Wessex Archaeology

The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire

Desk Based Assessment

74630.02 June 2010

THE MILL, MILLER’S DALE, DERBYSHIRE

Desk Based Assessment

Prepared for: Mr N. Davidson Woodside Cottage, Bradwell, Derbyshire. SE45 1AQ

by Wessex Archaeology Unit R6, The Riverside Block, Sheaf Bank Business Park, Prospect Road, Sheffield. S2 3EN

Report reference: 74630.02

June 2010

DISCLAIMER

THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT WAS DESIGNED AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF A REPORT TO AN INDIVIDUAL CLIENT AND WAS PREPARED SOLELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THAT CLIENT. THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT DOES NOT NECESSARILY STAND ON ITS OWN AND IS NOT INTENDED TO NOR SHOULD IT BE RELIED UPON BY ANY THIRD PARTY. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY WILL NOT BE LIABLE BY REASON OF BREACH OF CONTRACT NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE (WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OCCASIONED TO ANY PERSON ACTING OR OMITTING TO ACT OR REFRAINING FROM ACTING IN RELIANCE UPON THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THIS REPORT ARISING FROM OR CONNECTED WITH ANY ERROR OR OMISSION IN THE MATERIAL CONTAINED IN THE REPORT. LOSS OR DAMAGE AS REFERRED TO ABOVE SHALL BE DEEMED TO INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, ANY LOSS OF PROFITS OR ANTICIPATED PROFITS DAMAGE TO REPUTATION OR GOODWILL LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATED BUSINESS DAMAGES COSTS EXPENSES INCURRED OR PAYABLE TO ANY THIRD PARTY (IN ALL CASES WHETHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL) OR ANY OTHER DIRECT INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS OR DAMAGE

QUALITY ASSURANCE

SITE CODE 74630 ACCESSION CODE TBC CLIENT CODE NA NP/HPK/1108/1027 PLANNING APPLICATION REF. NGR SK 1379 7314

VERSION STATUS* PREPARED APPROVED APPROVER’S DATE FILE BY BY SIGNATURE

V0.1 E JT CM CHRIS MOORE 04.05.10 74630_02_DBA_v0.1

V1.0 F JT CM 07.05.10 74630_02_DBA_v1

* I= INTERNAL DRAFT E= EXTERNAL DRAFT F= FINAL

WA Project No. 74630.02 ii The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

THE MILL, MILLER’S DALE, DERBYSHIRE

Desk Based Assessment

Contents

Summary...... v Acknowledgements ...... vi 1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 Project Background...... 1 1.2 The Site, Location and Geology ...... 1 2 METHODOLOGY...... 1 2.1 Aims and Scope...... 1 2.2 Study Area...... 2 2.3 Sources ...... 2 2.4 Site Visit...... 3 2.5 Chronology ...... 3 2.6 Best Practice...... 3 2.7 Assumptions and Limitations...... 3 2.8 Copyright ...... 3 3 PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 4 3.1 Introduction...... 4 3.2 PPS5: Planning for the Historic Environment ...... 4 3.3 Local Planning Guidance and Policy...... 5 Historic and cultural heritage sites and features ...... 6 4 BASELINE RESOURCE...... 7 4.1 Introduction...... 7 4.2 Statutory and Local Heritage Designations ...... 7 4.3 Archaeological and Historical Context...... 7 4.4 Building Appraisal ...... 10 5 DISCUSSION...... 12 5.1 Summary of Presence and Survival Within the Site ...... 12 5.2 Potential Development Impacts...... 12 6 CONCLUSIONS...... 13 6.1 Statement of Impact...... 13 6.2 Recommendations...... 13 7 REFERENCES...... 14 7.1 Bibliography...... 14 7.2 Derbyshire Record Office Archives Consulted ...... 14 7.3 Trade Directories Consulted...... 14 7.4 Cartographic Sources Consulted ...... 14 7.5 Online Resources ...... 14 APPENDIX 1: GAZETTEER OF ...... 15 FIGURES AND PLATES...... 19

Front Cover General view of the Site from the valley side to the north Back Cover General view along B6049 looking away from Site towards Monk’s Dale Viaduct

WA Project No. 74630.02 iii The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

Figure 1 Site plan Figure 2 Findspots and statutory designations within Study Area Figure 3 1828-9 Fair bank plan of River Wye and 1849 Tithe Award Plan of Wormhill Parish Figure 4 1880, 1898 and 1921 Ordnance Survey 6”

Plate 1 General view of the Mill from the east Plate 2 General view of second phase addition to the Mill, looking south Plate 3 General view of third phase addition to the Mill, looking south Plate 4 General view of south elevation of the Mill, looking east Plate 5 General view of ground floor of first phase of the Mill Plate 6 General view of third floor of first phase of the Mill, showing trusses Plate 7 Detail of blocked doorway in east elevation of phase 1 of the Mill

WA Project No. 74630.02 iv The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

THE MILL, MILLER’S DALE, DERBYSHIRE

Desk Based Assessment

Summary

Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Mr N. Davidson (hereafter ‘the Client’) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of the Mill at Miller’s Dale in Derbyshire (hereafter ‘the Site’) centred on NGR SK 1379 7314. The Site comprises a three storey stone built mill with adjacent garden, which is proposed for conversion into a residential development. The mill is included in the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER no.: D 15676). The building stands in a prominent location within Miller’s Dale Conservation Area, visible from both the B6049 and the Monsal Trail to the north.

