See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317348403

The Life and Work of Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808-1904)

Article in Malacologia · June 2017 DOI: 10.4002/040.060.0103

CITATIONS READS 3 258

2 authors:

Alan R Kabat Eugene Victor Coan Harvard University Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 30 PUBLICATIONS 326 CITATIONS 179 PUBLICATIONS 1,391 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Marine Bivalve Mollusks of Western South America View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Alan R Kabat on 05 June 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. MALACOLOGIA, 2017, 60(1−2): 1−30

THE LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI (1808–1904)

Alan R. Kabat1 & Eugene V. Coan2

ABSTRACT

This paper provides a biography of Rudolph Amandus Philippi (1808–1904), emphasizing his malacological research and his contributions to the natural history of . Philippi is one of the most important, yet overlooked malacologists of the 19th century. He authored significant publications on the Recent and fossil molluscs of Sicily; the Oligocene fossil mol- luscs of northern ; the Jurassic to Recent molluscs of Chile, and marine molluscs from around the world. Philippi was also an instrumental contributor to both the Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie and the second edition of the Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, and he founded the Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekannter Conchylien. In a companion paper (Coan & Kabat, 2017), we provide an annotated catalog of the 2,528 species, 40 genera and 3 families that he described in the , and a full bibliography, with collations, of Philippi’s numerous malacological publications.

tAble of ConteNTS archaeology. Even though Philippi was one of the most prolific malacologists in terms of the Introduction and Biographical Sources 1 number of his publications and new taxa, his R. A. Philippi’s Early Years 2 life is poorly documented in the malacological Natural History in the New World 6 literature – there was only one short obituary of Philippi’s Life in Chile 9 him in any malacological serial (Kobelt, 1904), Philippi and the Outside World 10 and the otherwise detailed history of conchol- Philippi’s Later Years in Chile 10 ogy by Dance (1986: 139, 194, 222) devotes Philippi’s Malacological Publications 13 only five short sentences to him. Note on Orthography 17 Hence, we provide a summary of the key R. A. Philippi’s Relatives 17 biographical sources for Philippi’s life. While Philippi’s Contributions to Other Taxa 21 Philippi was in the last decade of his life, he Philippi’s Heritage 23 published several autobiographical essays that Acknowledgments 23 focused on his travels in Europe and his early Literature Cited 24 years in Chile (Philippi, 1895, 1898, 1901a, 1902, 1903, 1904). More remarkably – and perhaps unique among 19th century malacolo- INTRODUCTION & BIOGRAPHICAL gists – Philippi prepared an autobiography in SOURCES 1897 to 1898, Mein Leben: Meine Lebens- beschreibung (nur für meine Kinder) [My life: Philippi is probably the least well-known my autobiography (only for my children)]. The of the major 19th century malacologists and first 20 or so pages are apparently handwrit- paleontologists, even though his general life ten by Philippi himself in German, in a very has been documented in a wide range of cramped script; the remaining several hundred biographical and autobiographical sources. pages were dictated to his assistant, Bernhard This present-day knowledge gap probably Gotschlich, who transcribed them with slightly arises from the fact that Philippi was such a more legible handwriting (Ochsenius, 1904: polymath, publishing widely on plants, insects, 149). Fortunately, a photocopy of the handwrit- other invertebrates, vertebrates, and even ten manuscript is now housed in the archives

1Research Associate, Museum of Comparative , Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A.; [email protected] 2Research Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, U.S.A.; [email protected]

1 2 KABAT & COAN of the Deutsch-Chilenische Bund/Liga Chileno- the earliest known connection of this name Alemana (). Even more fortunately, with R. A. Philippi is his great-grandfather, Carlos Köbrich Uslar prepared a typewritten Gerardus Philippi (also known as Gerdt Philip) version in 1993, which although not having (1665–1736), a life-long native of Hamm, then the same pagination as the handwritten origi- a small town in the Ruhr district, northwestern nal, is far more legible and has been quoted Germany. His son, Franciscus Wilhelmus herein (the typewritten version is in the Liga Philippi (1710–1768), also a native of Hamm, Chileno-Alemana, with a photocopy in the Bib- had a son, Johann Wilhelm Eberhard Philippi liothek des Naturkundemuseums im Ottoneum, (1761–1836), born in Hamm, and who moved to Kassel, Germany). Gotschlich (1904) quoted (Otto, 1961; Schwarzenberg de Schmalz, from the autobiography, but as it remained in 1968: 65). J. W. E. Philippi, an auditor for the possession of Philippi’s descendants, it was Prussian government, had five children from largely overlooked until recent years, when two previous marriages, and then married Maria it was extensively used by Patience Schell, a Anna Krumwiede in 1806. Their son Rudolph historian of science, in her thorough analysis Amandus Philippi was born on 14 September of Darwin, Philippi, and other naturalists in 1808, in Charlottenburg, which was then a Chile in the 19th century (Schell, 2013); previ- western suburb of Berlin, and is now within its ously, two historians of science quoted from the city limits. Philippi was the oldest of two chil- handwritten version (Blancpain, 1974; Wunder, dren of this marriage; Bernhard Eunom Philippi 1988), and the section covering the 1848 revo- (1811–1852) was his younger brother. lution in Germany and Philippi’s move to Chile In 1818, at a relatively young age, Rudolph was translated into French (Blancpain, 1974: and Bernhard went with their mother to Yver- 1061–1065). Recently, most of this autobiogra- don, Switzerland, ostensibly so that the boys phy was translated into Spanish with extensive could be educated at the Pestalozzian Institute, annotations (Philippi, 1897-1898). set up by Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746– Four of Philippi’s colleagues authored 1827). This elementary school was known for lengthy contemporaneous memorials that its innovative teaching methods, particularly provide additional information from a variety of the use of real objects to teach the natural perspectives, although bordering on hagiogra- sciences, at a time when most education was phies: Diego Barros Arana (1830–1907), the pure rote learning and memorization, and it first historian of Chile and a faculty colleague had a significant effect on the Philippi brothers of Philippi at the Universidad de Chile (Barros (Philippi, 1895). Philippi, late in his life, particu- Arana, 1904); Paul Fürstenberg, an educa- larly recalled making collections of plants and tor in Berlin and Chile (Fürstenberg, 1906); butterflies while in Yverdon (Philippi, 1895: 144; Bernhard (Bernardo) Gotschlich (1877–1931), 1904: 322). However, Blancpain (1974: 81–82) Philippi’s last research assistant at the Mu- and Schell (2013: 113) revealed what Philippi seo (Gotschlich, 1904); and Carl-Christian had buried in his handwritten autobiography Ochsenius (1830–1906), a civil engineer and – the real reason that the brothers were sent geologist who emigrated on the same boat to Switzerland with their mother was because with Philippi from Hamburg to Chile (Ochse- their father had impregnated the family house- nius, 1906). Several shorter appreciations of keeper, which broke up the marriage, leading Philippi were published after his retirement to a separation. and before his death (Amunátegui, 1896; Philippi, his mother, and his brother then Anonymous, 1898; Ochsenius, 1889). In the returned to Berlin in 1822, where he [Rudolph] century subsequent to Philippi’s death, both studied at the Königliche Gymnasium zum the Chileans and the Germans have published Grauen Kloster (founded in 1574 and closed extensively on Philippi’s life, with an emphasis by the East Germans in 1958), equivalent to a on his exploration of Chile and his botanical high school. In 1826, Philippi began his stud- contributions. ies at the relatively new Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität Berlin (founded in 1810 as the Universität zu Berlin and now known as the R. A. PHILIPPI’S EARLY YEARS Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), where he graduated in 1830 at the age of 21 (Ochsenius, The origin of the Philippi family name is uncer- 1906: 17–18). Although his degree was nomi- tain. Although there are records of individuals nally in medicine and surgery, his coursework named “Philippi” in France in the 1600s–1700s, included , entomology, comparative LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 3 anatomy, several courses in vertebrate zoolo- medicine in 1833, although he never practiced gy, and, perhaps most importantly for Philippi’s as a physician. future work, “Physische Geographie” (which in- Philippi initially had difficulties finding em- cluded biogeography), taught by Alexander von ployment in natural history, but in February Humboldt (1769–1859), who had extensively 1835, he was hired as a teacher in natural explored the northern part of South America history at the Höhere Gewerb-Schule (equiva- from 1799 to 1804; his publications on South lent to a teacher’s college) in Cassel, which America significantly inspired was founded in 1832. Cassel (known as and others who explored that continent. Kassel since 1926), a small university town Philippi’s 1830 dissertation, surprisingly, was in northern Germany, was long known for its on the grasshoppers of Berlin (Orthoptera natural history museum, the Ottoneum, which Berolinensia), but in those days, the profes- has its origins in the 1568 Naturalienkabinet, sor usually assigned the thesis topic, and the and is among the oldest such museums in student was not expected to devote the rest of Germany. One year later, he married his first his life to that field. cousin Caroline Krumwiede on 1 January 1836. After graduating with highest honors (summa Philippi, decades later, revealed one reason for cum laude) in the spring of 1830, Philippi marrying her: “Mon salaire était très modique, had the first of several respiratory diseases mais ayant épousé une cousine qui avait une (probably influenza or pneumonia), so he petite fortune, je pouvais vivre et consacrer went to for the warmer weather. Philippi mon temps libre à l’étude des Testacées.” [My spent over a year and a half traveling around salary was very modest, but having married a Italy, initially in the company of two geologists, cousin who had a small fortune, I could survive Friedrich Hoffmann and Arnold Escher von der and devote my free time to the study of shells.] Lind, and they studied the volcanoes at Etna (Philippi, 1904: 322). Also, Philippi was able and Vesuvius. Here Philippi made the first of to use some of the specimens he collected in his large collections of fossil and Recent mol- Sicily to trade for molluscs from other, exotic luscs from Sicily (Philippi, 1898: 402; 1904: localities (Philippi, 1904: 322). Meanwhile, 322). Philippi was among the first of numer- Philippi started publishing several short articles ous German zoologists who travelled to Italy, on various natural history topics, and devoted particularly to Messina, Sicily, and to Naples, his free time to studying the molluscs that he to study the then-exotic marine fauna in its had collected in Sicily and the nearby regions natural setting (Groeben, 2008: 143, 149–150). of southern Italy. Philippi (1902: 5) described how he spent time In early 1836, Philippi published his first ma- with Emiliano Guttadauro (1759–1836), an Ital- jor malacological work, the Enumeratio mollus- ian Benedictine priest and shell collector with corum Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure Ter- a sizable collection and library (Tornabene, tiaria fossilium quae in itinere suo observavit, 1839), which apparently motivated Philippi to printed in Berlin. This analysis of the molluscs focus on molluscs: of Sicily (discussed more fully below), was pre- Er … hatte eine recht hübsche Conchilien- sented by to Kaiser sammlung und fast alle der teuren älteren Friedrich Wilhelm III, then the ruler of Prussia, Conchilienwerke, die früher der königlichen who awarded a gold medal (“Goldene Medaille Bibliothek in Neapel angehört hatten, bei der für Kunst und Wissenschaft”) to Philippi on 14 Erstürmung des königlichen Palastes aber April 1836 for this book (Gotschlich, 1904: 16; vom Pöbel geraubt und auf den Strassen Ochsenius, 1906: 19). feilgeboten waren, wo der Pater sie für ein April 1836 was also significant in that Spottgeld gekaufte hatte. Philippi was one of 15 founders of the Vereins [He … had a quite beautiful shell collection für Naturkunde (Natural History Society), in and almost all of the expensive, rare shell Cassel, and was its first director (Schrader, books, which formerly belonged to the Royal 2004: 326). This natural history society was Library in Naples. During the storming of the renamed in 1980 in his honor as the Philippi Royal Palace [in 1820?], these books were Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Naturwissen- stolen by the mob and sold on the streets, schaften, and it remains active today, although where the Father was able to buy them for a renamed yet again in 2005 as the Nordhes- ridiculously low price.] (Philippi, 1902: 5). sische Gesellschaft für Naturkunde und Philippi returned to Berlin in 1832 by way of Naturwissenschaften (Moog, 1986; Nitsche, Paris, in order to complete his examinations in 2011: 18–25; Hedewig, 2005). The affiliated 4 KABAT & COAN

Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum publishes earliest such cluster in Germany (Jungbluth, a journal, Philippia (1970–present), devoted to 2011). Karl Menke, who lived in Pyrmont, north the natural history of the region around Kassel of Cassel, had founded the Zeitschrift für Mala- (Follmann, 1970). kozoologie in 1844 – the first “modern” German Philippi, in July 1837, was again diagnosed malacological serial. After two volumes, Louis with pneumonia and told by his physician that Pfeiffer (1805–1877), a banker in Cassel with he only had a few years left to live, and that strong interests in both land snails and cacti, he should move to a drier climate in order to became a co-editor of the journal, which was alleviate the symptoms (Philippi, 1897–1898: then published in Cassel from 1846 through 144; 1902: 26–27; Ochsenius, 1906: 19). Thus, 1853 (Kabat & Coan, 2016). Another shell he returned to Sicily, where he spent several collector in Cassel, Friedrich Carl Ludwig Koch years exploring and collecting the fossil and (1799–1852), who was also known as a pale- Recent molluscs of Sicily, Naples, and adjacent ontologist, a mining engineer (with the title of regions. Philippi became well acquainted with Bergrat, or Minister of Mining), and the operator Arcangelo Scacchi (1810–1893), an Italian of a glass factory, was to prove quite important malacologist, who introduced Philippi to a local to Philippi in 1851 (Jarck, 1996; Krippendorff, collector whom Scacchi had trained to collect 2000, 2006). Wilhelm Dunker (1809–1885), a marine life, and to an old woman who provided colleague who taught mineralogy at Cassel Philippi with the seaweeds and mud that was from 1839 to 1854, also published extensively brought up with the fishermen’s nets, which on fossil and Recent molluscs. Philippi found invaluable in having numerous From a malacological perspective, the 1840s small gastropods, bivalves and crustaceans were to be by far the most active decade for (Philippi, 1897–1898: 163). Many of Philippi’s Philippi in terms of the numbers of publications detailed watercolor drawings of these organ- and descriptions of new species. In addition to isms are now archived in the Liga Chileno- the 1844-second edition of the Sicily book, he Alemana (Santiago). His third child, Friedrich also authored and edited several other mala- Heinrich Eunom Philippi was born in Naples in cological series, as discussed below. 1838 (two earlier children had died as infants). Meanwhile, Philippi’s brother Bernhard Eu- Fortunately, Philippi was able to outlive his nom Philippi, instead of going to a university, physicians, for he fully recovered; in 1903, he joined the German merchant marine in 1830 wrote to an Italian paleontologist that his time on a round-the-world trip that included a stop in Italy in the 1830s had completely restored in Chile. In 1832, on a second trip, Bernhard his health (De Gregorio, 1908: 149). Philippi left the ship in Valparaiso, and spent several returned to Cassel in February 1840, by way of years collecting specimens in and Chile Switzerland, where he stopped in Neuchâtel to for the natural history museums in Berlin and visit the paleontologist Louis Agassiz (Philippi, elsewhere in Germany; Bernhard was paid 1902: 49; Barros Arana, 1904: 38–39). In 1844, 1,000 Prussian Thalers for his collecting efforts Philippi completed an enlarged and revised (Philippi, 1897–1898: 245). Bernhard became second edition of his book on the molluscs so enamored of Chile, that he returned in of Sicily (Philippi, 1844a). As before, Kaiser 1841, with a grand plan to encourage German Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the new ruler of Prussia, emigration to the southern part of that country. awarded a second gold medal to Philippi for Chile had only recently become independent this book, just as his father had done in 1836 from the Viceroyalty of Peru, after the Chilean for the first volume. Philippi’s research also War of Independence, which lasted from 1810 led to Philippi becoming an honorary Knight in to 1823, and was spearheaded by the half-Irish both the Kingdom of Italy (Cavaliere dell’Ordine liberator of Chile, Bernardo O’Higgins. But, della Corona d’Italia, 1868) and the Kingdom even after independence, the colonization by of Spain (Caballero de la Orden de la Isabel the Spanish-speaking immigrants was largely la Católica, 1866) (Gotschlich, 1904: 58–60; concentrated in Santiago and the central Ochsenius, 1906: 19). coastal region, and the national government’s Philippi’s years in Cassel provided a remark- control over the southern regions was tenu- able opportunity for him to work with other mal- ous. Thus, the Chilean government ultimately acologists and shell collectors, of whom there agreed to Bernhard’s proposal that Germans were few if any in Berlin in the early 1830s. emigrants – preferably Catholics – would settle In contrast, Cassel and its environs had a in Valdivia and adjacent regions. Bernhard significant circle of malacologists, perhaps the was also instrumental in seizing control of LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 5 the Strait of Magellan for Chile in 1843, and … indem ich durch die beispiellos in der building the first fort near what is now Punta Geschichte da stehenden Ereignisse, welche Arenas. However, the Chilean government sich in den letzten Wochen in Kurhessen was soon unhappy with the fact that most of zugetragen haben, veranlasst worden bin, the Germans who wanted to immigrate to Chile meine Stellung in Kassel aufzugeben, in were Protestants from northern Germany, not welcher ich seit beinahe vollen sechszehn Catholics from Bavaria, so that Bernhard was Jahren wirksam gewesen bin, in der ich aber given the thankless task of serving as the in Zukunft wenig Freude mehr erwarten durf- first governor of the barely settled Magellan te. Ich … hoffe fest, dass es mir gelingen wird, Province, the southernmost in Chile (Blanc- ein Plätzchen zu finden, wo man reden und pain, 1974: 81–89, 152–166; Konrad Mayer handeln darf, wie es das Gewissen gebietet, & Siebert Held, 2002: 42–52, 58–60; Philippi, und wo das Festhalten an geschworenen 1903; Tampe Maldonado, 1977: 17–22; Wun- Eiden kein Verbrechen ist. der, 1988: 362–366). [The unprecedented … events which have Meanwhile, March 1848 was the start of occurred in the recent weeks in Kurhessen the Revolution in Germany, which was part of forced me to give up my position in Kassel, several other wars and revolutions sweeping in which I have been active for nearly a full across Europe in that critical year. The 1848 sixteen years, in which I but could expect little Revolution, while ultimately leading to the unifi- more joy in the future. I … firmly hope that cation of Germany as a single country, resulted I will succeed to find a place where you can in significant political and economic turmoil speak and act as conscience requires, and for several years. Although Cassel was not where the adherence to sworn oaths is not immediately affected by the civil war, Philippi a crime.] (Philippi, 1851: [i]). and his malacological colleagues in Cassel Because Philippi’s brother Bernhard had so soon found that they were unable to maintain extolled the virtues of Chile, Philippi decided to the publication schedule of the Zeitschrift, as join him there, leaving his family (by then there the monthly issues for 1848 and 1849 soon fell were five living children, one of whom died in well behind schedule (Kabat & Coan, 2016). 1853) in Germany. Alexander von Humboldt Philippi was promoted to director of the school wrote to Philippi on 11 March 1850, encourag- in Cassel in 1848. By late 1850, the Revolution ing him to explore Chile, which Humboldt had had reached Cassel, and Philippi found himself not visited himself; Humboldt was particularly on the wrong side of the conflict in northern interested in the cold current, now known as Hesse – he was considered to be a liberal and the Humboldt Current, the wild potato, and the was threatened when some 25,000 military fossils of Chile (Schell, 2013: 120; translated troops from Bavaria and Austria, on behalf into Spanish by Gotschlich, 1904: 28–29; of the conservative forces, invaded Hesse in Eyzaguirre Philippi, 2008b: ix; and Cubillos November 1850. Philippi was able to escape Osorio, 2002: 42). Humboldt also provided a Cassel in December 1850 with the assistance “letter of introduction” for Philippi, which greatly of Koch (whose daughter was engaged to praised his talent, and expressed great regret Bernhard, although they never did marry); that Philippi was leaving Germany (“Er verließ Koch warned Philippi of the need to leave, and Deutschland zu unserm Bedauern”) (Schrader, provided him with a safe-house in Karlshütte 2004: 332; translated into Spanish by Cubil- (near Delligsen, Lower Saxony), where Philippi los Osorio, 2002: 41). Humboldt’s two letters, waited for an opportunity to leave the country translated into Spanish, are engraved on large (Krippendorff, 2006; Barros Arana, 1904: 49– stone tablets in front of the Museo Nacional de 57; Blancpain, 1974: 1061–1065; Ochsenius, Historia Natural, Santiago (Schrader, 2004: 1906: 20; Philippi, 1897–1898: 237; 1898: 403; 332). 1904: 323; Wunder, 1988: 367–369). Philippi On 20 July 1851, Philippi left Germany, never formally resigned his government position as to return, on the Bonito, sailing from Hamburg Rector on 27 December 1850 (Gotschlich, to Chile. Philippi arrived in Valparaiso on 4 1904: 26–27). December 1851, after 135 days at sea, as the On 26 January 1851, Philippi wrote a hear- ship was significantly delayed due to storms at felt farewell message to the subscribers of Cape Horn. Philippi used the time on the ship his Abbildungen und Beschreibungen that he well – not only did he complete his Handbuch was leaving Germany because of the political der Conchyliologie und Malacologie (published events: in Germany in 1853), but also he learned Span- 6 KABAT & COAN ish sufficiently well to be reasonably fluent upon However, the Jesuits were expelled from Chile arrival in Chile (Henze, 1995b: 99). and other Spanish colonies in 1768, so Molina Philippi was not the only German naturalist to escaped to , Italy, where he spent the escape to Latin America as a result of the 1848 rest of his life, describing the Chilean flora and Revolution. Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), fauna without having further access to Chile who received his M.D. at Halle, where he taught (Jaksic et al. 2012: 40–53; Medel, 2008: 319; zoology and specialized in entomology, also Ronan, 2002; Guerra, 1974: 458). The Saggio had to leave Germany in 1850, travelling first sulla Storia Naturale de Chile (Molina, 1782) to (1850–1852) and then to Uruguay included descriptions of about 20 new species and (1856–1860), and permanently of marine invertebrates from Chile, including settled in Argentina in 1862, where he was the the ecologically important mussels Aulacomya first director of what is now known as the Museo ater (Molina, 1782) and chorus Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino (Molina, 1782), and a number of decapod Rivadavia () (Adler, 1989: 45). crustaceans (Jara, 1997: 248–249). In 1867, As Sanhueza Cerda (2006: 55) noted, “La bi- Philippi prepared a detailed commentary on the ografía de Burmeister es similar a la de Philippi: described by Molina; Philippi’s harsh estudios parecidos; semejantes dificultades y criticism of Molina “shows little sympathy for una destacada labor científica y academica the handicaps under which Molina worked and en el país anfitrión.” [Burmeister’s biography exhibits a definite bias against him” (Ronan, is similar to that of Philippi: similar studies; 2002: 192). similar difficulties and outstanding scientific and In 1822, Hugh Cuming (1791–1865), an academic work in the host country.]. Similarly, English sailmaker, arrived in Valparaiso, and Fritz Mülller (1821–1897), the entomologist spent the next several years collecting marine best known for discovering Mullerian mimicry shells in Chile. From October 1827 to June of insects, also left Germany for Brazil in 1852 1828, he collected extensively in what is now because of the aftermath of the Revolution. French Polynesia, returning to Valparaiso. Philippi, Burmeister, and Müller were among Cuming made a lengthy expedition along the the more than 50 German naturalists who Pacific coast of South and Central America, explored South America in the 1800s, many from Valdivia to Honduras, again returning of whom were sent or inspired by Humboldt to Valparaiso, and he ultimately returned to (Hoppe, 2001: 215–218). England in 1831 (Coan, 2011; Dance, 1986: Unfortunately, less than one year after 110–115). W. J. Broderip and G. B. Sowerby I Philippi’s arrival, his brother Bernhard was described numerous new species from the killed by the natives near Punta Arenas in specimens Cuming collected in Chile (Dance, late October 1852 (Schell, 2013: 123), and 1986: 116). In the 1840s, Philippi described his nephew Theodor, who became a botanist some new species from Cuming’s specimens, and a schoolteacher in Concepcion, died mostly in the Littorinidae and Naticidae. from an ulcer in 1852. Philippi’s wife died in The first German naturalist to explore Chile 1867 of dysentery (Schell, 2013: 168). Of was the botanist Eduard Friedrich Poeppig Philippi’s four children who came to Chile (1798–1868), who studied in Leipzig, and with his wife in 1856, two died early: Mathilde is best known for his travels across South (1842–1863) and Karl Eduard (1846–1870, America from 1827 through 1832, resulting in killed in the Siege of Metz during the Franco- the two-volume Reise in Chile, Peru und auf Prussian War, having returned to Germany dem Amazonenstrome während der Jahre for college). 1827 bis 1832 (1835–1836) (Löschner, 1978: 117–118; Zirnstein, 2000b: 572–573). Poeppig was significantly influenced by Alexander von NATURAL HISTORY IN THE NEW WORLD Humboldt, whose travels in Peru and else- where in the northern part of South America Although Philippi was the most significant from 1799 to 1804 led to major insights on and prolific naturalist in Chile in the 1800s, he plant biogeography (Sanhueza Cerda, 2010). was hardly the first to collect specimens and Although Poeppig mostly collected and de- publish on the interesting flora and fauna of that scribed plants, he also described several spe- country. The first major natural history collector cies of decapod crustaceans from Chile. in Chile was Juan Ignacio Molina (1740–1829), The first European naturalist to spend ex- who was born in in central Chile, educat- tensive time in Chile was the French botanist ed in Concepcion, and became a Jesuit priest. Claude [Claudio] Gay (1800–1873), who LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 7

FIG. 1. R. A. Philippi, circa 1840 (reprinted from Jaksic et al., 2012: 74, original in Seccion Botánica, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago). FIG. 2. R. A. Philippi, sculpture, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago (circa 1870s?). FIG. 3. Chile, postage stamp of Bernardo and R. A. Philippi (1978, first day cover). FIG. 4. R. A. Philippi, painting (circa 1880s?) (reprinted from Fundacion R. A. Philippi de Estudios Naturales, Chile). 8 KABAT & COAN studied botany in Paris, and then emigrated from younger formations. Mr. Gay, the former to Valparaiso, Chile in 1828 (Schell, 2013: director, had taken all the fossils collected by 34–57), where he became the first natural him in Chile to France, including those de- sciences teacher in Chile, at the Colegio de scribed by Mr. Hupé … only a few specimens Santiago (equivalent to a high school). In 1830, were left at random in the Museo]. the Chilean government arranged for Gay to Philippi (1898: 404) later described the Museo spend the next three years exploring Chile, as of 1853 as a “Rumpelkammer” (junk room), not just its natural history, but also its eco- filled with random objects. nomic resources (Jaksic et al., 2012: 62–73; The next significant naturalist to visit Chile Donoso Saint & Sagredo Baeza, 2012: 15–40, was Alcide d’Orbigny (1802–1857), who col- 247–254; Schell, 2013: 41). In 1842, Gay re- lected numerous fossil and Recent molluscs turned to Paris for the rest of his life, with his from Argentina, Chile and Peru during his extensive collections, and published the Histo- 1826–1833 travels in South America. These ria fisica y politica de Chile (1844–1871), which were described in the Voyage dans l’Amérique appeared in 28 volumes, with a two-volume Méridionale (d’Orbigny, 1842–1843); the Ce- atlas. Gay was the author of the eight-volume nozoic fossils from Chile and Argentina have “Historia,” the two-volume “Documentos,” most been analyzed (Griffin & Nielsen, 2008). of the eight-volume “Botanica,” the two-volume The most famous naturalist to visit Chile “Agricultura” and the Mammalia section of the in the 1800s was, of course, Charles Darwin eight-volume “Zoologia.” The molluscs, includ- (1809–1882), who spent over two years explor- ing fossils, were described by Louis Hippolyte ing Argentina and Chile from 1833 to 1835, far Hupé (1819–1867) in the eighth volume of the longer than he spent in the Galapagos, and Zoologia series (Hupé in Gay, 1854; Griffin & his observations in Chile greatly influenced Nielsen, 2008). his paleontological thinking (Allmon & Smith, Unfortunately, Gay’s careless approach 2009). The fossil molluscs collected by Dar- towards recording the exact locality of the win were described by George B. Sowerby II specimens that he collected severely limited (1812–1884), as part of Darwin’s Geological the accuracy or utility of the species descrip- Observations on South America (G. B. Sow- tions (Schell, 2013: 111, 150–153). Jara (1997: erby II, 1846; Griffin & Nielsen, 2008). Darwin, 249) noted, “Además se constata, según los while in Valparaiso in 1834, wrote to his mentor, críticos, una falta de precision en la referencia the botanist John Stevens Henslow, perhaps a las localidades de recolección del material, half-facetiously, that “I had hoped during this i.e., ‘Chile’, ‘costas de Chile’, etc.” [Critics also time to have made a good collection of insects note the inaccurate or imprecise localities for but it has been impossible. I regret the less, the specimens, such as “Chile” or the “coast because Chili fairly swarms with Collectors; of Chile”]. Also, since Gay took his entire col- there are more Naturalists in the country, than lection to Paris, where they remain today, this Carpenters or Shoemaker[s] or any other hon- meant that when Philippi arrived in Santiago, est trade.” (Burkhardt & Smith, 1985: 401). the national museum had almost nothing in its Philippi was later to take advantage of this collections, as Philippi (1887a: 1; 1887b: 1) network of naturalists in Chile. was later to complain: Also arriving in Chile in the 1830s was Ig- Als ich im Jahre 1853 die Direction des Mu- nacio Domeyko (1802–1889), a Lithuanian seums von Santiago übernahm, fand ich in Pole, initially exiled from Poland to Paris in demselben kaum ein Dutzend chilenischer 1830, where he studied geology, particularly Versteinerungen vor, sei es aus der Jura-, mineralogy, and then emigrated to Chile in sei es aus Jüngern Formationen. Herr Gay, 1838 (Grigelis, 2005: 279–280; Donoso Saint der frühere Director, hatte alle die von ihm in & Sagredo Baeza, 2012: 41–65, 254–261; Chile gefundenen nach Frankreich genom- Schell, 2013: 94–95). Domeyko soon met men, und sind dieselben von Herrn Hupe in Gay, and later became a long-time faculty Gay’s Historia fisica i politica de Chile (Zoo- colleague of Philippi. Domeyko eventually be- logia, Bd. 8) beschrieben; nur das eine oder came the Rector (president) of the Universidad andere Exemplar war zufällig im Museum de Chile, and was noted for his collections of liegen geblieben. fossil vertebrates of Chile, particularly from [When I became director of the Museo in Patagonia. Domeyko was quite formal in his Santiago in 1853, I found barely a dozen relationships with the students, who viewed Chilean fossils, whether from the Jurassic or him as reactionary at a time when the students LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 9 were clamoring for greater academic freedom visited the Atacama during its normal drought (Schell, 2013: 171); in contrast, the students stage, Philippi saw it shortly after a rare rainy were much fonder of Philippi. Domeyko’s period, when it was filled with small flowers and lengthy autobiography made no mention of insects that fed on the flowers (Francaviglia, Gay (Schell, 2013: 102), and briefly mentioned 2016: 125). Philippi in only one sentence regarding his Philippi returned to Santiago in April 1854, Atacama travels (Domeyko, 1963: 234; 1978: and took several years to write up the results 444); in contrast, Domeyko devoted three sen- of his collections, which was published in tences to a chance encounter with Bernardo separate German and Spanish volumes in Philippi in Valdivia in 1845, where they found 1860, as the Reise durch die Wueste Ata- a luminescent toad (Domeyko, 1963: 501; cama: Auf Befehl der Chilenischen Regierung 1978: 721–722), although Domeyko went on im Sommer 1853–54 unternommen und to criticize Bernardo’s work in bringing Protes- beschrieben / Viage al desierto de Atacama tants, not Catholics, to southern Chile (Schell, hecho de orden del gobierno de Chile en el 2013: 209). verano 1853–1854. This book included 27 plates, of which two had fossils, seven had animals (mostly vertebrates), six had plants, PHILIPPI’S LIFE IN CHILE and the remaining twelve had scenes of the small towns and mountainscapes of that re- Philippi became the director of the Lyceum gion (reprinted in Philippi Izquierdo, 1973); the (high school) in Valdivia in 1853. Philippi had plates were reproduced from Philippi’s original arrived in Chile at a time of political turmoil and drawings made during his travels. Philippi also suppressed revolutions in the south, but was published several shorter notes, including the able to avoid political controversies (Ochse- first description of the giant meteor crater in nius, 1999: 35–36). In October 1853, Manuel the Atacama, which led to his being praised Montt, the President of Chile, appointed Philippi by James M. Gillis, the Superintendent of the to be the Professor of Zoology and Botany at U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition: “The rec- the Universidad de Chile (Santiago), and that ognized ability of the author – Dr. R. A. Philippi same month also appointed him to serve as Di- – is a sufficient guaranty for the accuracy with rector of the Museo de Historia Natural, which which he will make known every incident of was then located at the university (Gotschlich, his journey to that inhospitable region” (Gillis, 1904: 34–36). Philippi initially taught both zo- 1855: iv). The Chilean government eventually ology and botany, and later added courses in realized the strategic importance of this region, natural history and physical geography (Barros for in 1879, Chile declared war on both Bolivia Arana, 1904: 104, 157). and Peru (after Bolivia had declared war on In November 1853, only one month after Chile), and the result was a major victory for these appointments, the Chilean government Chile, which captured the entire coastal region took advantage of Philippi’s geological skills, of Bolivia (leaving it a landlocked country) as and made him the director of an expedition to well as the southernmost provinces of Peru, explore the vast Atacama Desert, which was resulting in almost the entire Atacama region then spread across three countries: Chile, Peru and its mineral resources becoming located and Bolivia. Although Philippi collected some within Chile (Brintrup, 2011; Schell, 2001; molluscs and other natural history specimens Talbott, 1974: 33–50). in the world’s highest and driest desert, the After the Atacama expedition, Philippi con- significance of his explorations were his geo- tinued his practice of making detailed and logical observations, including the extensive realistic drawings of the Chilean landscape, nitrate or saltpeter deposits (then an important most of which remained unpublished until ingredient for fertilizer and explosives), as well his great-grandson published them with an- as realizing that the region contained economi- notations (Philippi Izquierdo, 1973). However, cally valuable copper resources (Donoso Saint some of those drawings were not original to & Sagredo Baeza, 2012: 67–91, 261–268; Philippi, but were copied from drawings made Kurtz, 1979; Muñoz Schick, 2008; Nuño Garcia by Alexander Simon (1805–1852), a German & Niño Valenzuela, 2003; Schell, 2001, 2013: artist who spent the last few years of his life 139–144; Scurla, 1982: 255–259; Soto Nar- in Chile with Bernhard Philippi before dying in decchia, 2008: 16; Steffen, 1910a: 202–203, unknown circumstances in Patagonia (Pereira 1910b: 196–197). In contrast to Darwin, who Salas, 1968; Löschner, 1978: 119; Krauss, 10 KABAT & COAN

