The Motive of Courtship of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius As Seen in Thornton Wilder’S the Matchmaker

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE MOTIVE OF COURTSHIP OF MRS. LEVI AND CORNELIUS AS SEEN IN THORNTON WILDER’S THE MATCHMAKER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

NICHOLAS MAYNARD Student Number: 024214089

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THE MOTIVE OF COURTSHIP OF MRS. LEVI AND CORNELIUS AS SEEN IN THORNTON WILDER’S THE MATCHMAKER

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

NICHOLAS MAYNARD Student Number: 024214089

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

iii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MOTTO PAGE

For everyone who asks receives; he who seeks finds; and to him who knocks, the door will be opened. (Luke 11: 10)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

I dedicate this thesis to: My beloved family My beloved P.R.U.E friends My special someone

-Nicholas Maynard-

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I want to express my greatest gratitude to my dearest Lord,

Jesus Christ, for making everything possible in this life. Particularly, I thank Him for His amazing love, strength, and forgiveness during the bad and good times in my life. I realize that I would never be able to accomplish my thesis without His blessing.

I also express my biggest gratitude to my advisor Drs. Hirmawan

Wijanarka M.Hum, for his guidance and corrections in finishing my thesis. I also address my gratitude to my co-advisor, Maria Ananta Tri S., S. S. M. Ed. for her time and willingness to improve my thesis. I am really grateful for their time to read, and give many valuable suggestions as well correcting my thesis until I finish this thesis.

I thank my family who give their support until now. For my father,

Bp. Soegeng Sudjana, who always supports me to finish my thesis as soon as possible, and for all that he gives. I really thank for it. And for my little brother who always gives me strength when I am feeling down.

My special thanks go to Dhina Maya Sari. I thank her for her kindness. I will miss her threatening to finish my thesis. Thanks for her time that she shared with me. She has shared marvelous moments. I am really grateful she is there by my side.

vii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

My biggest appreciation goes to my ‘nakama’ in English Letters, especially class C, for the unquestionably friendship. In particular, I thank also to my P.R.U.E comrades (Gatot Hendy Febiyanto, Yeremias Nardi Cahyanto,

Marchelynow Alfa Christian, Gerardus Ferdinand, Jeff Reinhard, Fitra Sony

Kurniawan, Rudy Prasojo, Sri Harjanto, Faida Indana, Debora Wienda Rosary,

Patricia Dian Virnandi, Kartika Kusumaningsih, and last member Suryo

Pramono). Thanks for the love and support from the first time I came to

Yogyakarta until now. Our friendship will last forever.

I would like to thank also my ‘team mates’ at UKM Sanata Dharma. I could not forget some of them, Daru (PBI; Graduated), Hasto (BK), Yoga (Psi),

Jimmy (FTI), Bayu (Pendidikan Sejarah), and Diaz (Graduated). Thanks for being my team mates so I can improve my skill.

Last but not least, I would like to thank people who I can not mention one by one here for their beneficial support.

Nicholas Maynard

viii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………….. i APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………...... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………….. iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………...... iv DEDICATION PAGE ……………………………………………………... v PUBLICATION PAGE …………………………………………………… vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………...... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….. ix ABSTRACT …………………………...... xi ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………. xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………. 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………. 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………………. 5 C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………… 6 D. Definition of Terms …..…………………………………………… 6

CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………... 8 A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………………. 8 B. Theoretical Review ………………………………...... 9 1. Theory of Character and Characterization …………………….. 9 2. Theory of Motive ………………..……………………………. 12 a. Homeostasis Theory ………………………………………. 13 b. Social Learning Theory ………...... 14 3. Theory of Love …………………...... 15 4. Psychology and Literature ……………………………………… 17 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………… 17

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………. 19 A. Object of the Study ……………………………………...... 19 B. Approach of the Study …………………………………...... 20 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………. 22

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS …………………………………………… 23 A. The Description of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius Character in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker…………………………………………... 23 1. The Description of Mrs. Levi …………………………………... 24 2. The Description of Cornelius ……………………...... 32 B. The Behavior of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius in their Courtship …..…. 39 1. Mrs. Levi’s Behavior in her Courtship …………………………. 39

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Cornelius’ Behavior in his Courtship …………………………... 45 C. Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ Motives in their Courtship …….…… 53 1. Mrs. Levi’s Motives of Doing Courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder ……………………………………………. 53 2. Cornelius’ Motives of Doing Courtship towards Mrs. Molloy ... 58

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ………………………………………… 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………….. 71

APPENDIX: The Summary of The Matchmaker ………………………. 73

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT NICHOLAS MAYNARD (2008). The Motive of Courtship of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. This study discusses the play by Thornton Wilder entitled The Matchmaker, which was written in 1955. Thornton Wilder's play The Matchmaker is a farce in the old-fashioned sense. It tells about Horace Vandergelder, who refuses to let his niece marry the poor artist she loves, although he himself plans to remarry. Dolly Levi, the matchmaker of the title, pretends that she is helping Vandergelder find a suitable bride, but she actually schemes to marry him herself, and she works to help the young lovers gain his approval. Cornelius, Vandergelder's beleaguered clerk, who is longing for excitement, also meets the woman of his dreams, although she happens to be the one Vandergelder intends to marry. In the end, everyone is happy. To achieve the answer of the real motive of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius in doing courtship, three questions are formulated to guide the analysis. They are (1) How are Mrs. Levi and Cornelius characterized in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker? (2) How do Mrs. Levi and Cornelius behave in their courtship as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker? And (3) What are Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ motives of courtship as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker? The method employed in this study is library research. The approach used is psychological approach. The sources that are needed to support this study are taken from The Matchmaker and sources that contain the theories of literature and theory of psychology in terms of books and internet. Based on the analysis, the results of the study are as follows. Firstly, it can be concluded that Mrs. Levi is one of the play's central characters. She is a manipulator and schemer who does not mind making up stories to get the results she wants. Her business cards claims as "a woman who arranges things”. She is also a good liar and a good story maker. She has a lot of charm and with her charm she makes everyone believe her. The other character, Cornelius is a clerk that not rich, and not too old. In his age of thirty-three, he wants to enjoy his life once of a lifetime, because his daily life is boring. He is also a spontaneous person, who decides everything without considering the consequences. Although he is careless, he is a responsible man who does not want to be considered as thoughtless person. They are doing courtship with different behavior, although both of them are doing that with whatever it takes. When they are doing courtship, Mrs. Levi tries to run her plan to make Mr. Vandergelder as her own, while Cornelius tries hard to make Mrs. Molloy sees him even if he must pretending to be someone else. In the end, it is clear that the motive of Mrs. Levi are money, power to control, and feeling that she doesn’t want to be alone, while Cornelius’ motive are protection, success and love.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

NICHOLAS MAYNARD (2008). The Motive of Courtship of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini membahas sebuah drama karya Thornton Wilder yang berjudul The Matchmaker, yang ditulis pada tahun 1955. Drama karya Thornton Wilder yang berjudul The Matchmaker ini adalah sebuah drama komedi dalam pengertian jaman dahulu. Drama ini bercerita tentang Horace Vandergelder, yang menolak menikahkan keponakannya dengan artis miskin yang dicintai keponakannya, walaupun dirinya sendiri berniat menikah lagi. Dolly Levi, sang mak comblang dalam cerita ini, berpura-pura membantu Vandergelder mencari jodoh yang sesuai, tetapi sebenarnya dia berencana untuk menjadikan Vandergelder suaminya sendiri, dan dia berusaha membantu keponakan Vandergelder untuk mendapatkan restu. Cornelius, salah seorang pelayan Vandergelder, yang mengharapkan suatu petualangan, bertemu dengan wanita impiannya, walaupun dia sebenarnya adalah calon dari Vandergelder. Pada akhirnya, semua berakhir bahagia.

Untuk mengetahui motivasi sebenarnya dari Levi dan Cornelius dalam melakukan pendekatan, diformulasikanlah tiga pertanyaan untuk memandu penganalisaan, yaitu: (1) Bagaimana pengkarakteran Levi dan Cornelius dalam The Matchmaker karya Thornton Wilder? (2) Bagaimana Levi dan Cornelius bersikap dalam pendekatan mereka? Dan (3) Apa motivasi Levi dan Cornelius dalam melakukan pendekatan?

Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalh pendekatan psikologi. Data-data yang diperlukan untuk mendukung studi ini diambil dari drama The Matchmaker dan sumber-sumber yang memuat teori sastra dan teori psikologi dalam bentuk buku- buku maupun internet.

Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, hasil temuan studi ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, bisa disimpulkan bahwa Levi adalah salah satu pemeran sentral. Dia adalah seorang manipulator dan perencana skema yang rela berbohong untuk mendapatkan apa yang diinginkan. Kartu bisnisnya menandakan bahwa dia adalah “wanita yang mengatur segalanya”. Dia pandai berbohong dan mengarang cerita. Dia mempunyai banyak pesona dan dengan pesonanya itu dia membuat orang lain mempercayainya. Cornelius, karakter lainnya, adalah seorang kepala pelayan yang tidak terlalu kaya dan tidak terlalu tua. Di usianya yang ke

xii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

tigapuluh tiga, dia ingin menikamati hidupnya, karena kesehariannya membosankan. Dia adalah serang yang sangat spontan yang melakukan sesuatu tanpa memikiran akibatnya. Walaupun dia ceroboh, dia merupakan orang yang bertanggung jawab dan tidak mau orang memandang rendah dirinya. Mereka melakukan pendekatan dengan cara yang berbeda, walaupun mereka menempuh segala cara agar berhasil. Dalam melakukan pendekatan, Levi menyusun siasat- siasat untuk menjadikan Vandergelder miliknya, sementara Cornelius berusaha keras agar Molloy memperhatikan dirinya walaupun dia harus berpura-pura menjadi orang lain. Pada akhirnya, terlihat jelas bahwa motivasi Levi dalam melakukan pendekatan adalah kekayaan, kekuasaan untuk mengatur, dan perasaan tidak ingin sendiri, sementara motivasi Cornelius adalah perlindungan, kesuksesan, dan cinta.

xiii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

In this paper, the writer is interested in analyzing a drama/play for two reasons. Firstly drama is kind of a representation or a mirror of life trough action or dialogues. Secondly is that drama is written to perform. Reaske says, “A drama is a work of literature or composition which delineates life and human activity by means of presenting various actions and dialogues between groups of characters” (1970: 5).

The writer chooses The Matchmaker, a farce written by Thornton

Wilder in 1954 and published as the revised edition from The Merchant of

Yonkers (1938), as the play that would be analyzed. The Matchmaker is based upon a comedy by Johann Nestroy, Einen Jux will es sich Machen (Vienna, 1842), which was in turn in based upon an English original, A Day Well Spent (London,

1835) by John Oxenford. Travis Bogard in a book entitled The Modern American

Theatre says that the revision are very slight, amounting in effect only to the kind of judicious pruning and tightening which any play may expect to undergo in production (Kernan, ed, 1967: 65). However, both original play version and the revised edition have farce basic concern, folly, money, and love; developing its story with its complex and improbable plotting: filled with screen scenes involving sudden discoveries and disguise (Kernan, ed, 1967: 62)

1 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The Matchmaker is written as a farce. As it is criticized by many literary critics, farce is not more worthy than making laugh. Abrams categorizes farce as low comedy which makes little or no intellectual appeal, but arouses laughter by jokes, humors, or physical activities (Abrams, 1981: 25). Although

The Matchmaker is categorized as a low art, which according to Nietzsche that it is the decadence art form, Thornton Wilder still puts values in his works. Wilder, who is also the playwright of Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, explicitly tells that he has certain aims in writing The Matchmaker. One of his aims is that to shake off the 19th century staging and to show the aspiration of the young for participation in life. In this case, Wilder has lift farce from its emptiness or its meaningless.

Kernan thinks that 19th century staging was nothing but like entertainer who only conveys the beauty but not the use (Kernan, ed, 1967: 50).

The middle class people had gained control over the theatre since the early of 19th century; they wanted the theatre to be soothing. The middle class people were very influenced by money, and they use theatre to be something that only can entertain them. The fact still remained until the time of Wilder. The abnormality of course bothered Wilder, and wanted to change the perception by writing his farce The Matchmaker.

The Matchmaker itself tells a lot about the relationship among the characters. Wilder writes The Matchmaker to show that the relation between people, especially in 1950’s, that it is more about lower class and upper class, and the only thing that distinguish them is basically money. The story itself tells us

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

about love, which is based on money. In the story, we can see someone adores someone else because they want to have the money.

The writer’s reason of writing the paper is to see the behavior of the character in doing courtship as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. From the play, the writer sees that there are three points that become the center of doing courtship which is done by the characters of The Matchmaker. First is that the character tries to be someone else in order to attract someone they like. Second, they dare to lie between one and another in order to have someone’s trust. And the third, the effect of the love makes everything better compared from the beginning.

When someone is falling in love, they tries to ‘escape’ from which they really are, and trying to become someone else so they can be considered different. This thing also happens in the play, where Cornelius tries to be someone else in order to attract a beautiful woman, Mrs. Molloy. He pretends that he is as rich as Mr. Vandergelder, although he is only Mr. Vandelgelder’s clerk. The reason why people try to be someone else is because they feel that the ‘someone else’ is usually better than themselves and the motive why they do that is to be likeable. It is very difficult to be ‘yourself’ rather than someone else because we never know whether it is acceptable or not, especially from someone that we like most.

The characters also dare to lie between one and another. For example,

Mrs. Levi lies to Mr. Vandergelder about the existence of Miss Simple, who makes Mr. Vandergelder turn from Mrs. Molloy for a moment. Lie is usually done to cover the truth, or in order to gain something. It means that there is a motive in

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

doing the lie. In this story, each character has their own motive when they tell lie, but we can see that they did their lie in order to get the love from someone they like.