The majority of the recorded evidence within the valley is for cultural heritage resources of the medieval to modern period. Evidence for earlier periods of human activity exists within the surrounding landscape, although the probability of survival within the Site of similar heritage will have been significantly affected by the extent of intrusion from medieval to modern development.

The present building standing on the Site is a three storey limestone structure with gritstone quoins and window architraves, and believed to date to the mid 19 th century. The main historic element of the building comprises a rectangular east-west range representing the former mill, with modern extensions to the east and the eastern half of its southern elevation. The northern and western elevations of the mill retain evidence for the historic development and operation of the building and consideration should be given to their preservation. Within the mill the historic floor joists and roof trusses of the earliest phase of the mill survive, and their integration into any future redevelopment would ensure an important element of the buildings internal character survives

The land to the northeast of the Mill is a concrete paved forecourt whilst the land to the south of the mill comprises a modern terraced garden overlying the site of the former millstream. Archaeological monitoring could be considered as a means of mitigating against the potential impact on these buried remains.

WA Project No. 74630.02 v The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

THE MILL, MILLER’S DALE, DERBYSHIRE

Desk Based Assessment

Acknowledgements

This project was commissioned by Mr N. Davidson and Wessex Archaeology is grateful to him in this regard. Wessex Archaeology would also like to thank the staff of Matlock Local Studies Library, Derbyshire Record Office, and Sarah Whitely of the Peak District National Park Authority.

The report was researched and compiled by James Thomson, and the illustrations were by Chris Breeden. The project was managed for Wessex Archaeology by Oliver Jessop.

WA Project No. 74630.02 vi The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

THE MILL, MILLER’S DALE, DERBYSHIRE

Desk Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background 1.1.1 Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Mr N. Davidson (hereafter ‘the Client’) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of the Mill at Miller’s Dale in Derbyshire (hereafter ‘the Site’), centred on NGR SK 1379 7314. The Site comprises a three storey stone built mill with an adjacent garden and is proposed for conversion into a residential development. The mill is included in the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER no.: D 15676).

1.1.2 This assessment was requested by the Peak District National Park Authority to inform the current planning application (ref: NP/HPK/1108/1027) and provide a strategy for any further archaeological work that may be required in regards to the standing structure or its garden adjacent to the River Wye.

1.2 The Site, Location and Geology 1.2.1 The Site is located in Miller’s Dale in the Wye Valley on a c. 100ha plot of land situated between the B6049 and the River Wye at c. 200m AOD (Figure 1 ). The surrounding landscape rises steeply away from the river to form a natural plateau.

1.2.2 Miller’s Dale is situated at the boundaries of the parishes of Wormhill CP, Tideswell CP, and Taddington CP.

1.2.3 The natural geology of the site is of Carboniferous Bee Low Limestone (BGS 1978)

2 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Aims and Scope 2.1.1 The aim of this assessment is to establish the known and potential cultural heritage resource within the Site and its environs, which may be affected by the proposed development.

2.1.2 For the purposes of this assessment, the cultural heritage resource is taken to encompass archaeological remains (both above and below ground), and elements of the historic landscape. Particular emphasis is given to the standing historic mill structure.

2.1.3 This report assesses the likely impact of proposed development on archaeology, the built heritage resource and the historic landscape, and provides recommendations on appropriate mitigation strategies.

WA Project No. 74630.02 1 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

2.2 Study Area 2.2.1 An area comprising a 1km radius surrounding the Site (hereafter ‘the Study Area’) was studied to provide a context for the discussion and interpretation of the known and potential heritage resource within the Site.

2.3 Sources 2.3.1 A number of publicly accessible sources of primary and synthesised information were consulted. A brief summary of the sources consulted is given below.

Historic Environment Record 2.3.2 The Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (DHER) was consulted for information held pertaining to the cultural heritage resource within the Study Area. The DHER is a database of all recorded archaeological sites, findspots, and archaeological events within the county, and was consulted for this study in May 2010. Information from the DHER along with that from the additional sources has been reviewed and synthesised for the purposes of this report. The DHER data is provided in gazetteer format in Appendix 1 .

Legislative and Planning Documents 2.3.1 The Peak District National Park Local Plan (adopted March 2001) was consulted for information relating to any existing development controls and additional planning guidance relating to the cultural heritage resource. This document was prepared in accordance with national guidelines including Planning Policy Guidance Note 15 (PPG15) and Planning Policy Guidance Note 16 (PPG16), which have since been superseded by Planning Policy Statement 5 (PPS5).

2.3.2 The results of a review of this guidance and, where relevant, details of any statutory and non-statutory designations are included below.

Documentary Sources 2.3.3 A search of relevant primary and secondary sources was carried out digitally, and in Wessex Archaeology’s own library. Recent volumes of local journals were consulted, and both published and unpublished archaeological reports relating to excavations and observations in the area around the Site were studied. The sources consulted are listed in the References section below.

Cartographic Sources 2.3.4 A search of historic manuscript and Ordnance Survey maps was undertaken at Matlock Local Studies Library and at PDNPA offices. Aerial photography of the area was not found to be of use. The study of maps and associated historical sources helps to clarify the archaeological potential of the Site in two ways. First, it suggests aspects of historic land use prior to any modern development. Secondly, it pinpoints areas within the Site that, because of that development, are likely to have become archaeologically sterile. All maps consulted in the preparation of this document are listed in References .

WA Project No. 74630.02 2 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

2.4 Site Visit 2.4.1 The Site was visited on 26 May 2010, when full access to the Site was obtained. The aim of the visit was to assess the general aspect, character, condition and setting of the Site and to identify any potential impacts not evident from secondary sources. Weather conditions were bright and sunny. A digital photographic record of the visit is held in the project archive.