2005: 25–28). While some of the original draw- America, ostensibly to test Darwin’s theories, to ings of Philippi kept in the Archivo Emilio Held no avail. However, the other naturalists on this Winkler (Santiago) indicate in the border that expedition collected huge series of specimens, they were copies of those by Simon, this at- and Agassiz enjoyed his reunion in May 1872 tribution has been largely disregarded in later with Philippi in Santiago – some three decades reprints of the works (J. M. Izquierdo König, after Philippi met him in Neuchatel (Hill, 1872: pers. comm., 1 Apr. 2016). 8; Irmscher, 2013: 328). Domeyko, however, overshadowed Philippi by giving Agassiz “du- plicates of his entire collection of [vertebrate] PHILIPPI AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD fossils, by far the most complete and valuable in South America, and which he has been thirty- Although Philippi never left South America five years in collecting, so that the museum of – unlike Domeyko who returned to Poland for Professor Agassiz [the MCZ] will have the most a hero’s visit in 1884, only to come back to complete collection of South American fossils Chile to die (Schell, 2013: 207–208) – Philippi ever made” (White, 1872: 3). was hardly isolated from the broader scientific community. In addition to continuing to publish in German serials, and founding the Anales del PHILIPPI’S LATER YEARS IN CHILE Museo Nacional as a publication venue for the museum research (now titled the Boletín del Philippi’s family – his wife and four children Museo Nacional de Historia Natural), Philippi (they had a total of ten children, but six died was an important figure for overseas scientists young) – arrived in Chile in December 1856, visiting Chile. When the Comisíon Cientifica after a separation of nearly six years (Philippi, del Pacífico, the 1862–1866 Spanish scientific 1897–1898: 194). His family lived on Philippi’s expedition that collected over 82,000 speci- farm near Valdivia where Philippi spent his mens in South America, landed at Valparaiso summers while on vacation from teaching in in 1863, the naturalists made their way inland Santiago. Unfortunately, in November 1863, to Santiago. Philippi introduced them to a a fire destroyed his Valdivia residence, result- number of other naturalists and collectors, ing in the loss of part of his personal archive and the naturalists admired Philippi’s exhibits of his research notes and manuscripts, in- in the museum and the museum’s fine library cluding some notes from his years in Sicily (Calatayud Arinero, 1994: 115–116; Miller, (Philippi Izquierdo, 1973: 95). In 2007, a fire 1968: 73–74). at the Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, The Swiss naturalist Johann Jakob von destroyed some of his zoological and botanical Tschudi (1818–1889), who spent much of his specimens and publications, along with cop- life exploring South America, reached Santiago ies of Darwin’s and Humboldt’s publications in 1859 and visited Philippi at the (old) Museo (Delmastro Naso, 2007; De Urrestri Longton, in Santiago (Tschudi, 1869: 145–147). Tschudi 2007; Neira et al., 2007). particularly praised Philippi for his curatorial Philippi, after the publication of the Atacama work: “ich sage, dass es die bedeutendste und book in 1860, was to spend most of the next best-geordnete naturhistorische Sammlung several decades focusing on the plants, insects Südamerikas ist ...” [I say that this is the most and vertebrates of Chile. He described rela- important and best-ordered natural history tively few Recent molluscs from Chile, and it collection in South America], compared with was not until the 1880s that he was to publish the other institutions he had visited in Brasil, extensively on the fossil molluscs of Chile. Montevideo and Buenos Aires (Tschudi, 1869: In 1858, Philippi wrote to Guillermo Frick 145–146). Tschudi, in his travels across Chile, (1818–1905), a German friend in Valdivia, to particularly noted the gigantic Atacama cactus recount a humorous comment that someone and the endemic Andean flamingo, both de- else had made about Philippi’s dedication to scribed by Philippi (Tschudi, 1869: 48, 53–54). natural history: However, Tschudi also tartly noted the errors What is it that Philippi does? He hunts flies, made by Philippi in calculating distances across and then he observes them through a large the uncharted Atacama (Tschudi, 1869: 55). lens, and captures them in a drawing. It’s sur- Louis Agassiz, in 1872, near the end of his ca- prising the way in which some men can earn reer at Harvard and barely one year before his their bread. [Translated from German into death, went on the Hassler Expedition to South English by Schell (2013: 131–132); Spanish LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 11