In the play The Matchmaker, it is lovely to see the happy ending that how loves finally makes everything better than before. The play shows that the way in searching love is not easy, but in the end it will change the previous life to be better. It seems that love has the power to change life to be more colorful and meaningful.

The interesting part of the play is how Wilder characterized the characters become one unity. Each character has different characteristic, and those differences lead the story becomes more and more interesting. Wilder shows to the audience how those characters with different characteristics do their own way in searching love.

The writer chooses the issues of courtship between a man and a woman to know the basic motive of what really they seek in loving each other as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. The focuses of the issue of courtship are Mrs. Levi and also Cornelius. Mrs. Levi did courtship towards Vandergelder and Cornelius did courtship towards Mrs. Molloy. The writer tries to understand the basic motives of the courtship that is done by Mrs. Levi and also Cornelius.

The motive is known by looking how the characters do their courtship.

Basically, the courtship that is done by women is different from the courtship that is done by men. This is because the feeling that women had is different from men. Women act and react based on their feeling and intuition,

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

while men act and react based on their thought, whether it is rational or not. Those are what makes the courtship that had been done by Mrs. Levi were different from the courtship that had been done by Cornelius.

By knowing that fact, which becomes the most interesting reason of choosing the subject, the writer tries to find out and describe the main character characteristics and also to find out how the courtship influence them so much in their life, especially in the way those characters ‘escape’ from who they really was and trying to become someone else, lie between one and another in order to have someone trust, and also the effect of the courtship, or may called also as love, which can make something become much better than before as seen in the character of Mrs. Dolly Levi and also Cornelius Hackl in Thornton Wilder’s The

Matchmaker.

B. Problem Formulation

In this thesis the writer tries to analyze the play based on the following three questions.

1. How are Mrs. Levi and Cornelius characterized in Thornton Wilder’s The

Matchmaker?

2. How do Mrs. Levi and Cornelius behave in their courtship as seen in Thornton

Wilder’s The Matchmaker?

3. What are Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ motives of courtship as seen in Thornton

Wilder’s The Matchmaker?

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Objectives of the Study

The objective of the study is to answer the three formulated question in the Problem Formulation. The first section is to know better about the main characters by characterize them, especially Mrs. Levi and Cornelius. By knowing their character, it would be easier to define them and understand what they had done in the play. The second section is seeking of the behavior that Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius had done when they did courtship toward someone they like. In this section the writer also tries to show the changing identity of the character who is affected by the spell of love. Doing courtship makes them become someone else and different from their truly character. The last section of the study is to find the real motive of courtship that was done by Mrs. Levi and Cornelius.

D. Definition of Terms

In doing the paper, the writer finds several words that need further explanation. The list of several difficult words with their explanation of word is taken from Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition. The writer tries to explain the definition of motivation, motive and courtship to help the reader understand the thesis easily.

There are differences between motivation and motive. To help the reader to understand the definition, the writer uses the definition that is stated by

Richard, Elizabeth, and Robert in Introduction to Psychology “The dynamic property of behavior that give it organization over time and that defines its end states is called motive, and the corresponding process is called motivation (1983:

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

367). It means that motive is a main goal of our behavior, while motivation is a way to achieve the motive. For example, when a person works so hard to achieve a lot of money so that he can buy a car, we may say that the car is his motive, money is his motivation and his act of working hard is his behavior. Behavior is influenced by a need for something.

The definition of motive is the act or process of motivating or the condition of being motivated. According to Bruno, motive is a term employed generally for the phenomena involved in the operation of incentives, drives and motivations (1986: 7). However, the term motive is defined as a desire or a wish.

Murray defines motivation as a desire that has certain goals to be obtained (1964:

5-7).

Courtship, according to the Merriam Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary: Tenth Edition is the act, process, or period of courting. Courting here means to seek the affection of; especially to seek to win a pledge of marriage. In other word, courtship is a process where someone doing affection towards someone else in order to get their attention to win a pledge of marriage (Webster,

2002: 266).

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

A. Review of Related Studies

In a book edited by Alvin B. Kernan The Modern American Theatre,

Tyrone Guthrie writes that The Matchmaker is a farce in the most traditional style, identified by: mistaken identity, hiding under tables and in cupboards, men dressed up like women, lost purse. In The Matchmaker, the stage is gaily dressed and lighted up in the style which was familiar to our grandparents. Unlike Our

Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, The Matchmaker makes absolutely no attempt new theatrical territory (Kernan, ed, 1967: 50).

Just as in Our Town and The Skin of Our Teeth, so the audience of The

Matchmaker not asked to believe itself anywhere but at the theatre. The author uses the mechanism of the theatre not to create illusion but as a constant reminder that the theatre is a symbol of life. The stage is the world. The characters are not merely themselves, but representative of humanity. The elaborate and the preposterous ‘plot’ derives not from life, which it but faintly resembles, it derives from the theatre (Kernan, 1967: 50)

In the book written by Kernan, Travis Bogard calls the play as the complete farce, centering on farce’s basic concerns: folly, money and love; developing its story with complex and improbable plotting, filled with ‘screen scenes’ involving sudden discoveries and disguises. However, Bogard catches

Wilder’s creed, and perhaps provide a partial explanation of his insistence that

8 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

man is better off not knowing the nature of his destiny in the soliloquy Mrs. Levi, one of its main characters. The soliloquy itself has been altered by Wilder from its origin under the title The Merchant of Yonkers to its modification under the title

The Matchmaker (Kernan, 1967: 66).

According to Bogard, the difference is partly in the tone, the use of the concrete rather than the general, but mostly in the quality of the imagery. In its stress on growth and on the value of life, the imagery of this one speech is almost sufficient on itself to lift the farce from its emptiness (Kernan, 1967: 66)

In this thesis the writer uses the result of their observations which report the application of traditional farce techniques. Their observations support the finding of why Wilder uses the traditional of style in writing The Matchmaker.

The thesis will not argue the information conveying by many critics concerning the play. It takes the information as the references.

B. Theoretical Review

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

In his book entitled A Glossary of Literary Term, there is a definition of character. Abrams clarifies that characters are the people in a dramatic or narrative work, interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that expressed in what they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (Abrams, 1981: 20)

According to the role the character serve in the story, Henkle (1977:

87-89) mentions that they may be divided into major and minor or secondary PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

character. A major character can be the center of the story. Usually, the acts of the story are focused on this character from the beginning to the ending part.

Meanwhile, minor or secondary character appears in a certain setting, just necessarily to become the background for the major character.

In his book Literature: Structure, Sound and Sense, Perrine says that in proportion to the fullness of the character’s development, characters in a story are relatively flat or round (1974: 69) Flat character is the same sort of person at the end of the story as he or she is at the beginning. This character tends to stay the same throughout the story. A round character often changes. A round character tends to react differently toward different situation and or person encountered. They tend to grow, develop, and change.

In his book Understanding Unseen’s, Murphy points several ways in which the writer attempts to make the characters understandable and come life like to the readers. The ways come from the personal description, the way a character is seen by others, by character’s speech, his or her past life, from the conversation of others, the figure reactions, direct comment stated by author, the character’s thought, and mannerism (1972: 161-173). The explanation is as follow: a. Personal description

“The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes.” b. Characters as seen by another

“Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through

the eyes and opinion of another.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

c. Speech

“The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in a

book through what that person says.” d. Past life

“By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life the authors

can give us clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character.”

(1972: 166). e. Conversations of others

“The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the

conversation of other people and things they say about him.’ (1972: 167).

Therefore, the reader can study the character by analyzing ‘the direct

comment by the author, through the person’s, through his conversations or

through the medium of another person. f. Reaction

‘The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character directly’ g. Direct comment

‘The author can describe a comment on a person’s character directly.’ h. Thoughts

‘The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.’ i. Mannerism

‘The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies

which may also tell us something about his character.’ (1972: 173)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

2. Theory of Motive

Anyone who observes others in doing something perhaps will question on why they do such thing. He seeks the motive which stimulates their action. For instance, when one watches television program in which a young man kills his girlfriend, normally one will question why he kills his girlfriend and what motive that supports him to do that. Maslow (1976: 23) says that all seek explanations for behavior in people’s motive, but discovering motives is impossible unless the motive is organized. It means that the persistence of behavior is an important aspect of motive because the study of persistence reveals the condition under which one goal is abandoned.

What is the meaning of motive itself? Many psychologists have formulated the definition of motive. Murray, for example, defines motive as ‘the dynamic property of behavior that gives it organization over time and defines its end states’ (1964: 367). It is similar to Kagan and Havemann’s definition of motive that says ‘motive is a desire of goal that has acquired value for the individual’ (1972: 44). All normal people usually have certain motive when they do something because motive is the foundation of every action human beings do.

For instance, a young man who studies hard in facing his final exam, of course, have certain motives, perhaps, to be success, or wants to please his parents, or he wants to prove that he can get better mark towards his friends.

One of human motives is the motive of achievement and it has been most extensively studied by McClelland. He defines the motive of achievement as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

‘performing in terms of standard of excellence or, simply, as desire to be successful’ (Murray, 1964: 99).

Richard, Elizabeth, and Robert in Introduction to Psychology, state that:

To understand the way a person’s behavior is organized, we must infer that behavior is guided by some purpose and that it leads to some end state, which may be a goal or the satisfaction of some need. This dynamic property of behavior that give it organization over time and that defines its end states is called motive, and the corresponding process is called motivation (1983: 367).

There are two theories that related to my studies, there are homeostasis theory and social learning theory. a. Homeostasis Theory

This theory states that human’s behavior happens because of disequilibrium (unbalance) within human. This theory is based on the needs, which occur within human. Abraham Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force sets up a hierarchical theory of needs that can determine human’s motive (1970: 38-43).

They are:

1) Physiological Need

They are biological needs such as oxygen, food water, warmth/coolness,

and protection from storms and so fort. These needs are the strongest

because if deprived, the person could or would die.

2) Safety Need

They are felt by adults during emergencies, periods of disorganization in

the social structure (such as widespread rioting). They are felt more PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

frequently by children who often display signs of insecurity and their need

to be safe.

3) Love, Affections and belongings Need

The needs to escape from loneliness and alienation and give (and receive)

love, affection, and the sense of belonging.

4) Esteem Need

They are the need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self respect, and

respect from others in order to feel satisfied, self self-confidence, and

valuable. If these need are not met, the persons feels inferior, weak,

helpless, and worthless.

5) Self-actualization Need

Maslow describes this need as an ongoing process. Self-actualizing people

are involved in a cause outside their own skin. They are devoted; work at

something, something very precious to them-some calling or vocation, in

the old sense, the priestly sense.

b. Social Learning Theory

Atkinson and Hilgard, in Introduction to Psychology state that ‘our behavior is learned through interaction with and observation of the environment.

The important part that influences our behavior is environment or circumstances that we live rather than instinct” (1983: 320).

Furthermore, they also say, “vicarious learning is learning by observation. Patterns of behavior are learned by observing the other people’s PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

behavior and also by learning the reinforcement” (1983: 320). We can learn emotion by observing other’s emotion. For example, a child will be afraid to go to a doctor because he or she once watched a person suffering from pain after being injected by the doctor. It is clear that social learning emphasizes the role of

‘models’ in transmitting the behavior.

3. Theory of Love

Love can be interpreted as different meaning to different people.

Expressing the feeling of love can also be different for each person, which is actually would be the same goal at the end that is to get good responses from the person they love. By loving others, people will start to build relationship; sometimes they want the special one, in order to share, to take and give, and to realize that they can complete one and another. In order to know what love is revealed in the story of the play The Matchmaker, there are theories of love to be considered.

Rubin in Kasschau’s Understanding Psychology writes that there are probably as many reasons for loving as there are people who love. In each case, there is a different constellation of needs to be gratified, a different set of characteristics that are found to be rewarding, a different ideal to be fulfilled.

(1995: 342)

While most people say that they love their parents, their friends, and maybe their brothers and sisters, they attach a different meaning to love when referring to a boyfriend, girlfriend, or spouse. As the writer have stated, love means different things to different people and within different relationships. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Rubin distinguishes between “liking” and “loving”. According to

Rubin, “liking” usually involves respect or high regard for another person. It is based primarily on respect for another person and the feeling that he or she is similar to you. On the other hand, love usually involves liking plus three other elements: great attachment to and dependency on the person; a caring for or to help the person; and the desire to have an exclusive, intimate relationship with the person. (Kasschau, 1994: 342, 433)

The other expert, Hatfield, distinguish between two types of love:

“passionate love” and “companionate love”. “Passionate love” is very intense, sensual, and all-consuming. It has a feeling of great excitement, of intense sexuality, yet there is almost an element of danger that it may go away at any moment. Passionate love is an intensely emotional and sexual fascination with a mate and a strong desire of exclusiveness. Feeling of excitement, anxiety, tenderness, and jealousy are all common in passionate love. Passionate love is what is commonly referred to as “romantic love” in which lovers’ long for their partners and seek to capture their affection. (1995: 342, 433)

In contrast to the relativity short-life passionate love, “companionate love” is defined as the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined. Companionate love is more stable love. People who share a mutual concern and care for each other and who have strong, frequent, and long-term interactions are likely experienced companionate love. Friendship, understanding, and the willingness to make sacrifices for each other are the characteristics of companionate love. (1995: 342, 433) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

4. Psychology and Literature

There is a close relation between psychology and literature. Rene

Wellek and Austin Waren in their book entitled Theory of Literature stated that

“psychology and literature has a close relation in which some works of literature talks about psychological cases”. They write “people can learn psychology that may be revealed in works of literature by analyzing the works” (Wellek, 1956:

81). Further more, “the important part is the application of psychological laws within works of literature” (1956: 81). If the writer can prove that Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius’ behavior in the play proper to what do we know about human motivation, thus the writer is successful using psychological approach to interpret the Thornton Wilder’s play The Matchmaker.