2.5 Chronology 2.5.1 Where mentioned in the text, the main archaeological periods are broadly defined by the following date ranges:

• Modern 1900-present • 19 th century 1800-1900 • Post-medieval 1500-1799 • Medieval AD1066-1499 • Saxon AD410-1066 • Post-Roman AD410-650 • Romano-British AD 43-410 • Iron Age 700 BC- AD 43 • Bronze Age 2400-700 BC • Neolithic 4000-2400 BC • Mesolithic 8500-4000BC • Palaeolithic 500000-10000BP

2.6 Best Practice 2.6.1 This assessment has been carried out in accordance with the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and Guidance for desk-based assessment (IfA 1994, revised September 2001 and October 2008).

2.7 Assumptions and Limitations 2.7.1 Data used to compile this report consists of secondary information derived from a variety of sources, only some of which have been directly examined for the purposes of this Study. The assumption is made that this data, as well as that derived from other secondary sources, is reasonably accurate.

2.7.2 The records held by Derbyshire Historic Environment Record are not a record of all surviving elements of the cultural heritage resource, but a record of the discovery of a wide range of archaeological and historical components of the cultural heritage. The information held within it is not complete and does not preclude the subsequent discovery of further elements of the historic environment that are, at present, unknown.

2.8 Copyright 2.8.1 This report may contain material that is non-Wessex Archaeology copyright (e.g. Ordnance Survey, British Geological Survey, Crown Copyright), or the intellectual property of third parties, which we are able to provide for limited reproduction under the terms of our own copyright licences, but for which copyright itself is non-transferrable by Wessex Archaeology. You are reminded that you remain bound by the conditions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 with regard to multiple copying and electronic dissemination of the report.

WA Project No. 74630.02 3 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

3 PLANNING BACKGROUND

3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection of, and proposed development on or near, important archaeological sites or historical buildings within planning regulations as defined under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990. In addition, local authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system.

3.1.2 The following section provides details of the national, regional and local planning and legislative framework governing the treatment of archaeological remains within the planning process.

3.2 PPS5: Planning for the Historic Environment

3.2.1 Development Management policies set out in Planning Policy Statement 5: Planning for the Historic Environment identify the approach to be taken by planning authorities in considering applications for consent that may affect ‘heritage assets’, defined as a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions.

3.2.2 PPS5 was released in March 2010 replacing Planning Policy Guidance notes 15 (1994) and 16 (1990). Although PPS5 should be viewed in conjunction with local planning guidance and policy, the current Peak District Park National Park Local Plan has not yet been updated in line with new government guidance. Consequently where local policy differs in detail or effect to PPS5, PPS5 should be followed.

3.2.3 Policy HE6 requires an applicant to provide a description of the significance of the heritage assets affected and the contribution of their setting to that significance, together with an assessment of the impact of the proposals.

3.2.4 Policy HE7 stipulates that in considering the impact of a proposal on any heritage asset, local planning authorities should take into account the particular nature of the significance of the heritage asset; the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets; the positive contribution that conservation can make to the establishment and maintenance of sustainable communities and economic vitality; and the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to the character and distinctiveness of the historic environment.

3.2.5 The effect of an application on the significance of a heritage asset or its setting is a material consideration in determining a planning application (Policy HE8). There should be a presumption in favour of the conservation of designated assets and the more significant the designated asset, the greater the presumption should be. Loss affecting any designated historic asset should require clear and convincing justification (Policy HE9). Where an application would lead to substantial harm or total loss of significance, consent should be refused unless it can be demonstrated that the harm or loss is necessary in order to deliver substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss. Where a proposal would have a less than substantial

WA Project No. 74630.02 4 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

harm, planning authorities should weigh the public benefit of the proposal against the harm. Policy HE9 also notes that there are many heritage assets with archaeological interest that are not currently designated as scheduled monuments but which are demonstrably of equivalent significance, the absence of designation for such assets does not indicate a lower significance.

3.2.6 When considering applications for development that affect the setting of a heritage asset, local planning authorities should treat favourably applications that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset (Policy HE10). Where applications do not do this, any harm should be weighed against the wider benefits of the application. The greater the negative impact on the significance of the heritage asset, the greater the benefits that will be needed to justify approval.

3.3 Local Planning Guidance and Policy Peak District National Park Local Plan (adopted March 2001) POLICY NO. TITLE POLICY TEXT Policy LC5 Conservation (a) Applications for development in a Conservation Area, or for areas development that affects its setting or important views into or out of the area, should assess and clearly demonstrate how the existing character and appearance of the Conservation Area will be preserved and, where possible, enhanced. Outline applications for development will not be considered. The following matters should be taken into account:

(i) form and layout of the area including views into or out of it and open spaces;

(ii) scale, height, form and massing of the development and existing buildings to which it relates;

(iii) locally distinctive design details including traditional frontage patterns and vertical or horizontal emphasis;

(iv) the nature and quality of materials.

(b) Proposals for or involving demolition of existing buildings, walls or other structures which make a positive contribution to the character or appearance or historic interest of the Conservation Area will not be permitted unless there is clear and convincing evidence that:

(i) the condition of the building (provided that this is not a result of deliberate neglect) and the cost of repairing and maintaining it in relation to its importance and to the value derived from its continued use, is such that repair is not practical; and

(ii) all possible efforts have been made to continue the present use or find compatible alternative uses for the building, including putting the building on the market and seeking advice from relevant authorities and agencies; or

(iii) the demolition is to remove an unsightly or otherwise

WA Project No. 74630.02 5 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

inappropriate modern addition to the building.

