DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
Asturias region, Spain- Additive manufacturing
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 1 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Index
General information
Economic overview
Local advantages
Sector Opportunities
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
General information
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 3 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] General information about Asturias | Location and basis information Asturias covers about 2% of Spain territory and about 2% of its population
Location of Asturias Location information
It is located in the north of Spain. • Population: 1,019,993
• Capital: Oviedo, but the most populated city is Gijón.
• Asturias is one of the most important regions of Spain in the mining industry.
• Unemployment rate lower than the Spanish average.
Located in the Cantabrian Sea, it borders to the west with Galicia, to the south with Castilla and León and to the east with Cantabria.
Airport of Asturias Modern road network 2 main ports (Gijón and One of the most Avilés) important railway infrastructures of Spain Last year the government of Spain made an investment of almost 75 million euros to improve Asturian roads and the same amount to improve Asturian railways.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 4 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] General information about Asturias | Location and basis information Asturias has its own elected parliament, regional governments, budgets and resources
Regional Competitiveness Foreign Invest in Asturias
• Asturian deficit and public debt are below the average of the Spanish € Million % of FDI in Spain regions due to the exhaustive control of the public accounts. This € Million 10,00% has enabled Asturias to meet the national budgetary commitments. 1500 % Total Foreign Invest in Spain 1250 8,00%
• Asturias‘s GDP grew over the 2% the last years. This year is 1000 6,00% expected a decrease of around 15% due to Covid-19, but it is a 750 lower decline than the average decrease for the rest of Spain. 4,00% 500 • Asturias´s GDP (€ 23,925M) represents around 2% of Spain total 2,00% 250 GDP (€ 1,244,757M). 0 0,00% • Member of the Görlitz Declaration: a document created by the European Commission with specific measures to support the economic reactivation of regions that have suffered the closure of coal mines in the last two years. Source: IDEPA • Asturias’ per capita GDP is € 23,455, a good indicator of the quality Foreign Direct Investment flows have been accumulated over the last few years in Asturias, of life in the region. partly due to the presence of large multinationals in the industry sector that carry out investment operations in their facilities located in Asturias. • Asturias’ unemployment rate (14,5%) is lower than the Spanish unemployment rate. Over the last 10 years, the relative weight of this FDI in Spain's total FDI has remained relative constant besides 'headquarters effect’, and the fact that large multinationals headquarters are mostly located in Madrid and Barcelona.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 5 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] General information about Asturias | Location and basis information European Union and Spanish government will help Asturias in order to reactivate their local economy and to improve its Gross Domestic Product
GDP Growth 2014-2019
Estimates The EU will help Spain with economic resources close to 20,000 million euros to reduce the 9 effects of the Covid-19 crisis. This amount will help to finance the expenditures of current 6 6,4 temporary lay off and self-employed people.
3 In addition, the government will allow city 2,6 2,2 2,5 1,7 1,9 councils to use the surpluses of their accounts of recent years, which will allow them to do local 0 -0,3 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 incentives trying to recover local GDP as soon as possible. -3 The advantage of Asturias over other regions
-6 and over Spain is that it is not a territory heavily Percentage Percentage change in GDP dependent on tourism and the presence of -9 multinationals from the industrial sector in the region could reduce the impact of the crisis. -10,9 -12 Spain France Germany Italy Asturias
Source: European Commission and BBVA Research
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 6 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
Economic overview
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 7 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Economy overview The reforms in the labor market has allowed Spain to reduce its unit labor costs to position itself as one of the most competitive markets in Europe and increasing its productivity per person.
UNIT LABOR COST PRODUCTIVITY PER PERSON REDUCTION (I)
Evolution of unit labour costs in main European economies Real labor productivity per person employed
Spain Germany France Italy UK Germany France Italy Spain United Kingdom Portugal Index 2010=100 Index 2010=100 130 110
125 107 106 107 107 120 105 104 115 105 104 110 103 105 100 100 100 95 98 90 95 93 92 92 91 91 85 89 80 95 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: European Commission Source: European Commission
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 8 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Economy overview Spain is one of the main receivers of FDI thanks to the attractiveness of its market, the development of infrastructures, the capacity of innovation or its facility for business among other reasons FDI Inflows: Spain vs World
€ Bn. € Bn. Spain receives investments mainly from the 60 3,000 FDI Inflows Spain OECD and its European partners. In 2019, the United States, United Kingdom and France led 50 FDI Inflows World 2,500 this investment.
FDI flows tend to be concentrated in the Services 40 2,000 sector, followed by Industry and Construction.