C. Theoretical Framework

The first analysis aims to describe the characterization of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius. I use theory of characterization by Stanton, Rohrberger and

Woods, and Murphy to describe the characterization of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius. I also use it to describe the characterization of Mr. Vandergelder and also Mrs.

Molloy, who become the target of the courtship. Murphy states that an author has various ways to make the characters understandable. I use them to find out the description of Mrs. Levi, Cornelius, Mr. Vandergelder, and Mrs. Molloy.

The second analysis aims to find out the behavior of Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius in their courtship. Because discovering motives is impossible unless the motive is organized, the persistence of behavior is an important aspect of motive. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Using Social learning theory and also theory of love, I aim to find out their behavior in courtship. Social learning theory by Atkinson and Hilgard is used to describe the behavior through environment. It is also used to describe behavior through others behavior. Theory of love by Rubin and Hatfield is used to describe their behavior while they are in love. Rubin distinguishes between “liking” and

“loving”, while Hatfield distinguishes between “passionate love” and

“companionate love”.

The third analysis aims to find out Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ motive in doing courtship. In order to analyze this part I use some theories of psychology. I use the theory of motive by Hall, McClelland, and mostly Abraham Maslow to find the real motives of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ courtship. Maslow states the hierarchy of needs; psychological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. In this study, those factors become employed in analyzing Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ motives in doing courtship. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a farce written by Thornton Wilder, The

Matchmaker. This play is a rewritten version of The Merchant of Yonkers, which was directed in 1938 by Max Reinhardt and is again dedicated to Max Reinhardt with deep admiration and indebtedness. The new product was not a complete overhaul, but a careful and thorough revision of the original text. Because the talented Ruth Gordon was cast as Dolly Levi, Wilder retooled and expanded the matchmaker's role to fit the talent of his lead actress.

The Matchmaker was produced for the Edinburg Festival by Tennent

Productions. It was directed by Tyrone Guthrie and the production was designed by Tanya Moiseiwitsch. The first performance was at the Royal Lyccum Theater,

Edinburg, on 23 August 1954. The new collaboration was a success at the

Edinburgh Festival in Scotland. And more praise followed a run at the Theatre

Royal in London. The Matchmaker hoped to strike up a similar relationship on the

American stage, but the Philadelphia premiere brought back haunting memories of the now-forgotten Merchant of Yonkers. The lukewarm reception was short- lived, and The Matchmaker found an audience in Boston and gained enough steam to propel it to a Broadway debut.

19 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Thornton Wilder’s play The Matchmaker is a farce in the old- fashioned sense. It uses such time-honored conventions as characters hidden under tables and in closets, men disguised as women, a complex conspiracy to bring young lovers together, and a happy ending in which three couples are united with plans to marry. The traditional aspects of the play should come as no surprise: Wilder was the first to acknowledge the sources that it was based upon.

In all of these permutations, the basic plot has been the same as it is in

The Matchmaker. In Wilder’s version, an irascible, penny-pinching store owner,

Horace Vandergelder, refuses to let his niece marry the poor artist she loves, although he himself plans to remarry. Dolly Levi, the matchmaker of the title, pretends that she is helping Vandergelder find a suitable bride, but she actually schemes to marry him herself, and she works to help the young lovers gain his approval. Vandergelder’s beleaguered clerk, who is longing for excitement, also meets the woman of his dreams, although she happens to be the one Vandergelder intends to marry. In the end, everyone is happy and just a little smarter.

B. Approach of the Study

The focus of my study is on the motive of Mrs. Levi for doing courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder and also Cornelius Hackl for doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy.

The writer uses Wilfred L. Guerin theory stated in his book A

Handbook of Critical Approaches, which explains that psychological approach is

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

an approach in which the writer can be found more explanation about characters.

The use of psychological approach is an excellent tool for reading beneath the lines.

In turn, the crucial limitation of the psychological approaches is its aesthetic inadequacy: psychological interpretation can afford many profound clues toward solving a work’s thematic and symbolic mysteries, but it can seldom account for the beautiful symmetry of a well wrought poem or of a fictional masterpiece. The psychological approach concerns with the motives that underlying human behavior. It is close to biological science (Guerin, 1979: 126)

In this study, the writer uses the theory of psychology that is proposed

Abraham Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force (1970) as the major approach with the considerations that this approach could apply certain psychological theories in analyzing the content of the story in a work of literature. The writer uses this approach because it explains human motives, personality, and behavior patterns written in literary objects. Through the psychological approach we could see a deeper understanding of both Mrs. Levi’s and Cornelius’ actions in the play. This approach was to analyze Mrs. Levi’s and Cornelius’ motives for doing courtship towards someone that they love.

By applying the psychological theory, we can see the human motive in showing their love to other. The psychological theory is chosen to see how the character’s behavior and way of thinking is influenced also by the environment and the situation at their surround. By using psychological approach, the analysis of Mrs. Levi’s and Cornelius’ motives for doing courtship can be done effectively.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

C. Method of the Study

The writer employed the library research and internet research as the method of study. The primary source was used in this paper mostly gained from the information from the people who had studied about Thornton

Wilder’s The Matchmaker. The secondary sources were mostly taken from

The Modern American Theatre edited by Alvin B. Kernan. Others data taken from the internet, and encyclopaedia which contained related information needed in this thesis.

The research took some steps to answer the problem. The first step was reading and studying some theories on character and characterization, theme and plot, motive, and some information about their other works.

The second step was reading and rereading deeper the works,

Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker as the primary data of the research until the writer understand about the character and what motives are based while the character doing courtship.

Next, the writer answered the first problem by analyzing the characterization of the main character by understanding the works’ plot that is in the works and also the writer was looking for other information from the internet. Then, the writer related the motives with the character’s act in the story of Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. Finally, the conclusion would be drawn based on the analysis.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter aims to find the answer of the question in the problem formulation stated in Chapter I. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first is going to discuss about the characterization of Mrs. Levi and also Cornelius. This section also discusses the characterization of Mr. Vandergelder and also Mrs.

Molloy, who are being the target of courtship. The second part is the analysis of how Mrs. Levi and Cornelius behave when they are doing courtship towards the one they love. The third part is the analysis of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ motives of doing courtship as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker.

A. The Description of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius Character in Thornton

Wilder’s The Matchmaker

In the play The Matchmaker, Mrs. Levi and Cornelius are the characters who do the courtship. Mrs. Levi is chasing Mr. Vandergelder and

Cornelius is chasing Mrs. Molloy. Those characters play their parts of being the main characters of the play. As stated by Henkle (1977: 87), as major characters, they serve as the center of the story. Their actions become the focus of the story from beginning until the end of the play.

As stated by Murphy (1972: 161-173), there are several ways in order to find out the description of certain character in a story. Those could be from the personal description of a character, from a character as seen by others, by character’s speech, from his or her past life, the figure’s reaction, direct comment

23 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

stated by the author, the character’s thought, and mannerism. In this discussion, those way are supporting each other to find out the description of Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius.

1. The Description of Mrs. Levi

Murphy stated that one of the ways so that we can understand the characters in a story is by their personal description (1972: 161). As we can see from the play, Thornton Wilder describes Mrs. Levi as a woman who is in her uncertain age. She is a widow, an old friend of Mr. Vandergelder’s late wife. As an old friend, she knows all about the situation in Mr. Vandergelder’s house. She knows Mr. Vandergelder is planning to get married again. She tells the news to

Mr. Kemper, the one who hates Mr. Vandergelder for separates him and someone he loves, who is Mr. Vandergelder’s niece.

MRS. LEVI : Believe me, Mr. Vandergelder wishes to get rid of Ermengarde, and if you follow my suggestions he will even permit her to marry you. You see, Mr. Vandergelder is planning to get married himself. AMBROSE : What? That monster! MRS. LEVI : Mr. Kemper! AMBROSE : Married! To you, Mrs. Levi? MRS. LEVI : [taken aback] Oh, no, no… NO! I am merely arranging it. I am helping him find a suitable bride. (Wider, 1964: 197)

The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in a book through what that person says (Murphy, 1972: 163). From what

Mrs. Levi says above, it is clear that she is an old friend of Mr. Vandergelder’s family. It is proven when Mr. Vandergelder trusts her to find him a suitable bride.

To search for a suitable bride, someone must know the character of the groom. As

Mrs. Levi has been trusted for searching a suitable bride for Mr. Vandergelder, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

she must have known the character of Mr. Vandergelder as the groom. It indicates that both Mrs. Levi and Mr. Vandergeler have known each other for a long time.

Mr. Vandergelder has chosen his own future bride, who is Mrs.

Molloy, but Mrs. Levi says that she has found a perfect future bride for Mr.

Vandergelder. But the fact is that Mrs. Levi herself is planning to marry Mr.

Vandergelder. This can be seen in the beginning of the play when she is talking to the audience about the color of the wallpaper in one of the rooms of Mr.

Vandergelder’s house. She decides to change the color into blue. The way she talks seems to indicate that she is the owner of the house, or she will become the owner of the house. It is clear that she has planned to become the next Mrs.

Vandergelder.

MRS. LEVI : You know, I think I’m going to have this room with blue wallpaper – yes in blue! (Wilder, 1964: 210)

By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life the authors can give us clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character

(Murphy, 1972: 166). Mrs. Levi is a poor widow who lives from hand to mouth.

Her late husband, Ephraim Levi, leaves her with nothing and she has to work by herself to support her life. It is seen when Ambrose accidently knows that Mrs.

Levi doing several jobs at once. She does that to support her life. Her several jobs can make enough profit to her rather than she is just doing one job only. And it is clear that she certainly needs money to support her life.

MRS. LEVI : I am taking Ermengarde to New York on the next train. I shall not take her to Miss Van Huysen’s, as it planned; I shall PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

take her to my house. I wish you to call for her at my house at five-thirty. Here is my card. AMBROSE : ‘Mrs. Dolly Gallagher Levi. Varicose veins reduced.’ MRS. LEVI [trying to take back card] : I beg your pardon…… AMBROSE [holding card] : I beg your pardon. ‘Consultation free.’ MRS. LEVI : I meant to give you my other card. Here. AMBROSE : ‘Mrs. Dolly Gallagher Levi. Aurora Hosiery. Instruction in the guitar and mandolin.’ You do all these things, Mrs. Levi? MRS. LEVI : Two and two make four, Mr. Kemper – always did. …. (Wilder, 1964: 198)

It is obvious that she is tired living in poverty. She wants to change, to be as happy as when she still with her late husband, Ephraim Levi. She needs to secure her life, have fun and enjoys her time. Before, her life was full of despair.

She has to do several jobs at once. One way to make her life better is by marrying

Mr. Vandergelder, the one who has a lot of money and power in Yonkers.

Although she feels guilty with her late husband, she has decided to marry Mr.

Vandergelder, though she knows that her second marriage would never be the same as her first. When she asks permission from her late husband, she states that she has tired and she wants the change.

MRS. LEVI : Ephraim Levi, I’m going to get married again. Ephraim, I’m marrying Horace Vandergelder for his money. I’m going to send his money out doing all the things you thought me. Oh, it won’t be marriage in the sense that we had one – but I shall certainly make him happy, and Ephraim – I’m tired. I’m tired of living from hand to mouth, and I’m asking your permission, Ephraim – will you give me away? (Wilder, 1964: 277)

According to Murphy in Understanding Unseen’s, we can know the characters deeper through nine methods; two of them is through their speech and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

mannerism. The author can also describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character (Murphy,

1972: 173). As we can see from Mrs. Levi’s speech, we can make a conclusion that she is a coquettish person. She praises someone often, and with her speech ability people seems to believe her. It is stated when she meets Mr. Vandergelder at his house. She makes Mr. Vandergelder up to the moon with her sentence. She is doing that in order to make Mr. Vandergelder makes a good judgment toward her and of course to make Mr. Vandergelder likes her.

MRS. LEVI : Oh, Mr. Vandergelder, how handsome you look! You take my breath away. Oh, Mr. Vandergelder, I wish Irene Molloy could see you now. But then! I don’t know what come over you lately. You seem to be younger everyday. VANDERGELDER : Allowing for exaggeration, Mrs. Levi. If man eats careful there is no reason why he should look old. (Wilder, 1964: 200)

Her coquettish manner is also seen when she leaves Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop. She raps the cupboard and the table as if her rap is meaning something

(Wilder, 1955: 232). Her coquettish manner is seems become the powerful charm of Mrs. Levi to make other people believe her, trust her, and also put themselves in control of her hand. Only with her manner and her words, she can make people surround her believe her because she has a lot of charm in saying the word and without doubtful. Although the word she says is unfaithful words, she can convince them with the help of her coquettish manner. It is proved when she can easily make Ambrose Kemper and Mr. Vandergelder believe to what she had said. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Her statements are also supported with the situation that happens around her. She is a type of person that knows how to use situation to support her self interest. As her nature that she does not want to lose from anyone and keeps competing, she keeps struggling to achieve what she wants. Even when she is in the middle of displeasing situation, she can turn it to become profitable to her. It can be seen when she is at Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop. They were having conversation about Cornelius Hackl, Mr. Vandergelder’s head clerk.

MRS. LEVI [having found her idea, with decision] : Well, the truth might as well come out now as later. Mr. Vandergelder, Irene is quite right. Your head clerk is often in New York. Goes everywhere; has an army of friends. Everybody knows Cornelius Hackl. VANDERGELDER [laughing blandly and sitting in chair at left of table] : he never comes to New York. He works all day in my store and at nine o’clock at night he goes to sleep in the brand room. MRS. LEVI : so you think so, but it’s not true. VANDERGELDER : Dolly Gallagher, you’re crazy. (Wilder, 1964: 228)

Or when even she is dinning at Harmonia Garden Restaurant on the

Battery, New York, a place where she should bring Ernestina Simple, her fiction person that should be introduced to Mr. Vandergelder. She knows that she cannot bring Miss Simple with her because Miss Simple does not exist. For that she tells lies to Mr. Vandergelder, and of course she adds something for her profit.