(c) Where such demolition is acceptable, a record of the current building or structure may be required. Plans for re- use of an area where demolition is proposed must be agreed and a contract for redevelopment signed before the demolition is carried out.

(d) Where appropriate, felling, lopping or topping of trees will not be permitted without prior agreement, which may require their replacement.

Policy LC8 Conversion of (a) Conversion of a building of historic or vernacular merit to a buildings of use other than that for which it was designed will be historic or permitted provided that: vernacular merit (i) it can accommodate the new use without changes that would adversely affect its character (such changes include significant enlargement or other alteration to form and mass, inappropriate new window spacings or doorways, and major rebuilding); and

(ii) the new use does not lead to changes to the building's curtilage or require new access or services that would adversely affect its character or have an adverse impact on its surroundings.

Policy LC15 Historic and (a) When considering development proposals that could affect cultural heritage historic and cultural heritage sites and features, the sites and following will be taken into account: features (i) their national and local significance by reference to the Schedule of Ancient Monuments and to the County Sites and Monuments Records and other relevant information; and

(ii) the protection, enhancement and preservation of the sites or features and their settings; and

(iii) the need for the development to be on the site in question.

(b) Where development affecting such a site or feature is acceptable, the preservation of any feature of special interest in its original position, and appropriate opportunities for public access and examination will be required wherever practicable, taking into account the importance of the site or feature.

Policy LC16 Archaeological (a) When considering development proposals that could affect Sites and archaeological sites or features, the following will be taken Features into account:

(i) their national and local significance by reference to the Schedule of Ancient Monuments and to the County Sites and Monuments Records and other relevant information; and

(ii) the protection, enhancement and preservation of the sites or features and their settings; and

WA Project No. 74630.02 6 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

(iii) the need for the development to be on the site in question; and

(iv) the need for an appropriate archaeological assessment of the nature and importance of the remains;

(b) Where development affecting such a site or feature is acceptable, the following will be required:

(i) the implementation of an appropriate scheme for archaeological investigation prior to and during development; and

(ii) wherever practicable, the preservation of any feature of special interest in its original position, and appropriate opportunities for future access and examination taking into account the importance of the site or feature.

4 BASELINE RESOURCE

4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 A consideration of the context of the Site is an important element of establishing the nature of potential elements of the cultural heritage resource within the Site. The following section provides a brief synthesis of the archaeological and historical development of the Site and the Study Area, compiled from the sources detailed above. The aim of the synopsis is to establish the known resource within the Site and to provide a context for the identification and understanding of any potential cultural heritage resource which may survive.

4.1.2 A gazetteer of the sites referred to in the text is provided in Appendix 1 . Sites are numbered from 1-35 with a WA prefix for the ease of reference. An overall illustration of the sites in the gazetteer is provided in Figure 2.

4.2 Statutory and Local Heritage Designations 4.2.1 The Site lies within the local Conservation Area of Miller’s Dale ( Figure 2 ), which The Peak District National Park Authority’s Historic Landscape Characterisation has classed as an Industrial character area.

4.2.2 Listed buildings within the Survey Area comprise the Grade II and II* listed viaduct and station associated with the former Midland Railway London to Manchester Line (now the Monsal Trail), and several buildings within Miller’s Dale detailed in Appendix 1 . The nearest Scheduled Ancient Monument comprises Priestcliffe Low bowl barrow ( WA2 ) some 1.5km to the south of the Site.

4.3 Archaeological and Historical Context Neolithic 4.3.1 Prehistoric settlement remains and monuments are found throughout the Peak District (Hart 1981). Heavy ploughing along the limestone plateau has likely been responsible for the loss of many prehistoric remains, with the majority of survivals comprising of large monuments such as barrows,

WA Project No. 74630.02 7 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

cairns, enclosures and stone circles. The earliest evidence for human occupation within the Study Area comes from spotfinds of Neolithic flint artefacts located on the valley sides, comprising a horseshoe scraper and a round nodule with cortext found on the track between Blackwell Hall and Chee Tor ( WA 1 ). In addition, an undated flint implement found west of Monks Dale ( WA 30 ) may be of prehistoric date.

4.3.2 The single known cave site located within the Study Area is of unknown archaeological significance ( WA 31 ), although others beyond the Study Area have been found to have been occupied from the Mesolithic (Hart 1981).

Bronze Age 4.3.3 The Study Area lies to the north of a Bronze Age bowl barrow known as Priestcliffe Lowe ( WA 2 ) standing in an elevated area directly to the east of a steep escarpment. Its solitary location is indicative of the ceremonial use of the area, and directly attests to human activity around the area within this period.

4.3.4 Despite its proximity to Priestcliffe Lowe and usable cave sites, no evidence for Bronze Age activity has been discovered within the Study Area. This may largely be a result of the extent of Post-Medieval and Modern activity within the area.

Iron Age and Romano-British 4.3.5 Land use within the region during the Iron Age and Romano-British periods was typically agricultural with distinct settlement and field systems of these periods observed towards the northern (WA 5) and south-eastern (WA 3-4) limits of the Study Area. A beehive quern ( WA 7 ) and cist burial ( WA 8 ) found in proximity to these sites further attest to Romano-British activity within the Study Area.

4.3.6 An expanse of building platforms, lynchets and stony banks found over the summit and northern slope of Chee Tor has been interpreted as a Romano- British settlement dated to the 2 nd -4th centuries AD ( WA 4 ). The dating evidence comes from artefacts found during archaeological excavations between 1979 and 1982 by Harry Lane.