translations by Eyzaguirre Philippi (2008a: “form a more perfect idea of the Supreme 57, 2008b: viii) and Steenbuck (2003: 26)]. Author” [“se formará sin duda un idea mas Philippi also taught in the natural sciences at perfecta del Autor Supremo”]. the Universidad de Chile, and his textbook, the Even in 1887, Philippi still was non-committal Elementos de historia natural, went through as to whether the changes that he observed several editions (Johow, 1910a: 268–269, in the composition of Chile’s fossil molluscan 1910b: 253–254; Camacho, 1971: 67–74). fauna, from one geological period to the next, There has been extensive debate as to whether reflected evolution or cataclysms (creation- or not Philippi believed in Darwin’s theory of ism): evolution by natural selection. The consensus Haben wir in Chile Beweise, dass eine Art is that while Philippi in the 1860s did not ini- sich allmählich in eine andere verwandelt hat, tially believe in natural selection, he did briefly wie die Darwinisten annehmen? Dies sind mention Darwin’s concepts in the Elementos, wichtige Fragen, über welche ein sorgfältiges for which he was to be harshly criticized (Jak- und gewissenhaftes Studium der fossilen sic et al. 2012: 82; Márquez Breton, 1982: Ueberreste der Quartärzeit im Vergleich zur 20–28; Wunder, 1988: 371). A contemporary heutigen Meeresfauna einiges Licht werfen remarked that: dürfte. (Philippi, 1887a: 252–253). Apénas publicado su libro, se desató contra Tenemos pruebas de que una especie se él en la prensa conservadora i relijiosa una haya trasformada en otra, como preten- guerra implacable de dicterios i de ultrajes, den los darwinistas? Estas son cuestiones por haber sostenido, se decia, i por enseñar, graves, sobre las cuales en studio prolijo i que el hombre provenia del mono. concienzudo de los fósiles de los depósitos [Immediately after his book was published, cuartarios i de la fauna marina actual podrán the conservative and religious press un- dar alguna luz. (Philippi, 1887b: 243). leashed a relentless war of insults and out- [Do we have in Chile evidence that one spe- rage for having sustained, it was said, that cies has gradually transformed into another, man came from apes.] as claimed by the Darwinists? These are (Barros Arana, 1904: 146). The irony was that important questions, for which a careful and Philippi, in the 1860s and later, did not fully conscientious study of the Quaternary fossils believe in Darwinism (Schell, 2013: 177–179), compared to the Recent marine fauna is likely yet was attacked for his book: to shed some light.] De hecho, es una ironía de la historia que el Philippi’s 1899 book on the Jurassic fossils naturalista Philippi ... hubiera sido duramente of Chile made no mention of these issues, atacado y denostado por la prensa religiosa probably because it was only the first of three y conservadora de la época. Fue la primera intended volumes and did not contain a syn- manifestación pública en contra de las ideas thesis. de Darwin en el pais. In 1875, Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna, the [It is a historical irony that the naturalist Philip- highly influential, half-Irish mayor of Santiago pi ... was harshly attacked and vilified by the who significantly modernized the city, had religious and conservative press of the time. organized a major international exposition in It was the first public demonstration against Santiago, which resulted in the building of a the ideas of Darwin in this country.] gigantic exposition hall in a park on the outskirts (Medel & Veloso, 2009: 15). Sometime around of Santiago. After the exposition, Mackenna 1880, Philippi wrote, in Spanish, a one-page and others convinced the Chilean government manuscript essay, “El studio de las ciencias to convert the hall into what is now the Museo naturales,” which has been widely reprinted Nacional de Historia Natural (Schell, 2013: (Philippi Izquierdo, 1973: 13–14; Larroucau, 181–182). Although Philippi was initially reluc- 2003: 94; Schrader, 2004: 331; translated into tant to move his collections and the library so German by Schrader, 2004: 330, and partial far from the rest of the Universidad de Chile, he translation into English by Schell, 2013: 170). soon realized that the space was necessary to That essay attempted to reconcile natural his- house these collections that had long ago out- tory and religion, by arguing that there was grown the space at the Universidad. It helped “nothing more sublime, nothing more religious that the government built a house on the park than the study of nature” [“Nada mas sublime, grounds, where Philippi was able to live with nada mas relijioso que el studio de las natu- his research assistants and his son Friedrich raleza”], and that understanding nature would (Federico), a botanist, and who ultimately suc- 12 KABAT & COAN ceeded Philippi as the Director of the Museo as “¡Oh grande, oh inmortal Naturaleza tú in 1897 (Fürstenberg, 1906: 241). Philippi fuiste su pasion!” [Great, immortal nature was devoted considerable effort to designing the your passion!], and closing with another Wag- exhibits and expanding the research collec- nerian piece performed by the military band tions; somewhat incongruously for a natural (Anonymous, 1898; Schell, 2013: 224). Philippi history museum, this one initially included received a gold medal with his image, the years “reliquias de la Guerra de independencia y de 1808–1898, and the inscription “Al Doctor R. A. sus heroes y de la Guerra del Pacifico” [relics Philippi – sus amigos Chile” (Philippi Izquierdo, of the 1810–1823 War of Independence and 1973: 12). Philippi responded with a heartfelt the 1879 War of the Pacific] (Cárdenas Gueu- speech, in which he thanked Chile for being so dinot, 2003: 89). receptive to foreigners, and stated that: In addition to his significant contributions to Una suerte benigna me ha permitido con- natural history, Philippi also was important in tinuar estudiando la naturaleza, la unica establishing other scholarly fields in Chile. In pasion que he tenido en mi vida i desde mi 1885, he was the founder and the first president niñez, i me ha permitido tambien prestart of the Deutscher Wissenschaftlicher Verein algunos servicios a la ciencia i a mi querida zu Santiago (the German Scientific Society), segunda patria. which published the Verhandlungen from 1885 [Good fortune allowed me to continue in through 1913, with a new series from 1931 to the study of nature, the only passion that I 1936 (Krebs Kaulen et al., 2001: 122–125). In had in my life since childhood, and has also 1878, he was a founder and the first president allowed me to provide some service to sci- of the Sociedad Arqueolójica de Santiago ence and to my beloved second fatherland.] (Archaeological Society of Santiago), a prede- (Barros Arana, 1904: 195; Schell, 2013: 224); cessor to the Sociedad Chilena de Arqueología also translated into German by Fürstenberg (Gänger, 2014: 209–210). (1906: 242). In 1878, Wilhelm I, the first Emperor of Ger- In 1901, the 50th anniversary of Philippi’s many, awarded Philippi the “Königlicher Kro- escape from Germany to Chile, Philippi wrote nen-Orden dritter Klasse” (Order of the Crown, several autobiographical essays (Philippi, third class) for his 70th birthday (Gotschlich, 1901a, 1902, 1903, 1904). Antonio De Gre- 1904: 60–61). Twenty years later, in 1898, gorio, an Italian paleontologist, wrote an his grandson, Wilhelm II, the last Emperor of encomium that rightly praised Philippi for his Germany, awarded Philippi the “Königlicher Sicily books as having laid the foundation for Kronen-Orden zweiter Klasse” (Order of the all future work on the Mediterranean molluscan Crown, second class) for his 90th birthday fauna (De Gregorio, 1902). (Gotschlich, 1904: 62–63). In early July 1904, Philippi completed his last On Philippi’s 80th birthday in September manuscript (unpublished, on Chilean frogs), 1888, the German community in Santiago and was diagnosed with pneumonia on 23 and Valparaiso had a three-day celebration in July 1904, which led to his death that day. his honor, particularly for his role in teaching The next day, his body was laid in state in the so many prominent Chileans (Anonymous, grand hall of the Universidad, where it was 1888). viewed by over 10,000 persons. The second In 1890, the University in Berlin awarded day after his death was declared a school Philippi an honorary doctorate degree, on holiday in Santiago, and some 30,000 per- the sixtieth anniversary of his 1830 thesis sons, including every schoolchild in Santiago, (Gotschlich, 1904: 50–52). Ten years later, lined the 2.5 kilometer route from downtown Berlin awarded Philippi a second honorary to the Cementerio General. The horse-drawn degree, on the seventieth anniversary of his funeral cortege, accompanied by 284 horse- thesis (Gotschlich, 1904: 76–77). drawn carriages containing the entire Chilean For Philippi’s 90th birthday in September parliament and cabinet, along with numerous 1898, the Universidad de Chile had a “Hom- other government ministers, carried his body enaje” in his honor, which started out with a to its final resting place (Barros Arana, 1904: military band playing Wagner’s Tannhäuser 204–211; Ochsenius, 1906: 55; Losch, 1905: march, followed by several speeches in his 157 [15]). Gotschlich (1904: 120–156) devoted honor, including a poem of 137 lines (“A don some 25 nearly overwrought pages to a de- Rodulfo A. Philippi en el Nonajésimo Aniver- tailed description of the memorial and funeral, sario de su Natalicio”), with elegiac lines such down to the level of identifying and illustrating LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 13 the 40 different floral memorials, and with three Philippi’s first significant malacological work photographs of the funeral procession. was on the Recent and fossil molluscs of Sic- It is safe to say that no other zoologist or ily, the Enumeratio molluscorum Siciliae cum paleontologist had such a large turnout at his viventium tum in tellure Tertiaria fossilium quae funeral, although Alexander von Humboldt sup- in itinere suo observavit, published in Berlin posedly had “tens of thousands” of mourners in 1836, with a second, expanded edition in at his 1859 funeral (Wulf, 2015: 280). Alas, as 1844. Philippi described 347 species in these the cemetery in Santiago was then owned and two books, which were written entirely in Latin, operated by the Catholic Church, there was with full descriptions and synonymies, and he one final indignity, as Philippi was a German prepared the detailed illustrations himself. The Lutheran up to his death. The Church required dating of both editions has engendered some that all non-Catholics be buried in the separate confusion in the literature. The 1836 book “Patio de Disidentes” in the southwest corner has a preface that is dated September 1835 of the Cementerio, which was sealed off from and a title page dated 1836, but no indication the rest of the cemetery by a wall that is about of precisely when in 1836 it was published. one meter thick and four meters high. Philippi’s However, since Kaiser Wilhelm III awarded family mausoleum, which has only been used Philippi the gold medal for this book on 14 April by a few of his relatives, remains an imposing 1836, it must have been published sometime fortress (illustrated by Gotschlich, 1904: 156). between January and April of 1836, and the The “Patio de Disidentes” is the final resting publication date is here taken to be April 1836. point for numerous other German Lutherans Thus, the species described in Philippi’s book and several German Jews, along with mer- take precedence over those described by the chants (Church of England), and ship captains Italian conchologist Arcangelo Scacchi later (Church of Scotland) (A. Kabat, pers. obs.). in 1836. 1904 was a noteworthy year in malacology, The second, revised and enlarged edition of as three other German malacologists also the Sicily book similarly has a preface dated died in that year: David Fr. Heynemann (born August 1843 and the title page is dated 1844, 1829), Franz M. Hilgendorf (born 1839) and but no indication of precisely when in 1844 it Karl Eduard von Martens (born 1831), along was published. However, Philippi authored an with the French conchologists Arnould Locard “errata” in the July 1844 issue of the Zeitschrift (born 1841) and Jules Mabille (born 1831), and für Malakozoologie (Philippi, 1844n: 100), in the English conchologist Frederick P. Marrat which he stated that “Kaum sind vier Monate (born 1820). verstrichen, seit dem der zweite Band meiner Enumeratio Molluscorum Siciliae die Presse verlassen hat” [barely four months have passed PHILIPPI’S MALACOLOGICAL since the second volume of my Sicily book PUBLICATIONS was published], which allowed Cretella et al. (2005: 115) and Janssen & Krylova (2012: 91) Philippi authored numerous malacological to determine that this book had to have been publications from 1834 to 1899, but the vast published in either January or February 1844 majority of his new taxa were described in (Philippi, 1844a), thereby giving it precedence eight monographs or series: (1) the 1836 and over a paper by Forbes (1844) on the molluscs 1844 books on the molluscs of Sicily; (2) the from the Aegean Sea. Cretella et al. (2005: 115) 1841/1844 publications on the Oligocene mol- stated that this errata “was most probably writ- luscs of northern Germany; (3) the Abbildungen ten in June at the latest, which means that the und Beschreibungen (1842–1851); (4) the 2nd volume must have been published either treatments of a number of marine gastropod in January or February 1844. ... the day being genera in Küster’s Conchylien-Cabinet (1842– unknown, under the Code (ICZN, 1999: Art. 1855); (5) the descriptions of 483 species in the 21.3) the publication date to be adopted is the “Centuria” articles in the Zeitschrift für Malako- last day of the month, that is, 29th February zoologie (1847–1852); (6) the Handbuch der (1844 was a leap year).” Conchyliologie und Malacologie (1853); (7) Philippi’s Sicily books are of significance in Die Tertiären und Quartären Versteinerungen being among the first to provide comprehensive / Los fósiles Terciarios i Cuatarios de discussions of the Recent and fossil molluscs Chile (1887); and (8) Los fósiles Secundarios of the Mediterranean during the Pliocene and de Chile (1899). Pleistocene, although he and his successors 14 KABAT & COAN were scarcely aware of the complex paleonto- until the end of 1844, due to Philippi’s delays logical history of that fauna. It was not fully ap- in preparing the plates (Bronn, 1845: 510; preciated until well over a century later, starting Janssen & Kadolsky, 2016). Philippi described in the 1970s, that the Mediterranean Sea had a total of 146 fossil molluscs from Germany, dried up more than once during the Miocene, most in these two publications and in two followed by alternating cycles in the Pliocene other papers on the fossils of the region near and Pleistocene of invasions of tropical species Magdeburg, west of Berlin. These new taxa are from western equatorial Africa and invasions mostly from the Oligocene, when Germany had of boreal, cold-water species from northern a warm to tropical marine fauna, and include Europe, leading to a complex assemblage a number of key index species that remain of of molluscan taxa in the fossil record (Garilli, stratigraphic importance, including species of 2011: 100–102). Scalaspira (Buccinidae) and Streptochetus Philippi’s Sicily books are also noteworthy (Fasciolariidae). in their detailed figures of living animals, done Philippi, upon becoming established in by Philippi himself; oddly, Philippi did relatively Cassel, edited or contributed to three malaco- few such illustrations of molluscs in his later logical publication series. Unfortunately, these years. For example, the 1836 book has the became needlessly complicated in terms of first published illustrations of the gross anatomy determining the publication dates and priority, of the enigmatic sponge-dwelling gastropod, given their overlapping nature, and combined anguina (actually a misidentified with the turmoil of the 1848 Revolution. Anguinaria obtusa), although some details First, in 1842, Philippi founded the Ab- of the reproductive tract were misplaced bildungen und Beschreibungen neuer oder (Bieler, 2004: 322). Carlo Gemmellaro, a well- wenig gekannter Conchylien unter Mithülfe respected geologist and paleontologist in Sicily, mehrerer deutscher Conchyliologen [Illustra- reviewed Philippi’s 1836 book. Gemmellaro tions and descriptions of new or poorly known (1838: 103–104) noted that earlier efforts by shells, with the assistance of several German foreigners to describe the Sicilian fauna were conchologists] (Philippi, 1897–1898: 200). This based on short trips and superficial analysis, series was published in three volumes over but Philippi devoted far more time and effort to a decade, ending in 1851, with each volume understand the fauna. Thus, Philippi’s plates having 8 parts and 48 plates, for a total of 24 were “unquestionably accurate, colorful, and parts and 144 plates. This publication has nu- naturally drawn” so that this book was “the merous new taxa, most by Philippi, and others first and most complete ever published on the by his colleagues – identified on the title page molluscs of Sicily” [“con indicibile accuratezza, of volume 1 as including Hermann Eduard e colorite al naturale in modo ... che essa è la Anton (1794–1872), Gerhard von dem Busch prima e la più completa che si fosse fin’ora (1791–1868), Wilhelm Dunker (1809–1885), pubblicata sulle conchiglie di Sicilia”] (Gem- Israel Heymann Jonas (1795–1851), Friedrich mellaro, 1838: 108). Carl Ludwig Koch (1799–1852), Louis Carl The second set of publications was on the Georg Pfeiffer (1805–1877), and Franz Her- fossils of northern Germany, which resulted mann Troschel (1810–1882). Several other in a preliminary, often overlooked publication malacologists also contributed embedded de- in 1841, Ueber die Tertiärversteinerungen der scriptions of new species in Philippi’s papers, Wilhelmshöhe bei Kassel (Philippi, 1841), including Christian Ferdinand Friedrich von which was then reprinted and significantly Krauss (1812–1890), Johann Karl Megerle expanded in 1844, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der von Mühlfeld (1765–1840), Karl Theodor Tertiaerversteinerungen des nordwestlichen Menke (1791–1861), and Ludwig Parreyss Deutschlands (Philippi, 1844b). Subsequent (1799–1861). authors did not always realize that the spe- However, the Abbildungen is needlessly cies in the first 32 pages of the 1844 publica- complicated, because while several genera tion were actually first described in the 1841 were treated in a single part, most of the gen- publication, or that the 1841 publication had era were treated in multiple parts, sometimes the description of the new Cerycium divided among two or even all three volumes. In (Strombidae), which was replaced in the 1844 a misguided attempt to provide continuity, each edition with Chenopus. Although the book is page has dual pagination: the page number on dated “1843” on the title page, with a preface the right-hand side is the page number for the dated 5 March 1843, it was not actually printed volume as a whole, and the other page num- LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 15 ber on the left-hand side is for the genus as a in 1847, Philippi authored a series of articles, whole. In the third volume, this page numbering initially titled as Testaceorum novorum centuria scheme became even more complicated, with [One hundred new shells] (1847–1848), which parts 1–4 having one set of numbers, and the was then succeeded by the Centuria altera tes- numbering starting anew at “page 1” for part taceorum novorum (1849), the Centuria tertia 5. Presumably the idea was that subscribers testaceorum novorum (1849), the Centuria could either bind the parts as they were issued quarta testaceorum novorum (1849–1851), (the first set of page numbers), or could rear- and finally the Centuria quinta testaceorum range the parts in a taxonomic sequence (the novorum (1851–1852). In the first through second set of page numbers). Most sets are fourth series, the 100 species of each series bound into three volumes (with the plates at the were numbered 1–100; however, the fifth end of each volume); we have seen one set series ended in 1852 with species number 83 (in a private library) that has all the text bound (probably because Philippi was in Chile and no in one volume, and all the plates bound in a longer able to send descriptions to the editor), second volume. for a total of 483 species. The editors remarked The Abbildungen remains of significance in the February 1851 issue, volume 7(9), that today for its new taxa and its extensive, de- Philippi had to leave, perhaps forever, due to tailed illustrations that often can be used to the unprecedented political events in Hesse identify the type specimens. The Abbildungen (Menke & Pfeiffer, 1851a: 144). Later that was part of a sizable flowering of illustrated same year, in volume 8(8) (probably published conchological books in the 1840s and 1850s in between October and December 1851), the Germany, France, and England (Dance, 1986: editors remarked at the end of the third part of 137–142). The other German illustrated con- the Centuria quinta (which ended with species chological series of this period was the second number 52), that they hoped that Philippi was edition of the Martini-Chemnitz Systematisches now in Chile and would be able to send the Conchylien-Cabinet, re-started by Heinrich Carl next part (Menke & Pfeiffer, 1851b: 126). As it Küster in 1837, and ran for nearly a century happens, the last part of the Centuria quinta before ending in 1920. The Systematisches was published in volume 9(2) (25 March 1852), Conchylien-Cabinet similarly had lavish illus- but it must have been based on a manuscript trations and extensive descriptions and, as for that Philippi left behind, as he arrived in Chile the Abbildungen, had a needlessly complicated in December 1851, which was not enough time issuance of volumes and parts, with some to send new manuscripts to Germany. genera being issued in ten or more parts over One problem with the Zeitschrift series is several decades. The authorship and dates that Philippi originally used it as a way to of publication were not fully worked out until provide preliminary descriptions of species long after it ceased publication (Johnson, that were later described in greater length 1968; Welter-Schultes, 1999). Philippi was and with illustrations in the Abbildungen or the sole author of several lengthy sections the Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Even of the Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, though the latter publications have adequately particularly Ampullaria, Natica, Solarium, detailed descriptions and figures – often based Trochus, and Turbo, along with shorter treat- on additional specimens from other localities ments of several other gastropod genera, not mentioned in the original description – the which appeared from 1842 to 1855. shorter original descriptions in the Zeitschrift, The third German malacological publica- without illustrations and from fewer localities, tion that Philippi contributed to arose from his limit the availability of type material. And, since role as one of the founders of the Zeitschrift the descriptions in the Zeitschrift continued for für Malakozoologie, one of the first German another year after the Abbildungen ended, that malacological periodicals of significance. This meant that a number of the species described journal, edited by Karl Theodor Menke, ap- in 1851 and 1852 were never illustrated by peared in 10 volumes from 1844 to 1853, with Philippi. Further complicating matters is that 12 issues per volume, originally intended to ap- the German revolution from 1848 to 1851, pear on a monthly basis (Kabat & Coan, 2016). combined with Philippi’s escape to Chile, Unlike the Abbildungen or the Systematisches meant that it was not possible for Philippi to Conchylien-Cabinet, the ten volumes of this coordinate the timing of these publications (or journal had only two plates with illustrations to review the page proofs), so that while the (but neither was for Philippi’s papers). Starting preliminary description in the Zeitschrift usually 16 KABAT & COAN came before the more detailed descriptions them fit the explanation given!!!” (Anonymous, in the Abbildungen or the Systematisches 1853: 317). Conchylien-Cabinet (as intended), other spe- After Philippi’s arrival in Chile, and after his cies were sometimes published first in the latter network of collectors and he amassed sizable monographs. collections of Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils Philippi, before his departure for Chile, and of that country, Philippi began describing those while on board the ship en route to Chile, fossils. While Darwin and d’Orbigny collected completed his magisterial Handbuch der Con- and described a small number of Chilean chyliologie und Malacologie (1853). He wrote fossils, their discoveries barely scratched the in the foreword that he completed this book surface of Chile’s paleontological diversity. on 18 October 1851 “in der Nähe von Cap Hence, in 1887, Philippi published, in simul- Hoorn an Bord der Hamburger Brigg Bonito” taneous German and Spanish editions (albeit [near Cape Horn, on board the Hamburg ship with slightly different paginations),Die Tertiären Bonito] (Philippi, 1853: vi), but it was not pub- und Quartären Versteinerungen Chiles / Los lished until early 1853, reflecting the delays in fósiles Terciarios i Cuatarios de Chile, with the transmitting the manuscript from Chile back bulk of this work devoted to fossil molluscs (a to Germany. The Handbuch demonstrated few fossil vertebrates, as well as various other Philippi’s vast knowledge across the entire invertebrates, were also covered). Philippi phylum: the first section discussed the his- described 504 new species of fossil molluscs tory of the classification of molluscs and the (including 312 bivalves and 181 gastropods) diagnostic characters; the second section, of in the 1887 book, of which 350 species are over 340 pages, set forth a comprehensive Cenozoic (Nielsen, 2009). Despite its title, diagnosis and classification of the entire phy- the 1887 book also includes 154 species of lum, down to the family and genus level; and Cretaceous molluscs (i.e., Mesozoic). Philippi the third section, of 65 pages, comprised a de- had already described 47 fossil molluscs from tailed alphabetical index to molluscan genera. Chile in several earlier papers, particularly in The book included brachiopods and ascidians, the 1860 Atacama survey. which were not removed from the Mollusca Philippi’s last malacological contribution was until later in the 19th century (Hyman, 1959: the Los fósiles Secundarios de Chile, which 516–517; 1967: 2); Philippi listed the rudists, appeared in 1899, and had 202 new species now known to be fossil bivalves, as the third of molluscs, all bivalves. Despite the title of this “order” within the brachiopods. Philippi also in- work, it was limited to what Philippi termed the cluded barnacles in an appendix; he explained “asiphonate” bivalves, that is, primarily the Pro- that they were crustaceans, but he included tobranchia, , Arcidae, Ostreidae and them anyway, since “die meisten Liebhaber Trigoniidae (thereby excluding the heterodont die Gehäuse derselben in ihre Sammlungen and anomalodesmatan bivalves), all from the aufnehmen” [most shell collectors have them Jurassic. The Cretaceous bivalves were al- in their collections] (Philippi, 1853: v). A sig- ready treated in the 1887 “Tertiary” work, and nificant limitation of this 1853 book, which Philippi never did publish on Triassic bivalves reduced its impact, was that Philippi included of Chile. At the Museo in Santiago, there are no illustrations (Barros Arana, 1904: 62), in a number of old cabinets filled with hundreds contrast to other detailed surveys of the Mol- of lots of Jurassic gastropods and hetero- lusca in that same decade, such as H. Adams dont/anomalodesmatan bivalves (particularly & A. Adams, The genera of Recent Mollusca of “Pholadomya”), labeled with manuscript (1853–1858), with 138 plates. An anonymous names, presumably intended to be published reviewer, while praising this work as “an ex- in this series, had Philippi’s eyesight not given cellent manual, and almost the only work on out due to cataracts (Philippi, 1899: v; 1904: the subject which approaches the present 323). The introduction to this work optimistically state of the science,” criticized Philippi for his predicted that the second volume would cover habit of incorrectly emending the names of gastropods and cephalopods, with 40 to 50 genera in order to make the names fit what plates, and the third volume would cover bra- Philippi believed to be their etymology: “There chiopods, , corals, reptiles, and are many instances where explanations are “problematic” fossils, with 20 plates (Philippi, given of [genus] names which were intended 1899: vi). simply as names without any meaning, and While the 1887 book has recognizable il- some names of this kind are corrected to make lustrations and descriptions, the 1899 book, LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 17 written after his eyesight had deteriorated, is Note on Orthography not as well illustrated and the descriptions of new species are often based on worn or inde- Rudolph Amandus Philippi’s first name is terminate specimens. For example, a number sometimes misspelled in the subsequent of his new Jurassic species of “Pecten” have literature as the German variant “Rudolf.” been synonymized under Weyla, a stratigraphi- When Philippi emigrated to Chile, he used cally important genus (Aberhan, 1994). Even the Spanish version of his given names when more problematic was his description of 69 new publishing articles or books in Spanish, that species of “Trigonia” – many later determined is, Rodulfo Amando Philippi. However, in the to be referable to other families, such as the 1880s–1890s, there was a short-lived move- Astartidae, Lucinidae and Cardiidae (Pérez & ment in Chile to simplify the spelling of Span- Reyes, 1989). ish words (Contreras, 1993: 200–203), so Taken together, the 1887 and 1899 books, that “Zoologia” became “Zoolojia,” “Geologia” along with his earlier Chilean paleontological became “Jeolojía,” and “Paleontologia” be- publications, included the description of 753 came “Paleontolojia” (as reflected in the titles new species of fossil molluscs from Chile. of several serials in which Philippi published This is assuredly the largest number of new during that time period). It appears that as a species of fossil molluscs from the Jurassic result of this simplified spelling movement, to Pleistocene that anyone will ever describe some Chilean sources (but not Philippi himself) from that country. Some of the fossils were rendered Philippi’s first name as “Rodolfo” or collected by Philippi; others were donated by a “Rudolfo” instead of Rodulfo. The otherwise network of dedicated amateurs, including Luis authoritative Neue Deutsche Biographie man- Landbeck, Jerman Volkmann, Francisco Javier aged to misspell both versions of Philippi’s first Ovalle Olivares, Guillermo Fonck, Federico name, by using “Rudolf (Rudolfo)” (Zirnstein, Albert, Ramón Vidal Gormáz and [Robert?] 2000a: 391). MacSporran (Gotschlich, 1914: 258–259), Chileans follow the Spanish custom by in- commemorated with species names. cluding both parents’ last names as part of an According to Gotschlich (1904: 178–179) and individual’s family name, but Chile is unique in Ochsenius (1906: 66), Philippi, upon his death, having the second name typically abbreviated left behind at least 35 manuscripts, of which to just the first letter. Although Philippi himself three relate to molluscs: (1) “Catalogus Mol- did not follow this custom, some Chilean bio- luscorum Chilensium;” (2) “Moluscos chilenos” graphical sources have used “R. A. Philippi (with 25 plates and over 400 figures); and (3) Krumwiede” or “R. A. Philippi K.” for his name, “El Segundo i tercer tomo de los fósiles secun- with the “Krumwiede” being his mother’s darios de Chile” or “Chilenische Sekundärpe- maiden name (and, confusingly, his wife’s trefakten, Bd. 2 und 3.” The Universidad Austral maiden name, as he married a first cousin on de Chile, Dirección Museológica (Valdivia), his mother’s side). Castillo Infante et al. (1996: which has some of Philippi’s notebooks and 396) misspelled this as “Krumwide.” archival materials, has several handwritten manuscripts on Chilean molluscs, presumably corresponding to the first and/or second items, R. A. PHILIPPI’S RELATIVES as well as a number of Philippi’s original water- colors and line drawings (Figs. 5–6) (Muñoz le R. A. Philippi was not the only Philippi to Breton, 2003). These manuscripts in Valdivia make significant contributions to natural his- are lists of the genera and species of molluscs tory. His brother, Bernhard Eunom Philippi found in Chile, with descriptions of each taxon (1811–1852), despite his short life, not only (A. R. Kabat, pers. obs.). Even today, there still played a major role in promoting German is no such comprehensive published work on emigration to Chile, but also collected numer- the Chilean molluscan fauna. The third manu- ous molluscs from South and Central America, script was intended to continue the 1899 book many of which were described as new species on the Jurassic bivalves of Chile, and presum- by R. A. Philippi. Sometimes, the publications ably had one volume on the “higher” bivalves, and museum labels list the collector as “E. and one volume on the gastropods and other B. Philippi” which is a transposition of his molluscan classes, but the current location given names; other labels list the collector of this potentially important paleontological only as “Frater,” Latin for brother. Bernhard’s manuscript is unknown. (Bernardo’s) short life has been amply docu- 18 KABAT & COAN LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 19