The country’s strengths in terms of FDI 30 1,500 attractiveness include: a restructured financial sector, its highly efficient transport network, its 20 1,000 development of renewable energies and the cultural proximity to Latin America. 10 0,500 Some organizations, as United Nations, 20,29 24,08 21,53 26,78 37,33 40,45 56,18 24,79 estimated in July 2020 a FDI decrease of around 0 0,000 40% for this year, however, this will affect all 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 global tendencies. Source: ICEX, Invest in Spain. Eurostat.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 9 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Economy overview Spain still maintaining its privilege position as one of the most important destination for Greenfield projects and it seems that it will maintain its position during 2020 despite the impact of the Covid-19 FDI Greenfields in Spain: 5 years trends
Capex (USD Billion) Jobs Created (Thousands) Projects Nº Top 10 Greenfield Destinations in Europe 2019 Spain was the fourth largest recipient of FDI Markets. USD Million. greenfield projects in the world during the 100 900 Jobs first half of 2020, according to FDI 814 Country Capex Projects Companies Created Markets. 90 759 800 1 UK 36,074.8 1,539 76,056 1,304 80 650 700 2 Germany 22,826.4 1,087 52,374 894 In these six months, 313 foreign capital 70 3 Spain 21,460.6 814 87,892 583 greenfield projects have been carried out 544 600 in Spain. 60 4 France 19,040.9 838 42,237 696 500 5 Ireland 11,296.1 229 22,841 210 50 412 Although this figure is 42% lower than last 6 Netherlands 11,244.4 339 22,137 326 400 year, the fall at global level has been even 40 7 Belgium 8,486 210 13,005 189 300 greater. 30 8 Italy 6,951 222 18,687 183 200 9 Portugal 3,467.8 166 15,178 146 20 In the second quarter of 2020, 4,642 10 Austria 2,472 95 7,524 80 million euros were received and it 10 100 Rest 11,020 677 27,149 - represents an increase of 8% over the 12 36 11 43 15 57 34 85 22 88 Total 154,341 6,216 385,080 4,457 0 0 same period last year. 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Source: ICEX
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 10 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Economy overview In Spain, the industry sector represents a contribution of 18% to GVA, however Asturias is above average, as industry contribution to GVA reaches 21,5%
Industry impact on GDP
Asturias > 25% The northern regions of Spain are those with the greatest productive weight of the Galicia 21,51% Cantabria País Vasco 18,50% 21,60% 26,06% 25% - 20% industry. The nucleus formed by the Basque Country, Navarre and La Rioja stands 20% - 15% out, where the industrial sector is more than 25% of the GDP. La Navarra 15% - 10% 29,03% Rioja 10% - 5% 25,24% Cataluña Castilla León The strategic nature of the industry led the European Union to set the objective of Aragón 19,66% 19,49% 21,71% to relaunch the industry in Europe as a hub of economic growth, identifying the 20% of GDP as the target to be achieved by 2020. C. Madrid Islas 9,32% Baleares Asturias is above this 20% target set for the industrial contribution to GDP in the Extremadura 6,27% 13,12% C. Agenda 2020, despite the fact that Spain did not achieve that objective. Castilla La Valenciana Mancha 17,52% 19,55% With the aim of developing an industrial policy strategy that defines the medium and long term positioning of Spanish industry, the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Tourism Murcia is working on three major initiatives: 18,22% Andalucía 11,56% 1. State Pact for Industry.
Canarias 6,98% 2. Industrial Policy Strategy for Spain 2030.
3. New Industry Law.
Source: Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 11 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Economy overview The Spanish industry sector represents 8% of European Union’s GVA, placing it as the 4th largest country, behind Germany, Italy and France.
Contribution to the GVA of the Spanish Manufacturing Industry
Asturias Cantabria > 10% The general guidelines of the Spanish government for the industry (2020-2030) are Galicia 2,50% 1,68% País Vasco 5,85% 11,20% 10% - 7,5% based on: 7,5% - 5% Navarra 5% - 2,5% La Rioja 3,51% • Improvement of productivity and international competitiveness as well as 1,23% <2,5% Castilla León Cataluña increasing the contribution of the industrial sector to national and regional GDP and Aragón 5,82% 25,84% 4,34% employment.
• Reconciling the progress of industry with sustainability and the objectives of C. Madrid Islas 9,65% Baleares decarbonization of the economy. Extremadura 0,91% 0,91% C. Castilla La Valenciana • To take advantage of the potential of digitalization. Mancha 10,49% 4,09% • To align this industrial policy with that promoted by the European Union.
Murcia 2,94% • Develop an industrial policy that takes into account the role and contribution of Andalucía 8,34% small and medium-sized enterprises in this sector.