MRS. LEVI : Good morning, Mr. Vandergelder. VANDERGELDER : where – where’s Miss Simple? MRS. LEVI : Mr. Vandergelder, I’ll never trust a woman again as long as I live. VANDERGELDER : well? What is it? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MRS. LEVI : she ran away this afternoon and gets married! VANDERGELDER : she did? MRS. LEVI : Married, Mr. Vandergelder, to a young boy of fifty. VANDERGELDER : she did? (Wilder, 1964: 255)

The basic thing that makes Mrs. Levi becomes someone who always takes benefits from everything is because she has a nature to be glamour. Her will to get out from poverty has made her become materialistic. She judges that happiness can only be achieved with money, and without money, the happiness cannot be achieve. That is why she becomes money oriented. She mentions that when she asks permission to Ephraim Levi to let her married with Mr.

Vandergelder (Wilder, 1964: 277).

Her point of view about money, that it should be spread over the places, indicates her as a glamour woman. It is shown when she told Ambrose about how money should be used. She says that money should be circulated like rain water, not just lying over in the bank.

MRS. LEVI : …….. I don’t like the thought of it lying in great piles, useless, motionless, in the bank, Mr. Kemper. Money should circulate like rain water. It should be flowing down among the people, through dressmaker and restaurant and cabmen, setting up a little business here, and furnishing a good time there. Do you see what I mean? (Wilder, 1964: 199)

She has an opinion about future that future without money in it would be disaster. When Ambrose tries to challenge Mr. Vandergelder’s niece,

Ermengarde, to elope, Mrs. Levi tries to prohibit him by saying that future needs more consideration. Because she thought that happiness can only be achieved with money, she feels afraid that they cannot achieve happiness when they elope PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

without any secure and without any money. She thinks that only love cannot be enough to make brighter future.

AMBROSE : but I’m not interested in Mr. Vandergelder’s money. I have enough to support my wife and family. MRS. LEVI : Enough? How much is enough when someone is thinking about children and the future? The future is the most expensive luxury in the world, Mr. Kemper. (Wilder, 1964: 197)

Her money oriented is stated when she has a monologue that indicates her point of view about money. She feels that money is the only things that can bring pleasure to life. She mentions that the difference between a little money and no money is enormous, means that with a little money someone still can achieve happiness while with no money at all they cannot achieve any happiness. She also mentions that the difference between a little money and a lot amount of money is very slight, means that it both can make someone happy but the difference just on how much happiness they can achieve.

MRS. LEVI : …… Money! Money! – it’s like the sun we walk under; it can kill or cure – Mr. Vandergelder’s money. ……… Yes, we’re all fools and we’re in danger of destroying the world with our fooly. But the surest way to keep us out of harm is to give us the four or five human pleasures that are our right in the world – and that takes a little money! The difference between a little money and no money at all is enormous – and can shatter the world. And the difference between a little money and an enormous amount of money is very slight – and that, also, can shatter the world. Money, I’ve always felt, money – pardon my expression – is like manure; it’s not worth a thing unless it’s spread about encouraging young things to grow. (Wilder, 1964: 277-278) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Behind her personality, her spirit for never give up for anything becomes her strength to face all the obstacles that she had in her past life. When she wants something, she stiffs with what she wants and chase it until she gets it.

It can be seen when she knows that Mr. Vandergelder has planned to marry Mrs.

Molloy. She pretends that she feels happy with him but also feel pity that her plan would mess up. So she tells lies that she finds more suitable bride for Mr.

Vandergelder, her fiction character, Miss Ernestina Simple.

MRS. LEVI : oh, you have! Well, I guess that’s just about the best news I ever heard. So there’s nothing more for me to do but wish you every happiness under the sun and say good-bye. [crosses as if to leave] VANDERGELDER [stopping her] : well – Mrs. Levi – surely I thought – MRS. LEVI : well, I did have a little suggestion to make – but I won’t. You’re going to marry Irene Molloy, and that closes the matter. VANDERGELDER : what suggestion was that, Mrs. Levi? MRS. LEVI : well – I had found another girl for you. VANDERGELDER : another? MRS. LEVI : the most wonderful girl, the ideal wife. VANDERGELDER : another, eh? What’s her name? MRS. LEVI : her name? VANDERGELDER : yes! MRS. LEVI [groping for it] : Err… er… her name? – Ernestina – Simple. Miss Ernestina Simple. But now of course all that’s too late. After all, you’re engaged – you’re practically engaged to marry Irene Molloy. VANDERGELDER : oh, I ain’t engaged to Mrs. Molloy! (Wilder, 1964: 201)

Murphy (1972: 163) stated that instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of another. One PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

thing that what is good about Mrs. Levi is that she has a lot of friend. Mrs.

Molloy, Miss Van Huysen, Ermengarde, and Mr. Vandergelder are people who have close relationship with her. It seems that everybody surround her are attracted by her charm. The reason why she becomes friendly is because she often helps people. It is stated when she tries to help Ermengarde and Mr. Kemper to get married, by helping them achieve the permission from Ermengarde’s uncle,

Mr. Vandergelder (page 197), or when she helps Cornelius Hackl for not to tell

Mr. Vandergelder that he is hiding in the cupboard in Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop.

MRS. LEVI : well, I think she must notice that you’re alive in that cupboard, Mr. Hackl. Well, if I were you, I’d get back into it right away. Somebody could be coming in any minute. (Wilder, 1964: 226)

From the explanation above, it is obvious that Mrs. Levi is one of the play's central characters and the one after whom it is named. She is a manipulator and schemer who does not mind making up stories to get the results she wants.

Her business cards claims skills in reducing varicose veins and in giving instruction on guitar and mandolin, but she states her principal occupation as "a woman who arranges things." Although she plans to marry Vandergelder for his money, her intentions are good; as she says to the audience in the last act, she plans to spread his money around to make the world a better place. She is also a good liar and a good story maker. She has a lot of charm and with her charm she makes everyone believe her.

2. The Description of Cornelius PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Through the ‘personal description’ stated by Murphy (1972: 161),

Cornelius is described as a clerk that is working at Mr. Vandergelder’s store. He is thirty-three years old and spends almost all his life every day to work. Early in the play, Vandergelder announces to him that, after much consideration, he has decided to promote Cornelius to the position of chief clerk. His question of an evening free, which never he gets, indicates that he has bored with his daily life.

VANDERGELDER : I was thinking of promoting you to chief clerk. CORNELIUS : what I am now, Mr. Vandergelder? VANDERGELDER : you’re an impertinent fool, that’s what you are. Now, if you behave yourself, I’ll promote you from impertinent fool to chief clerk, with a raise in your wages. And Barnaby may be promoted from idiot apprentice to incompetent clerk. (Wilder, 1955: 188) ………. CORNELIUS : Mr. Vandergelder – er – Mr. Vandergelder, does the chief clerk get one evening off every week? VANDERGELDER : so that’s the way you begin being chief clerk, is it? ...... An evening free! Do you suppose that I had evenings free? If I’d had evenings free I wouldn’t be what I am now! (Wilder, 1964: 207)

Although he is working all day in the store, he is not rich. But his concern is not about the money, he just wants to enjoy his life, he just wants to begin to live. With no adventure he feels jaded with his life. It is stated when he grumble to Barnaby, his partner in Mr. Vandergelder’s store.

CORNELIUS [sitting in dejected thought] : Chief clerk! Promoted from chief clerk to chief clerk. BARNABY : don’t you like it? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CORNELIUS : chief clerk! – and if I’m good, in ten years I’ll be promoted to chief clerk again. Thirty-three years old and still don’t get an evening free? When I am going to begin to live? BARNABY : well – ah…. You can begin to live on Sunday, Cornelius. CORNELIUS : that’s not living. Twice to church, and old Wolf-trap’s eyes on the back of my head the whole time. And as for holidays! What did we do last Christmas? All those canned tomatoes went bad and exploded. We had to clean up the mess all afternoon. Was that living? (Wilder, 1964: 208)

Cornelius also has a spirit of a leader. When he is in New York, escaping from his work in Yonkers, he leads Barnaby who come with him. He never leaves Barnaby behind, and always takes care of him while they are in New

York. He acts like a leader and bossy that keeps order to their workers. And

Barnaby has fully trusted Cornelius, although Cornelius’ decision is sometime foolish and irrational. It is stated at the time when he tells to Barnaby to keep his eyes on the street just to see if Mr. Vandergelder walks towards them or not while he is talking to Mrs. Molloy.

MRS. MOLLOY : you’re from out of town, Mr. Hackl? CORNELIUS [coming back] : yes, ma’am – Barnaby, just keep your eye on the street, will you? You won’t see that in Yonkers everyday. ……… MRS. MOLLOY : Your friend is acting very strangely, Mr. Hackl. CORNELIUS : Barnaby, stop acting strangely. When the streets quite and empty, come back and talk to us. What was I saying? Oh yes, Mrs. Molloy, you should know Yonkers. (Wilder, 1964: 218-219)

As an employee of Mr. Vandergelder, he is afraid of Mr.

Vandergelder. He does not dare to ask an evening free from Mr. Vandergelder, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

and only share it with his comrade, Barnaby. Even when he escaping to New York and almost be found out by Mr. Vandergelder, he chooses to hide in the cupboard rather than facing Mr. Vandergelder. He feels that being nearly caught by Mr.

Vandergelder is an adventure. That is why Barnaby asks whether it is an adventure or not, he shouts “pudding!” which indicates that they are in the middle of an adventure, the adventure of nearly being caught.

BARNABY : look out!!! [he takes a flying leap over the rails and flings himself under the table] CORNELIUS : begging your pardon, Mrs. Molloy. [he jumps into the cupboard] MRS. MOLLOY : gentlemen! Mr. Hackl! Come right out there this minute! CORNELIUS [stiking his hear out of the wardrobe door] : help us just this once, Mrs. Molloy! We’ll explain later! MRS. MOLLOY : Mr. Hackl! BARNABY : we’re as innocent as can be, Mrs. Molloy. MRS. MOLLOY : but really! Gentlemen! I can’t have this! What are you doing? BARNABY : Cornelius ! Cornelius! Pudding? CORNELIUS [shouting] : pudding! (Wilder, 1964: 221)

Although he is afraid of Mr. Vandergelder, he has no respect to his employer. He and Barnaby often call Mr. Vandergelder as ‘wolf-trap’ behind Mr.

Vandergelder’s back. In front of Mr. Vandergelder, he often acts like mock- deferential. In front of Mrs. Molloy, he describes Mr. Vandergelder as hard as nail.

Cornelius Hackl is the most spontaneous person in the play. He often decides something without considering what the consequence is. The basic reason PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

why he does that is because he wants to get adventure while he still alive.

Unfortunately, his decisions always make him get into trouble. The most spontaneous decision that Cornelius has made is when he decides to go to New

York to have an adventure, even when he has to close the store and abandon Mr.

Vandergelder’s order.

CORNELIUS [rising, with sudden resolution] : Barnaby, how much money have you got – where you can get at it? BARNABY : oh – three dollars. Why, Cornelius? CORNELIUS : you and I are going to New York. BARNABY : Cornelius!! We can’t! Close the store? (Wilder, 1964: 208)

One example of his spontaneous decision is also seen when he is willing to take the ladies, Mrs. Molloy and Minnie, to have dinner at an expensive and luxury restaurant, Harmonia Gardens Restaurant even that he knows he does not bring enough money to have dinner there. Although he has known the consequences that he might go in jail, he still takes them out to have dinner there just because he does not want Mrs. Molloy thinks badly of him.

[MRS. MOLLOY exits to workroom] BARNABY : she’s angry at us, Cornelius. Maybe we’d better run away now. CORNELIUS : no, I’m going to go through with this even if it’s kills me. Barnaby, for a woman like that a man could consent to go back to Yonkers and be success. BARNABY : all I know is no woman’s going to make a success out of me. CORNELIUS : jail or no jail, we’re going to take those ladies out to dinner. So grit your teeth. (Wilder, 1964: 234)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

It seems that his spontaneous decision makes himself at the position of breaking the rules. His adventure of going to New York has made him break the rules by abandoning Mr. Vandergelder’s order, and also his willingness to bring Mrs. Molloy to have dinner at Harmonia Gardens Restaurant might make him go to jail. But he still does it because he has extra confidence, and have no worried about his future. He always thinks that he can join the army whenever he is discharged from Mr. Vandergelder’s store. Lucky for him that he has a bunch of luck that always keeps him safe. One of the biggest luck that he has is when

Malachi gives him a purse which is, the fact, belongs to Mr. Vandergelder.

MALACHI : Stack, sir. Malachi Stack. If the ladies will excuse you, I’d like to speak to you for a minute. [draws Cornelius down to front of stage] Listen, boy, have you lost….! Come here….. [leads him farther down, out of Mr. Vandergelder’s hearing] Have you lost something? CORNELIUS : Mr. Stack, in this one day I’ve lost everything I own. MALACHI : there it is [gives him purse] Don’t mention it CORNELIUS : why, Mr. Stack…. You know what it is? It’s a miracle [looks towards ceiling] MALACHI : don’t mention it. (Wilder, 1964: 253)

One more characteristic of Cornelius is that he does not like to be underestimated. He does not like someone think badly of him, and always wants for somebody thinks highly of him. When he is in Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop, he organizes his style and practices his speech just to make a good impression of him. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CORNELIUS : I wonder where the lady who runs this store is? What’s her name again? BARNABY : ‘Mrs. Molloy, hats for ladies.’ CORNELIUS : oh yes, I must think over what I’m going to say when she comes in. [speaking to counter] ‘Good afternoon, Mrs. Molloy, wonderful weather we’re having. We’ve been looking everywhere for some beautiful hats.’ BARNABY : that’s fine, Cornelius! CORNELIUS : Good afternoon, Mrs. Molloy; wonderful weather…..’ We’ll make her think we’re very rich. [one hand in trouser pocket, the other on back of chair] ‘Good afternoon, Mrs. Molloy….’ You keep one eye on the door the whole time. ‘We’ve been looking everywhere for……’ [enter MRS. MOLLOY from the workroom] (Wilder, 1964: 216-217)

Behind his personality that always abandons the rules, he is a responsible person. He is not a typical of man that runs away whenever he gets into trouble. He dare to face what in front of him. As the proof, he chooses to stay in Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop and keeps hiding in the cupboard instead of running away although he has chance.