FIG. 6. Chilean “Ammonites” plate – probably from the unpublished second and third parts of the “Los fósiles Secundarios de Chile” (reproduced courtesy of the Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia),

Dirección Museológica). →

FIG. 5. Chilean “Patella” plate, from the unpublished manuscript, “Moluscos chilenos” (reproduced courtesy of the Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia), Dirección Museológica). 20 KABAT & COAN mented (e.g., Lindgren, 2001; Perich Slater, Friedrich Heinrich Eunom Philippi (1838– 1980; Philippi, 1901b; Tampe Maldonado, 1910), the only one of R. A. Philippi’s children 1977; Wunder, 1988; Young, 1971), and even to pursue a career in natural history, was born inspired a historical novel written for Nazi in Naples, and after co-authoring several en- youth by “Veit Bürkle” (a pseudonym for Karl tomological papers with his father, devoted the Heinrich Bischoff, 1900–1978), who ended his rest of his career to Chilean botany. Friedrich histrionic book by describing Bernhard’s mur- – known as Federico in Chile – never quite der in Patagonia as his blood sacrifice for the escaped his father’s shadow, succeeding him clear and strong German-Chilean friendship as director of the Museo Nacional de Historia (“einer klaren, stolzen deutsch-chilenischen Natural in 1897, but outliving him by only Freundschaft sind, für die Bernardo E. Philippi six years, dying in 1910 (Gotschlich, 1910a, sein Blutopfer brachte”) (Bürkle, 1938: 246; 1910b; Henze, 1995a; Jaksic et al., 2012: 1942: 246). 88–91). Friedrich was the only one of Philippi’s Kay (1979: 25), in her otherwise quite accu- ten children to have children of his own – five rate history of shell collecting in Hawaii, wrote by two marriages – and those five grandchil- that “Two 19th-century travelers of lesser note dren, in turn, resulted in Philippi having 23 who visited the Hawaiian Islands were … and great-grandchildren and at least 45 great- Herr Richard Philippi. ... The shells collected great-grandchildren by 1960 (Schwarzenberg by Philippi, a German merchant who made his de Schmalz & Oyarzún Philippi, 1960). fortune and home in Chile, were described by Otto Philippi Westermayer (1866?–1921), a his brother, R. A. Philippi.” Ziegler (2002: 379) son of Friedrich and a grandson of R. A. Philippi repeated this error by listing “Richard Philippi” (Figueroa, 1931: 507; Schell, 2013: 187), as an “independent Prussian” naturalist who also studied Chilean botany, and collected a visited Hawaii. However, we have found no number of type specimens of plants that were trace of any “Richard Philippi” or any other described by his father and grandfather (Barn- Philippi who was a wealthy German merchant hart, 1965: 80). who settled in Chile. It appears that Kay’s refer- Rodulfo Amando Philippi Bañados (1905– ence should have been to Bernhard (Bernardo) 1969), a great-grandson and the namesake Philippi, who did visit the “Sandwich Islands” of R. A. Philippi, and the son of Otto Philippi during his round-the-world trip in 1830–1831 Westermayer, was a pediatrician in Santiago, (Wunder, 1988: 362). known for his interests in ornithology. He Carl Theodor Philippi (1819–1852), a nephew published over 60 articles on Chilean birds, (i.e., the son of R. A. Philippi’s oldest half- and co-authored the multi-volume Los Aves brother, Carl), initially studed theology at the de Chile. He served as “Jefe de la Sección Universität in Berlin, at his father’s demand. Ornitología” (curator of birds) at the Museo But, his father eventually allowed him to switch Nacional de Historia Natural from 1938 to 1966, to botany. Theodor then served as an assistant and was also assistant director of the Museo curator of the herbarium of the Botanisches from 1963 to 1966 (Drouilly, 1969). Despite Museum (Berlin) from 1841 to 1848. He made these official positions, Philippi Bañados kept an extended botanical collecting expedition his extensive research collection “in his home from 1844 to 1846 to southeast Asia, including rather than at the Museum, where he feared India, Burma and China, and also collected a for their fate” (Vuilleumier, 1995: 105). At the number of marine molluscs from Asia, some time of his death, about half of his collection of which were described as new species by R. (primarily the small birds that could be easily A. Philippi (the museum labels usually list the shipped by mail) was acquired from his widow collector as “Theodor” or “T. Philippi”). Theodor by the Museum of Comparative Zoology (Har- emigrated to Chile in 1849, where he was vard University); the rest was subsequently known as “Teodoro,” briefly serving as profes- acquired by Manuel Marín Aspillaga, a Chilean sor of natural history at the Instituto Literario ornithologist, who transferred it in the 1980s to de Concepción, which much later became the the Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology Universidad de Concepción. However, Teodoro (Camarillo, California) (Anonymous, 1969: died at the age of 33 of an abdominal ulcer in 42; Kiff, 2000: 203; M. Marín, in litt. 19 Nov. April 1852, earlier in the same year that Bern- 2015). The irony is that in 1853, R. A. Philippi hard was killed (Bretschneider, 1898: 373–374; complained that Claudio Gay had taken all his Gunckel Lüer, 1951b; Klotzsch, 1852; Philippi, specimens to Europe, leaving only “junk” in the 1897–1898: 241; Urban, 1881: 121, 148). Museo in Santiago; yet, his great-grandson LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 21

Philippi Bañados similarly did not deposit his PHILIPPI’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO specimens in the Museo. OTHER TAXA Several of R. A. Philippi’s other descen- dants also made important contributions to As if describing over 2,500 molluscan taxa the development of Chile. Julio Philippi Bihl were not enough, Philippi also made substan- (1878–1935), another son of Federico and tial contributions to the systematics of numer- an attorney, collected plants for his father and ous other taxa, as well as plants and grandfather as a youth, and then founded fungi. In particular, after his arrival in Chile, what is now one of the largest law firms in Philippi was able to describe species from Santiago (www.philippi.cl), and served as a the entire length of Chile, both those obtained cabinet minister in the Chilean government; his through his own extensive collecting activities son Julio Philippi Izquierdo (1912–1997), was and from a number of amateur naturalists, also an attorney and cabinet minister (Millar including fellow Germans, throughout Chile. Carvacho, 2005). Rodulfo Amando Oyarzún Castro et al. (2006), after enumerating Chile’s Philippi (1895–1985) (the son of Federico’s biodiversity, determined that Philippi described daughter Isabel), was instrumental in bringing 1,670 currently recognized species of Recent modern architecture and urban design to Chile animals, plants and fungi from Chile (not count- (Pachecho Barrera, 1988). ing species now known to be junior synonyms), Jaime Eyzaguirre Philippi (born 1935), a representing nearly 6 percent of the known great-great-grandson of R. A. Philippi, is a biological diversity of Chile, and that no other professor of biochemistry at the Universidad biologist described as many currently recog- Andrés Bello (Santiago); his sister, María Te- nized species from Chile. resa Eyzaguirre Philippi (born 1952), a great- great-granddaughter of R. A. Philippi, currently Botany serves as the Presidenta of the Fundación R. A. Philippi de Estudios Naturales, an organiza- The most recent calculation is that Philippi tion devoted to preserving the natural history of described 3,359 species of plants from Chile (of Chile (http://www.fundacionphilippi.cl). which about 1,017, or 30 percent, are currently Two other researchers also named Philippi recognized as valid), along with three species are briefly mentioned, to avoid any confusion of fungi (mushrooms) (Muñoz-Schick et al., in the literature, even though they are not 2012; Castro et al., 2006: 136–137). Earlier directly related to R. A. Philippi. Emil Ludolf estimates are somewhat higher, for example, Adam Philippi (1871–1910), born in Breslau 3,720 species (Taylor & Muñoz-Schick, 1994; (now Wroclaw, Poland), spent his short career Muñoz-Schick, 1973) or 3,695 species (Castro at Jena, where he published on glacial geol- & Muñoz-Schick, 2004: 12), but those numbers ogy, fossil cephalopods of Germany, and the may include new generic combinations for pre- higher-level classification of fossil bivalves; he viously described species, not just new taxa. As died while travelling in Egypt (Solger, 1912; early as 1905, other botanists recognized that Steinmann, 1910). Philippi had overdescribed the plants of Chile Rudolf Philippi (1821–1897; first name some- (Reiche, 1905: 75). While in Germany, Philippi times misspelled as Rudolph), served as the was the first to recognize that the coralline red Prussian State Archivist in Königsberg, East algae, which he placed in Lithophyllum, were Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in the late plants, not animals (Günckel Luer, 1951a: 1800s, and authored several works on the 439–440). Although Philippi is far from the medieval and ecclesiastical history of East most prolific botanist (i.e., Augustin Pyramis de Prussia (Krollmann, 1944: 499; Leesch, 1992: Candolle is credited with 10,222 new plant spe- 453–454). cies), he is probably among the top 20 botanists Finally, Arturo Issel, in describing molluscs in describing new plant species (Lindon et al., from the Arabian Gulf, stated that the specimens 2015: 211; M. S. Vorontsova & E. Williams, in were collected by “F. de Filippi, direttore del R. litt. 11 Aug. 2015). Museo zoologico di Torino” (Issel, 1865: 387), Philippi’s botanical type material is primarily which refers to the Italian zoologist Filippo de located in the herbarium of the Museo Nacional Filippi (1814–1867), one of the earliest Darwin- de Historia Natural (Santiago); the herbarium at ists in Italy. Bosch et al. (1995: 14) erroneously the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Ger- stated that Issel’s specimens were “collected … many) has some of his pre-1850 collections in the Arabian Gulf by ... R A Philippi,” having from Germany, Italy and Switzerland (Frahm confused Philippi with de Filippi. & Eggers, 2001: 376–377; Wagenitz, 1982: 22 KABAT & COAN