4.3.7 The position of the Site within a steep stony valley would have made it unsuitable for similar agricultural use, however other riverside activities may have taken place. A coin of the Emperor Gordian Pius ( WA 6 ) found on the roadside within the valley demonstrates the possibility of Romano-British activity within the valley, however since the coin was not from a secure deposit it does not by itself present solid evidence for this.

Medieval Settlement and Land Use 4.3.8 During the medieval period, the Peak District was part of the Anglian Kingdom of Mercia (Fowler 1954). In North Derbyshire, the Pecsaetan or ‘Peak-Dwellers’ were identified in the Tribal Hidgae, a 7 th -century document drawn up to assess the taxable value of Mercia (Ozanne 1963).

4.3.9 Within the Study Area, arable farming appears to have remained widely practiced. Evidence of this period comprises a series of strip lynchets and banks located overlying earlier Romano-British field systems to the east of

WA Project No. 74630.02 8 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

Chee Tor ( WA 9 ); an earthwork defining the boundary of former cultivation fields to the south of Miller’s Dale ( WA 12 ); and a series of medieval and post-medieval cultivation terraces to the north of the River Wye around the Wormhill to Miller’s Dale road ( WA 11 ).

4.3.10 The natural landscape within the Study Area produced fast flowing watercourses which were ideal for powering mills. Evidence for the exploitation of the River Wye as a source of power for corn mills is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 for Ashford and Bakewell. The first mention of a mill in the vicinity of the Site comes from 16th-century archival references to an agreement between King John and Daniel Puiceman (Harris 1971). However, the precise location of this mill is unknown.

4.3.11 To the east of Miller’s Dale is the site of the former Tideswell Corn Mill that was demolished c. 1973, and which may also have had 11 th century origins (WA 10 ). The last mill at Tideswell Corn Mill was built by the Devonshire Estate, and bought by the Dakin family in the 18 th century who had been running it for several generations.

Post-Medieval and Modern Landscape 4.3.12 The character of the landscape during the post-medieval period was one of increasing industrial land use. Whilst cultivation was still being undertaken to the west of Miller’s Dale ( WA 11 ), with a Farmhouse ( WA15 ) and sheepwash ( WA 19 ) also surviving from this period, new industrial sites were appearing where limestone was quarried and heated in kilns to produce quicklime ( WA 13-14 ).

4.3.13 Enclosure maps produced for the parish of Wormhill during the 17 th century do not mark Miller’s Dale, possibly indicating confusion over which parish it lay in at that time, or that settlement in the area was not significant enough to record.

4.3.14 Industries continued to appear in the early modern period, with further lime works established to the east ( WA 28 ) and west ( WA 27 ) of Miller’s Dale. With the added population these industries brought, new amenities were built in Miller’s Dale including Milne House ( WA 25 ), St. Anne’s Church ( WA 26 ), the Angler’s Rest public house ( WA 35 ), and a new Turnpike between Blackwell and Tideswell ( WA 29 ).

4.3.15 This expansion is evident from comparison of cartographic evidence. Fairbank’s map of 1828-9 ( Figure 3 ), which labelled Miller’s Dale as Mill House Dale and depicted three rectangular structures including one on the site of the present mill. By the production of the 1849 Tithe Award Plan of Wormhill Parish numerous other structures had been built around the Site (Figure 3 ).

4.3.16 White’s trade directory entry for Miller’s Dale in 1857 listed two corn millers as residents; a Mr George Dakin, and a Mr Samuel Frost. The other residents at this time, other then the pub landlord, were all farmers.

4.3.17 The most dramatic change in the development of Miller’s Dale occurred during the 19 th century with the construction of the Midlands Railway London to Manchester Line c1863. Miller’s Dale Station represented an important junction where passengers for Buxton left the Manchester to London Line.

WA Project No. 74630.02 9 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

4.3.18 The railway station brought increased wealth to Miller’s Dale. Examination of trade directories for the period c1850-1950 show a rapid growth and diversification of population towards the end of the 19 th century from two corn millers and three farmers in 1857 to 18 listed residents in 1891 including three corn millers, three farmers, two innkeepers, eight merchants/tradesmen, a carter, and a gamekeeper.

4.3.19 This wealth however was not to last, for the closure of the railway line in 1970 saw the rapid decline in trade passing through the region. Since then many of the buildings in Miller’s Dale have been redeveloped for residential occupation. The mill ceased grinding corn in the mid 20 th century and was subsequently converted for use by agricultural material suppliers and latterly used as a craft supply centre.

4.4 Building Appraisal Summary 4.4.1 The present mill building standing on the Site is a three storey limestone structure ( Figure 1 ) with gritstone quoins and window architraves. The main historic element of the building comprises a rectangular east-west range with modern extensions from its east and the eastern half of its southern elevation ( Plate 1 ). The land to the northeast of the Mill is a concrete paved forecourt whilst the land to the south of the mill comprises a modern terraced garden overlying the site of the former millstream.

4.4.2 A structure first appears on the Site in cartographic evidence on Fairbank’s map of 1828-9, although it is not shown in detail until the production of the first 6’’ edition Ordnance Survey (OS) in 1879 ( Figure 4 ). By that time the building appears to be roughly square with an extension to the west of reduced width to the main building. To the south of the structure is a weir from which a millstream ran along the mill’s southern elevation, continuing a while before rejoining the River Wye.

4.4.3 The second edition of the OS in 1889 (Figure 4) shows the mill as roughly the same size but with a more uniform rectangular plan, indicating the earlier mill had been demolished or the extension rebuilt. By the production of the third edition OS (1922) the mill has been extended one bay further westward (Figure 4). The system of weir and millstream, however, remains the same from the 1879 OS.

