichi Wichi Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Chané Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana British Columbia 939 Micmac MARC1492 Mex mummy F9 Mex mummy MOM6 Pericú BC23 Pericú BC25 Pericú BC27 Pericú BC28 Pericú BC29 Pericú BC30 Brazilian Enoque65 Chinchorro mummy Patagonian AM66 Patagonian AM71 Patagonian AM72 Patagonian AM73 Patagonian AM74 Fuegian MA572 Fuegian MA575 Fuegian MA577 Fuegian 890 Fuegian 894 Fuegian 895 Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Colla Colla Colla Colla Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Athabascan Athabascan Kennewick Man Hawaiian Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Visayan Visayan Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu She She She She She She She She She She Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Tamang Bajo Bajo Bajo Bajo Batak Batak Batak Aeta Aeta Aeta Agta Agta Agta Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Saqqaq Late Dorset Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Itelman Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Birnirk Greenland Greenland Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Thule Pazyryk Scythian IA Pazyryk Scythian IA Shor Shor Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not Kyrgyz Kyrgyz certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under Kazakh aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Kazakh Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Middle Dorset Middle Dorset Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Ket Ket Ket Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Figure 8: K = 13 ADMIXTURE analysis

Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Mbuti Pygmy Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman Namibia Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Bushman S Africa Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Ethiopian Jew Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Somali Ethiopia Mota Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Hadza Bantu Tswana Bantu Tswana Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Biaka Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Congo Pygmy Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Kikuyu Datog Datog Datog Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Masai Bantu Herero Bantu Herero Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Bantu S Africa Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Gambian Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mandenka Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Mende Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Esan Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Dinka Dinka Dinka Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Luhya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Bantu Kenya Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Luo Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Papuan Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Australian aborigine Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Island Melanesian Athabascan Athabascan Kennewick Man Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Peruvian Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Mayan Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Bolivian Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Quechua Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Mixtec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Zapotec Anzick 1 Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Mixe Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Surui Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Karitiana Wichi Wichi Wichi Wichi Chané Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco Piapoco British Columbia 939 Micmac MARC1492 Mex mummy F9 Mex mummy MOM6 Pericú BC23 Pericú BC25 Pericú BC27 Pericú BC28 Pericú BC29 Pericú BC30 Brazilian Enoque65 Chinchorro mummy Patagonian AM66 Patagonian AM71 Patagonian AM72 Patagonian AM73 Patagonian AM74 Fuegian MA572 Fuegian MA575 Fuegian MA577 Fuegian 890 Fuegian 894 Fuegian 895 Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Pima Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Cachi Colla Colla Colla Colla Bajo Bajo Bajo Bajo Batak Batak Batak Aeta Aeta Aeta Agta Agta Agta Hawaiian Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Lebbo Visayan Visayan Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Atayal Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Igorot Lapita Tonga Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Lapita Vanuatu Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Ami Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Murut Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Dusun Luzon Luzon Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Daur Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Hezhen Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Mongol China Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Xibo Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Kalmyk Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Mongolian Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Buryat Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Tuvinian Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Oroqen Nivkh Nivkh Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Ulchi Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Burmese Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Kusunda Tamang Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Cambodian Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Thai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai Dai North Vietnamese North Vietnamese North Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Vietnamese Central Vietnamese Central Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese South Vietnamese Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Japanese Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Korean Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Naxi Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Han N China Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Yi Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Han Beijing Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Tujia Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu Lahu She She She She She She She She She She Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han Chinese Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Han S China Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Miao Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Sakha Even Sakha Even Sakha Even Dolgan Dolgan Dolgan Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Yakut Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Magadan Even Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Evenk Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Nganasan Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Eskimo Thule Birnirk Greenland Greenland Late Dorset Saqqaq Itelman Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Itelmen Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Chukchi Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Koryak Věstonice 14 Goyet Q376-19 Paglicci 108 Ostuni 2 Ostuni 1 Paglicci 133 Muierii 2 Věstonice 16 Kostenki 14 Cioclovina 1 Goyet Q116-1 Kostenki 12 Burkhardtshöhle El Mirón Brillenhöhle Rigney 1 Narva MHG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Motala HG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Pitted Ware NHG Hohle Fels 49 Hohle Fels 79 Loschbour Continenza Villabruna Rochedane Ranchot 88 Ofnet Les Closeaux 13 Latvia MNHG Latvia ENHG La Braña 1 Kunda MHG Iboussières 39 Hungary KO1 Goyet Q-2 Falkenstein Chaudardes 1 Bockstein Berry-au-Bac Bichon Ukraine MHG Dnieper-Donets N Stora Förvar 11 Goyet Q53-1 Pavlov 1 Věstonice 43 Goyet Q56-16 Věstonice 15 Krems WA3 Věstonice 13 Ho Khonda Dora Mala Mala Irula Irula Madiga Madiga Madhya Pradesh Malayan Gond Asur Santhal Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Gujarati C Thakur Gupta Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Gujarati D Kurmi Marwadi Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Bengali Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Dhaka mixed Balija Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Telugu Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Tamil Yadava Yadava Orissa Kol Kapu Kapu Kapu Relli Relli Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Cochin Jew Kshatriya Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Gujarati B Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Brahmin Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Punjabi Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Burusho Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Gujarati A Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Iranian Bandari Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Makrani Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Balochi Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Brahui Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Kalash Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Pathan Yaghnobi Ishkasim Ishkasim Shugnan Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Tajik Pamiri Rushan-Vanch Rushan-Vanch Tajik Tajik Tajik Maori Tianyuan Oase 1 Ust'-Ishim Khanty Khanty Khanty Ket Ket Ket Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Selkup Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Yukagir Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Even Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Forest Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Tundra