126), and his coralline algae type specimens resulting in three generations of Philippis in are in Leiden, having been borrowed by F. Chilean botany (Muñoz-Schick et al., 2012: T. Kützing in the 1840s and never returned 129; Schell, 2013: 187). Bruggen (2012: 139) (Woelkering, 1983a: 167; 1983b: 300–301). recently noted that while he was aware of at Although Claudio Gay (1800–1873) previously least three botanical systematists who went on described a number of Chilean plants, Gay’s to make contributions to malacology, “cases of locality information and descriptions left much the opposite, viz., mollusk specialists who also to be desired, so Philippi’s contributions did made their mark on systematic botany, are as much to establish the foundation for systematic yet unknown to me,” but R. A. Philippi surely botany in Chile. At the same time, however, qualifies as someone whose first specializa- Philippi’s uncritical approach to describing new tion was molluscs and later made significant plant species was criticized by subsequent contributions to botany. botanists: “Ebensowenig kann ihm der Vorwurf erspart Entomology bleiben, daß er manche Spezies auf durch- aus unzulängliche, fragmentarische oder Philippi’s 1830 university thesis was on the unentwickelte Exemplare begründete und grasshoppers of Berlin, but he did not return über die Unsumme der neu beschreibenen to entomology in depth until after his arrival in Arten allmählich selbst die Übersicht verlor, Chile. While in Chile, he described some 807 und von ihm selbst beschriebene nochmals species of insects, mostly dipterans (flies) and unter neuem Namen herausgab.” coleopterans (beetles), of which about 525 are [He cannot be spared from the accusa- now considered valid (Camousseight, 2005; tion that he described species based on Castro et al., 2006: 136–137; Cortés & Her- quite inadequate, fragmentary, or juvenile rera, 1989: 306; Pérez, 2004). Philippi also specimens, or that he described an enor- co-authored several entomological papers mous number of new species, losing track of with his son Federico; the authorship of one the large number, so that he described the was incorrectly rendered by the publisher as same species twice under different names.] “A. H. E. Philippi”, which is an error for F. H. E. (Reiche, 1907: 19; 1934: 33). Philippi (Camousseight, 2005: 104). At the same time, however, Chilean botanists remain grateful that Philippi’s material remained Other Invertebrates in Chile for their study, in contrast to other Euro- pean botanists whose Chilean specimens are a Philippi also published extensively on nu- continent away: “Por otra parte, los botánicos merous other invertebrate groups, both in chilenos debemos agradecer aún hoy dia al Dr. Europe and in Chile; his work on barnacles Philippi que haya dejado en Chile su material and sea urchins is of broader interest. Darwin, de tipos.” (Gunckel Lüer, 1951a: 440). in researching his monographs on barnacles, The most noteworthy Chilean plant species made good use of the fossil specimens de- described by Philippi is Echinopsis atacamen- scribed and collected by Philippi and others sis (Philippi, 1860), the tallest cactus native to (including Dunker, F. C. L. Koch and F. A. Chile, with a height of up to ten meters; the Roemer) from Germany, as reflected in Dar- even taller San Pedro cactus, E. pachanoi, win’s correspondence with Dunker, in which known for its mescaline, was subsequently Darwin specifically requested that Dunker introduced to Chile. Interestingly, Louis Pfeiffer, send him Philippi’s barnacle specimens. In Philippi’s malacological colleague in Cassel, 1850, Darwin wrote to Dunker, “If you could also published extensively on cacti (Hesse, persuade the distinguished Philippi to send 1958: 253), as did Charles Russell Orcutt me a specimen (allowing me to disarticulate (1864–1929), a shell collector in California it) of the Mediterranean species which he has (Coan, 1966). named [i.e., Pollicipes carinatus Philippi, 1836], Philippi also founded the herbarium at the it would be doing me the greatest service …” Museo Nacional, and his son Federico, after (Burkhardt & Smith, 1988: 359–360; Portman, dabbling in entomology, devoted most of his 1950: 208). After Darwin published the first part professional career to botany (Muñoz Schick, of his monograph on the fossil barnacles, he 1991: 181–186). Federico’s son Otto Philippi sent several copies to Dunker, requesting that Westermayer, in turn, described over 100 new Dunker send them to the “three distinguished species of plants from Chile and Argentina, naturalists,” that is, Roemer, Koch and Philippi, LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 23 who had all provided specimens to Darwin via PHILIPPI’S HERITAGE Dunker (Burkhardt & Smith, 1989: 12; Port- man, 1950: 208). Darwin’s monograph thanked Philippi’s name lives on not only through those three naturalists, and Dunker, for provid- his numerous species, but also through the ing “specimens of great value; and to these extensive research collections that he built most distinguished naturalists I beg to return up at the Museo in Santiago. Schell (2013: my very sincere thanks.” (Darwin, 1851: vi). 228) concluded that this Museo was unique Perhaps the most widely cited invertebrate among South American museums in having species described by Philippi is Diadema antil- “almost 90 percent of Chile’s type specimens to larum (Philippi, 1845), the long-spined black date,” since “the type specimens of most Latin sea urchin from the Caribbean Sea, an eco- American countries are held in institutions in logically important species that prevents algae Europe or the United States, a legacy of for- from overgrowing the coral reefs (Rodríguez mal or informal imperial power.” Thus, “thanks et al., 2013). to the work of Philippi and his collaborators, Chile holds the library of its own natural history Vertebrate Zoology specimens” (Schell, 2013: 228). In malacology, Philippi’s name lives on Philippi published over 40 papers on ornithol- through the genus Philippia Gray, 1847, (Gas- ogy (Paynter, 1988: 310–313), and his most tropoda: Architectonicidae), which became noteworthy bird species is the Andean flamingo, the basis for the subfamily name Philippinae Phoenicoparrus andinus (Philippi, 1854), one Melone & Taviani, 1985. Numerous molluscan of three flamingo species known from the high species were named after Philippi, too many to elevation Andean altiplano of South America, enumerate here. In botany, at least five gen- where it is an ecologically important grazer of era of plants were named after him: Philippia diatoms (Bayly, 1993: 229). Philippi’s great- Klotzsch, 1834; Philippiamra O. Kuntze, 1891; grandson, also an ornithologist, discussed Philippicereus Backelberg, 1942; Philippiella Philippi’s other new avian taxa, but candidly Spegazzini, 1897; and Philippimalva O. Kun- noted the problems with his inadequate descrip- tze, 1891 (Stafleu & Cowan, 1983: 237). tions and lack of comparisons with previously Although Philippi’s name also lives on in Chile described taxa (Philippi Bañados, 1963: 3). through the names of schools (including the Philippi’s contributions to were Deutsche Schule R. A. Philippi/Colegio Alemán admittedly not up to the standards of his time, R. A. Philippi, founded in La Union in 1860), the let alone the modern era, partly because of his Museo de Historia Natural Rodulfo Philippi in “espiritu apasionadamente critico y polemic” Chañaral (Atacama province, a small museum [passionately critical and polemical spirit], founded in 1982), streets, parks, and even a which led him to reject the opinions of other postage stamp issued in 1978, his greatest herpetologists; although he described some legacy in Chile is, of course, the Museo in 41 new snake species and eight new snake Santiago and his collections and publications genera from Chile, all are now junior synonyms that document Chile’s biodiversity. and some are not even from Chile (Donoso- Barros & Cardenas, 1965: 225; see also Ortiz & Nuñez, 1986). Similarly, Philippi’s 1902 review ACKNOWLEDGMENTS of Chilean amphibians, an update to Claudio Gay’s 1848–1849 review, “unfortunately is Ronald Janssen (Senckenberg Museum, replete with error” (Adler, 1989: 64). Frankfurt) provided invaluable comments on Philippi described numerous fish and marine Philippi’s paleontological publications and mammals from the Chilean coast (Pequeño collections. Rüdiger Bieler (Field Museum, Reyes, 2003: 31, 33–35), a region known for its Chicago) carefully reviewed this manuscript. rich, cold-water biodiversity due to the upwell- Several colleagues provided helpful informa- ing of the Humboldt Current. tion and references on aspects of Philippi’s Philippi described several fossil vertebrates life: Kraig Adler (Cornell University, New York); from Patagonia, a region known for its rich David Damkaer (Monroe, Washington); José fauna of extinct mammals, and elsewhere in Manuel Izquierdo König (University of Cam- Chile (Frassinetti, 1982: 21). The most note- bridge); Wolfgang Krippendorff (Hannover, worthy are two species of giant ground sloths, Germany); Sven Nielsen (Universidad Austral Megatherium medinae and M. sundti, both still de Chile, Valdivia); Carlos Sanhueza Cerda recognized as valid (De Iuliis, 2006). (Universidad de Chile, Santiago); Patience 24 KABAT & COAN

Schell (University of Aberdeen, Scotland), and South America: comparisons and historical the late Richard E. Petit. perspectives. Hydrobiologia, 267: 225–231. Susana Muñoz le Breton (Universidad Aus- BIELER, R., 2004, Sanitation with sponge and plunger: western Atlantic slit-wormsnails (Mol- tral de Chile, Valdivia) and Gerda Sommer lusca: : Siliquariidae). Zoo- (Deutsch-Chilenischer Bund/Liga Chileno- logical Journal of the Linnean Society, 140(3): Alemana, Santiago) provided access to archival 307–333. resources relating to Philippi’s life and work. BLANCPAIN, J.-P., 1974, Les Allemands au Chili Manuel Marín Aspillaga (Santiago, Chile) (1816–1945). Lateinamerikanische Forschun- and René Corado (Western Foundation of gen, 6: xxxii + 1162 pp., 8 pls. BOSCH, D. T., S. P. DANCE, R. G. MOOLEN- Vertebrate Zoology, California) provided help- BEEK & P. G. OLIVER, 1995, Seashells of ful information on Philippi’s great-grandson, eastern Arabia. Motivate Publishing, Dubai, Rodulfo Amando Philippi Bañados. Thomas 296 pp. Wilke helped prepare Figures 1–4, and Susana BRETSCHNEIDER, E., 1898 [reprinted 1962, Muñoz le Breton provided us with the scans for 1981], History of European botanical discover- ies in China. Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Figures 5 and 6. London, 2 vols., xvi + 1167 pp. BRINTRUP, L., 2011, El desierto en el escritura de Rudolph Amandus Philippi Krumwiede: Viage LITERATURE CITED al desierto de Atacama. Pp. 61–79, in: T. R. Williams & L. M. Bernucci, eds., Literatura a ABERHAN, M., 1994, Early Jurassic ciencia cierta: Homenaje a Cedomil Goic. Juan of northern Chile. Part I. Subclasses Palaeo- de la Cuesta, Newark (Delaware), 417 pp. taxodonta, Pteriomorphia, and Isofilibranchia. BRONN, H. G., 1845. Auszüge: R. A. Philippi, Bei- Beringeria, 13: 3–115, 28 pls. träge zur Kenntniss der Tertiär-Versteinerungen ADLER, K., 1989, Contributions to the history of des nordwestlichen Deutschlands. Neues Jahr- herpetology [vol. 1]. Society for the Study of buch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Amphibians and Reptiles, Oxford, Ohio, 202 + Petrefakten-Kunde, 1845(4): 510–511 [Review vi pp. [revised ed., 2014]. of Philippi, 1844b]. ALLMON, W. D. & U. E. SMITH, 2009, Charles BRUGGEN, A. C. van, 2012, Bernard Verdcourt, Darwin and paleontology. American Paleontolo- 1925–2011, prominent British malacologist, gist, 17(1): 22–26. some personal memories and a summary analy- AMUNÁTEGUI REYES, M. L., 1896, Don Rodulfo sis of his work. Basteria, 76(4–6): 139–148. Amando Philippi. Pp. 153–191, in: Ensayos BURKHARDT, F. & S. SMITH, eds., 1985, The biograficos, vol. 4. Imprenta Nacional, Santiago, correspondence of Charles Darwin, Volume 469 pp. 1, 1821–1836. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam- ANONYMOUS, 1853, [Review of] Handbuch der bridge, xxxii + 702 pp. [1834 letter online at: Conchyliologie und Malacozoologie von Dr. R. http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-251]. A. Philippi. Annals and Magazine of Natural BURKHARDT, F. & S. SMITH, eds., 1988, The History, (ser. 2), 11(64): 316–318. correspondence of Charles Darwin, Volume ANONYMOUS, 1888, Das Jubiläum eines 4, 1847–1850. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cam- deutschen Greises. Deutsche Nachrichten, bridge, xxxvi + 711 pp. [1850 letter re: Philippi Valparaiso, 23 Sept. 1888, No. 1635 [reprinted, online at: http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ K. Ackerman, 1889, Bericht über Stand und entry-1359]. Gang des Vereinslebens 1886–1888. Bericht BURKHARDT, F. & S. SMITH, eds., 1989, The des Vereins für Naturkunde zu Kassel, 34–35: correspondence of Charles Darwin, Volume 5, ii–xii; and in: Hessenland, Zeitschrift für die 1851–1855. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge Kulturpflege des Bezirksverbandes Hessen, xxxii + 705 pp. [1851 letter re: Philippi online at: 3(5): 63–66, 3(6): 78–80 (1889)]. http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-1398]. ANONYMOUS, 1898, Homenaje al Señor Doctor BÜRKLE, V. [BISCHOFF, KARL HEINRICH], 1938 Rodulfo Amando Philippi en su cumpleaños [reprinted, 1942], Bernardo Philippi oder Die 1808–1898. Imprenta Barcelona, Santiago, Begegnung mit der wilden Erde; Bericht und 20 pp. Erzählung von deutschen Kolonistenschicksa- ANONYMOUS, 1969, Collections. Annual Report len in Südchile im neunzehnten Jahrhundert. 1967–1968, Museum of Comparative Zoology. Eugen Salzer Verlag, Heilbronn, 246 pp. Harvard University, Cambridge, 66 pp. CALATAYUD ARINERO, M. van de los Á., 1994, BARNHART, J. H., 1965, The New York Botanical Diario de Don Francisco de Paula Martínez y Garden: Biographical notes upon botanists. G. Sáez: miembro de la Comisión Científica del K. Hall & Co., Boston, vol. 3, 545 pp. Pacífico, 1862–1865. Consejo Superior de BARROS ARANA, D., 1904, El Doctor Don Rod- Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, 334 pp. olfo [sic] Amando Philippi: su vida i sus obras. CAMACHO, H. H., 1971, Las ciencias naturales Cervantes, Santiago, vii + 248 pp., frontispiece Chilenas y Peruanas en el siglio XIX. Pp. 63–75, portrait [the bibliography, pp. 221–243, is by K. in: Las ciencias naturales en la Universidad F. Reiche]. de Buenos Aires – Estudio histórico. Editorial BAYLY, I. A. E., 1993, The fauna of athalassic Universitaria de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, saline waters in Australia and the Altiplano of xvi + 150 pp., 23 pls. LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 25

CAMOUSSEIGHT, A., 2005, La contribución en- le adiacenze di essa. Il Naturalista Siciliano, tomológica de R. A. Philippi entre 1859 y 1875 20(6–8): 148–151. y el estado actual de sus especies. Boletín del De IULIIS, G., 2006, On the taxonomic status of Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 54: Megatherium sundti Philippi, 1893 (Mammalia: 81–106. Xenarthra: Megatheriidae). Ameghiniana, 43(1): CÁRDENAS GUEUDINOT, M., 2003, El Museo 161–169. Nacional bajo la dirección de Rodulfo A. Philippi DELMASTRO NASO, R., 2007, Ayuda para (1853–1897). Cuadernos de Historia, Depar- reconstrucción de Facultad de Ciencias de tamento de Ciencias Históricas, Facultad de la Universidad Austral de Chile. República de Filosofía y Humanidades, Universidad de Chile, Chile, Cámara de Diputados, Redacción de 23: 77–90. Sesiones, 355(111) (4 Dec.): 59–60. CASTILLO INFANTE, F., L. CORTÉS & J. FU- De URRESTRI LONGTON, A. A., 2007, Medidas ENTES, 1996, Diccionario histórico y biográfico para paliar las consecuencias del incendio en la de Chile. Zig-Zag, Santiago, 575 pp. Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Austral. CASTRO MORALES, S. A. & M. MUÑOZ- República de Chile, Cámara de Diputados, SCHICK, 2004, Naturalistas y botánicos: una Redacción de Sesiones, 355(111) (4 Dec.): estimación y caracterización de su aporte al 65–66. conocimiento de la diversidad florística de Chile. DOMEYKO, I. (ed. E. H. Niecowa), 1962–1963, Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Moje podróźe; pamiętniki wygnańca. Zaklad (Santiago), 53: 7–16. Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 3 CASTRO MORALES, S. A., A. CAMOUSSEIGHT, volumes, 256 + 560 + 339 pp. M. MUNOZ-SCHICK & F. M. JAKSIC, 2006, DOMEYKO, I. (translated by M. Rawicz), 1978, Rodulfo Amando Philippi, el naturalista de Mis viajes: memorias de un exiliado. Universi- mayor aporte al conocimiento taxonómico de la dad de Chile, Santiago, 1,096 pp. [translated diversidad biological de Chile. Revista Chilena from previous entry]. de Historia Natural, 79(1): 133–143. DONOSO-BARROS, R. & S. CARDENAS D., COAN, E. V., 1966, Charles Russell Orcutt, pio- 1965, Los tipos de serpentes de R. A. Philippi. neer Californian malacologist, and The West Anais do Segundo Congresso Latino-Americano American Scientist. Transactions of the San Di- de Zoologia, 2: 225–234. ego Society of Natural History, 14(8): 85–96. DONOSO SAINT, M. & R. SAGREDO BAEZA, COAN, E. V., 2011, Cuming’s eastern Pacific 2012, La ruta de los naturalistas: las huellas localities. The Festivus, 43(11): 109–112. de Gay, Domeyko y Philippi. Fyrma Gráfica, COAN, E. V. & A. R. KABAT, 2017, The malacologi- Santiago, 272 pp. cal contributions of Rudolph Amandus Philippi d’ORBIGNY, A., 1842–1843, Voyage dans (1808–1904). Malacologia, 60(1–2): 31–322. l’Amérique méridionale … execute pendant les CONTRERAS FIGUEROA, L., 1993, Historia années 1826, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1830, 1831, de las ideas ortográficas en Chile. Dirección 1832 et 1833, 3(4), Paléontologie, 1–187, pls. de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos, Centro de 14–22 (text and pls. 14–21, 1842; pl. 22, 1843). Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Santiago, DROUILLY LAZCANO, P., 1969, Rodulfo A. 414 pp. Philippi Bañados (1905–1969). Museo Nacio- CORTÉS PEÑA, R. & J. HERRERA GONZÁLEZ, nal de Historia Natural (Santiago), Noticiario 1989, Antecedentes históricos y bibliográficos Mensual, 14(158): 3–6. para una historia de la Entomología en Chile. EYZAGUIRRE PHILIPPI, M. T., 2008a, Rodulfo Acta Entomológica Chilena, 15: 297–322. Amando Philippi: gran explorador de nuestra CRETELLA, V., C. CROVATO, P. CROVATO, biodiversidad 1808–1908 [1904]. Revista Cha- G. FASULO & F. TOSCANO, 2005 (March) gual, Santiago, 6: 56–58. [“2004”], The malacological work of Arcangelo EYZAGUIRRE PHILIPPI, M. T., 2008b, Homenaje Scacchi (1810–1893). Part II: a critical review Rodulfo Amando Philippi (1808–1904); explora- of Scacchian taxa. Bollettino Malacologico, dor de nuestra biodiversidad. Gayana Botanica, 40(9–12): 114–131. Universidad de Concepcion, 65(2): vii–xi. CUBILLOS OSORIO, L., 2002, Epistolario de FIGUEROA, V., 1925–1931, Diccionario histórico Alexander von Humboldt con personajes biográfico y bibliográfico de Chile. Balcells & vinculados a Chile. Universum, Revista de Co., Santiago, volumes 4–5, 1,226 pp. Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad FOLLMANN, G., 1970, Rudolph Amandus Philip- de Talca, 17: 37–52. pi (1808–1904): Anstelle eines Geleitworts. DANCE, S. P., 1986, A history of shell collecting. Philippia, Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem E.J. Brill, Leiden, xvi + 265 pp., 32 pls. Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum zu Kassel, DARWIN, C., 1851, A monograph on the fossil 1(1): 3–8. Lepadidae, or, pedunculated Cirripedes of FORBES, E., 1844, Report on the Mollusca Great Britain. Palaeontographical Society, 5: vi and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, and on their + 88 pp., 5 pls. distribution, considered as bearing on geology. De Gregorio, A., 1902, Un illustre italo-tedesco Report of the 13th Meeting of the British Asso- nel Chile. Cronache della civiltà elleno-latina; ciation for the Advancement of Science (Cork, rivista quindicinale (Roma), 1(15): 110. August 1843), pp. 130–193. De GREGORIO, A., 1908, Ultima lettera di Rod- FRAHM, J.-P. & J. EGGERS, 2001, Lexikon olfo [sic] Amando Philippi a me diretta ed elenco deutschsprachiger Bryologen. Books on De- dei suoi lavori scientifici riguardanti la Sicilia e mand GmbH, Norderstedt, 672 pp. 26 KABAT & COAN

