MIGRATION and CULTURAL INTERACTION
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The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics
GETTY GEBERT IMAGES/ANDREAS The Turkish Diaspora in Europe Integration, Migration, and Politics By Max Hoffman, Alan Makovsky, and Michael Werz December 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Key findings 9 Detailed findings and country analyses 34 Conclusion 37 About the authors and acknowledgments 38 Appendix: Citizenship laws and migration history in brief 44 Endnotes Introduction and summary More than 5 million people of Turkish descent live in Europe outside Turkey itself, a human connection that has bound Turkey and the wider European community together since large-scale migration began in the 1960s.1 The questions of immigra- tion, citizenship, integration, assimilation, and social exchange sparked by this migra- tion and the establishment of permanent Turkish diaspora communities in Europe have long been politically sensitive. Conservative and far-right parties in Europe have seized upon issues of migration and cultural diversity, often engaging in fearmonger- ing about immigrant communities and playing upon some Europeans’ anxiety about rapid demographic change. Relations between the European Union—as well as many of its constituent member states—and Turkey have deteriorated dramatically in recent years. And since 2014, Turks abroad, in Europe and elsewhere around the world, have been able to vote in Turkish elections, leading to active campaigning by some Turkish leaders in European countries. For these and several other reasons, political and aca- demic interest in the Turkish diaspora and its interactions -
Footballers with Migration Background in the German National Football Team
“It is about the flag on your chest!” Footballers with Migration Background in the German National Football Team. A matter of inclusion? An Explorative Case Study on Nationalism, Integration and National Identity. Oscar Brito Capon Master Thesis in Sociology Department of Sociology and Human Geography Faculty of Social Sciences University of Oslo June 2012 Oscar Brito Capon - Master Thesis in Sociology 2 Oscar Brito Capon - Master Thesis in Sociology Foreword Dear reader, the present research work represents, on one hand, my dearest wish to contribute to the understanding of some of the effects that the exclusionary, ethnocentric notions of nationhood and national belonging – which have characterized much of western European thinking throughout history – have had on individuals who do not fit within the preconceived frames of national unity and belonging with which most Europeans have been operating since the foundation of the nation-state approximately 140 years ago. On the other hand, this research also represents my personal journey to understand better my role as a citizen, a man, a father and a husband, while covered by a given aura of otherness, always reminding me of my permanent foreignness in the country I decided to make my home. In this sense, this has been a personal journey to learn how to cope with my new ascribed identity as an alien (my ‘labelled forehead’) without losing my essence in the process, and without forgetting who I also am and have been. This journey has been long and tough in many forms, for which I would like to thank the help I have received from those who have been accompanying my steps all along. -
The Complex Dynamics Between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants
The Complex Dynamics between German Citizens and Turkish Immigrants Jesse Jones, West Texas A&M University abstract: This article examines the latest immigration trends into Western Europe, particularly the immigration of Turks to Ger- many. The origins of Turkish immigration and German immigration law are reviewed. Turkey’s bid for European Union membership is examined historically and opinions about how this potential European Union member has caused controversy and how Turkey could change the face of the European Union will be discussed. Attitudes of German citizens toward immigrants are examined using data from the European Values Survey (EVS). Tests show that religion and possibly education level play a role in determining the attitude of German citizens toward immigrants, the majority of whom are Turkish. Introduction1 Turkey in particular, but will also examine attitudes to- ward Turkey’s proposed ascension as a member state of Immigration has always raised concerns for sovereign the European Union itself. If accepted, Turkey would dra- states. Among these concerns: immigrants may refuse matically alter the demography of the European Union to assimilate, they may decrease the standard of living, and redefine what it means to be European. crime rates might increase, or they may take jobs away from non-immigrant citizens. One famous focal point of these concerns is along the southern border of the History of Turkish Immigration, German United States and Mexico, but in other areas of the world Immigration Laws, and Reform immigration is just as controversial an issue as it is on the North American Continent. As the twentieth century progressed, incentives for in- Western Europe has been experiencing an immigra- creased immigration to Europe began to be felt in the tion surge, primarily individuals from underdeveloped Middle East and in Turkey. -