Nenets Middle Dorset Middle Dorset Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Hazara Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Uygur Pazyryk Scythian IA Pazyryk Scythian IA Shor Shor Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Tubalar Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Altaian Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kyrgyz Kazakh Kazakh Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Kyrgyz Tajikistan Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Mexican Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Nogai Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Turkmen Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Bashkir Zevakino Scythian IA Zevakino Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Aldy-Bel Scythian IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Russia IA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Karasuk LBA Mari Mari Mari Mari Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Chuvash Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Udmurt Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Aleut Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Tlingit Okuneva EBA Okuneva EBA Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Mansi Russia LBA Russia LBA Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN Spain MN El Portalón 2 CA El Portalón 3 CA El Portalón 7 CA El Portalón 9 MBA El Portalón 12 CA El Portalón 16 CA El Portalón 17 CA El Portalón 20 CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA El Mirador CA Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Funnelbeaker MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Baalberge MN Ireland MLN Remedello CA Remedello CA Remedello CA Salzmünde MN Esperstedt MN Hungary CA Greece EN Starcevo EN Greece LN Greece FN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN NW Asia Minor EN Linear Pottery T EN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN C Asia Minor PPN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Linear Pottery EN Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian Natufian NW Asia Minor N C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN C Asia Minor PN Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Levant N Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Sardinian Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Hungary EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Spain EN Ötzi Stuttgart Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Tunisian Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Moroccan Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Saharawi Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Algerian Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Mozabite Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Egyptian Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Libyan Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Bedouin A Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Yemen Levant BA Levant BA Levant BA Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Saudi Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Bedouin B Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Yemenite Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Libyan Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Tunisian Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Moroccan Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Sephardi Jew Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot Cypriot NW Asia Minor CA Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Turkish Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Armenian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Assyrian Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Georgian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iranian Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Iraqi Jew Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Druze Samaritan Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Arab Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Christian Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Lebanese Muslim Arab Muslim Arab Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Syrian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Jordanian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Palestinian Avar Avar Avar Tabasaran Tabasaran Tabasaran Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Chechen Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Lezgin Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Adygei Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Kumyk Circassian Circassian Circassian Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Kabardin Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar Balkar North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian North Ossetian Iran recent Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Armenia EBA Iran EIA Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Zoroastrian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Iranian Fars Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia MBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia LBA Armenia MLBA Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Azerbaijani Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Armenia CA Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Georgian Abkhasian Abkhasian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Abkhazian Georgia MHG Georgia PHG Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran CA Iran Hotu IIIb Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran EN Iran LN Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Tuscan Cretan Cretan Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Sicilian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Southern Italian Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Ashkenazi Jew Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Maltese Hungary MBA Montenegro IA Germany BA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Vatya MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Maros MBA Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Southern French Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Basque Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Northern Spanish Canary Islanders Canary Islanders Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Bergamo Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Lithuania LBA Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Nordic LN Karelian Karelian Karelian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Vepsian Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Ingrian Ingrian Ingrian Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Mordvin Komi Komi Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Northern Russian Central Russian Central Russian Russian Russian Russian Nordic MN B Sweden IA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Ireland EBA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Nordic BA Northern Ukrainian Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Unetice EBA Kuban Cossack Kuban Cossack Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian Swede Swede Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Eastern Ukrainian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Belarusian Pole Pole Pole Pole Pole Battle Axe CA Benzingerode LN Benzingerode LN Corded Ware EE LN Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Western Russian Western Russian Latvian Latvian Latvian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Hungary BA Hungary BA Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British British English English English English English English English English English English Nordic LBA Alberstedt LN Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Western Ukrainian Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Bell Beaker CA Halberstadt LBA Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Icelandic Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Orcadian Scottish Scottish Scottish Scottish Cossack Cossack German German German Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian French French French French French French French French French French French French French French bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/132555; this version posted May 1, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not French French certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under French aCC-BY 4.0 International license. French Hungary IA Moldavian Moldavian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Colombian Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Puerto Rican Early Sarmatian IA Early Sarmatian IA Samara Scythian IA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Meshovskaya LBA Tatar Tatar Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Kryashen Tatar Mishar Tatar Samara HG Comb Ware LV HG Karelia HG Karelia HG Afontova Gora 3 Mal'ta 1 Corded Ware LV LN Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Afanasevo CA Russia EBA Afontova Gora 2 Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Khvalynsk MCA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Pit Grave CA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Poltavka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Potapovka BA Karsdorf LN Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Andronovo BA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Sintashta EBA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Corded Ware CA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA Timber Grave LBA