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Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-Garde Paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius)

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Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-Garde Paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) Thesis submitted for part fulfilment of M.FA Degree in Painting Submitted by: Arvin Ombika MFA(SEM-IV)PTG-030 Supervisor: Mr. Prasanta Kr. Sahu Assistant Professor Department of Painting Kala-Bhavan Visva-Bharati Department of Painting Kala-Bhavana Visva-Bharati May, 2017 This is to certify that the thesis entitled: ‘Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius)’ is a bona fide research work undertaken and completed by Arvin Ombika under my supervision. The research work carried out by the candidate is original and authentic. No part of this thesis has been presented earlier for any other degree. Necessary information and material collected for the completion of this work have duly been acknowledged in this thesis. He has followed all the rules and regulations in partial fulfillment for the degree of Masters in Fine Arts in Painting. __________________________ _______________________ Mr. Prasanta Kr. Sahu (Supervisor) Mr. Rajarshi Biswas (Head of Department) Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Department of Painting, Department of Painting, Kala-Bhavana, Kala-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati Visva-Bharati Contents Page no. Acknowledgements I List of Figures II -V Chapter 1: Introduction 1-18 1.1. Plotting the Research 3 1.2. Art and Politics through Queer Lenses 6 1.3. Queer Theory and Queer Studies in the Visual Arts 10 1.4. Literature Review 11 1.5. Objectives 14 1.6. Method and Methodology 14 1.7. Limitations 15 Notes 16 References 16 Chapter 2: Homosexuality: A Brief Social and Political History in India and Mauritius 19-35 2.1. Contextualising the State of Homosexuality in 17th century England 20 2.2. History of Homosexuality in India 21 2.3. History of Homosexuality in Mauritius 26 2.3.1. Historical Background of Homosexuality in Africa 27 2.3.2. Historical Background of Homosexuality in China 28 2.3.3. Historical Background of Homosexuality in France 29 Notes 31 References 32 Chapter 3: A History of Homosexuality in Art in India and Mauritius 36-50 3.1. Homoeroticism in Indian Art: A Retrospective 37 3.2. Homosexuality in Chinese Art: A Retrospective 42 3.3. Homosexuality in African Art: A Retrospective 44 3.4. Homosexuality in 18thand Early 19thCentury Art in France 46 Notes 49 References 49 Shared history, shared identity: Politics and homoeroticism in the avant-garde paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) Contents Chapter 4: Bhupen Khakhar: Avant-garde of Homoerotic Art in India 51-70 4.1. Forging the Artistic Path 53 4.2. The First Indian Pop Artist 54 4.3. The Sultan of Neo-Miniaturist 55 4.4. A visit to the Colonist’s Land 56 4.5. Politics and Homoeroticism in Bhupen’s Avant-guard Paintings 56 4.5.1. The self, vis-à-vis the society 57 4.5.2. Implied Homoeroticism in Public Places 58 4.5.3. Utopia 61 4.5.4. Loneliness 64 4.5.5. Fantasy 65 4.5.6. Intimacy 67 Notes 68 References 70 Chapter 5: Ennri Kums: Avant-guard of Homoerotic Art in the Rainbow Island 71-91 5.1. Homoeroticism and Politics in Kums’s Paintings 75 5.1.1. Dans Les Airs 75 5.1.2. Bacchanales 77 5.1.3. Etoiles Noires 78 5.1.4. Back Rooms 80 5.1.5. Foot (re) 83 5.1.6. Partouzes Volantes 85 5.1.7. Transports en Commun 87 Notes 89 References 90 Chapter 6: The Legacy of Homoerotic Art in India 92-103 6.1. Sunil Gupta, A Perspective from Camera Lenses 92 6.2. Balbir Krishan 94 6.3. Tsohil Bhatia 97 6.4. Abir karmarkar 98 Shared history, shared identity: Politics and homoeroticism in the avant-garde paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) Contents 6.5. LGBTI Organisations 99 Notes 102 References 102 Chapter 7: ‘…Either I’m Nobody, or I’m a Nation’: Contextualising My Artworks 104-117 7.1. The Great Migration to a Human Space 107 7.2. Plato’s Symposium: Discussion 109 7.3. A Couple’s Ledger 111 7.4. A Popular Folktale 113 7.5. ‘…Either I’m Nobody, or I’m a Nation’ 114 Notes 116 References 117 Chapter 8: Conclusion 118-125 Notes 124 References 125 Image References 126-135 Bibliography 136-145 Shared history, shared identity: Politics and homoeroticism in the avant-garde paintings of Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) Acknowledgements This dissertation would have been extremely difficult and tiring without the most