BARNABY [poking his head out from under the table] : maybe she wants us to go, Cornelius? CORNELIUS : certainly I wont go. Mrs. Molloy would think we were just thoughtless fellows. Now all I want is to stretch a minute. BARNABY : what are you going to do when he’s gone, Cornelius? Are we just going to ran away? CORNELIUS : well…. I don’t know yet. I like Mrs. Molloy a lot. I wouldn’t like her to think badly of me. I think I’ll buy a hat. We can walk home to Yonkers even it takes us all night. I wonder how much hats cost. Barnaby, give me all the money you’ve got. ……… (Wilder, 1964: 223)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

From the discussion above, it seems clear that Cornelius is a clerk that not rich, and not too old. In his age of thirty-three, he wants to enjoy his life once of a lifetime, because his daily life is boring. He spends his life works at Mr.

Vandergelder’s store from six until nine o’clock in the night without a single evening off. He hates Mr. Vandergelder because of that. He is also a spontaneous person, who decides everything without considering the consequences. Even he knows the consequences, he still have courage to take a risk because he seems not to care about his own future. Although he is careless, he is a responsible man who does not want to be considered as thoughtless person.

B. The Behavior of Mr. Levi and Cornelius in their Courtship

In this part, the writer will discuss the behavior of Mrs. Levi when she is doing courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder and also Cornelius when he is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy. This section will help the writer to find the real motivation of both Mrs. Levi and also Cornelius in doing courtship. To make it easier; the discussion will be started from the behavior of Mrs. Levi when she is doing courtship and then Cornelius when he is doing courtship as seen in

Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker.

1. Mrs. Levi’s Behavior in her Courtship

As the story tells us, Mrs. Levi is doing courtship towards Mr.

Vandergelder. She makes Mr. Vandergelder as her target and she always keep her eyes on him. To make the behavior of Mrs. Levi more understandable, it is better for us to know the brief characteristics of Mr. Vandergelder. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

He is sixty years old and is described in the stage notes as "choleric, vain, and sly." He is stingy with money and rude to everyone he talks to. He is displeased with practically everything around him. He does not like the clerks who work at his hay, feed, and provisions store because he thinks that they should work more than fifteen hours a day, six days a week. As a widower, Mr.

Vandergelder plans to marry again. He explains to the audience that a woman who marries into a household will keep house better than one who is hired to do so.

Mr. Vandergelder is a typical person who wants to be on top. He often gives order to everyone, and he will feel pleased if they do as perfect as he ordered before. It is shown when he orders Cornelius to run the store perfectly as his absence. He is threatening that he will discharge Cornelius if there is any problem.

VANDERGELDER : …… This is the first time I’ve been away from the store overnight. When I come back I want to hear that you’ve run the place perfectly in my absence. If I hear of any foolishness, I’ll discharge you. (Wilder, 1964: 207)

Knowing what kind of person Mr. Vandergelder is, Mrs. Levi sets up several plans. She creates a situation where Mr. Vandergelder has nobody to share with; nobody likes him, and no power to rely on. She creates the situation with the help of the circumstances around her.

At first, she tries to take Mr. Vandergelder’s niece attention. She knows that Ermengarde is the only relatives that Mr. Vandergelder has. It means that Ermengarde is someone who is very close with Mr. Vandergelder. By taking her attention, Mrs. Levi will get close relation with Mr. Vandergelder’s relatives and it is easier for Mrs. Levi to step inside to Mr. Vandergelder’s life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

One way to get attention from Ermengarde is by helping her to marry with someone she loves, Mr. Kemper. As we know, Mr. Vandergelder forbids

Ermengarde to marry Mr. Kemper because he thinks that Mr. Kemper will not able to give Ermengarde a proper life. He will not give her niece to marry someone who cannot support her. It is clearly stated when he talks to Mr. Kemper while they are in the living room of Mr. Vandergelder’s house.

VANDERGELDER : Ermengarde is not for you, nor for anybody else who can’t support her. (Wilder, 1964: 186)

Unintentionally hearing about the plan of Mr. Kemper and

Ermengarde to elope, Mrs. Levi sets up a plan. From the plan, she gets two advantages. One is that she can get Ermengard’s trust, and in the same time she can gets her attention. Two is that Mrs. Levi can show to Mr. Vandergelder about how hopeless he is without her niece.

So Mrs. Levi tells Mr. Kemper not to elope, but to be patient while she tries to convince Mr. Vandergelder to let him to marry Ermengarde. She asks him to see Ermengarde at her house at five-thirty. And after that, she will bring them to Harmonia Garden Restaurant at six. She tells that Mr. Vadergelder will be there and everything will be arranged. She does it all to get sympathy from

Ermengarde by being helpful person, as her nature that she likes to help people.

MRS. LEVI : I’m taking Ermengarde to New York on the next train. I shall not take her to Miss Van Huysen’s, as it planned; I shall take her to my house. I wish you to call for her at my house at five-thirty. Here is my card. ………… MRS. LEVI : ……… So you will come at my house at five-thirty. At about six I shall take you both with me to the Harmonia PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Garden Restaurant on the Battery; Mr. Vandergelder will be there and everything will be arranged. (Wilder, 1964: 198)

To make Mr. Vandergelder attracted to her, she often seduces him.

She knows how to please Mr. Vandergelder by flattering him. Seduction is frequently used more broadly as a synonym for the act of charming someone-- male or female--by an appeal to the senses, olfactory or visual, for instance. When

Mrs. Levi tries to make Mr. Vandergelder loves her, she uses the way of seduction to show that she is care about him. From that, she can get Mr. Vandergelder’s sympathy little by little and become closer and closer to him. It is shown when she tells Mr. Vandergelder about how younger he is day by day and also when she looks at his hand and tells him that his life lines will lead him to successful life.

MRS. LEVI : …….. Oh, Mr. Vandergelder, how handsome you look. You took my breath away. …….. Oh, Mr. Vandergelder, I wish Irene Molloy could see you now. I don’t know what’s come over you lately. You seem to be growing younger everyday. ………… MRS. LEVI : I’m a judge of hand, Mr. Vandergelder. Show me your hand. Lord in heaven, what a life line! ……. From here to here. It runs right off your hand. I don’t know where it goes. They’ll have to hit you on the head with a mallet. They’ll have to stifle you with a sofa pillow. You’ll burry us all. (Wilder, 1964: 200)

Not only once she seduces Mr. Vandergelder. She also does it while they are eating at Harmonia Garden Restaurant. At dinner with Vandergelder, she carefully but obliquely states that the case for his marrying her so that he will think that the idea was his own. She seduces Mr. Vandergelder’s feeling of wanting to marry someone by saying that she does not want to be the next Mrs. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Vandergelder. Actually she does not mean that, because basically she is the one who wants to be Mrs. Vandergelder. But she says that to make Mr. Vandergelder thinks what will happen if Mrs. Levi becomes the next Mrs. Vandergelder. By saying that she does not want to marry Mr. Vandergelder, her position of being the next Mrs. Vandergelder become stronger because she knows that Mr.

Vandergelder will think about the opposite and he will think about marrying Mrs.

Levi. She does it because she has known the character of Mr. Vandergelder well.

Her strategy works, in part because he is a willing victim, which becomes obvious when announces that she has agreed to become his wife and she has him change his announcement to "finally agreed," as if he had been begging her for a long time.

MRS. LEVI : Horace Vandergelder, get that idea right out of your head this minute. I’m surprised that you even mentioned such a thing. Understand once and for all that I have no intention of marrying you. (Wilder, 1964: 257)

One skill that Mrs. Levi has is that she is a good liar. One of her big lies is that she tells Mr. Vandergelder about the absence of Miss Ernestina Simple.

She creates Miss Ernestina Simple, who never appears because of the fact that she does not exist, to make Mr. Vandergelder believe that he is still loved by someone. More than that, she also makes Mr. Vandergelder not too worried if he loses Mrs. Molloy, who in the first place is the priority of being the next Mrs.

Vandergelder. She tells Mrs. Vandergelder that Miss Simple is the best suitable bride for Mr. Vandergelder. As a person who knows what Mr. Vandergelder wants for his bride, Mrs. Levi describes Miss Simple as perfect as what Mr.

Vandergelder wants so that he cannot refuse the charm of Miss Simple. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

MRS. LEVI : Usual? I’m not wearing my self to the bone hunting up usual girls to interest you Mr. Vandergelder. …….. Ernestina? She’ll bring you five thousand dollars a year.

MR. VANDERGELDER : Eh! Eh! (Wilder, 1964: 203)

That is not the only lie that she makes. She also tells lie about how great Cornelius is in front of Mr. Vandergelder and Mrs. Molloy. She says that

Cornelius is the finest, gayest person in all New York, and how rich Cornelius because he is one of the Hackls. When she finds Cornelius in Mrs. Molloy's shop, she helps him hide from Vandergelder, and she makes up a ridiculous story so that

Mrs. Molloy will not realize that he is a lowly clerk. This serves two purposes: she wants to help the lovers, and she wants to keep Mrs. Molloy from

Vandergelder. From that, Mrs. Levi has two benefits. First, she can make Mr.

Vandergelder thinks that Mrs. Molloy has an affair with other men, and he will cancel his plan to marry Mrs. Molloy. Second, she can get rid of Mrs. Molloy from the competition of marrying Mr. Vandergelder because Mrs. Molloy will change her target to Cornelius. Her plan is successful when Mr. Vandergelder finally gets angry and leaves Mrs. Molloy. He is angry because there are two men hiding in Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop where they are having conversation. Mrs.

Molloy also has forgotten her plan to be Mrs. Vandergelder and turn her eyes to

Cornelius.

MRS. LEVI : Lord, the whole rooms crawling with men! I’ll never get over it.

VANDERGELDER : The world is going to pieces! I can’t believe my own eyes!

MRS. LEVI : come, Mr. Vandergelder. Ernestina Simple is waiting for us. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

VANDERGELDER : Mrs. Molloy, I shan’t trouble you again, and vice versa. (Wilder, 1964: 232)

When doing courtship towards Mrs. Vandergelder, she does everything to help her plan, and it means that she does everything for her advantages. She has the heart to make someone disappoined or even down just to get what she wants. As an example, she has the heart to break Mr. Vandergelder’s plan in marrying Mrs. Molloy so that she herself can marry him. She tells about

Miss Simple, she tells that Cornelius is a famous person in New York, and even when the situation is unpleasant for Mr. Vandergelder, she still can set up plan to support her main plan which is to make Mr. Vandergelder have feelings for her.

Her act and her words have been thought carefully to set a trap to get what she wants. Her ability to play words has become her successful strength in marrying Mr. Vandergelder. It is seen when she tells to Mr. Vandergelder that she will not marry him. That words make Mr. Vandergelder think about her, and what will happen if Mrs. Levi becomes his wife.

MRS. LEVI : I certainly hope I did. If I had any intention of marrying again it would be to a far more pleasure-loving man than you. Why, I’d marry Cornelius Hackl before I’d marry you. (Wilder, 1964: 257)

Her manner that pretends as if she does not want to marry Mr.

Vandergelder is one of her ways to get him. She does not want to be seen as she chases Mr. Vandergelder, but she wants to make Mr. Vandergelder chases her.

She finally gets what she wants in Mrs. Van Huysen’s place when Mr.

Vandergelder tells how much Mrs. Levi means to him, and finally he propose her to be his wife. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

VANDERGELDER : I know I’ve been a fool about Mrs. Molloy, and that other woman. But, Dolly, forgive me and marry me. (Wilder, 1964: 279)

2. Cornelius’ Behavior in his Courtship

Cornelius Hackl, one of Mr. Vandergelder’s clerks, is having an adventure in New York. He is escaping from his duty to run Mr. Vandergelder’s store and taking the other clerk, Barnaby, to go with him. While he is in New

York, he meets Mrs. Molloy, the owner of a hat shop. Cornelius meets her when he is hiding from Mr. Vandergelder, who indeed knows Mrs. Molloy and wants to ask her to be his wife. Cornelius, without knowing the situation, likes Mrs.

Molloy a lot. He thinks that she is the finest person in the world, and he is ready to take risk to bring Mrs. Molloy with him.

To make this section easier to understand, it is better to have a brief explanation about the character of Mrs. Molloy. Mrs. Molloy is a widow, and she is the owner of Mrs. Molloy’s shop, hats for ladies. Although she is the owner of the shop, she hates hats. She can no longer being suspected of being a wicked woman, while she has nothing to show of it. She is interested in being married in order to get out of the hat business. As she explains to her assistant, people think of women in the millinery trade as being wicked, and she has had to limit her social life in order to keep up an air of respectability. She cannot go out to restaurants, balls, or the theater, because it would hurt her reputation. The only men she meets are feather merchants.

MRS. MOLLOY : Minnie, you’re a fool. All millineresses are suspected of being wicked woman. Why, half the times of those women come into shop merely to look at me. (Wilder, 1964: 213) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Mrs. Molloy is also a fine person who likes to help people. It is shown when Cornelius and Barnaby are nearly caught by Mr. Vandergelder and they chose to hide inside her store. Although she is rather confused with what happen, she allows them to hide little longer. Moreover, when Mr. Vandergelder has known that someone is hiding there, she protects them by sending Mr.

Vandergelder out and says goodbye to him and Mrs. Levi.

MRS. MOLLOY : There’s a very little explanation, but for the present, good afternoon. (Wilder, 1964: 232)

From the play, we can see that Mrs. Molloy adores beautiful things.