Canarias 1,03%
Source: Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Tourism
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 12 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
Local advantages
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 13 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Organization Asturias local advantages for investment are very clear, we organize all these advantages using Porter’s Diamond Model, to describe region competitiveness
Asturias attributes Principality of Asturias has the environment in which companies are born and learn how to compete. On the following sections we explain thoroughly the main Other attributes that made Asturias such a good territory to invest. factors • Factor conditions. We include all Asturias production resources: • Infrastructure and land. Facilities and availability to install companies in Factor Asturias . Conditions • Labour force. Training and wages of the industrial sector in Asturias. • Natural resources. Available natural spaces to locate an offshore wind farm. • Related and Supporting Industries. Presence of local suppliers and companies in related areas, as well as other support agencies. An industry value chain Strategy, Related and analysis is basic to understand the advantages that Asturias has for this Structure Supporting sector. and Rivalry Industries • Demand Conditions. Situation of the energy demand in Spain and Asturias as well as the evolution of PPA market. • Strategy, Structure and Rivalry. Analysis of these key components for the sector in Asturias and examples of success cases of Spanish companies. Demand • Other factors: Conditions • The role of the government supporting companies to improve their performance is key in Asturias, as public entities has a solid structure and support new joiners for the sector.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 14 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Infrastructure and land DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Asturias has multiple industrial parks with the capacity to install companies in the additive manufacturing sector. Among them, Asturias Technology Park stands out, thanks to the existence of various R&D centers Asturian Technology Park Located between Oviedo, Gijón and Avilés, it houses companies and entities from different sectors, among which engineering and ICT stand out, and it is also the headquarters of the main regional business promotion organisms (IDEPA Group).
• Total area: 49 hectares • Business space: 26 hectares
In order to support innovation and R&D projects, it has two technology and research centers (Idonial and FAEN) and one of the ICT support centers integrated in the Network of SAT Centers.
There are installed 3 different entities that join their efforts to offer the services demanded by the installed companies:
• IDEPA: develops programs related to business promotion including investment and innovation support. • CEEI Asturias: supports entrepreneurs and technology-based companies,. • The Collaborating Conservation Entity (EUCPTA): develops programs, promotes dissemination and is in charge of collective services
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 15 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Infrastructure and land DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Other interesting location is Principado de Asturias Business Park, where 100 business projects are located, most of them dedicated to steel industry. Logistic sector is very important in the park, as long as in other parks in the region
Principado de Asturias Business Park
The Principado de Asturias Business Park is a multimodal park with areas dedicated to small and large industry, logistics area, port area and tertiary use, with a gross area of 2.1 million square meters.
Built with the aim of regenerating industrial and economic activity in an area particularly affected by the loss of employment caused by the reconversion of the steel industry.
The recovery of this space has greatly benefited the city of Avilés, which has become a center of economic activity and a generator of employment in the region.
Located on the Avilés estuary and next to the city's port, it has an excellent geographical location, being only 13 kilometers from Asturias airport; 29 kilometers from Oviedo and 24 kilometers from Gijón on the A-8 motorway.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 16 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Infrastructure and land DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Zalia was created to incorporate Asturias into the network of logistics spaces of the Iberian Peninsula as a node of national and international flows of goods ZALIA
The Area of Logistics and Industrial Activities of Asturias (ZALIA) is an industrial park (+700,000m2) of public promotion close to the ports of Avilés and Gijón.
It has a set of logistics and transport services aimed to allow the implementation of industrial Port of Avilés activities intensive in maritime traffic. This area should positions the region as a fundamental Port of Gijón axis of the Atlantic Arc.
Currently, the first phase is available, but the project has a two-phase extension.
Railway
Road
Road Railway
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 17 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Infrastructure and land DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY In recent years, there have been significant investments in Asturian ports encouraging business innovation and making the region more attractive for new investments Port of Avilés Port of Gijón
• It has 9 docks with more than 3,500m of ship docking capacity and a storage area • National leader in solid bulk traffic. of almost 500,000m2 (4,000m of ship docking capacity and 620,000m2 of storage after • High availability for the docking of ships (7,000m of ship docking capacity) and the the new reform). storage of goods (+400,000m2). • The port has docks with a draught of more than 14 meters, allowing it to receive larger • Easy access by road as a key factor in the logistics of oversized parts, and it also has a vessels. specific railway terminal for container traffic. • Privileged connections by road, rail and with the Asturias airport, which is located at 15 • Situated at 40km from the airport and they are connected by road and railway. km from the port. It also have its own internal railway line at the dock. • Regular lines with main European Atlantic ports.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 18 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Infrastructure and land DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY In recent years there has been a great improvement in the Asturian transport infrastructure, mainly based on the improvement of roads, construction of new railways and new offer of flights and destinations Roads Railway Airport In 2019, the General State Budget established a Asturias has one of the most important railway Located in the center of the region, less than 2 line item of more than 70 million euros to invest in infrastructures in the country due to the importance hours flight away from the main European Asturian roads, of which almost 50 million were of this transport in the industrial past of the region. economic and financial centers. Its traffic is destinated to improve the road network in the It was very common to transport heavy loads. growing thanks to the creation of new destinations region, notably improving access and facilitating and the increase in the frequency of flights that the transport of goods. Both ports have their own internal railway line and already has. Gijón and Avilés are connected by another railway. The two main axes of Asturias are the A-66 and A- It offers regular flights to different parts of Spain 8 motorways that cross the region from north to The “Variante de Pajares” is currently being built, a and direct international connections with London, south and from east to west respectively. railway infrastructure that will allow access to the Paris, and Lisbon. The airport also has several AVE and connections with shorter times with seasonal charter connections with Germany, In some of the region's industrial parks there are Madrid and the rest of Spain. Croatia, Egypt, France, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, already measures to adapt the roads to transport Norway, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, etc. large pieces of engineering.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 19 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Labour force DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Oviedo University and IDONIAL are the main training centers in additive manufacturing in Asturias. They also are the competences centers of the Asturias Digital Innovation HUB, focused on additive manufacturing technologies
Oviedo University
The University of Oviedo has three campuses that offer technical training, with engineering degrees and master’s degrees in different subjects related to the additive manufacturing.