4.4.4 An inventory made of the mill buildings in April 1913 upon the death of Thomas Dakin, its former owner, laid out in detail the structural components of the buildings and the specifications of the machinery contained therein. Of particular interest is the description of the wheel house, which is as follows:

‘Low breast water wheel, about 13ft. dia. x 8ft. wide with three sets of [wrought iron] arms, three [cast iron] bosses, on a [wrought iron] shaft with three pedestals and brasses, sheet iron buckets’

‘Pit Wheel on wheel shaft, 8ft. dia. x 6’’ cog,’

‘Shut & Gear and grating’

‘Wood Enclosure with corrugated hip roof.’

WA Project No. 74630.02 10 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

4.4.5 The mill was listed in Kelly’s Directory as continuing to operate as a corn mill under the name Thomas Dakin and Son up into the mid-20 th century, out lasting the neighbouring Tideswell Corn Mill which had also been owned by the Dakin’s but fell into disuse c1913 after the death of its owner George Dakin.

4.4.6 The historic development of the mill can be divided into four broad phases (Phases 1-4 Figure 1 ). Phase 4 encompasses the modern extensions made to the east and south of the building, which are of little historical interest.

External Description 4.4.7 The main historic element of the Mill features gritstone quoins demonstrating evidence for three phases of construction, the earliest core of the building to the east with subsequent expansions to the west. The modern extension to the eastern end of this structure provided an additional shop space with attic room above, whilst the southern extension added further domestic space.

4.4.8 The terraced garden to the south of the mill likely comprises made ground filling the earlier millstream, seen on previous OS editions, running adjacent to the southern wall of the mill. Within the River Wye to the southeast lies the remnant of a weir structure, which appears to have been largely dismantled.

4.4.9 The northern elevation of the historic building appears largely unaltered, featuring numerous small windows with gritstone lintels and sills, many of which have been restored and modern multi-paned timber frames inserted (Plates 1-3). Above ground floor level in the north elevation of the western most extension an enclosed RSJ lintel is situated with the wall panel below comprising of inserted blockwork with stone front. The central windows in the central and eastern extensions appear to have originally been larger and would likely have functioned as intake doors for hoisting goods onto the upper floors.

4.4.10 The southern elevation of the eastern and central phases of the building had been significantly altered with the addition of the modern extension and inserted windows on both floors of the central section ( Plate 4 ).

Internal Description 4.4.11 The interior of the mill has been largely altered since it falling out of use as a mill, although the main structural timbers appeared to have been retained throughout ( Plates 5-6).

4.4.12 The timbers in the first phase structure are oak with shallow scalloping indicative of having been shaped by axe, rather than the saw marks visible on the timbers in the phase 2 structure. The roof structure in the Phase 1 structure is of oak queen trusses with a narrow gantry supported on the tie- beams and between the queen-posts. The structural elements of the truss have tennon and mortise joints.

4.4.13 Throughout the mill evidence for removed internal fixtures was evident in scars on the structural timber members. It is likely that many of these scars can be associated directly with the machinery and fixtures detailed in the 1913 inventory.

WA Project No. 74630.02 11 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

4.4.14 The main structural walls of the Phase 1-3 fabric of the building remain to a large extent, although there have been openings inserted in the eastern and southern walls of the Phase 1 structure. Evidence also remains for blocked openings in the eastern elevation of the Phase 1 structure, comprising an off-centre door at ground floor level (Plate 7 ) and a central large window at first floor level.

4.4.15 No evidence remained for the waterwheel that had formerly been situated in the location of the phase 4 southern extension. Modern surface finishes applied to the southern wall of the phase 1 structure could possibly obscure evidence for the location of former machinery associated with the transmission of motive power from the waterwheel to mill machinery.

5 DISCUSSION

5.1 Summary of Presence and Survival Within the Site 5.1.1 The majority of the recorded evidence within the valley is for cultural heritage resources of the medieval to modern period. Evidence for earlier periods of occupation exist within the surrounding landscape, although the probability of survival within the Site of similar heritage will have been significantly affected by the extent of intrusion from medieval to modern development.

5.1.2 The historic character of the early post-medieval mill at Miller’s Dale has been retained in the north, east, and west elevations, and reflects the wider character of built heritage in the area. The historic character of the southern elevation of the building has been adversely affected by inappropriate windows and an unsightly modern extension.

5.1.3 The waterwheel was originally located in the area of the current southern extension, and although no evidence currently resides in the structure, there is a moderate probability that structural elements associated with the waterwheel remain beneath the extension.

5.1.4 Internally there are few historic features of note, although the external historic character of the building is complemented by original timber floor beams and trusses within the building that exhibit evidence for their former industrial use. Furthermore, there is the potential for evidence relating to the waterwheel and associated structures in the southern wall of the early 19 th century structure beneath modern surface finishes.

5.1.5 The gardens to the south of the mill are modern terraces likely comprising made ground over the millstream observed on early cartographic evidence.

5.2 Potential Development Impacts 5.2.1 The highly visible location of the Site within a Conservation Area means that the implications of inappropriate redevelopment would have a high adverse effect on the character of the area. However, considered restoration and modernisation of the Site would not only improve the aspect of the currently disused building but improve the character of the area.

5.2.2 Development in the location of the current southern extension and terraced gardens has a high probability of impacting the millsteam and waterwheel

WA Project No. 74630.02 12 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

associated with the mill. The resources employed in creating water management systems often meant they were reused when the mill structure was rebuilt, implying that evidence for earlier mills, if any, may exist in the remnants of the millstream.