As she is a hat maker for women, she knows about women’s appearance. Besides adoring beautiful things, Mrs. Molloy also likes the fashionable worlds. When

Cornelius asks her to have dinner at railway station, she rejects it and prefers to eat at Harmonia Garden Restaurant, the heart of the fashionable worlds.

MRS. MOLLOY : Railway station? Certainly not! No, sir! You’re going to give us a good dinner in the heart of fashionable world. Go on in, Minnie! Don’t you boys forget that you’ve made us lose our reputations, and now the fashionable world’s the only place we can eat. (Wilder, 1964: 234)

As a woman, she is good at arrange things. She has a character of a mother, which are protecting and full of forgiveness. It is proven when finally

Cornelius tells her the truth, and she still accepts Cornelius as who he is. And when they are dancing, she dressed Cornelius as a woman to protect him so that he cannot be recognized by Mr. Vandergelder.

Just knowing a little about Mrs. Molloy, Cornelius likes her a lot. It can be say that Cornelius likes her at the first sight. And it has been his character to take a risk for everything that he wants, and for the same reason he finds Mrs. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Molloy. For once, he enters Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop to avoid Mr. Vandergelder, but there he finally finds someone who he likes.

His courtship towards Mrs. Molloy is full of risk, and he always takes the risk just to get closer with her. First, he takes the risk by staying at Mrs.

Molloy’s hat shop rather than running away while Mrs. Molloy, Mrs. Levi, and

Mr. Vandergelder are in the workroom. He knows that it will be safer for him to runaway rather than keep hiding at the cupboard and can get caught in time. But he takes the risk and keeps hiding there just to give Mrs. Molloy impression that he is not a thoughtless fellow.

Second, he also takes a risk when Mrs. Molloy asks him to treat them dinner at the most fashionable worlds, Harmonia Garden Restaurant. He knows that he cannot afford to treat them dinner there, but he still dares to take the risk so that Mrs. Molloy thinks that he is really rich. He knows the risk that he will go to jail by taking them dinner to Harmonia Garden Restaurant without any money, but Cornelius still takes that risk.

BARNABY : she’s angry at us, Cornelius. Maybe we’d better run away now. …………… CORNELIUS : jail or no jail, we’re going to take those ladies out to dinner. So grit your teeth. (Wilder, 1964: 234) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

One characteristic that can be seen while Cornelius is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy is that he is trying to be full of confidence but in fact, he is lack of confidence. When he is in front of Mrs. Molloy, he wants to be seen as a person who can be relied on. Even before he meets Mrs. Molloy, he practices his speech just to make a perfect conversation with her. He asks suggestion from

Barnaby about his speech, and while he does that, he also set the perfect gesture to support his speech.

CORNELIUS : Good afternoon, Mrs. Molloy; wonderful weather…..’ We’ll make her think we’re very rich. [one hand in trouser pocket, the other on back of chair] ‘Good afternoon, Mrs. Molloy….’ You keep one eye on the door the whole time. ‘We’ve been looking everywhere for……’ (Wilder, 1964: 216)

His over confidence is shown again when they are in Harmonia

Garden Restaurant. Knowing they come without money, Cornelius, as a person who has to pay, orders the expensive food, which is in the bill of fare, plus he orders champagne for them with the style of confidence person as if he can afford it all. He does not care about the risk of being jail. He thinks that by the time they get out of jail they can move right over to the Old Men’s House. He is just trying to make a good impression in front of Mrs. Molloy.

CORNELIUS [losing all his fears, boldly] : all right, Barnaby, you watch me. Rudolph, write this down: Neapolitan ice-cream; hot-house peaches; champagne…. ALL : Champagne !! (Wilder, 1964: 245)

He is always trying to make a good impression to Mrs. Molloy.

Whatever happens to him, he dares to take any risk just to make Mrs. Molloy PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

pleased. One of the greatest impressions that he can get is when Mrs. Levi tells

Mrs. Molloy about how wittiest, gayest, naughtiest, most delightful man Cornelius is in New York. Mrs. Levi says that Cornelius lives a double life and that he is very rich. Because what Mrs. Levi has said, Cornelius has to pretend to be someone else in front of Mrs. Molloy.

While doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy, he has to act that he is someone who is rich, gayest, wittiest, and most delightful man in New York. He has to do that because he does not want Mrs. Molloy knows that he is actually just a clerk that works for Mr. Vandergelder. It will ruin his reputation in front of Mrs.

Molloy. By pretending to be someone else, Cornelius knows that he can easily get closer to Mrs. Molloy. Treating Mrs. Molloy and Minnie at Harmonia Garden

Restaurant, ordering expensive foods, and ordering champagne is the consequence for Cornelius of being someone else. It is shown that how he feels not confidence about his truly identity in front of Mrs. Molloy. He finally confess about who really he is to Mrs. Molloy, and what he is afraid of is not happens because Mrs.

Molloy is still accept him as what he really is.

CORNELIUS : Irene, I’m not rich as Mrs. Levi said I was. MRS. MOLLOY : Not rich! CORNELIUS : I almost never come to New York. And I’m not like she said I was, - bad. And I think that you ought to know that at this very minute Mr. Vandergelder’s sitting on the other side of that screen. MRS. MOLLOY : What!! Well, he is not going to spoil any party of mine. So that’s why we’ve been whispering? Let’s forget all about Mr. Vandergelder and have some more wine. (Wilder, 1964: 255)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

As in the end of the play, Cornelius nearly gets nothing from his courtship. With all the trouble that happens while they are in the Harmonia

Garden Restaurant, and what happens in Miss. Van Huysen’s house, he does feel enthusiasm. He says to Mrs. Levi that he is ready to face everything. The cause is just one, because he has done what he wants the most that is getting an adventure once a life time. But if we look carefully, he is enthusiastic because he has spent his night with Mrs. Molloy. At once, he just wants to get an adventure once of his life, but when he meets Mrs. Molloy, he chases her with all the risk. It is indicates that Mrs. Molloy has been the main target of what Cornelius does in the play. And what he does finally success because in the end of the play, they finally plan to marry.

BARNABY : Cornelius is going to marry Mrs. Molloy!! MRS. LEVI : Isn’t that fine! (Wilder, 1964: 280)

As the discussion above, it seems clear that both Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius’s characters is complex characters (Perrine, 1974: 63-64) since their action in the play often surprise the audience and are quite difficult to guess. Their characters might influence the way they behaves, especially when they have relations and doing courtship with someone they loves. As it is shown about how they do their courtship, it is obvious that they are having somewhat called changing identity. The writer can say that because their actions are unpredictable and often cross with their truly character.

Mrs. Levi, as we know, is a person who is very helpful and fun becomes someone who is totally different. She becomes someone who is legalizing everything just to get what she wants. As example when she set up PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Ambrose Kemper and Mr. Vandergelder’s niece, Ermengarde, to go to Harmonia

Garden Restaurant. At first, the audience might think that Mrs. Levi has good intend to help the lovers. But then the audience will know that Mrs. Levi just set them up just to make her plan runs perfect. She brings them there just to show to

Mr. Vandergelder that he has nobody likes him except her. And she uses the situation to force Mr. Vandergelder to marry her.

It is not the only one Mrs. Levi helps person in the play. When

Cornelius Hackl gets caught by her while he is hiding in the cupboard at Mrs.

Molloy’s hat shop, she helps him continue hiding there. She does not tell Mr.

Vandergelder that his clerk is hiding somewhere in the place. But again, in the end

Mrs. Levi uses the situation for her benefits. She pretends that she does not know about anything, but then she makes Mr. Vandergelder believe that Mrs. Molloy has an affair with someone else. She tells to Mr. Vandergelder to go out from there and right away to Harmonia Garden Restaurant because Miss Simple is waiting for them. This word makes Mr. Vandergelder forgets about Mrs. Molloy immediately.

Different from Mrs. Levi, Cornelius Hackl also has his changing identity while he does courtship towards Mrs. Molloy. Cornelius is a person who is very well arranged person. His life as a chief clerk makes him acts as in order.

But actually he wants to enjoy his live. When he meets Mrs. Molloy, he acts as a different character as at first one. He pretends to be a very rich man who comes from Yonkers. And one of the greatest impressions that he can get is when Mrs.

Levi tells Mrs. Molloy about how wittiest, gayest, naughtiest, most delightful man PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Cornelius is in New York. Mrs. Levi says that Cornelius lives a double life and that he is very rich. Because what Mrs. Levi has said, Cornelius has to pretend to be someone else in front of Mrs. Molloy.

As he pretends to be a very rich man, he has also to play a person who is totally different from his truly character. His behavior about pretend to be familiar with everyone in New York is one of his act to be seen as a gayest and wittiest person. The way he orders champagne in front of the ladies indicates that he finally enjoys about his changing identity and he feels comfortable with it.

Although he is finally admits to Mrs. Molloy that he is not as rich as Mrs. Levi says he is, it is clear that he does it to make a good impression to Mrs. Molloy about who he is.

C. Mrs. Levi and Cornelius’ Motives in their Courtship

In this part, the writer would discuss about the real motives of Mrs.

Levi and Cornelius of their courtship towards someone that they like as seen in

Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. From the analysis from question 1 and question 2 above, we can find out about the real motives of Mrs. Levi and

Cornelius why they are doing courtship as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The

Matchmaker. As stated by Maslow (Goble, 1970: 38), one of motives underlying people’s actions is safety needs. Everybody needs to feel secure and safe about anything related to them. So that both Mrs. Levi and Cornelius do their courtship basically because they want to feel secure and safe about their future.

1. Mrs. Levi’s Motives of Doing Courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

In my opinion, there are three things that can make Mrs. Levi feels secure and safe about her future. Money, power to control, and the feeling that she does not want to be alone are three things that can make her happy, secure and feels safe. First, as we know that Mrs. Levi is a poor widow and having trouble to support her own life, it is not strange if she is always money oriented. When her life is in trouble of finance, she does more than a job to make a living. It is stated when Mr. Kemper knows the fact when Mrs. Levi gives him a wrong card of her address (Wilder, 1964: 198). For the one who needs money, the fastest way to get money is by marrying someone who is very rich.

Mrs. Levi’s motive of chasing money is based on her willing to get out from poverty she has lived for three years. She feels tired of living in poverty, as she tells her late husband, Ephraim Levi, and also tells a permission to remarry again with Mr. Vandergelder. Unfortunately, at first Mr. Vandergelder is someone who is very stingy. He believes that money is just a tool to make people do what they do not want to do. Moreover, his plan to remarry again is based to look a housekeeper. He tells to the audience that marry is one thing to make a housekeeper feels that she is the householder.

Mrs. Levi’s intention about money is also shown when she arranges a dinner for herself and Mr. Vandergelder at Harmonia Garden Restaurant. She asks for fifty dollars for the dinner. The money will be spent for a chicken and a bottle of wine. The most explicit of Mrs. Levi’s motive that she is chasing Mr.

Vandergelder’s money is when she tells the audience that she intends to marry

Mr. Vandergelder because of his money. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

As the writer has discussed above, Mrs. Levi’s willingness to get out from poverty makes her become materialistic. Her way of thinking that happiness can only be achieved by money strengthens the opinion of her motive towards money. She feels that money is the only things that can bring pleasure to life. She mentions that the difference between a little money and no money is enormous, means that with a little money someone still can achieve happiness while with no money at all they cannot achieve any happiness. She also mentions that the difference between a little money and a lot amount of money is very slight, means that it both can make someone happy but the difference just on how much happiness they can achieve. She thinks that money should be spent, spread among others, and not as Mr. Vandergelder thinks that money should be kept and not be spent. And because she wants to change her life by marrying Mr. Vandergelder, it can be sure that Mr. Vandergelder’s money is what Mrs. Levi is looking for.

Although she plans to marry Vandergelder for his money, her intentions are good; as she says to the audience in the last act, she plans to spread his money around to make the world a better place.

Second, the motive of Mrs. Levi of doing courtship toward Mr.

Vandergelder is because she wants to gain the power to control. As we know that

Mrs. Levi is a person who ‘loves to arrange things’. From her way of doing courtship, the writer knows that most of the play is happens because of Mrs.

Levi’s plan. She is a person who loves to be the center of attraction. Her coquettish manner shows that way. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The hierarchy of needs according to Maslow is running from psychological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualized needs (1970: 38-43). Self-actualized is identification of the psychological need for growth, development, and utilization of potential. This need is also considered as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that someone is capable of becoming. Mrs. Levi with her coquettish manner is a description that she wants to be the center of attraction. By doing that, she knows that she will get and grab attention from people around them. And by that, she makes it easier to control them to do as what she has planned.

The power to control is one that Mrs. Levi wants because she loves to be the top. From the beginning of the play until the end, she always arranges all so that everything happens as she has planned. She controls Mr. Vandergelder to rethink about his plan to marry Mrs. Molloy by saying that she has found Miss

Ernestina Simple that will be Mr. Vandergelder’s suitable bride. She also controls

Mr. Kemper to stop asking Ermengarde to elope by saying that she will make Mr.

Vandergelder allows them to marry. In the Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop, she also makes Mr. Vandergelder dislike Mrs. Molloy by saying that his chief clerk,

Cornelius Hackl, is the one who is gayest, wittiest, and rich person in New York.

And because of what she says, Mrs. Molloy attracts with Cornelius. In Harmonia

Garden Restaurant, she tells that she won’t marry Mr. Vandergelder. This makes

Mr. Vandergelder thinks that he is alone in his life, although he do not realize it yet, and when he knows the fact, Mrs. Levi asks Mr. Vandergelder to marry her. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

She chooses Mr. Vandergelder because he is the only one who has power, and by marrying Mr. Vandergelder, she knows that she will gain the power to control everything.