It also has MediaLab, a university technology and design laboratory and different facilities for research, development, experimentation and training / training in Industry 4.0 technologies, such as an Industry 4.0 Pilot Plant, a laboratory for the characterization of concretes used in additive manufacturing, a laboratory for additive manufacturing, etc.
The university reached some collaboration agreements with other universities and companies, such as Triditive to promote research and training programs on the SCALADD additive manufacturing platform. IDONIAL
Established in 2019 as a result of the merger of the ITMA and PRODINTEC. It became the first Spanish entity accredited for additive manufacturing training. Currently, it is carrying out the training pilots of the Designer and Operator technical profiles for the processing of metallic materials by means of powder bed fusion technologies.
Represents Asturias in the pilot on high performance production through 3D printing. They have developed five demonstration cases and an online platform has been set up to link the supply and demand of 3DP services. They also progress formalizing relationships with other networks such as the Made in Europe partnership.
Collaborates with CESOL and EWF in several strategic initiatives on training issues, in order to have the necessary material and systems to train workers in new technologies such as additive manufacturing
The center has latest facilities and equipment for the development and demonstration of additive manufacturing solutions on an industrial scale. It has a wide range of services and technologies, offering solutions throughout the value chain and it is working on R&D&I projects with the industry for the development and improvement of materials, products and processes.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 20 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Labour force DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY The salaries of the companies belonging to the metal industry and the companies of assembly and auxiliary services are regulated by their corresponding Collective Agreements
Industry's average salary per year in Asturias Average salary by category and Autonomous Community 90,000 € Managers € 68,389 83,493 €
Engineerings € 47,393 80,000 €
Engineer Techn € 35,806 70,000 € Direct Labour € 27,369 60,000 € Administrative € 24,929 50,000 € 42,281 €
Asturias wages are lower than the Spanish average. In 40,000 € terms of industry wages, these are also lower than the 30,000 € 22,899 € national average, making Asturias an attractive place to
locate companies. 20,000 €
Nowadays, there are several industrial companies 10,000 € coming from Germany, United States, Luxembourg, Switzerland, among other countries, who are located in 0,000 € Asturias. Madrid Cataluña Spain Asturias BVasque Aragón Navarra Valencia Andalucía Average Country
Senior Managers Managers Employees
Source: EADA and ICSA: Evolution Salary Report
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 21 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Factor conditions - Natural resources DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Metal is gaining weight as a material for additive manufacturing. Asturias, where the metallurgical industry stands out, is innovating in this material and its processes Most used materials for additive manufacturing Common 3D printing materials 2017-2019
Gartner 2019 report highlights the progression and increased usage of metal in additive manufacturing, in industrial 2017 2019 companies. According to the institute's projections, metals and 3D alloys will become an essential part of the supply chain in following years for manufacturing replacement parts for commercial, military and certain consumer markets.
Metal become one of the most common printing materials. On a survey with more than 1.600 3d printer users, most of 82% used metal as printing material in 2019. For power users this percentage in 2020 was near 66%.
In Asturias, the development of new steel grades and the improvement of existing ones has a multiplying impact on the value chain and richness generation. So, it is expected that 88% 98% 8% 86% 28% 82% 15% 81% 78% 35% 74% such development will result in improving competitiveness of Plastics Ceramics Metals Multicolored Composite Resins the companies within the steel sector, turning the region in a sandstone reference at international level in terms of innovation in steel.