5.2.3 Redevelopment within the building will impact on the original structural timber floor joists and trusses, and may expose evidence for the machinery associated with the mill and waterwheel beneath modern surface.

6 CONCLUSIONS

6.1 Statement of Impact 6.1.1 The building stands in a prominent location within Miller’s Dale conservation area, visible from both the B6049 and the Monsal Trail to the north, and inappropriate alterations could have a high impact on the character of the area.

6.1.2 Redevelopment of the Site will potentially impact upon the standing remains of a post-medieval corn mill and the below ground remains of its associated medieval to post-medieval water management system.

6.1.3 The impact on cultural heritage resources predating the post-medieval period within the site is considered very low due to the extent of changes made to the ground level and course of the River Wye by post-medieval to modern development.

6.2 Recommendations 6.2.1 The northern and western elevations of the mill retain evidence for the historic development and operation of the building and consideration should be given to their preservation.

6.2.2 Within the mill the historic floor joists and roof trusses of the earliest phase of the mill survive, and their integration into any future redevelopment would ensure an important element of the buildings internal character is retained.

6.2.3 Archaeological monitoring during the soft strip of the interior of the mill (and after the demolition of the southern extension if that occurs) would benefit the understanding of the arrangement of machinery within the mill, and potentially discern the extent to which the mill was altered c1860.

6.2.4 Archaeological monitoring during ground works within the garden and beneath the southern extension would mitigate against the potential impact on buried remains associated with the waterwheel and millrace of the former mill.

WA Project No. 74630.02 13 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

7 REFERENCES

7.1 Bibliography

Fowler, M.J. 1954. The Anglian Settlement of the Derbyshire-Staffordshire Peak District. Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 74: 134-151.

Harris, H. 1971 . Industrial Archaeology of the Peak District. Devon: David and Charles.

Hart, C.R. 1981. The North Derbyshire Archaeological Survey to AD 1500. Chesterfield: The North Derbyshire Archaeological Trust.

Institute for Archaeologists 1994. Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (revised September 2001 and October 2008).

Ozanne, A. 1963 . The Peak Dwellers. Medieval Archaeology 6-7: pp15-52.

7.2 Derbyshire Record Office Archives Consulted D504/81/1 (1776-1888) Title Deeds of land in Miller’s Dale D504/116/105 (1920) 5 Lots of land auctioned on 12 th October 1920 D504/1-4/1-2 (1913-24) Inventory of Mill buildings at Miller’s Dale

7.3 Trade Directories Consulted 1857 White’s Directory of Derbyshire 1887 Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire 1891 Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire 1925 Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire 1932 Kelly’s Directory of Derbyshire

7.4 Cartographic Sources Consulted 1639 Plan of Wormhill Commons 1675 Plan of commons and wasted belonging to Worm Hall 1822 Enclosure Act Award 1828-9 River Wye from Cressbrook to Blackwell (Fairbank collection) 1849 Tithe Award Plan of Wormhill Parish 1880 Ordnance Survey 6” 1:10,560 First Edition 1898 Ordnance Survey 6” 1:10,560 Second Edition 1921 Ordnance Survey 6” 1:10,560 Third Edition

Buxton Solid and Drift Geology Map 1:50,000 (sheet E111)

7.5 Online Resources http://www.magic.gov.uk http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/

WA Project No. 74630.02 14 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

APPENDIX 1: GAZETTEER OF

WA No. Name Period Description Status Grid Reference HER No. Two flints found on the track between Flint scraper and Blackwell Hall to Chee Tor 1 Neolithic SK 127 727 1712 nodule comprising a horseshow scraper and a round nodule with cortext. Priestcliffe Lowe bowl barrow Scheduled Bowl Barrow west of 2 Bronze Age comprising a mound of earth and Monument (No.: SK 1349 7190 13513 Low End Farm limestone. 31302) Iron Age to Romano-British field Field system, Chee system including banks, walls, 3 Iron Age SK 130 730 1705 Tor lynchets and enclosures. Medieval field system overlies. Romano-British settlement Settlement site, Chee Romano- 4 comprising an extensive series of low SK 127 731 1704 Tor British lynchets and stony banks. Well-preserved walls, enclosures and Field system, Monk’s Romano- 5 possible gateway of Romano-British SK 136 740 14118 Dale Farm British field system Coin of Gordian, Romano- Coin of Gordianus Pius, precise 6 SK 14 73 15928 Miller’s Dale British location of findspot unknown. Beehive Quern, Romano- Beehive quern now in Bakewell 7 SK 133 731 13528 Blackwell Dale British Museum. Cist burial, Blackwell Romano- 8 Cist burial found in 1861 SK 13 73 1703 Dale British? Series of strip lynchets and banks Strip Lynchets, Chee 9 Medieval overlying Iron Age field systems SK 130 730 1706 Tor (HER No.: 1705).