esteemed help and support from people around me, some of whom need special mention. First and foremost I would like to dedicate my sincere gratefulness to Henry Coombes, whose works are the subject of a core part of this thesis. The artist has constantly been at disposal and prompt to answer any queries regarding his art practice, beliefs and ideologies. I am grateful to my supervisor, Mr. Prasanta Kr. Sahu, Assistant Professor, Kala- Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, for his guidance, comments and encouragement. I would simultaneously like to thank all the professors of the Painting Department of the same mentioned Institution. On a special thankful note, I would like to mention Dr. Santanu Dutta. The research took shape from the constructive and creative discussions with him. He has been continuously been present with full support and honest criticism which has purely enhanced the whole work. I acknowledge my parents for being a constant source of relentless support. I owe much to my mother who has been there every day. I would also take opportunity to thank Mr. Balbir Krishan, Mr. Michael Giangrasso, Dr. Nalini Treebhoobun, Mrs. Gitanjali Pyndiah, Mrs. Deepa Bauhadoor and Dr. Indranil Mandal for their sincere comments to my art works, used for critical discussion in this thesis. Finally I would bestow honour to the Indian Centre for Cultural Relations (ICCR), for granting me the African Scholarship Scheme, 2015, for making this research possible. __________________________ Arvin Ombika Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of I Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) List of Images List of Images: Page no. Chapter 1 1. Labour into Mauritius from the 17th Century 4 2. Entrance of Apravasi Ghat 5 3. Kertbeny Karl Maria 6 4. Intercrural intercourse between two male lovers 6 5. Querelle (1982) 7 6. Portrait of an artist (pool with two figures) 8 7. X-Self Portrait_NYC 8 8. Le Petit Bal 9 9. Shitty World 10 Chapter 2 No Images Chapter 3 1. Monk and Layman 38 2. Man Receiving Fellatio 38 3. Erotic miniature painting on marble depicting an amorus couple of men on bed 39 4. Shah Abbas and His Page 40 5. Indo-Persian Homosexual Manuscript 41 6. Two men engaged in sexual intimacy 41 7. Couple of Actors 43 8. Under the Mulberry Tree Panel from Spring Flowers and Autumn Moon 43 9. Atal of Akwanshhi 44 10. The Sleep of Endymion 46 11. The Envoys of Agamemnon 47 Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of II Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) List of Images Chapter 4 1. Mahatma Karamchan Gandhi 51 2. Fyodor Michailovich Dostoevesky 52 3. Interior of a Hindu Temple III 54 4. Idol from Jagganath 54 5. Man with Bouquet of Plastic Flowers 55 6. You Can’t Please All 57 7. My Dear Friend 58 8. Guys Travelling in Train 59 9. Tailor 59 10. Guys Resting in Train 60 11. Toilet 60 12. Fishermen in Goa 62 13. In a Boat 62 14. Ghost City Night 61 15. Bonheur de vivre 63 16. Green Landscape 63 17. Man Eating Jalebee 64 18. Man in Pub 65 19. Window Cleaner 65 20. Ceci N’est pas une Pipe 66 21. Yayati 66 22. Ranchod Bhai Relaxing in Bed 67 23. Utitled (Portrait of Pandu) 67 Chapter 5 1. Daniel Cohn Bendit 72 2. Ennri Kums’s painting as the coverpage of the magazine Revue Noire 73 3. Roman Marble Relief Panel Depicting a Polyphallus 74 4. Roman bronze amulet 75 Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of III Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) List of Images 5. ,Le 7ème Ciel 76 6. Duo sur Uranus 76 7. The Triumph of Bacchus 77 8. Bacchanales 1 77 9. Sahara rock art depicting hunting scene 78 10. Bacchanales 4 78 11. Over the Town 79 12. The Three Graces 79 13. Guiding Star 79 14. Le Roi D’Uranus 80 15. La Maison Solaire 81 16. Ignorance = Fear 81 17. Twelve-year-old Jesus holding a Hebrew scroll 82 18. La Fête des Rois 82 19. Footballers Gary Neville kissing Paul Scholes during a Manchester United Match 83 20. Foot(re) 1 to… 84 21. Foot(re) 2 to… 84 22. Footballers in embrace 85 23. Partouzes des Anges 86 24. Raised Fist 86 25. Partouzes Volantes 6 87 26. Transports en commun 1 88 27. Transports en commun 7 88 Chapter 6 1. Love & Light #1, Ladakah 93 2. This is not Dark Life XI 94 3. This is not Dark Life X 95 4. This is not Dark Life IX 96 5. Tsohil Bhatia 97 Shared History, Shared Identity: Politics and Homoeroticism in the Avant-garde Paintings of IV Bhupen Khakhar (India) and Ennri Kums (Mauritius) List of Images 6. Tsohil Bhatia 97 7. Search for Superheroes 98 8. Jijo Kuriakose 99 Chapter 7 1.
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