Source: Forbes; Sculpteo; Statista estimates
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 22 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Related and supporting industries Value chain of the additive manufacturing sector is constantly changing , due to last innovations, added value has shifted towards extremes
Raw Materials Hardware Services & Software End user
•Steel & Metal: most important industry in • 3D printers suppliers: In Spain there are few • Companies offering maintenance and other Materials and end users are becoming more Asturias. Contributes more than 11% of manufacturers of 3D printers at the industrial services associated to additive manufacturing important as longs as technology evolves. Asturian GDP - Arcelor Mittal, Dacero, level. The only cases are located near Asturias, such as metal processing as well as 3D printing Asturias has important players on both sides of Oxiplant, Hierros Canton, Grupo Marcelino in the Basque Country, and the other ones are ordered products. the value chain, sometimes simultaneous, and a Franco, Mefasa, Metálicas Somonte strong support activities development, with in Catalonia, although they ship to any part of VEROT, S.A. uses leading manufacturers several leading agents of the R&D+I, and an •Plastics: more than 20 companies dedicated the peninsula.. machinery in 2D, 3D laser cutting and laser tube, incipient ecosystem for all the activities within the to the manufacture of plastic products and that • With the growing implementation of Industry 4.0 water jet cutting, plasma, folding, punching and value chain. Some end users of this value chain offer laminated plastic for 3D printing – the demand of this products has increased in welding (robotic, laser and manual) to transform are: Coplasnor, Transglass, Poliesters,Plásticos y the most industrialized areas, such Asturias, metal. They are also a reference in the Servicios del Norte SL. due to the grow of end users and customers in development/manufacturing of specific transport • Aciturri racks. •Chemical materials and resins: strong, the regions. • Arcelor Mittal innovative and traditional sector in Asturias and This is a new market niche in the region as long • Izertis accounts for 10% of region´s exports – as the new business opportunity it represents. • Triditive Fernandez Rapado Productos Químicos, • Micrux Fluidic Química del Nalón, Proquiman
Intermediate sectoral organisms and other support activities • Metaindustry4 • Polo del Acero • Cluster TIC Agents of the R&D+I system and training activity • IDONIAL • Steel Square • Asturias Digital Innovation Hub • Oviedo University • SGS Academy Public entities and infrastructures 23 • IDEPA • ASTUREX • ZALIA • Port of Gijón • Port of Avilés Local advantages | Related and supporting industries DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY As long as innovation is key for additive manufacturing sector Asturias has developed a R&D+I ecosystem, where AsDIH is the main hub of the value chain of additive manufacturing
Trailblazing companies Asturias Digital Innovation Hub (AsDIH)
User companies This hub is the main R&D+I agent in the additive manufacturing Enable companies ecosystem in Asturias.
Business Place of experimentation for the adoption of solutions of industry 4.0, Incubators Companies facilitating the digital transformation of industrial companies in the region, particularly the SMEs.
The AsDIH is based on specialization in existing skills and technologies in the region on key markets (advanced manufacturing, Cluster, agri-food industry, energy…), and provides network services Makers & Administration Networks promoting the collaboration among the different actors. The HUB is organized in two nodes: • Additive Manufacturing, • Intelligent Data Analysis, Sensors and Artificial Vision Technology centers University For the first node the representative competence centers are the University of Oviedo and IDONIAL Technological Center.
Funding The main stakeholders are IDEPA, the regional development agency, that is acting as the coordinator together with competence centers, clusters, business incubation centers, business associations, trailblazing companies, etc.
AsDIH provides a catalogue of services aimed at supporting the whole digitalization chain of the regional industry.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 24 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Related and supporting industries DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY The region has clusters related to the steel and ITC industries promoting innovation and technology development that are members of AsDIH
Metalndustry4 New cluster concept with a multidisciplinary model, aligned with the Research and Innovation Strategy for Smart Specialization of Asturias (RIS3) and oriented, mainly, to companies and global value chains related to the advanced manufacturing of metal industry.
The Cluster consists of partners from different areas of the sectoral ecosystem: metal industry, scientific- technological, logistical and institutional agents, ICT enablers and other business agents related to the sectoral value chain or its priorities as a cluster.
Its objective is to promote the competitive improvement of the Asturian metal industry and sectoral ecosystem, facilitating their integration into the main Global Value Chains, improving human and technological resources, and focusing on innovation and cooperation.
Steel Innovation Cluster (Polo del acero)
Non-profit entrepreneurship association created with the aim of promoting innovation, technology development and applied research in the fields of steel production and processing, to achieve a technological differentiation of the companies involved in the Cluster as an instrument for its growth and competitiveness improvement.
