‘Bioscience’ mission initiative with CubeSat-Platform Technology

Tae-Sung YOON* & Sunghyun KANG [email protected] [email protected]

Korea Research Insitute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro (‘Science-road’), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-806 KOREA

Updated on 2014-07-07

From iCubeSat2014 workshop presentations : http://icubesat.org/papers/2014-2/2014-a-1-1-a-snapshot-on-cubesat-related-activities-in-europe-for-astrobiologychemistry-and-exploration/ http://icubesat.org/papers/2014-2/2014-a-1-4-interplanetary-bioscience-mission-initiative-with-cubesat-platform-technology/ http://icubesat.org/papers/2014-2/2014-a-2-2-oreocube-organics-exposure-in-orbit/

KRIBB, KAERI, KARI @ Korea Bioscience & Biotechnology Atomic Energy Aerospace

KAERI

Daejeon KARI KRIBB

Daejeon ‘Science Town’ KRIBB @ Daejeon KRIBB Space-Bio Research Initiative

Biology G - Protein Strategic CubeSat- Biotechnology with G Crystal Growth Planning Platform for simulation (PCG) For Future ‘Bio-Science’ Space devices Space Lab Colonization International Space Station

2020- 2015- 2014 2013 Future 2012 2020 Rationale – Why ‘CubeSat’ ?

1. CubeSats are ever more capable: Miniature/micro/nano technologies • bioengineered ; fabrication; materials; optics; sensors; actuators; MEMS; fluidics; electronics; communications; • instrumentation; data handling & storage • Power generation & storage density up; power needs down

2. Low-cost launches: as secondary payloads • military, government, commercial; US, Russia, Europe, Canada, India, … • Multiple flights possible - test, learn, iterate

3. Access to deep space environment: direct exposure to solar irradiation and IGCR • ISS orbit is below main radiation belt • Access to polar, GTO, MEO or HEO orbit are required

4. Excellent education vehicle: Significant academic participation worldwide

5. Autonomous operations: Less reliance on human-tended experiments

6. Technology migration: ISS; landers/orbiters for moon, , other planets Fund. biology/ Fund. Biology/ /Tech. demo/ Mission Type Tech. demo. Science 6-month experiment duration

2U payload, 2U payload, 2 x 1U independent payload, Configuration 1U bus(4.4 kg) 1U bus (5.1 kg) 1U bus (5.5 kg) Solar UV-induced Gene Antifungal dose Microbe survival & Experiment Organic Expression Response Activity degradation B. subtilis PAH, a.a., porphyrin, Specimen E. coli S. cerevisiae H. chaoviatoris quinone

OD; green RGB absorbance, RGB absorbance, UV-vis spectroscopy Measurement fluorescence metabolic indicator metabolic indicator 4 μ environments

Sample n 10 wells 48 wells (3 conc’s.) 3 x 12 wells 24 wells

T, p, RH, accel., T, p, RH, T, p, RH, T, radiation dose, Sensors radiation flux radiation flux radiation flux intensity/ angle

Launch Dec. 2006 May 2009 Nov. 2010, Minotaur IV (Orbit) Minotaur I Minotaur I (430 km) (72° inclination, 650 km)

Mission success Mission success Mission success; subsystems operational Outcome Re-entry 2010 De-orbit ~ 2013 Anticipated deorbit ~ 2032 ‘Outsourcing’ Bus + KRIBB Payloads

https://cubesat.kari.re.kr/ Monitoring Monitoring Space Radiation with Biodiversity in Organic Bio-Crystal (Bio-XTAL) Matter Environment

2U /KAIST

3U / KAU

3U / Yonsei Univ.

1U-Bus + BioXTAL(1U) + BioDOME(1U)

3U / KHU ‘Parallel’ Developments with Common Interface between 1U / Chosun U. 1U-Bus & Each Bio-Module Like SEVO & SESLO Modules 3U / CNU of O/ORES mission.

SEE ALSO http://icubesat.org/archive/2014-2/icubesat-program-2014/ A-1-1 A snapshot on CubeSat related activities in Europe for astrobiology ... A-2-2 OREOcube: Organics Exposure In Orbit Opportunities & Questions ??

• CubeSat can provide a ‘Bio-Science’ mission platform for Space Biology !!

• Demonstrated by 3U-CubeSat Missions (GeneSat, PharmatSat, O/OREOS)

• Capitalized on Growing ‘Academic’ CubeSat Developments in Korea (cubesat.kari.re.kr) • Supported by KRIBB, KRCF & ‘National Space Lab’ Project (NRF of Korea)

• ‘Bio-Science’ Mission Concepts

• To reverse G - Protein Crystal Growth missions !

• To invent ‘’ version of NOAH !

• ‘Space Colonization’ (reversing Astrobiology) ?? The 1st Environmentalist

OREOCUBE

10 cm

• Proposed to the International Research Announcement for Research in Space Sciences ILSRA 2009 and selected for Definition Phase by the (ESA)

• OREOCUBE leverages the payload SEVO (Space Environment Viability of Organics) of NASA’s O/OREOS Nanosat, a 10-cm cube containing a highly capable UV-visible spectrometer and 24-sample carrier

• The experiment technology can effectively measure the degradation of organic samples, thereby providing greater insight into the kinetic details of the photochemical reactions OREOCUBE on the ISS (2016?)