The Role of Islam in the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Is Discussed in the Next Section
MUSLIM IDENTITY, ‘NEO-ISLAM’ AND THE 1992-95 WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA S. OSMANOVIC Ph.D. 2015 ABSTRACT Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, Yugoslavia was entangled in a fratricidal break-up. In none of the other former Yugoslav republics did the conflict turn as violent as in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which suffered genocide, the greatest number of victims and the highest percentage of infrastructural destruction. Although its three ethnic communities – Muslims, Serbs and Croats – were previously well integrated, the break-up of Yugoslavia exposed Bosnia’s unique Islamic component, which both Serbs and Croats perceived to be the major impediment to the continuation of a pluralistic society. Islam, however, only turned into a divisive and decisive factor in the conflict when combined with ethnic nationalism. Previous research into the causes of the 1992-95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the break-up of Yugoslavia has identified Bosnia’s long Islamic heritage and large Muslim population on the doorstep of Europe as specific features influencing both its rationale and resolution. Yet there has been no analysis of the role and impact of ‘neo-Islam’ (a term I explained below) in the conflict – an omission this thesis seeks to redress. The thesis uses historical analysis to demonstrate that Bosnia and Herzegovina was frequently subject to international intervention during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it explores whether the unique Islamic component was the reason behind this phenomenon, and seeks to comprehend why Bosnia and Herzegovina has always appeared to pose a problem for the international community, from the papal persecutions of the medieval Bogumils through to the present day. -
The Patterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union
Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union Volume 2015 Article 6 2015 The aP tterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union Elie Katzenson University of California, Berkeley, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/urceu Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Katzenson, Elie (2016) "The aP tterns and Impacts of Turkish Immigration to the European Union," Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union: Vol. 2015, Article 6. DOI: 10.5642/urceu.201501.06 Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/urceu/vol2015/iss1/6 This Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Claremont at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont–UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union 35 4 THE PATTERNS AND IMPACTS OF TURKISH IMMIGRATION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION ELIE KATZENSON UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Abstract Since the early 1960s, Turkish nationals have immigrated to the European Union in large numbers. Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium have the highest Turkish popu- lations in the European Union and have managed differing models of incorporation. A number of motivating factors have contributed to the unflagging numbers of Turks such as the implementation of guest-worker programs, the reunification of families, and micro- structures within migratory chains. Though the likelihood of Turkey gaining membership to the European Union has dimmed as of late, the mere possibility of its joining warrants the analysis of Turkish immigration to the EU, as it could shed light on the social and eco- nomic changes that could occur with Turkish membership to the EU. -
Refugee-Asylum Seeker Policy of Turkey in the Light
REFUGEE-ASYLUM SEEKER POLICY OF TURKEY IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The Journalists and Writers Foundation Press: 38 ISBN: 978-975-6714-46-1 The views presented are those of authors and do not reflect or represent the views of the editors or the Journalists and Writers Foundation All rights reserved. Copyright JWF. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means. Editors: Engin Akçay and Farkhad Alimukhamedov Project Editor: Ferin Merve Yılmaz Text and Cover Designer: Fokus Ajans Date of publishing: 2013 Limited edition www.gyvkadinplatformu.org | www.gyv.org.tr REFUGEE-ASYLUM SEEKER POLICY OF TURKEY IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS APRIL 25, 2013 - ANKARA WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Contents Editors’ Note ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Opening Speech .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 SECTION I Turkey’s Refugee Policy from International Perspectives Turkey’s -
Culture and Religion – Vectors of Globalization