WA Project No. 74630.02 15 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

WA No. Name Period Description Status Grid Reference HER No. Tideswell Corn mill, Corn mill demolished c.1973. Water 10 Medieval SK 142 733 14154 Miller’s Dale wheel remains in situ. Cultivation terraces, Series of medieval and post-medieval 11 Medieval SK 134 734 15666 Knot Low cultivation terraces. Township boundary, Earthwork defining the boundary of 12 Medieval SK 138 728 13523 Miller’s Dale the Medieval cultivation fields Well-preserved small-scale lime Lime burning site and 13 Post-Medieval production site including 2 flare kilns SK 137 739 14152 quarries, Monk’s Dale and 1 pye kiln. Lime Kiln, northwest 14 Post-Medieval Lime kiln, disused by 1880. SK 135 727 13545 of Lydgate Farm Blackwell Hall Farmhouse built between 1631 and 15 Farmhouse, northeast Post-Medieval SK 126 723 1714 1825. of Manor Farm Building platform, Post- Foundations for building and possible 16 northwest of Monks SK 1366 7362 15020 Medieval? pond, possibly industrial Dale Farm Corn mill, Miller’s Post-Medieval Gritstone mill building, no mill 17 SK 137 731 15676 Dale to Modern machinery remains. Glebe Farm, Post-Medieval 18 northwest of St. Early 19 th century farmhouse. SK 139 733 15677 to Modern Anne’s Church Sheepwash, Post-medieval Sheepwash on the Blackwell side of 19 SK 128 734 1729 northeast of Chee Tor to Modern the River Wye. Stone viaduct built 1862-3 by Midland South Viaduct, Grade II* listed SK 13956 20 Modern Railway for the main London to 13535 Miller’s Dale (LBS No.: 82337) 73215 Manchester line.

WA Project No. 74630.02 16 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

WA No. Name Period Description Status Grid Reference HER No. Stone and iron viaduct built 1862-3 South Viaduct, Grade II* listed SK 13957 21 Modern by Midland Railway for the main 13535 Miller’s Dale (LBS No.: 80990) 73215 London to Manchester line. Stone and iron viaduct built 1903 by North Viaduct, Miller’s Midland Railway to cope with Grade II listed SK 13975 22 Modern 13535 Dale expanding traffic on the London to (LBS No.: 82338) 73229 Manchester line. Stone and iron viaduct built 1903 by North Viaduct, Miller’s Midland Railway to cope with Grade II listed SK 13976 23 Modern 13535 Dale expanding traffic on the London to (LBS No.: 80991) 73229 Manchester line. Remains of elegant Midland Railway 24 Miller’s Dale station Modern Station built in 1863 with a purpose SK 138 732 15909 built post office. The ‘Anglers Rest’ Mid-C18 stone built two storey house Grade II listed SK 14233 35 Modern - Public House converted to a public house. (LBS No: 400371) 73361 Milne House, Miller’s Stone built two-storey house, mid- Grade II listed SK 13833 25 Modern - Dale C18 in date. (LBS No.: 82335) 73187 St. Anne’s Church, Stone built church of 1879, with Grade II listed SK 14134 26 Modern - Miller’s Dale square tower, and three bay nave. (LBS No: 400369) 73334 Remains of lime works including 4 Miller’s Dale Lime Grade II listed 27 Modern kilns of 1878 and 1880, a crushing SK 141 730 13531 Works (LBS No.: 80992) plant and the associated quarry Disused lime works with visible East Buxton Lime 28 Modern remains including lime kilns built SK 131 734 15908 Works c. 1867.

WA Project No. 74630.02 17 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

WA No. Name Period Description Status Grid Reference HER No. Route turnpiked in 1812 in order to Blackwell to Tideswell 29 Modern bypass the steeper, narrower, and SK 143 733 14157 Turnpike Road more difficult route via Monksdale. Lithic implement found west of Monks 30 Flint implement Undated SK 131 739 15921 Dale Romano-British field system. Natural limestone cave formation Blackwell Dale Cave, overlooking Fin Cop. Known 31 Undated SK 132 727 13530 Taddington Mesolithic to Romano-British archaeological caves in area. Possible enclosure or scooped Possible enclosure, 32 Undated platform on southeast edge of summit SK 134 733 15667 Knot Low of Knot Low. Building platform, Possible building platform identified in 33 northwest of Monks Undated SK 136 740 15903 crop marks from aerial photography. Dale Farm Building platform, Building foundations forming 34 northwest of Monks Undated suggested to be a two room SK 135 737 15021 Dale Farm farmstead.

WA Project No. 74630.02 18 The Mill, Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire Desk Based Assessment

FIGURES AND PLATES

WA Project No. 74630.02 19

Plate 1: General view of the Mill from the east.

Plate 2: General view of second phase addition to the Mill looking south.

Date:04/06/2010 Revision Number: 0

Wessex Scale: N/AIllustrator: CS Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\74360 (Miller’s Dale)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\DBA\y-m-d\Plates 1_2.cdr Plate 3: General view of third phase addition to the Mill looking south.

Plate 4: General view of south elevation of the Mill looking east.

Date:04/06/2010 Revision Number: 0

Wessex Scale: N/AIllustrator: CS Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\74360 (Miller’s Dale)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\DBA\y-m-d\Plates 3_4.cdr Plate 5: General view of ground floor of first phase of the Mill. Plate 6: General view of third floor of first phase of the Mill, showing trusses.

Date: 04/06/2010 Revision Number: 0 Wessex Scale: N/A Illustrator: CS Archaeology This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction. Path: Y:\PROJECTS\74630 (Miller’s Dale)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\DBA\y-m-d\Plates 5_6.cdr Plate 7: Detail of blocked doorway in east elevation of phase 1 of the Mill.

Date:04/06/2010 Revision Number: 0

Wessex Scale: N/AIllustrator: CS Archaeology Path: Y:\PROJECTS\74360 (Miller’s Dale)\Drawing Office\Report Figs\DBA\y-m-d\Plate 7.cdr WESSEX ARCHAEOLOGY LIMITED. Registered Head Office: Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 6EB. Tel: 01722 326867 Fax: 01722 337562 [email protected] With regional offices inMaidstone and Sheffield For more information visit www.wessexarch.co.uk

Registered Charity No. 287786. A company with limited liability registered in England No. 1712772.