Cluster TIC
Non-profit private sector association, whose main purpose is to improve the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the Principality of Asturias. It also contributes to search solutions that increase productivity and business efficiency. The ICT Cluster activity is focus on promoting the growth of the sector through cooperation, the exchange of experiences, training and professional specialization to achieve a greater participation of companies in national and international technological projects, aimed at the modernization of traditional sectors . Steel Block located at Avilés.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 25 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Demand conditions DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Additive manufacturing market is growing about 20% per year. This trend will continue in the coming years, by 2027 the market will quadruple the current one
Market evolution of the additive manufacturing Total additive manufacturing market size (in million $) Additive manufacturing is predicted to be a highly disruptive force Estimates within the global manufacturing industry. Between 2017 and 2030, the global additive manufacturing market is expected to shift from 41,587 prototyping to mass production of parts and accessories. 36,936 By 2030, it is predicted that additive manufacturing technologies will enable companies to produce finished products on a large scale. 33,087
Market success in recent years has been based on two driving trends: 28,188 23,909 • The effect of a rapid strategic importance placed on additive manufacturing by large multinational companies. 20,021 • Continued efforts of the industry to focus their strategies on 16,934 applications, especially ones which provide growth that is largely 13,970 complimentary -not competitive– with existing manufacturing 11,224 processes and machine tools. 9,325 7,542 6,259 5,008 In Spain, additive manufacturing turnover increased by 40% in 2019, 4,119 rising from 100 million turnover in 2018 to 140 million last year, thanks to the increased use of this technology in different sectors, a trend that seems set to continue growing in the coming years. 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027
Source: SmarTech Analysis
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 26 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Demand conditions DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Additive Manufacturing applications for different sectors has grown, as its unique manufacturing conditions provide great advantages over other transformation processes
Additive Manufacturing applications Online 3D printing demand by industry AM-Motion, a European project that sets the guidelines for establishing a strategy for the implementation of additive manufacturing in Europe, provides a fairly broad perspective of the target sectors for this technology. Others; 14% According to AM-motion, the key sectors for the development of additive manufacturing are: Industrial; 31% • Automotive: focus on process optimization for the development of high performance parts Medical; 10% and on general rapid prototyping. The greatest research strength in the sector is provided by Germany, Portugal and the UK. Spain has a great chance to implement these technology in a sector which is well established in the country. Services; 10%
• Consumer goods and electronics: focus on printed electronics and the development of Electrical; 21% processes and materials for clothing applications. In this sector, the leading country is Consumer; 14% France, together with Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom. Source: Statista • Health: focus on dental products, the study of bio-printed scaffolds, osseointegration, material and process optimization, bone tissue bio-printing and 3D food printing. Germany, France, UK and Spain are the countries with the largest number of projects in this field. More and more companies, regardless of the sector, are using 3D Asturias is positioned as a key region in Spain. manufacturing technology. Some of the most outstanding cases are: • Aerospace: focus on process optimization for the development of high performance parts. Germany, Spain and France are the leading research countries in this sector, and Asturias • General Electrics: has invested about US$3 billion in 3D printing stands out in Spain as a leading region in this application of additive manufacturing. technologies. • Industrial equipment and tools, construction and energy are other sectors where the use of • Boeing: is the first commercial aircraft to fly using parts made with 3D additive manufacturing stands out. printing technology resulting in savings of around US$2 million – US$3 million on each plane. • Nike: uses 3D printing and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) to reduce time to make prototypes from months to few hours. Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 27 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Demand conditions DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY In Spain, the additive manufacturing sector is also growing and currently employs 700 people and had a turnover of 140M Euros in 2019, which is expected to receive a strong boost in the next years
Additive manufacturing in Spain Additive manufacturing in Asturias ADDIMAT (the Spanish Association of Additive Manufacturing) In Spain, one of the regions that is standing out in the use of additive considers that the forecasts for additive manufacturing in Spain manufacturing is Asturias, consolidating itself as a powerhouse for the are quite optimistic. An important evolution is expected due to development of this type of technology and using the additive manufacturing as a the increase in inquiries from various industries and the fact that one of its basic axes for the reactivation of its economy. many companies are including the acquisition of additive manufacturing equipment in their future investment plans, In recent years, many companies belonging to different sectors have begun to use because of the characteristics of the different technologies and this type of technology in their production processes. In addition, since 2018, their applications. several forums, fairs, meetings and international webinars about this technology have taken place in Asturias. According to ADDIMAT, additive manufacturing will have a great weight in the new industrial revolution thanks to its multiple advantages over traditional manufacturing processes, also allowing its integration into the Global Value Chain.
The CSIC has created the Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform for the Development of Additive Manufacturing FAB3D. This platform aims to promote the public-private collaboration necessary for the effective implementation of these manufacturing technologies.
As a consequence of the Covid-19, additive manufacturing has also experienced great growth in terms of its use for the health sector, thanks to the manufacture of masks, screens and other elements of protection against the virus.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 28 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Strategy, structure and rivalry DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY As a consequence of European Commission's cohesion policy for supporting investments in R&D+I, Principality of Asturias developed RIS3 strategy for smart specialization on potential competitive technologies and sectors
RIS3 strategy
Additive manufacture is one of RIS3 bets, as specialization technology. The region is working in a new strategy (with the same base) for the period 2021-2027
Asturias RIS3 not only contemplates themes to concentrate innovation policies but also establishes an action plan and a monitoring and evaluation mechanism. The actions and the expected results are based on three objectives:
• Business leadership through technology • Market orientation and diversification • New model of territory management
Asturias RIS3 has selected 16 thematic priorities grouped into 6 Fields of Expertise. Two of the fields are dominated by a focus on economic activity and its markets (the Steel Pole and the Health Pole). The other four Fields of Specialization are configured around interrelations governed by technology.
The additive manufacturing has been chosen because of its transversal character, being important for the industrialization of other priority technologies in the region such as nanotechnology or sensor technology, as well as for the availability in the region of equipment for R&D and technological demonstration and competences. Nowadays, there is a Community integrated by multiple actors among other innovative companies that have already brought this technology to their processes.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 29 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Strategy, structure and rivalry DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Asturias has a key role with several companies in the associative sector for additive manufacturing in Spain (AFM and ADDIMAT) as well as an innovation hub of their own. Asturias is a national reference on the sector.