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS DANUBIUS Vol. 10, no. 2/2017 Culture and Religion – Vectors of Globalization Does Isis’s Way of Propaganda make it a Part of Global Islamophobia? Muhammet Erbay1, Mahmut Mert Aslan2 Abstract: In the wake of the terrorist attacks on Twin Towers in the United States of America on 11 September 2001, a new question arose all over the world: “Does Islamic religion legalize or foster the terror?”. This is because of the organization that carried out the horrible terrorist attack in question was a radical Islamic structure known as Al-Qaida. In the new process that started with the occupation of Iraq by the US army in 2003, Al-Qaida gave birth to a new organization called ISIS whose actions and prosecutions have so far caused all Muslims under suspicion as if they were all terrorists. Nowadays particularly in the Western World, it is clearly seen that Islam has gained an image as though it justifies or foster the terrorism. In other words, there has been is a common perception in the modern world that Islam is equal to the terrorism or Muslim is equal to the terrorist. So many intellectuals in the Islamic world have stated that ISIS’s perception of Islam and the way of jihad have caused a lot of troubles for the image of Islam and Muslims, especially for the minorities who have been living in the Western countries. In this context, it seems that it has inflamed Islamophobia in the subconscious of the world public opinion. It should be noted at this point that the method of literature review was used to collect data as regards the issue. -
The Turks and the Balkans in Modernist Travelogue
ADAM AKADEMİ, 2012/2: 39-50 The Turks and The Balkans in Modernist Travelogue: English Representations of The Turks in “hidden Europe” Sanja Lazarević- Aleksandra Đurić-Milovanović Institute for Balkan Studies-SASA ABSTRACT Although there is a long tradition of writing on the Balkans as “hidden Europe” and Turks, pri- marily as conquerors of this peninsula, a discursive relation between the Turks and the Balkans is insufficiently researched. Contemporary studies reveal that perception of the Turks in 18th and 19th century oscillated between representations on brutality and hedonism. The interwar peri- od brings new images and final reversal, transformation and discursive rupture in English and American representations of the “inner Other”. In the year 1923 Turkish Republic accepted Eu- ropean trends and brought new patterns of culture. This transformation influenced the image of Turks and the Balkans as well. Even though numerous stereotypes on Turks were reproduced on the Balkans, particularly in the 19th century when inhabitants of the Balkans were orienta- lized and became barriers of distinct features similar to: “brutality”, “warlike”, “laziness”, “self- contradictory”. Until the Balkan Wars, the representation of Turks in English travelogues became twofold. Turks are recognized as “civilized” oppose to Christian inhabitants of the Balkans and as victims of modernity. The aim is to examine the process of change and transformation the images of “the Turk” in English and American travelogues between two world wars and its influence on the perception of the Balkans in the same time. Key Words: Turk; the Balkans; Travelogue; Britain; Ottomans. Modernist Seyahatnamelerde Balkanlar ve Türkler: “derin Avrupa” da İngilizlerin Türkleri Sunumu ÖZ “Derin Avrupa” olarak Balkanlar ve bu yarımadanın fatihleri Türklerle ilgili uzun bir yazım geleneği olmasına rağmen, Türkler ile Balkanlar arasındaki ilişkiler yeterince araştırılmış değildir. -
Pomaks As a Balkan Community and Evidence of Turkishness in Their Perceptions of Identity*
Balkan Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi Cilt/Volume 2, Sayı/Number 1 Temmuz/July 2013, 35-54. POMAKS AS A BALKAN COMMUNITY AND EVIDENCE OF TURKISHNESS IN THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF IDENTITY* Ahmet GÜNŞEN** ABSTRACT Many nations have been affected by this negative process, but not as much as Pomaks... Because in the geography of the Balkans, there is not any community other than Pomaks that grows by maturing in fierce conditions for the sake of protecting their identity. Pomaks, who were accepted as Islamised Bulgarian, Greek, Macedonian, Serbian etc. in their countries without looking at how they perceived themselves and were under severe pressure, cruelty and policies of assimilation, are unfortunately still grappling over these primitive practices today. This community, called as Pomak, Torbesh, Gorani etc. in the countries where they live, is Muslim in essence and it considers itself Turkish. Therefore, it is a humanistic and scientific necessity to search for elements of Turkishness in the cultural codes and history of this community which has never given up and been deterred from its Muslim‐ Turkish identity by resisting all kinds of pressure, torment and policies towards their identity in a period of centuries and to put them forward with scientific criteria.Since perception is about the cultural identity, consciousness of relativity and accumulation of an individual or a community above all things, it is necessary to go over Pomak communities from these aspects. If the elements of Turkishness in the Pomaks’ perception of identity can be put forward with concrete examples, it can be easily understood why they persistently put emphasis on “Turkishness”. -
The Balkan War and Its Implications for Islamic Socio-Political Life in Southeast Europe (1876-1914 AD)