1.OREOCUBE proposes the development of 2 integrated “single-cube” UV/visible/near-IR spectroscopy systems

1.OREOCUBE can simulate planetary micro-environments: any gas/humidity composition can be sealed into the individual sample cells

2.OREOCUBE measurements in the radiation environment of the ISS will allow us to better understand the carbon chemistry in space environments, extraterrestrial delivery processes and prebiotic chemistry on the early Earth

Astrochemistry & Astrobiology

Astrochemistry: • Carbon chemistry in space and planetary envrinoment • Understand details & distribution of prebiotic chemistry - chemical building blocks • Tracing the chemical processes towards the origin of life

Astrobiology: • origin, , distribution, & future of life in the universe of life • Study potential for life to adapt/survive in extraterrestrial environments • Search for (signs of) extant or extinct non-terrestrial life • Find habitable environments in our solar system & beyond O/OREOS

Key facts:

O/OREOS (NASA Astrobiology Small Payloads): SEVO Develop and fly small astrobiology payloads, SESLO sample from single-cube free flyers to suitcase-sized cosmic carousel payloads, to address fundamental astrobiology radiation objectives, using a variety of launch RadFET opportunities

O/OREOS (/Organics Exposure to Orbital Stresses) • first technology demonstration • space environment as well as space biology relevant to Moon and Mars missions. Launch 2010, • precursor for experiments on small Mintaur IV, satellites, the ISS, future free-flyers and lunar surface exposure facilities. Kodiak Alaska

SESLO (Space Environment Survivability of Live Organisms) • understanding of the environmental limits of life • space biology and .

SEVO (Space Environment Viability of Organics) • carbon chemistry in space environments, • extraterrestrial delivery processes • prebiotic chemistry on the early OREOcube

Key Facts:

Proposed to the International Research OREOcube Announcement for Research in Space Life Sciences ILSRA 2009 and selected for Definition Phase by the European Space Agency (ESA) Organic film/ OREOCUBE: environment cells SEVO (Space Environment Viability of Organics) of O/OREOS Nanosat, a 10-cm cube containing a highly capable UV-visible spectrometer and 24-sample carrier Solar source diffusers • OREOCUBE provides the capability of daily in-situ Launch 2015/6, monitoring of flight samples sample Sun Angle/ potentially Intensity Sensors • Comparative low cost, low power requirements, wheel SpaceX, Cape high functionality, full autonomy, and small size Canaveral, Florida of an already-built nanosatellite payload instrument at technology readiness level (TRL) 8

“ ” • Development of standardized ( plug & play ) RadFET analytical instrumentation

• Inexpensive-to-develop, space-qualified instrumentation for use in (or on the outside of) the ISS, planetary orbiters and landers, lunar platforms and future free-flyers

Free-Flyer (in LEO) vs. Hitchhiker (on ISS)

O/OREOS OREOcube

SEVO SESLO sample Organic film/ radiation carousel environment window RadFET cells

Solar source diffusers

sample Sun Angle/ Intensity Sensors

wheel MgF2/SiO2

Gasket Spacer seals inorganic organic films

Al2O3

RadFET

Cell housing

Free-Flyer: Hitchhiker In-situ monitoring In-situ monitoring plus sample return Autonomous Autonomous (astronaut installation possible) Propulsion/Attitude control/self-deorbiting No Propulsion/Attitude control

Payload Technologies: Cross-Cutting Applications PAYLOADS PLATFORMS Biology–grow & characterize survival, space cells, microbes, plants, environment effects: Free Flyers: LEO, multicellular organisms Geo, L-points

Chemistry–characterize in situ: dust, soil, regolith, atmosphere ISS Space environment–consequences for materials: engineering, astrochemistry, astrobiology Orbiters: NEO, Sensing: radiation, space lunar, planetary weather, atmospheric studies

Spectroscopy: atmospheres, exospheres, soil volatiles, materials, molecules Landers

Imaging & astronomy: Solar system bodies, stars, galaxies, interstellar medium Impacters Lunar and Interplanetary Developments

LuBiC RASIR

Biowells

sensor

Medium carousel Measurement reservoir spot

LuBiC (Lunar Biosentinel Cube): RASIR (Reactivity Analyzer for Soil, Ices, and Regolith): • Effect of the lunar radiation environment on living organisms by • Represents a next generation SEVO cube, modified for regolith/dust measuring DNA double-strand breaks, cell membrane damage, analyses using thin-film chemical sensors in combination with oxidative stress response and protein alterations. fluorescence, luminescence and/or UV-Vis Reflectance • LuBiC will help to improved radiation countermeasures and measurements. dosimetry strategies by helping to assess pathogenicity • RASIR will enable characterization of sample reactivity levels by and evaluate/improve radiation damage models & ground studies monitoring reactive oxygen and hydrogen species in soil, ices and regolith. Conclusions

• Nanosats / cubesats can do real science in space! • Tools, devices, sensors of bio / nano / micro technologies are key enablers • Integration & automation and a remarkable multi-disciplinary team • Real-time, in-situ measurements provide insights on dynamics of reactions & processes not available with -and-return strategies • More launch opportunities, lower cost than conventional space platforms, no reliance on crew training / availability • Interplanetary cubesat missions would offer great potentai for astrochemistry and astrobiology