FRANCAVIGLIA, R., 2016, The Atacama Desert: HEDEWIG, R., 2005, Die Philippi-Gesellschaft in a five hundred year journey of discovery.Terrae Kassel – Geschichte und Aktivitäten. Jahrbuch Incognitae, Annals of the Society for the History Naturschutz in Hessen, 9: 254–256. of Discoveries, 48(2): 105–138. HENZE, D., 1995a, Philippi, Friedrich. Enzyklo- FRASSINETTI CABEZAS, D., 1982, Bibliografía pädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde, escogida y comentada sobre mamíferos fósiles 17: 98. de Chile. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural HENZE, D., 1995b, Philippi, Rudolph Amandus. (Santiago), Publicación Ocasional, 37: 1–24. Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der FÜRSTENBERG, P., 1906, Dr. Rudolph Aman- Erde, 17: 99–105. dus Philippi. Verhandlungen des Deutschen HESSE, R., 1958, Louis Pfeiffer (1805 [sic]–1877); Wissenschaftlichen Vereins zu Santiago de Naturforscher. Lebensbilder aus Kurhessen Chile, 5(2): frontispiece, 233–271 [reprinted, und Waldeck 1830–1930, Veröffentlichungen Dr. Rudolph Amandus Philippi, Sein Leben und der Historischen Kommission für Hessen und seine Werke, Imprenta i Litografia Universo, Waldeck, 20, 6: 249–253, 1 pl. Santiago, 39 pp.]. HILL, T., 1872, The Hassler Expedition: the visit GÄNGER, S., 2014, Relics of the past; the col- to Santiago. New-York Tribune, June 19, 1872, lecting and study of pre-Columbian antiquities p. 8. in Peru and Chile, 1837–1911. Oxford University HOPPE, B., 2001, Nach dem Vorbild Humboldts Press, Oxford, xii + 311 pp. in Südamerika: Erweiterung der Kenntnisse und GARILLI, V., 2011, Mediterranean Quaternary Erkenntnisse durch deutsche Naturforscher. Pp. interglacial molluscan assemblages: Palaeo- 195–218, in: O. Ette & W. L. Bernecker, eds., biogeographical and palaeoceanographical Ansichten Amerikas: neuere Studien zu Alex- responses to climate change. Palaeogeogra- ander von Humboldt. Lateinamerika-Studien, phy, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 312: 43: 1–272. 98–114. HYMAN, L. H., 1959, The invertebrates: smaller GAY, C., 1844–1871, Historia fisica y politica de coelomate groups, Volume V. McGraw-Hill, New Chile. Priv. publ., Paris, 28 vols. text, 2 vols. York, viii + 783 pp. plates. HYMAN, L. H., 1967, The Invertebrates: Mollusca GEMMELLARO, C., 1838, Rivista bibliografia. I, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacoph- Giornale di scienze lettere ed arti per la Sicilia ora, : the coelomate Bilateria, Vol- (Palermo), 63(1): 103–108. ume VI. McGraw-Hill, New York, viii + 792 pp. GILLIS, J. M., ed., 1855, The U.S. Naval As- IRMSCHER, C., 2013, Louis Agassiz: creator of tronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemi- American science. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, sphere, during the years 1849–50–51–52. Boston, xiv + 434 pp. Nicholson, Washington, D.C., vol. 2 of 4. ISSEL, A., 1865, Catalogo dei molluschi raccolti GOTSCHLICH, B., 1904, Biografía del Dr. Rodulfo dalla Missione Italiana in Persia aggiuntavi la Amando Philippi (1808–1904). J. Lampert, descrizione delle specie nuove o poco note. Valdivia, vi + 184 pp., 14 pls. Memorie della Reale accademia delle Scienze GOTSCHLICH, B., 1910a, Vida i obras de don di Torino, (ser. 2), 23(1): 387–439, pls. 1–3. Federico Philippi. Boletín del Museo Nacional JAKSIC, F. M., P. CAMUS & S. A. CASTRO, de Chile, 1(1): 39–80, 1 pl. 2012, Ecología y ciencias naturales: historia del GOTSCHLICH, B., 1910b, Apuntes biográficos conocimiento del patrimonio biológico de Chile. sobre el señor Federico Philippi; condensación Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos, del trabajo del señor Gotschlich. Boletín del Santiago, 228 pp. Museo Nacional de Chile, 2(1): 264–298. JANSSEN, R. & D. KADOLSKY, 2016, The date GRIFFIN, M. & S. N. NIELSEN, 2008, A revi- of publication of R. A. Philippi’s “Beiträge zur sion of the type specimens of Tertiary mol- Kenntniss der Tertiaerversteinerungen des luscs from Chile and Argentina described by nordwestlichen Deutschlands”. Mitteilungen der d’Orbigny (1842), Sowerby (1846) and Hupé Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, (1854). Journal of Systematic Paleontology, 95: 39–44. 6(3): 251–316. JANSSEN, R. & E. M. KRYLOVA, 2012, Bivalves GRIGELIS, A., 2005, Ignacy Domeyko – an of the family Vesicomyidae from the Neogene early investigator of Andean geology. Episodes, Mediterranean basin (Bivalvia: Vesicomyidae). 28(4): 279–285. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 141(1): 87–113, GROEBEN, C., 2008, Tourists in science: 19th 5 pls. century research trips to the Mediterranean. JARA, C. G., 1997, Antecedentes sobre el desar- Proceedings of the California Academy of Sci- rollo de la carcinología en Chile. Investigaciones ences, (ser. 4), 59 (Suppl. 1): 139–154. Marinas, Valparaíso, 25: 245–254. GUERRA, F., 1974, Molina, Juan Ignacio. Diction- JARCK, H. R., 1996, Koch, Friedrich Christian ary of scientific biography, 9: 458. [sic] Ludwig. Pp. 330–331, in: H.-R. Jarck & GUNCKEL LÜER, H., 1951a, Semblanza del Dr. G. Scheel, eds., Braunschweigisches Biogra- Rodolfo [sic] Amando Philippi. La Farmacia phisches Lexikon: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Chilena, 25(11): 435–442. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover, 704 pp. GUNCKEL LÜER, H., 1951b, Algunos datos bi- JOHNSON, R. I., 1968, Martini and Chemnitz ográficos relacionados con don Teodoro Philippi. (Kuester’s edition) Systematisches Conchylien- La Farmacia Chilena, 25(11): 451, 453–455. Cabinet, 1837–1920, a complete collation. LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 27

Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of sammengestellt zum 150jährigen Jubiläum der Natural History, 4(7): 363–367. vom Bergrat und seiner Frau gestifteten Kirche JOHOW, F., 1910a, La labor de los profesores zu Grünenplan. Haus der Werbung, Verden alemanes en la enseñanza de la ciencias (Aller), 119 pp. naturales. Pp. 261–281, in: E. Maier, ed., Los KROLLMANN, C., 1944, Altpreussische Biogra- Alemanes en Chile. Imprenta Universitaria, phie. Herausgegeben im Auftrage der Histori- Santiago, vol. 1, xiii + 364 pp. schen Kommission für Ost- und Westpreussi- JOHOW, F., 1910b, Deutscher Anteil am na- sche Landesforschung, Band II(3). Gräfe und turwissenschaftlichen Unterricht in Chile. Pp. Unzer Verlag, Königsberg, pp. 431–512. 246–267, in: E. Maier, ed., Deutsche Arbeit in KURTZ, H., 1979, Rudolph Amandus Philippi’s Chile. Imprenta Universitaria, Santiago, vol. 1, Reise durch die Wüste Atacama. Philippia, xii + 352 pp. Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Natur- JUNGBLUTH, J. H., 2011, Naturforschung in kundemuseum im Ottoneum zu Kassel, 4(2): Cassel: Ein frühes Zentrum der Wissenschaft 97–107. von den Weichtieren (Conchyliologie) im 19. LARROCAU MELLADO, A., ed., 2003, El orden Jahrhundert. Pp. 46–49, in: L. Nitsche & S. prodigioso del mundo natural (second edi- Nitsche, eds., Naturkunde und naturwissen- tion). Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, schaftliche Forschung in Nordhessen. 175 149 pp. Jahre Nordhessische Gesellschaft für Natur- LEESCH, W., 1992, Die deutschen Archivare, kunde und Naturwissenschaften. 125 Jahre 1500–1945, Band 2: Biographisches Lexikon. Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum in Kassel, Saur, München, 737 pp. Jubiläumsband. Cognito Kommunikation & LINDGREN, U., 2001, Philippi, Bernhard (Bernar- Planung Verlag, Norderstedt, 224 pp. do) Eunom, Forschungsreisender. Neue KABAT, A. R. & E. V. COAN, 2016, Zeitschrift für Deutsche Biographie, 20: 392–393. Malakozoologie (1844–1853) – a history and LINDON, H. L. et al., 2015, Fewer than three collation. The Nautilus, 130(1): 17–22. percent of land plant species named by women: KAY, E. A., 1979, Hawaiian marine shells. Bishop author gender over 260 years. Taxon, 64(2): Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, xviii + 653 pp. 209–215. KIFF, L. F., 2000, A history of the Western Foun- LOSCH, P., 1905, Nekrolog. Abhandlungen und dation of Vertebrate Zoology, 1956–1994. Pp. Bericht des Vereins für Naturkunde zu Cassel, 183–228, in: W. E. Davis, Jr. & J. A. Jackson, 49: 143–161 [reprint, 19 pp.]. eds., Contributions to the history of North LÖSCHNER, R., 1978, Deutsche Kunstler in American ornithology. Memoirs of the Nuttall Lateinamerika: Maler und Naturforscher des Ornithological Club, 13: viii + 401 pp. 19. Jahrhunderts illustrieren einen Kontinent. KLOTZSCH, J. F., 1852, Personal-Notiz [The- Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, 148 pp. odor Philippi]. Botanische Zeitung, 10(34): MÁRQUEZ BRETON, B., 1982, Orígenes del 596–599. darwinismo en Chile. Editorial Andrés Bello, KOBELT, W., 1904, [Obituaries of Philippi and Santiago, 112 pp. K. E. von Martens]. Nachrichtsblatt der deut- MEDEL, R., 2008, The evolution of evolutionary schen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 36(4): thinking in Chile. Evolution Education and Out- 129–131. reach, 1(3): 318–322. KONRAD MAYER, K. & B. SIEBERT HELD, eds., MEDEL, R. & A. VELOSO, 2009, Establecimiento 2002, Pioneros del Llanquihue, 1852–2002 y propagación del Darwinismo en Chile: recep- (second edition). Liga Chileno-Alemana, San- ción y elaboración de las ideas. Gayana, 73, tiago, 306 pp. Suplemento 1: 7–18. KRAUSS, J., 2005, Leben, Tat oder Tod: der MENKE, K. T. & L. PFEIFFER, 1851a, Nachruf. Wartburgerneuerer Carl Alexander Simon. Pp. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 7(9): 144. 6–28, in: G. Schuchardt, ed., Carl Alexander MENKE, K. T. & L. PFEIFFER, 1851b, [Note]. Simon: “Eine Skizze bin ich und Skizzen habe Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 8(8): 126. ich geschaffen”. Begleitschrift zur Sonder- MILLAR CARVACHO, R., 2005, Pasión de Ser- ausstellung anläßlich des 200. Geburtstages vicio: Julio Philippi Izquierdo. Ediciones Univer- eines Wartburg-Visionärs. Wartburg-Stiftung, sidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, 464 pp. Eisenach, 95 pp. MILLER, R. R., 1968, For science and national KREBS KAULEN, A., S. U. TAPIA GUERRERO & glory: the Spanish Scientific Expedition to P. SCHMID ANWANDTER, 2001, Los alemanes America, 1862–1866. University of Oklahoma y la comunidad chileno-alemana en la historia Press, Norman, xiv + 194 pp. de Chile. Liga Chileno-Alemana, Santiago, MOLINA, G. I., 1782, Saggio sulla Storia Naturale 256 pp. de Chile. Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino, KRIPPENDORFF, W., 2000, Bergrat Friedrich Karl Bologna, 367 pp. Ludwig Koch. Pp. 18–23, in: H. Radday, ed., Und MOOG, H.-F., 1986, Geschichte der Philippi- geben unsere Auswanderung bekannt: ein Bei- Gesellschaft. Pp. 1–14, in: H. Wiedemann, trag zur Sozialgeschichte des Oberharzes im 19. ed., Philippi-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Jahrhundert am Beispiel des Familienverbandes Naturwissenschaften. Philippi-Gesellschaft, Koch. Oberharzer Geschichts- und Museums- Kassel, x + 88 pp. vereins, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 96 pp. MUÑOZ le BRETON, S., 2003, Explorador, in- KRIPPENDORFF, W., 2006, Unser Bergrat vestigador y dibujante del siglo XIX: conociendo Friedrich Carl Ludwig Koch (1799–1852). Zu- a Rudolph Amandus Philippi a través de su 28 KABAT & COAN