International Journal of Science and Society, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2020 The Balkan War and Its Implications for Islamic Socio-Political Life in Southeast Europe (1876-1914 AD) Kemal Pasha Centre of Mustafa Kemal Ankara, Turkey Email: [email protected] Abstract This research describes the historical series of the occurrence of the Balkan Wars and the implications thereof for Muslim life there. This study took three main problems, namely (1) the causes of the Balkan Wars, (2) the chronology of the Balkan wars, and (3) What are the implications of the Balkan wars on the socio-political life of Islam in Southeast Europe. The research method used in this thesis is the historical research method. 4 stages, namely (1) Heuristics, (2) Source/Verification Criticism, (3) Interpretation and (4) Historiography. There are two approaches used in this study, namely the political and sociological approaches. While the theory I use in this research is theory. Conflict and social change theory. The results of the research that the authors obtained are: chronologically, the Balkan war was preceded by the problem of Macedonia which in the end was used as an excuse to legitimize the war. Basically, the main cause of this Balkan war was due to the ambition and personal grudge between the respective rulers of the Balkan countries and the Ottoman Empire. It was also driven by the decline of the sultanate, Russian domination, the Turkish-Italian war (1911-1912), the idea of nationalism, propaganda, the formation of the Balkan alliance and the failure of diplomacy. The outbreak of the Balkan war not only resulted in geo-political changes but also was a humanitarian catastrophe for Muslims in the Balkans who at that time had to accept the fact that their situation was no longer the same as when it was led by Muslims because authority had shifted to non-Muslims. -
(Turks Living in Germany) in Turkey: Candidates for Religious Leaders (Imam) in Germany Training at Marmara University Faculty of Theology*
Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi • Cilt-Sayı 52 • Haziran 2017 • ISSN 1302-4973 • ss. 199-205 DOI: 10.15370/maruifd.333538 ARAştırmA NOTU Being Muslim-Turks in Germany and Almancı (Turks living in Germany) in Turkey: Candidates for Religious Leaders (Imam) in Germany Training at Marmara University Faculty of Theology* H. şule ALBAYRAK** In an unprecedented manner, Western countries are becoming diverse with multi-eth- nic, multi-cultural and multi-religious populations immigrating from different geographies. Former colonizer countries in Europe, like France, Netherlands and Britain, covered the need for labor from their former colonies in the second half of the twentieth century; peo- ple migrated from these countries in seek of better life and economic prosperity. 1 Coun- tries like Germany, on the other hand, signed treaties with a number of states beginning in the 1950s to recruit foreign workers. 2 Germany received the largest number of guest work- ers from Turkey. These workers were defined as guest workers (Gastarbeiter); this was because Germany promoted this policy as a short-term solution to meet labor shortages. Nevertheless, the re- unification process for families in the 1970s provided evidence that their settlement had be- come a permanent condition. Thus, the growing Turkish population became residents rather than guests; as such they had cultural, socio-economic and religious needs. However, the German state did very little to meet the Muslim population’s needs, due to its “guest worker” mentality. 3 This approach has had consequences in many areas, for instance, religious ser- vices were provided by imams who were sent and funded by Turkish governments. -
Table of Contents
Kno-Boys? Kanake? A Developing Portrayal of the Turks in Germany as Seen in German Young Adult Literature: 1970 to the Present Stephanie Hepner Senior Honors Thesis Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2003 Table of Contents Abstract p. 1 Introduction p. 2 History p. 5 1970s: Individual Quest, Idealistic Stories, Black and White Differences p. 14 1980s: Groups Acting for Change, Integration is Germans’ Problem, Explanation of Cultural Differences, Problems of the Second Generation p. 24 1990s: Second Generation Search for Identity, Strong German-Turkish Friendships, Generational Issue p. 42 Broad Themes: The Language Barrier, the Portrayal of Muslim Culture, the Reality of the Housing Problem p. 54 Conclusion p. 66 Appendix: Summary of Books p. 67 Fips schafft sie alle p. 67 Ülkü das fremde Mädchen p. 69 Wir sind doch nicht vom Mond! p. 71 Heisst du wirklich Hasan Schmidt? p. 73 Hamide spielt Hamide p. 75 Die Kopftuchklasse p. 77 “Die Todesengel” and “Ein Himmel voller Luftballons” p. 79 Kümmel und Karotte p. 82 Fünf Gummibärchen für den Notfall p. 84 Die Sonnentrinker p. 85 Works Cited p. 86 Endnotes p. 87 1 Abstract For my senior honors thesis, I am investigating how the Turkish people are portrayed in German children’s and young adult literature from the past three decades. As the largest single minority population in Germany, which is culturally very different from German, the Turks have faced many legal and social struggles, trying to adapt to living and working in German society while preserving their culture and heritage. Because many Turks in Germany do menial labor and they and their children often obtain the minimum required education, they have been discriminated against by the Germans.