She is a manipulator and schemer who does not mind making up stories to get the results she wants. Her business cards claims skills in reducing varicose veins and in giving instruction on guitar and mandolin, but she states her principal occupation as "a woman who arranges things." As seen in the play, she controls almost all the characters to act as she has planned and that proves her ability to control people and her ambition and motive to control everything.

Last, her basic motive of doing courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder is because she does not want to be alone for the rest of her life. As Maslow has already stated, everybody needs to feel secure, safe and out of danger. People need secure society so that they feel safe.

Mrs. Levi, as a widow and has lived alone for almost three years, must have experienced the feeling of unsecure life. When she lives alone, she has unsecure job, doing two kinds of jobs, reducing varicose veins and in giving instruction on guitar and mandolin, but none of them makes a constant payment.

In her three years she has been live in unsecure, unsafe, and powerless. It is proven when she tells Mr. Vandergelder about what she has been going trough in the last three years. So when she asks for fifty dollars for arranging the dinner, she insists Mr. Vandergelder to provide it. And when she asks permission to her late husband, she tells that she has been tired of living unsecure. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

No one can life alone in this world, and neither can Mrs. Levi.

Although she has a lot of friends, and as her nature that she puts her hands in someone else’s problem, she still feels unsecure and lonely. When she tries to persuade Mr. Vandergelder to marry her, she tries to make Mr. Vandergelder feels what she has felt, that is the loneliness. In the end of act three, she tells Mr.

Vandergelder that he is now lonely, without his money, without his purse, without his trusted clerk, and even more, without his niece, Ermengarde. She tries to show

Mr. Vandergelder the meaning of loneliness so that he accepts her offers to marry her.

By marrying Mr. Vandergelder, at least she does not feel alone. She will feel safe and secure because she knows that there will be someone that will accompany her for the rest of her life. By marrying Mr. Vandergelder, she has secured her future, because Mr. Vandergelder is very rich and she knows that he can support her. She also feels safe, and her loneliness will disappear because Mr.

Vandergelder has so many people surround him. And last, by marrying Mr.

Vandergelder, she will feel happy because Mr. Vandergelder has everything she wants, that are money and power.

2. Cornelius’ Motive of Doing Courtship towards Mrs. Molloy

As we know before that Cornelius Hackl is someone who is an under pressure person. His life is full of under pressure moment. McClelland defines the motive of achievement as ‘performing in terms of standard of excellent or, simply, as desire to be successful’ (Murray, 1964: 99). When Cornelius works at Mr.

Vandergelder’s store, he feels that Mr. Vandergelder always keeps his eyes on PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

him, and he feels under pressure with it. He also feels tired with his life which does not have any changing. He has been working in Mr. Vandergelder’s store for years and yet he tells Barnaby, if he is good in ten more years he will be promoted to same position again. That is why he wants to escape from his life with going to

New York. He wants to have adventure, and while he is in New York, he finds

Mrs. Molloy. From Mrs. Molloy, he sees protection, successful, and love.

First motive why Cornelius is doing courtship towards her is because he needs protection and secure in his life. Cornelius is an ordinary person who live as a clerk and in more years he won’t have any different if he is still do nothing to change his life. He needs some shelter of his own protection, and when he sees

Mrs. Molloy, he feels that she can be his shelter of his protection.

Mrs. Molloys’s protection is clearly shown when she is protecting

Cornelius when Mr. Vandergelder knows that someone is hiding in the cupboard.

Mrs. Molloy allows them to hiding in her hat shop and yet she does not tell it to

Mr. Vandergelder. She, in fact, tells Mr. Vandergelder to go and keep protecting

Cornelius. And when they are having dinner at Harmonia Garden Restaurant, Mrs.

Molloy makes him up with the clothes of the ladies so that Mr. Vandergelder can not recognize them. These all little interests are all Cornelius needs, and it becomes his motive to get the protection for all his life.

Although he feels pressure while he is in New York because Mr.

Vandergelder is always around him, and because he is afraid to get caught, he still holds on. When he enters Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop and Mr. Vandergelder enters it too, he chooses to hide in the cupboard. Even when there is a chance for him to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

runaway, he chooses to keep hiding there because of Mrs. Molloy. Or when he knows that Mr. Vandergelder is also having dinner at Harmonia Garden

Restaurant and they are whispering to each other so Mr. Vandergelder does not hear them, he takes those risks for Mrs. Molloy. Mrs. Molloy has been his strength in facing all the obstacles in his life. He is ready to face any obstacles in front of him just to have Mrs. Molloy.

One other motive of Cornelius in doing courtship towards Mrs.

Molloy is because he thinks that she can bring success. Maslow in his book mentions about the esteem needs that can determine human motive (1970: 40-41).

Esteem needs is the need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self respect, and respect from others in order to feel satisfied, self confidence, and valuable. By standing besides her, Cornelius feels highly respected by other people. He feels equal with rich people, and that is why he dares to take them out to dinner in

Harmonia Garden Restaurant.

Once he says to Barnaby that with a woman like that, one can go back to Yonkers and be success. His motive of being success is one reason why he chases Mrs. Molloy. Cornelius thinks that rich people is a strict person who only thinks about money and profits rather than pleasure and adventure. He has that kind of thinking because he often sees Mr. Vandergelder when he works. He has promised to himself that whenever he is rich, he will be different kind of rich person from rich people he sees around him. Yet, when he finds Mrs. Molloy, he knows that she will bring him fortune to be successful person. In order to win her heart, he has to pretend that he is a rich person. When he does so, he can not be PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

the rich person as he thinks, but in the end he realizes that there is one typical of rich people in the world.

The motive of success that Cornelius sees from Mrs. Molloy is because the characters of her that is smart in arranging things. Her ability to manage everything, like she shows when she manages her hat shop in New York, indicates that she has a well-management personality. The other reason is that

Mrs. Molloy is a woman who cares about everything. The way she pays her employees more than Mr. Vandergelder do to his employees, the way she helps

Cornelius for hiding in her hat shop indicates that she cares about what happens around her, and that will bring success to him. The last is her beauty. With her beauty, according to Cornelius, all men will go back to Yonkers in success. It means that her appearance will bring luck for him, and that makes all men in

Yonkers jealous with him.

And last, but not least, the most important motive why Cornelius is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy is because he loves her. He loves her at a first sight when he is preparing a good way in introducing himself. When Mrs.

Molloy steps out from her workroom and greets him, in that moment he is falling in love with Mrs. Molloy. Rubin in Kasschau’s Understanding Psychology distinguishes between “liking” and “loving”. According to Rubin, “liking” usually involves respect or high regard for another person. It is based primarily on respect for another person and the feeling that he or she is similar to you. On the other hand, love usually involves liking plus three other elements: great attachment to and dependency on the person; a caring for or to help the person; and the desire to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

have an exclusive, intimate relationship with the person (1994: 342, 433).

Cornelius experienced the three other elements. He has great attachment and dependency on Mrs. Molloy, as he never want to leave her even for a glance, he intend to help and cheer her, as he takes her to have dinner in Harmonia Garden

Restaurant, and last, he wants to have exclusive and intimate relationship with her, as he plans to marry her.

His character is often doing something without second consideration and he always takes a risk in all things. When he is doing courtship towards Mrs.

Molloy, he also does everything and he will do everything just to make Mrs.

Molloy accepts his love and loves him back. He shall wait for Mrs. Molloy in the cupboard even though Mr. Vandergelder is there having conversation with Mrs.

Molloy. He dares to take the risk when Mrs. Molloy wants him to take her out to have dinner in the most fashionable restaurant, Harmonia Garden Restaurant, even though he knew he can not afford it and he will go to jail. And even more, he dares to tell Mrs. Molloy that he is not rich as Mrs. Levi says he is. He said so because he wants Mrs. Molloy loves him as who he really is, and not as a rich person who he pretends to be.

The other expert, Hatfield, distinguish between two types of love:

“passionate love” and “companionate love”. Cornelius is experiencing the passionate loves, where he feels of great excitement, of intense sexuality, yet there is almost an element of danger that it may go away at any moment. Passionate love is an intensely emotional and sexual fascination with a mate and a strong desire of exclusiveness. Feeling of excitement, anxiety, tenderness, and jealousy PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

are all common in passionate love. Passionate love is what is commonly referred to as “romantic love” in which lovers’ long for their partners and seek to capture their affection. (1995: 342, 433)

Cornelius’ passionate love can be proven when he tries to be as near and as long as possible with Mrs. Molloy. He feels excitement when he can make her out to have dinner, and he always do everything that it takes to make Mrs.

Molloy satisfied. Because Cornelius’ love is passionate love, it means that he feels the emotions of possessing. He wants to be as near as possible to Mrs. Molloy; he wants to be the one that Mrs. Molloy sees every time, he wants to make Mrs.

Molloy as comfort, as pleased, as secure as possible, even it is beyond his prosperity. And he wants to possess Mrs. Molloy and he will do anything to make it happen, because love makes people do crazy things and we can not help it.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In the last part of this thesis, the writer will draw the conclusion of what is discussed in Chapter IV of this study. After analyzing the play The

Matchmaker, the writer can conclude that the objective of the study is achieved as the writer get the answers for the problem formulations stated in chapter one.

Firstly it is about answering the description of Mrs. Levi’s and Cornelius’ character. Secondly it is about answering the behavior of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius when they are doing courtship. And the last is about answering the motives of

Mrs. Levi and Cornelius of courtship.

Mrs. Levi is one of the central characters and the one after whom the play is named. She is a manipulator and schemer who does not mind making up stories to get the results she wants. Her business cards claims skills in reducing varicose veins and in giving instruction on guitar and mandolin, but she states her principal occupation as "a woman who arranges things." Although she plans to marry Vandergelder for his money, her intentions are good. As she says to the audience in the last act, she plans to spread his money around to make the world a better place. She is also a good liar and a good story maker. She has a lot of charm and with her charm she makes everyone believe her.

Dolly Levi is a character that gives voice to a more mature perspective on this conflict. She says to Ambrose Kemper that money "should be flowing down among the people, through dressmakers and restaurants and

64 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

cabmen, setting up a little business here, and furnishing a good time there." Dolly is not anti-money, but she is anti-greed. Unlike Ambrose and Ermengarde, Dolly is old enough to provide a realistic perspective about the need for money.

The other character, Cornelius, is a clerk that is not rich, and not too old. In his age of thirty-three, he wants to enjoy his life once of a lifetime, because his daily life is boring. He spends his life works at Mr. Vandergelder’s store from six until nine o’clock in the night without a single evening off. He hates Mr.

Vandergelder because of that. He is also a spontaneous person, who decides everything without considering the consequences. Even he knows the consequences, he still have courage to take a risk because he seems not to care about his own future. Although he is careless, he is a responsible man who does not want to be considered as thoughtless person.

After getting the description of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius character, the writer wants to reveal the behavior of Mrs. Levi and Cornelius when they are doing courtship towards someone they love as seen in Thornton Wilder’s The

Matchmaker.

In her courtship, Mrs. Levi works to help Ermengarde and Ambrose get together, and she disrupts Vandergelder's intention to propose to Mrs. Molloy by making up a fabulously wealthy, sophisticated woman whom she says is interested in him. From the plan, she gets two advantages. One is that she can get

Ermengard’s trust, and in the same time she can gets her attention. Two is that

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Mrs. Levi can show to Mr. Vandergelder about how hopeless he is without her niece.

When she finds Cornelius in Mrs. Molloy's shop, she helps him hide from Vandergelder, and she makes up a ridiculous story so that Mrs. Molloy will not realize that he is a lowly clerk. She says that Cornelius is the finest, gayest person in all New York, and how rich Cornelius because he is one of the Hackls.

This serves two purposes: she wants to help the lovers, and she wants to keep

Mrs. Molloy from Vandergelder. Her plan is successful when Mr. Vandergelder finally gets angry and leaves Mrs. Molloy. He is angry because there are two men hiding in Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop where they are having conversation. Mrs.

Molloy also has forgotten her plan to be Mrs. Vandergelder and turn her eyes to

Cornelius.

At dinner with Vandergelder, she carefully but obliquely states the case for his marrying her so that he will think that the idea was his own. Her strategy works, in part because he is a willing victim, which becomes obvious when announces that she has agreed to become his wife and she has him change his announcement to "finally agreed," as if he had been begging her for a long time.

Just knowing a little about Mrs. Molloy, Cornelius likes her a lot. It can be say that Cornelius likes her at the first sight. His courtship towards Mrs.

Molloy is full of risk, and he always takes the risk just to get closer with her. First, he takes risk by staying at Mrs. Molloy’s hat shop rather than runaway while Mrs.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Molloy, Mrs. Levi, and Mr. Vandergelder are in the workroom. He knows that it will be safer for him to runaway rather than keep hiding at the cupboard and can get caught in time. But he takes the risk and keeps hiding there just to give Mrs.

Molloy impression that he is not a thoughtless fellow.

One characteristic that can be seen while Cornelius is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy is that he is trying to be full of confidence but in fact, he is lack of confidence. His over confidence is shown again when he orders champagne for them. He does not care about the risk of being jail. He is just trying to make a good impression in front of Mrs. Molloy.

Cornelius Hackl also has his changing identity while he does courtship towards Mrs. Molloy. Cornelius is a person who is very well arranged person. His life as a chief clerk makes him acts as in order. But actually he wants to enjoy his life. When he meets Mrs. Molloy, he acts as a different character as he is before. He pretends to be a very rich man who comes from Yonkers. And one of the greatest impressions that he can get is when Mrs. Levi tells Mrs.

Molloy about how wittiest, gayest, naughtiest, most delightful man Cornelius is in

New York. Mrs. Levi says that Cornelius lives a double life and that he is very rich. Because what Mrs. Levi has said, Cornelius has to pretend to be someone else in front of Mrs. Molloy.

After knowing their characters and how they are doing courtship, the writer wants to reveal the motives of their courtship. As stated by Maslow (Globe,

1970: 38), one of the motives underlying people’s actions is safety needs.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Everybody needs to feel secure and safe about anything related to them. So that both Mrs. Levi and Cornelius do their courtship basically because they want to feel secure and safe about their future.