obra resguardada en el Museo Histórico y An- des of two centuries of a German geologist and tropológico de la Universidad Austral de Chile. naturalist (1830–1906); a contribution to the his- Pp. 137–146, in: A. Larroucau, ed., El orden tory of geosciences. Carl-Christian Ochsenius prodigioso del mundo natural, 2nd ed. Universi- Stiftung, Singen am Hohentwiel, 239 pp. dad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 149 pp. ORTIZ ZAPATA, J. C. & H. NUÑEZ CEPEDA, MUÑOZ SCHICK, M., 1973, Complemento de 1986, Catalogo critico de los tipos de rep- “Las Especies de Plantas Descritas por R. A. tiles conservados en el Museo Nacional de Philippi en el Siglo XIX.” Anales, Universidad Historia Natural Santiago, Chile. Publicacion de Chile, (ser. 3), 128: 5–69. Ocasional, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, MUÑOZ SCHICK, M., 1991, 100 años de la 43: 5–23. Sección Botánica del Museo Nacional de His- OTTO, K., 1961, Ahnentafel des Friedrich Philippi toria Natural (1889–1989). Boletín del Museo Krumwiede. Cóndor (Santiago), 23(979): 4 (20 Nacional de Historia Natural (Santiago), 42: May 1961). 181–202. PACHECHO BARRERA, A., 1988, Rodulfo MUÑOZ SCHICK, M., 2008, Viajes de los Philippi Oyarzun Philippi. Facultad de Arquitectura a la Región de Atacama. Pp. 357–370, in: F. A. y Construccion, Universidad del Biobio, Squeo et al., eds., Libro rojo de la flora nativa Concepcion, 94 pp. y de los sitos prioritarios para su conservación: PAYNTER, R. A. Jr., 1988, Ornithological Gazet- Región de Atacama. Ediciones Universidad teer of Chile. Museum of Comparative Zoology, de La Serena, La Serena (Chile), 21: xvi + Cambridge, Massachusetts, v + 331 pp. 456 pp. PEREIRA SALAS, E., 1968, El pintor alemán MUÑOZ SCHICK, M., V. MORALES & A. MOR- Alexander Simon y su trágica utopía chilena. EIRA-MUÑOZ, 2012, La colección de tipos Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia, de plantas vasculares del Herbario Nacional 77: 5–27, 11 pls. de Chile (SGO): análisis historico, temporal y PEQUEÑO REYES, G., 2003, Aporte de Rudolph especial. Gayana Botanica, 69(1): 123–135. A. Philippi a la Zoología. Pp. 29–40, in: A. Lar- NEIRA, S. et al., 2007, Bomberos criticó las roucau, ed., El orden prodigioso del mundo medidas de contingencia para controlar gran natural, 2nd ed Universidad Austral de Chile, incendio en U. Austral; Pérdidas irrecuperables Valdivia, 149 pp. para la ciencia: muestras recogidas por natu- PÉREZ D’ANGELLO, E. & R. REYES B., 1989, ralistas como Darwin y Philippi estaban entre Catálogo analítico de los tipos de Trigoniae las colecciones. El Mercurio (Santiago), 4 Dec. (Mollusca; Bivalvia) descritos por R. A. Philippi. 2007, pp. A-1, C-9. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería – Chile, NIELSEN, S. N., 2009, Cenozoic marine inverte- Boletin, 41: 1–39, pls. 1–5. brates of Chile: state of the art exemplified by PÉREZ D’ANGELLO, V., 2004, Dr. Rodulfo mollusks. Pp. 194–195, in: G. Wörner & S. Amando Philippi (1808–1904): su contribución Möller-McNett, eds., Abstracts and Program, al conocimiento de la biodiversidad en insectos International Lateinamerika-Kolloquium 2009. de Chile. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 314 pp. Serie Ciencias Naturales, 32: 43–53. NITSCHE, L. & S. NITSCHE, 2011, Nordhessi- PERICH SLATER, J., 1980, Bernardo E. Philippi sche Gesellschaft für Naturkunde und Natur- K. Su vida y sus obras. Talleres Gráficos, Rudi- wissenschaften. Pp. 18–25, in: L. Nitsche & mir Marangunic, Punta Arenas, 300 pp. S. Nitsche, eds., Naturkunde und naturwis- PHILIPPI IZQUIERDO, J., ed., 1973, Vistas de senschaftliche Forschung in Nordhessen. 175 Chile (por Rodulfo Amando Philippi). Edito- Jahre Nordhessische Gesellschaft für Natur- rial Universitaria, Santiago, 115 pp. [reprinted, kunde und Naturwissenschaften. 125 Jahre 2015]. Naturkundemuseum im Ottoneum in Kassel, PHILIPPI, R. A., 1836, Enumeratio molluscorum Jubiläumsband. Cognito Kommunikation & Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure Tertiaria Planung Verlag, Niedenstein, 224 pp. fossilium quae in itinere suo observavit, vol. 1. NUÑO GARCIA, S. & J. NIÑO VALENZUELA, Schroppi, Berolini [Berlin], xiv + 268 pp., 12 pls. 2003, Grandes Exploradores Philippi en la (April or earlier). ruta de Atacama. La Tierra en Que Vivimos, PHILIPPI, R. A., 1841, Ueber die Tertiärversteine- 2: 1–136. rungen der Wilhelmshöhe bei Kassel. Cassel, OCHSENIUS, C., 1889, R. A. Philippi. Nach- 32 pp. [Pagination same as first 32 pp. of 1844b, richtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen but with changes made in the latter on p. 24]. Gesellschaft, 21(1–2): 1–4. PHILIPPI, R. A.,1842–1851, Abbildungen und OCHSENIUS, C., 1904, Rudolf [sic] Amandus Beschreibungen neuer oder wenig gekannter Philippi. Deutsche Erde, Beiträge zur Kenntnis Conchylien. Theodor Fischer, Cassel, 1: 204 deutschen Volkstums, 3(5): 148–149. + [viii] pp., 48 variously numbered pls.; 2: 231 OCHSENIUS, C., 1906, Dr. Rudolf [sic] Amandus + [viii] pp., 48 variously numbered pls.; 3: 81 + Philippi. Leopoldina, Kaiserlichen Leopoldi- 138 + [vi] pp., 48 variously numbered pls. [See nisch-Carolinischen Deutschen Akademie der other paper for full collation]. Naturforscher, 42(1): 16–20; 42(2): 39–40; PHILIPPI, R. A., 1844a, Enumeratio molluscorum 42(3): 53–56; 42(4): 59–66 [repaginated reprint, Siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure Tertiaria 17 pp.]. fossilium quae in itinere suo observavit, vol. 2. OCHSENIUS, C., 1999, Carl-Christian Ochsenius: Anton, Halis Saxonum [Halle an der Saale, Ger- a life history through two worlds and the antipo- many], iv + 303 pp., pls. 13–28 (February). LIFE AND WORK OF RUDOLPH AMANDUS PHILIPPI 29

PHILIPPI, R. A., 1844b [“1843”], Beiträge zur PHILIPPI, R. A., 1903, Zur Gründungsgeschichte Kenntniss der Tertiaerversteinerungen des der ersten deutschen Kolonien in Chile. Deut- nordwestlichen Deutschlands. Theodor Fischer, sche Erde, Beiträge zur Kenntnis deutschen Cassel, i–iii–[iv] + 1–85–[87] pp., 4 pls. Although Volkstums, 2(1): 16–17. this work is dated 1843 on the title page, with PHILIPPI, R. A., 1904, [Autobiographical essay, a preface dated 5 March 1843, it was not pub- written on 27 Dec. 1901 and posthumously pu- lished until late 1844 due to Philippi’s delays in blished]. Bulletin de l’Academie Internationale preparing the plates (Bronn, 1845: 510; Janssen de Geographique Botanique, (ser. 3), 13(180): & Kadolsky, 2016). [Contents and pagination of 321–323. the first 32 pages the same as 1841f, but with PHILIPPI BAÑADOS, R. A., 1963, El Dr. Rodulfo changes on p. 24]. A. Philippi en la ornitologia Chilena. Museo Na- PHILIPPI, R. A., 1847–1852, Centuria … testa- cional de Historia Natural (Santiago), Noticiario ceorum novorum. Zeitschrift für Malakozoolo- Mensual, 7(82): 1–3. gie, vols. 4(5) to 9(2) [See other paper for full POEPPIG, E. F., 1835–1836, Reise in Chile, collation]. Peru und auf dem Amazonenstrome während PHILIPPI, R. A., 1853, Handbuch der Conchylio- der Jahre 1827 bis 1832. F. Fleischer, Leipzig, logie und Malacologie. Anton, Halle, xx + 548 2 vols., 16 pls. pp. (pre-1 May). PORTMAN, A., 1950, Three unknown Darwin PHILIPPI, R. A., 1860a, b, Reise durch die letters. Lychnos (Uppsala), 1948–1949: Wueste Atacama. Auf Befehl der Chilenischen 206–210. Regierung im Sommer 1853–54 unternommen PRIOLO, O., 1950 [“1948”], Nuova revision della und beschrieben. E. Anton, Halle, x + 192 + 62 conchiglie marine di Sicilia. Atti della Accademia pp., 1 map, [27] pls. [Published simultaneously Gioenia di Scienze Naturali (Catania), (ser. 6), in Spanish: Viage al desierto de Atacama hecho 6(14): 1–26, 1 pl. de orden del gobierno de Chile en el verano REICHE, K., 1905, Rudolf [sic] Amandus Philippi. 1853–1854. E. Anton, Halle en Sajonia, viii + Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesell- 236 pp., 1 map, [27] pls.] . schaft, 22: (68)–(83). PHILIPPI, R. A.,1887a, b, Die Tertiären und REICHE, K. F., 1907, Grundzüge der Pflanzenver- Quartären Versteinerungen Chiles. Brockhaus, breitung in Chile. Die Vegetation der Erde, VIII. Leipzig, 266 pp., 58 pls. [Published simultane- W. Engelmann, Leipzig, xiv + 374 pp., 33 pls. ously in Spanish as: Los fósiles Terciarios i REICHE, K. F. (translated and revised by G. Cuatarios de Chile. Gobierno de Chile, San- Looser), 1934–1938, Geografía botánica de tiago, 256 pp., 58 pls.] Chile. Imprenta universitaria, Santiago, 2 vols., PHILIPPI, R. A., 1895, Pestalozzi, recuerdos 424 + 151 pp. de mi niñez. Revista de instruccion primaria RODRÍGUEZ, A. et al., 2013, A new species of (Santiago), 10(2): 142–147. Diadema (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Diade- PHILIPPI, R. A. 1897–1898, Mein Leben: Meine matidae) from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Lebenbeschreibung (nur für meine Kinder). Un- a neotype designation of Diadema antillarum published manuscript; photocopy of handwrit- (Philippi, 1845). Zootaxa, 3636(1): 144–170. ten/dictated version in Liga Chileno-Alemana RONAN, C. E., 2002, Juan Ignacio Molina: the (Santiago); typed version by Carlos Köbrich world’s window on Chile. Peter Lang Publishing, Uslar (1993), ii + 441 + ix + v pp.; translated New York, xviii + 318 pp. into Spanish with annotations by José Manuel SANHUEZA CERDA, C., 2006, Chilenos en Ale- Izquierdo König (2011), 261 pp. mania y alemanes en Chile: viaje y nación en PHILIPPI, R. A., 1898, Süd-Amerika: Deutsche el siglo XIX. Centro de Investigaciones Diego Pioniere. I. Professor Dr. R. A. Philippi in Barros Arana, Santiago, 269 pp. Santiago [autobiography]. Export, Organ des SANHUEZA CERDA, C., 2010, Eduard Poeppig: Centralvereins für Handelsgeographie und en busca del hombre tropical en la América Lati- Förderung deutscher Interessen im Auslande, na del siglo XIX. Pp. 147–164, in: R. Sagredo 20(32): 402–405. Baeza, ed., Ciencia-mundo: orden republicano, PHILIPPI, R. A., 1899, Los fósiles Secundarios arte y nación en América. Editorial Universitaria, de Chile; Primera Parte. Gobierno de Chile, Centro de Investigaciones Diego Barros Arana, Santiago, 104 pp., 42 pls. Santiago, 341 pp. PHILIPPI, R. A., 1901a, Valdivia en 1852. La SCHELL, P. A., 2001, Capturing Chile: Santiago’s Revista de Chile, 73: 297–300; 74: 329–335; Museo Nacional during the nineteenth century. 75: 355–361. Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies, PHILIPPI, R. A., 1901b, Apuntes biográficos sobre 10(1): 45–65. mi hermano Bernardo Philippi. Pp. 115–123, SCHELL, P. A., 2013, The sociable sciences: Dar- in: N. Anrique Reyes, ed., Diario de la Goleta win and his contemporaries in Chile. Palgrave “Ancud” al mando del Capitán de Fragata don Macmillan, New York, xii + 297 pp. Juan Guillermos (1843); Para tomar posesión SCHRADER, E., 2004, Rudolph Amandus Philip- del Estrecho de Magallanes. Emprenta, San- pi 1808–1904: Leben und Werk. Philippia, tiago, 130 pp. Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Natur- PHILIPPI, R. A., 1902, Sizilien und Südkalabrien kundemuseum im Ottoneum zu Kassel, 11(4): in dem Jahrzehnt von 1830 bis 1839. Abhand- 321–334. lungen und Bericht des Vereins für Naturkunde SCHWARZENBERG de SCHMALZ, I., 1968, zu Kassel, 47: 1–49. Origen de algunas familias Alemanas radicadas 30 KABAT & COAN

en Chile. Revista de estudios historicos; organ TORNABENE, F., 1839, Padre Emiliano Gut- official del Instituto Chileno de Investigaciones tadauro, Abate Casinese. Giornale del Gabinet- Genealogicas, 14: 31–78, 9 pls. to Letterario dell’Accademia Gioenia (Catania), SCHWARZENBERG de SCHMALZ, I. & M. 4(1): 13–20. OYARZÚN PHILIPPI, 1960, Nachfahrentafel TSCHUDI, J. J. von, 1866–1869 [reprinted, der Familie Philippi in Chile. Cóndor (Santiago), 1971], Reisen durch Südamerika. F. A. Brock- 23(915): 30, 38 (17 Sept. 1960). haus, Leipzig, 5 volumes [vol. 5, Chile]. SCURLA, H., 1982, Im Banne der Anden: Reisen URBAN, I., 1881, Geschichte des Königl. botani- deutscher Forscher des 19. Jahrhunderts, 4th schen Gartens und des Königl. Herbariums zu ed. Verlag der Nation, Berlin (Ost), 591 pp. Berlin, nebst einer Darstellung des augenblick- SOLGER, F., 1912, Emil Philippi. Pp. v–xvi, in: lichen Zustandes dieser Institute. Jahrbuch des O. Marschall, ed., Vorlesungen von Dr. phil. Königlichen botanischen Gartens und des bota- E. Philippi, Inhaber der Haeckelprofessur für nischen Museums zu Berlin, 1: 1–164, 2 pls. Geologie und Palaeontologie an der Universität VUILLEUMIER, F., 1995, Five great neotropi- Jena; im Auftrage seiner Mutter bearbeitet nach cal ornithologists: an appreciation of Eugene seiner hinterlassenen für das Kollege bestimm- Eisenmann, Maria Koepcke, Claës Olrog, ten Aufzeichnungen. G. Pätz’sche Buchdrucke- Rodulfo Philippi, and Helmut Sick. Ornitologia rei, Jena, xx + 250 pp., frontispiece. Neotropical, 6: 97–111. SOTO NARDECCHIA, F., 2008, Rodulfo Amando WAGENITZ, G., 1982, Index collectorum prin- Philippi. Fosil, Revista de Paleontologia, 9(3): cipalium Herbarii Gottingensis. Systematisch- 13–16. Geobotanisches Institut der Georg-August- SOWERBY, G. B. II, 1846, Descriptions of Tertiary Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, 214 pp. fossil shells from South America. Pp. 249–264, WELTER-SCHULTES, F. W., 1999, Systema- pls. 2–4, in: C. Darwin, Geological observations tisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und on South America. Smith, Elder & Co., London, Chemnitz (1837–1920), bibliography of the vo- vii + 279 + 32 pp., 6 pls. lumes in Göttingen. Archives of Natural History, STAFLEU, F. A. & R. S. COWAN, 1983, Taxo- 26(2): 157–203. nomic literature: a selective guide to botanical WHITE, W., 1872, Agassiz’s expedition: enthu- publications and collections with dates, com- siastic reception of the distinguished savant in mentaries and types. Bohn, Scheltema & Chile and Peru; Santiago wild with delight. New Holkema, Utrecht, Volume 4, x + 1214 pp. York Herald, June 18, 1872, p. 3 [reprinted, Bos- STEENBUCK, U., 2003, “Nada más sublime que ton Daily Advertiser, June 19, 1872, p. 2]. el studio de la naturaleza” – Rudolph Amandus WOELKERLING, W. J., 1983a, A taxonomic re- Philippi (1808–1904): vida y obra. Pp. 11–28, assessment of Lithothamnium (Corallinaceae, in: A. Larroucau, ed., El orden prodigioso del Rhodophyta) based on studies of R. A. Philippi’s mundo natural, 2nd ed. Universidad Austral de original collections. British Phycological Journal, Chile, Valdivia, 149 pp. 18(2): 165–197. STEFFEN, H., 1910a, Contribucion de los ale- WOELKERLING, W. J., 1983b, A taxonomic manes al studio de la jeografia i jeolojía de Chile reassessment of Lithophyllum (Corallinaceae, durante el primer siglo de la independencia. Pp. Rhodophyta) based on studies of R. A. Philippi’s 194–260, in: E. Maier, ed., Los Alemanes en original collections. British Phycological Journal, Chile. Imprenta Universitaria, Santiago, vol. 1, 18(3): 299–327. xiii + 364 pp. WULF, A., 2015, The invention of nature: Alexan- STEFFEN, H., 1910b, Der Anteil der Deutschen der von Humboldt’s New World. Alfred A. Knopf, an der geographischen und geologischen New York, xx + 473 pp. Erforschung der Republik Chile während des WUNDER, G., 1988, Die Brüder Bernhard Eunom ersten Jahrhunderts ihres Bestehens. Pp. Philippi, 1811–1852, und Rudolf [sic] Amandus 188–245, in: E. Maier, ed., Deutsche Arbeit in Philippi, 1808–1904, in Chile. Pp. 359–373, in: Chile. Imprenta Universitaria, Santiago, vol. 1, G. Wunder, ed., Lebensläufe: Bauer, Bürger, xii + 352 pp. Edelmann, Band 2. J. Thorbecke Verlag, Sig- STEINMANN, G., 1910, Personalia: Emil Philippi. maringen, xx + 402 pp. Geologische Rundschau, 1(2): 56. YOUNG, G. F. W., 1971, Bernardo Philippi, initia- TALBOTT, R. D., 1974, A history of the Chilean tor of German colonization in Chile. Hispanic boundaries. Iowa State University Press, Ames, American Historical Review, 51(3): 478–496. xiv + 134 pp. ZIEGLER, A. C., 2002, Hawaiian natural history, TAMPE MALDONADO, E., 1977, Bernardo E. ecology, and evolution. University of Hawai’i Philippi y su aporte en la colonizacion austral. Press, Honolulu, xvii + 477 pp., 16 pls. Pp. 17–22, in: E. Tampe Maldonado et al., ZIRNSTEIN, G., 2000a, Philippi, Rudolf (Rudolfo) eds., Llanquihue: 1852–1977, aspectos de una [sic] Amandus, Botaniker und Zoologe. Neue Colonización. Liga Chileno-Alemana, Santiago, Deutsche Biographie, 20: 391–392. 148 pp. ZIRNSTEIN, G., 2000b, Poeppig, Eduard TAYLOR, C. M. & M. MUÑOZ-SCHICK, 1994, The Friedrich. Neue Deutsche Biographie, 20: botanical works of Philippi, father and son, in 572–573. Chile. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 81(4): 743–748. Revised ms. accepted 27 May 2016

View publication stats