AFM Cluster ADDIMAT: Spanish Association of Additive Manufacturing AFM Cluster is the organization that represents advanced and digital Despite not being based in Asturias, this organization is very important in the additive manufacturing manufacturing interests in Spain. It is formed by five industrial sector in Spain thanks to the business network it provides and its work as a representative of the associations: AFM-Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, ADDIMAT, sector, becoming a key entity in the structure of the sector in Spain. ESKUIN, UPTEK and AFMEC. It Defends and represents the interests of the additive manufacturing and 3D printing technologies It works to promote internationalization, industrial development, strategic sector in Spain, promoting relations with institutions, professional associations and similar entities positioning and capacity-building of personnel in its associated companies. and especially inter-company relations. One of the four related and synergetic sectors which AFM Cluster serves is the Additive Manufacturing and 3D printing, where ADDIMAT groups Its main objective is to provide a forum for member companies where they can share information more than 60 companies operating in this new sector, which has become about market intelligence and about the development of additive manufacturing technologies, and increasingly important for the aerospace, biomedicine and automotive deal, as a group, with topics of mutual interest. industries, among others. It also promotes business cooperation, creating networking opportunities between the different market groups and offers support for internationalization, support for technology development, training, promote cooperation, search for financing and marketing and communication plans.
The partner companies of ADDIMAT include manufacturers of 3D printing equipment and its components, 3D printing service providers, users of 3D printing technology for own production, research and innovation centers, universities, etc., and there are some companies located in Asturias which are members of ADDIMAT, such as Aciturri or Verot.
Success case of a company member of ADDIMAT.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 30 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Strategy, structure and rivalry DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY There are many examples of applications for additive manufacturing in Asturias, including sectors such as health or biomedicine
Others examples of additive manufacturing in Asturias ARCELORMITTAL's R&D Center in Asturias has a team of researchers working on additive manufacturing techniques looking for alternative routes for advanced metal manufacturing.
Also ICT companies like IZERTIS have worked on developing customized 3D bio-printers.
Other companies focus on health and environmental markets, such as MICRUX FLUIDIC, research how to produce electrochemical sensors with these manufacturing techniques converge around this technology.
This innovative activity has received interesting investments in the industrial field. Thus, there are examples associated to the metal industry such as STEELPRINTERS, VEROT or BEZZIER and to markets as challenging as the aeronautical Industrias Olmar.
There are companies that have invested in industrial additive manufacturing centers oriented to the biomedical products market, such as TRIDITIVE.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 31 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Strategy, structure and rivalry DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Aciturri is one of the leaders in Spain in the aeronautical sector and some of their main clients are Boeing, Rolls-Royce or Airbus
Additive manufacturing technology in Aciturri Aciturri is composed by the group of companies Aciturri Aerostructures, Aciturri Aeroengines, Aciturri Engineering, Aciturri Assembly and Aciturri Additive Manufacturing.
In 2015, it was associated with the Technological Center Prodintec in Asturias with the objective of developing a solid know-how in the additive manufacturing technology for its later industrial use in the aerospace sector.
• Design: Aciturri is committed to design in technology that allows the manufacture of geometries of any complexity without the need for additional tools or frequent design changes. • Manufacturing: They are specialized in the additive manufacturing of tooling products, prototypes, masking templates, autoclave tools, drilling templates and all kinds of auxiliary tools. • Special processes and finishes: The integration of Aciturri Additive Manufacturing in the global value chain of the company allows the use of all the capacities and internal resources for the application of special processes and surface finishes in this typology of parts.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 32 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Other factors DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Spanish government, through its Connected Industry 4.0 program, and Europe, through the ERDF, also offer economic help for the digital transformation European economic help Connected Industry 4.0 During 2020, Europe, through ERDF, offered a financial program (up to a Program that promotes the digital transformation of Spanish industry through maximum of € 200,000 per project) for digital transformation in the industrial the joint and coordinated action of the public and private sectors. and construction sector, subsidizing tangible and intangible assets, consulting services, personnel expenses, etc. Its strategy responds to a triple objective:
In addition, in 2021, the strategy for the Digital Single Market (DSM) will enter • Increase industrial added value and qualified employment in the industrial into force. This Digital Europe program is a central element of the Commission's sector. response to the challenge of digital transformation, which is part of the proposal • Promote the industrial model of the future for Spanish industry, in order to for the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) for 2021-2027. strengthen the future industrial sectors of the Spanish economy and increase their growth potential, developing the local offer of digital solutions. Its aim is to offer a spending instrument adapted to the operational requirements of capacity building in the areas identified by the European • Develop differential competitive levers to favor Spanish industry and boost Council, and to exploit the synergies between them. its exports. It also offers support to projects that promote the digital transformation of industrial companies, thus complementing business efforts to achieve their evolution into the digital economy.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 33 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Other factors DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY The Government of the Principality of Asturias and IDEPA has been offering financing for R&D&I projects in the last years with the aim of promoting the innovation of the industry IDEPA economic support It offers different financing programs, both directly and through its Asturias Industria4.0 program. • Innovation check: to increase the competitiveness of SMEs through advisory services and technical assistance provided by Innovation and Technology Centers. • Innova-IDEPA: Experimental development or innovation projects in terms of processes in Asturias, in a selection of different technological priorities collected in the Asturias RIS3 • Differential or trailblazing projects: Execution of R&D&I projects, in cooperation between companies, in order to develop the necessary knowledge to respond to the needs and challenges that Asturian society will face in the medium and long term. • Technology-based companies: Encourage the creation and development of EBT’s, so that technological R&D projects can become a reality that adds value to the Asturian business network. • MANUNET: R&D&I projects in the field of manufacturing and advanced processes, in international cooperation with other companies or research or technological centers. • INDUSTRY 4.0 LINE: Participative loans aimed at Asturian SMEs in the industrial sector and related services, which carry out investments in the value chain and the growth of business activity through the implementation of technologies framed in Industry 4.0.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 34 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Other factors DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY There are several accelerators for the industrialization of additive manufacturing technologies and Business Incubators Centers for companies AMFACTORi Specialized center to accelerate the industrialization of additive manufacturing technologies, addressing their integration into production processes and covering the entire value chain, from design to product quality control. As part of IDONIAL, it has facilities equipped for the development and demonstration of additive manufacturing solutions. It helps companies explore new business opportunities around these technologies, optimizing their full potential and minimizing risk through cost analysis and definition of the business model.