In my opinion, there are three things that can make Mrs. Levi feels secure and safe about her future. Money, power to control, and the feeling that she does not want to be alone are three things that can make her happy, secure and feels safe. First, as we know that Mrs. Levi is a poor widow and have trouble to support her own life. It is not strange if she is always money oriented. For the one who needs money, the fastest way to get money is by marrying someone who is very rich. Mrs. Levi’s willingness to get out from poverty makes her become materialistic. Her way of thinking that happiness can only be achieved by money strengthens the opinion of her motive towards money. Although she plans to marry Vandergelder for his money, her intentions are good; as she says to the audience in the last act, she plans to spread his money around to make the world a better place.

Second, the motive of Mrs. Levi of doing courtship toward Mr.

Vandergelder is because she wants to gain the power to control. As we know that

Mrs. Levi is a person who ‘loves to arrange things’. The power to control is one that Mrs. Levi wants because she loves to be the top. From the beginning of the play until the end, she always arranges all so that everything happens as she has planned. She chooses Mr. Vandergelder because he is the only one who has power, and by marrying Mr. Vandergelder, she knows that she will gain the power to control everything. She is a manipulator and schemer who does not mind

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

making up stories to get the results she wants. Her business cards claims skills in reducing varicose veins and in giving instruction on guitar and mandolin, but she states her principal occupation as "a woman who arranges things."

Last, her basic motive of doing courtship towards Mr. Vandergelder is because she does not want to be alone for the rest of her life. When she tries to persuade Mr. Vandergelder to marry her, she tries to make Mr. Vandergelder feels what she has felt, that is the loneliness. She tries to show Mr. Vandergelder the meaning of loneliness so that he accepts her offers to marry her. She also feels safe, and her loneliness will disappear because Mr. Vandergelder has so many people surround him. And last, by marrying Mr. Vandergelder, she will feel happy because Mr. Vandergelder has everything she wants, that are money and power.

Different from Mrs. Levi, Cornelius chases Mrs. Molloy because of three things, they are protection, successful, and love. First motive why Cornelius is doing courtship towards her is because he needs protection and secure in his life. Mrs. Molloys’s protection is clearly shown when she is protecting Cornelius when Mr. Vandergelder knows that someone is hiding in the cupboard. These all little interests are all Cornelius needs, and it becomes his motive to get the protection for all his life.

One other motive of Cornelius in doing courtship towards Mrs.

Molloy is because he thinks that she can bring success. Once he says to Barnaby that with a woman like that, one can go back to Yonkers and be success. The motive of success that Cornelius sees from Mrs. Molloy is because the characters

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

of her that smart in arrange things. Her ability to manage everything, like she shows when she manages her hat shop in New York, indicates that she has well- management personality.

And last, but not least, the most important motive why Cornelius is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy is because he loves her. He loves her at a first sight. When he is doing courtship towards Mrs. Molloy, he also does everything, and he will do everything, just to make Mrs. Molloy accepts his love and loves him back. Because Cornelius’ love is passionate love, it means that he feels the emotions of possessing. He wants to be as near as possible to Mrs.

Molloy; he wants to be the one that Mrs. Molloy sees every time, he wants to make Mrs. Molloy as comfort, as pleased, as secure as possible, even it is beyond his prosperity. And he wants to possess Mrs. Molloy and he will do anything to make it happen, because love makes people do crazy things and we can not help it.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrams, M. H. Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc.,1981.

Goble, Frank. G. Mahzab Ketiga: Psikologi Humanistik Abraham Maslow. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1987

Goble, Frank. G. The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow. New York: Grossman Publishers, Inc., 1970

Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, and R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Harper and Row, Inc., 1979.

Hauck, Paul. How to Love and be Loved. London: Sheldon Press London, 1983.

Henkle, Roger B.. Reading the Novel: An Introduction to the Techniques of Interpreting Fiction. New York: Harper and Row, Inc., 1977.

Holman, Hugh and William Harmon. A Handbook to Literature: Fifth Edition. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.

Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Kagan and Havemann. Psychology: an Introduction. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic., 1972.

Kasschau, Richard. A. Understanding Psychology. New York: Glencoe, 1995.

Kernan, Alvin B.. The Modern American Theater: Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice Hall., 1967.

Murphy M. J.. Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: Goerge Allan and Unwin Ltd, 1972.

Murray, Edward J. Motivation and Emotion. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1964.

Perrine, Laurence. Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovic, Inc., 1974.

71 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Reaske, Christoper Russel, the College Guide to the Study of Literarture. New York: Random House., 1970.

Atkinson, Rita Elizabeth, Richard C. Atkinson, and E. Robert Hilgard. Introduction to Psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic, Inc., 1983.

Wilder, Thornton. Three Plays: Our Town, The Skins of Our Teeth, and The Matchmaker. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1964.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovic, Inc., 1956.

Internet Sources:

Boratko, Amy. Featured Work: The Matchmaker. http://www.tcnj.edu/~wilder/works/frame.html, (accessed on 29 December 2007)

Galens, David. Drama for Students: The Matchmaker. http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-matchmaker/, (accessed on 20 December 2007)

Sommer, Elyse. A CurtainUp Berkshire Review: The Matchmaker. http://www.curtainup.com/b-matchm.html, (accessed on 20 December 2007)

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

APPENDIX

(The Summary of The Matchmaker)

Act 1 takes place in the home of Horace Vandergelder, which is situated over his feed store in Yonkers, New York. A barber is shaving Horace, a 60-year-old miser, as Horace argues with Ambrose Kemper. Ambrose is an artist who wants to marry Horace's niece, Ermengarde. Horace intends to send Ermengarde away to a secret place, but his deaf housekeeper has given away the location of the secret place, telling exactly where it is. Ermengarde is going to visit a family friend, Flora Van Huysen, in New York. Ambrose leaves, gratefully kissing the housekeeper. Horace dresses for a parade in the morning and for courting in the afternoon. He confides to the audience that, although he believes marriage is for fools, he intends to marry. He has enlisted the help one of his deceased wife's friends, Dolly Levi, to find a new wife. When Dolly arrives to meet with Horace, she overhears Ambrose trying to convince Ermengarde to elope with him right away. However, Ermengarde wants a "proper" wedding, complete with her uncle's blessing. Dolly sends Ermengarde back to her room to get ready as she assures Ambrose that she will arrange things so that the young couple will have a proper wedding. Dolly is not concerned with propriety, but she wants to make sure Ermengarde receives her inheritance from her miserly uncle. Dolly explains to Ambrose that she is interfering in their lives not only for her own benefit, but also for the pleasure of seeing Horace's money circulate. Dolly has a plan to take Ermengarde to her own home in New York, rather than to Flora's home, and she instructs Ambrose to meet them for dinner at the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York this evening. Ambrose leaves, and Dolly waits for Horace, who returns to the living room dressed for the parade. He announces that he will propose to Irene Molloy. The audience can see that Dolly is flustered by this news, and she fabricates a "Miss Simple" for Horace to meet first. Dolly confides to the audience that she plans to replace the wallpaper in the living room, helping to confirm the suspicion that she wants to marry Horace her self. For now, Horace pays her $25 for her matchmaking services. Dolly and Horace plan to meet, at Irene's hat shop in New York in the afternoon, and later for dinner with Miss Simple at the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant. Meanwhile, Horace has "promoted" Cornelius Hackl to the position of chief clerk, and he leaves him in charge of the shop while he goes to New York. However,

73 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

Cornelius resents this pretend promotion and he is fed up with working long hours for very little reward. He and the younger clerk, Barnaby, decide to go to New York for a night on the town. They do not know that Horace hired a third clerk, Malachi, and sent him ahead to New York to make arrangements.

Act 2 takes place in Irene Molloy's hat shop in New York, where she works with her assistant, Minnie. Irene calls people "fools," just as Horace does. However, Irene plans to marry Horace, because she is tired of working and being lonely. Like Cornelius, however, she longs for adventure. Barnaby and Cornelius enter Irene's shop in an attempt to hide from "Wolf-trap," as they call Horace, who is exiting a cab outside. Cornelius and Irene seem attracted to each other, and Cornelius leads her to believe he is a wealthy man. When Dolly and Horace walk toward the hat shop, Barnaby hides underneath a table, as Cornelius hides in the wardrobe. Irene takes Dolly and Horace to her workroom, allowing the two clerks the time they need to get out of her shop. However, Cornelius has fallen for Irene, and he is in no hurry to leave. Dolly returns to the room, discovering the men, but she says nothing about it as Irene and Horace join her. Irene asks Horace about Cornelius, thinking that surely they know each other from Yonkers. When Horace says that Cornelius is his clerk, she does not believe it is the same man whom she has met. Dolly advances the idea that Cornelius is leading a double life, as a quiet clerk by day and a wealthy man-about-town by night. She suggests to Horace that he should make Cornelius a partner in his business. Then, the two clerks start sneezing from the dust and perfume in their hiding places. Horace is shocked and insulted to realize that there are two men hiding in the room, though he still does not know who they are. Dolly escorts Horace out for his dinner with "Miss Simple," pretending to be as shocked as he is by Irene's "impropriety." Secretly, though, she encourages Irene to take advantage of this opportunity for a little fun. Irene, who still thinks Cornelius is wealthy, insists that he and Barnaby take her and Minnie out to dinner. The act closes as the four leave for the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant, even though Cornelius barely has enough money to get himself back to Yonkers. Act 3 takes place in the late afternoon on the veranda of the Harmonia Gardens Restaurant in New York. Horace and his new clerk, Malachi, are at the restaurant arranging for Horace's dinner with Miss Simple. Ambrose and Ermengarde arrive at the restaurant in a cab chaperoned by Dolly. Malachi pulls Horace behind a folding screen, so that they can hear the other three

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

characters as they insult Horace. Dolly, however, becomes aware of Horace's presence and quickly changes her tone from insult to praise and sympathy. She then leads the young people upstairs for their dinner. Horace bribes Malachi and the cabman, who is still outside, giving instructions that, when the young couple comes out of the restaurant, the cabman is to take them to Flora Van Huysen's address and keep them there until Horace arrives. Meanwhile, Horace leaves to prepare for dinner and instructs Malachi to make sure no one else uses the veranda. Malachi and the cabman have a humorous exchange about employers, retiring finally to the kitchen to find whiskey to brace their selves for the kidnapping. Irene, Minnie, Cornelius and Barnaby arrive and seat themselves on the veranda. They order an extravagant meal, including champagne. The women dance, and Barnaby even scores a kiss from Irene. There is conflict, however, when Malachi returns and tries to clear the room for his employer. A waiter resolves the issue by unfolding the screen between the two tables, so that when Horace arrives, he grumbles about having other people in the room, but he does not know who they are. He sits down to read a newspaper and waits for Dolly to arrive with "Miss Simple," dropping his purse on the floor. Malachi finds the purse and "returns" it to Cornelius, who is thereby spared the humiliation of not being able to pay for the extravagant meal. Cornelius learns that Malachi's employer is Horace and that Horace is on the other side of the screen. He then sits down to tell Irene everything. Dolly arrives and claims that Miss Simple ran off to marry someone else. She then pretends that Horace has suggested he marry Dolly, but she says that she would not marry him. Cornelius and Barnaby try to get past Horace, by disguising themselves as women as they leave the restaurant, but Horace discovers Cornelius and fires them both. As the curtain closes, Horace has fired his clerks and lost his purse. His niece has fainted, and Ambrose has carried her out. Noting all that Horace has lost, Dolly chases him out of the restaurant saying, "Will you marry me now?" The final act of The Matchmaker takes place at the home of Miss Flora Van Huysen. Flora is upset and worried about Ermengarde, who has not arrived as scheduled. Flora is also angry with Horace and "everyone else who tries to separate young lovers." Someone interfered with her and her fiancée's relationship years ago, and she has never been married. She wants to help Ermengarde escape her uncle and in order to marry Ambrose.

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

The cabman and Malachi arrive with their two prisoners, the man and "woman" who came back to the cab after dinner. However, these two are not Ermengarde and Ambrose, but Cornelius and Barnaby. Barnaby is still dressed as a woman. Flora mistakes him for Ermengarde, kisses his cheeks and assures him she will not interfere with the marriage. The arrival of Ermengarde and Ambrose in another cab completely confuses Flora. Horace, Dolly, Irene and Minnie arrive now, all in the same cab. Flora tells Horace to "behave" in her house and to forgive Cornelius and Ambrose, though she is still confused about who is who. Dolly also encourages Horace to forgive them, telling him, "You've had a hard day…you can start quarreling with them tomorrow." This is one way of saying that, sometimes, we are being kinder to ourselves by not insisting that life be exactly as we want it to be. Then Flora, at Dolly's suggestion, takes everyone else into the kitchen for coffee. This gives Dolly time to "talk" with her deceased husband, asking his blessing to marry Horace. Dolly then addresses the audience and tells her story. Two years after the death of her husband left her alone, Dolly realized that the only way to be truly alive is to be involved in the lives of other human beings. She also realizes that in order to be happy, it is necessary to have money, but not too much. She intends to help herself be happier by enjoying some of Horace's money, and to make him happier by helping him to let go of his surplus. Horace comes in from the kitchen, with a cup of coffee for Dolly, and says a lot of "foolishness" has been going on in the kitchen. He has forgiven his niece and her fiancée. He has made Cornelius his partner and now he wants Dolly to marry him. Dolly pretends to struggle with the decision, until he assures her that she can do with his money as she pleases. Barnaby bursts in to tell the two that Cornelius and Irene will marry. Horace sends him back into the kitchen to tell everyone that he and Dolly will also be married. Everyone who was in the kitchen comes out to offer congratulations. The play closes as Barnaby is pushed forward to tell the moral of the play: everyone needs the right balance of security and adventure.