CEEI Asturias European Business and Innovation Centre of the Principality of Asturias that supports the start-up and growth of innovative and technology-based companies in Asturias.
Its services include advice, access to financing, business accommodation and business networking.
Open Innovation 4.0: an innovative program that allows the acceleration and traction to the market of young innovative companies through a process of open innovation to jointly address a number of technological challenges on Industry 4.0.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 35 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Local advantages | Other factors DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Asturias is involved in several initiatives and partnerships with the aim to innovate its industry and create new business opportunities
Vanguard Initiative The conference of Peripheral Maritime Interregional Partnership for Smart It is driven by a political commitment, made Regions (CPMR) Specialization on Marine Renewable by 34 industrial regions, to use their Smart Representing about 200 million people, the Energy Specialization Strategy to boost new growth, CPMR campaigns in favor of a more balanced It aims to pool regional resources and through bottom-up entrepreneurial innovation development of the European territory. expertise in order to create new business and industrial renewal. opportunities and increased growth for the Through its extensive network of contacts, MRE sector. Vanguard Initiative regions want to build the within the EU institutions and national synergies and complementarities to boost governments, the CPMR has been targeting Focus on identifying and solving the key world-class clusters and cluster networks, in its action towards ensuring that the needs industrial challenges of the sector in areas particular through pilots and large-scale and interests of its Member Regions are taken such as: manufacturing of large components, demonstrators. into account in policies with a high territorial power transfer and conversion, corrosion in impact. water, sensing, etc.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 36 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY
Sector opportunities
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 37 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] Sector opportunities DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Asturias is a great location opportunity for additive manufacturing companies thanks to the advantages it offers for this sector such as available space and its developed R&D+I ecosystem Additive Manufacturing There are several factors that favor the installation of companies from this sector in Asturias: • Thanks to the industrial tradition of the region, there is access to the main raw materials used during the additive manufacturing process such us metal, plastics and chemical materials and resins and access to other transformed products needed for the manufacturing process. • The additive manufacture has been chosen as one of the bets of the regional strategy RIS3 as technology of specialization and, therefore, destination of economic helps in R&D+I of the European Commission. • In recent years, the sector has grown in terms of incomes and employees in Spain and it is expected to continue this trend in the future. Investment Opportunities
Business opportunity Business opportunity R&D+I
Participation in a developed R&D+I ecosystem formed by 3D printer manufacturers market niche There is available space for allocate companies multiple agents
• There is a market niche in the region for 3D printers • Asturias has available industrial land for the installation of • Asturias Digital Innovation Hub is the main R&D+I agent in manufacturers. companies in its industrial parks and ports, which are the additive manufacturing ecosystem in Asturias growing in terms of number and extension. • These companies can take advantage of the existence of a • This Hub is formed by companies, public administrations, complete value chain for them. • During the expansion of the port of Gijón, they built a new training centers, clusters, technology centers and business dock with a great location available. incubators. • Growing demand for the product and low competitiveness throughout the country. • Available space in the industrial parks: • There is also a complete value chain for this sector in Spain, which most of companies located in Asturias • Some of the main sectors that use 3D printers are • Zalia important in the region. • There are several success cases of companies in Asturias • Asturias Technology Park that have applied additive manufacturing in their • Principado de Asturias Business Park manufacturing processes.
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 38 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY Asturias region, Spain- Additive manufacturing [email protected]
Economic Development Agency of the Principality of Asturias, IDEPA Parque Tecnológico de Asturias. 33428. Llanera, Asturias. Spain. 39 Tel.: + 34 985 980 020 Fax: + 34 985 264 455 E-mail: [email protected]