DOCSLIB.ORG

UNITED NATIONS Di.Str

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UNITED NATIONS Di.str. GENERAL GENERAL A/6700/Add.l* ASSEMBLY 27 September 1967 ORIGINAL: ENGIJ:SH TWenty-second session Agenda item �3 BEFORT OF THE SPECIAL COMM:r.TrEE ON THE SITUATION WITH REG/um 'IO 'flIE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE 'IO COIDNIAL OOUNTBIES AND PEOPLES (covering its work during 1967) Rapporteur: Mr. M.S. ESFANDIARY (Iran) CHAPTER III SOUTHERN HHODESIA CONTENTS Paragraphs Page I. ACTION TAKEN PREVIOUSLY BY THE GF.NERAL ASSEMBLY AND SPECIAL COMMITTEE AND BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL •• 1 - 1.7 3 II. INFORMA'l'ION ON THE TERRI'IDRY A. Political developments (June-December 1966). 18 - 119 11 B. Economic developments {June-December 1966) . 120 - 289 39 c. Political deveJopments (January-April. 1967) . 290 - 321. 82 D. Economic developments (January-April 1967) . 322 - 363 88 * This document contains chapter III of the Special Coillmittee 1 s report to the General Assembly. The general introductory chapter Will be issued subsequently under the syn:bol A/6700. Other chapters of' the report will be issued as addenda. 67-2191.4 I .•. A/6700/Add.l English Page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page III. CONSIDERATION BY THE SPECIAL COMMI'ITEE Introduction •••••••••• . 364 lCO A. Written petitions and hearings 365 - 467 100 B. General statements ••••••• 468 - 548 133 IV. ACTION TAKEN BY THE SPECIAL COMMI'ITEE A. Consensus adopted by the Special Committee on 6 June 1967 ................•. 549 - 565 160 B. Adoption of resolution on the question of Southern Bllodesia . • . 566 - 610 163 / ... A/67co/Add.l English Page 3 I. ACTION PREVIOUSLY TAKEN BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND THE SPECIAL CCY.MI'ITEE AND BY TIIB EECl"RI'l:Y CCl1~CIL 1. The situation in Southern Rhodesia has been under continuous consideration by the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples since 1962 and has been the subject of numerous General Assembly resolutions. It was also considered by the Security Council both before and after the illegal declaration of independence. By its resolution 217 (1965) adopted after the illegal declaration, the Security Council, inter alia, called u~on the United Kicgdom of Great BritaL~ and Northern Ireland to que:l the rebellion by the racist minority and called upon all States not to recognize the illegal regime and to do their utmost to break all economic relations with Southern Rhodesia, including an embargo on oil and petroleum products. By its resolution 221 (1966), the Security Council called upon the Government of the United Kingdom to prevent by the use of force if necessary, the arrival at Beira of vessels reasonably believe~ to be carrying oil destined :for Rhodesia, and empowered the United Kingdom to arrest and detain the tank.er known as the Ioanna V upon her departure from Eei.ra in the event her oil cargo was discharged there.Y 2. At its 407th meeting on 21 April 1966, the Special Committee adopted a 2' resolutioJ=.' on the g~estion of Southern Rhodesia. In this resolution the Special Committee: l. Reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the people cf Southern Rhodesia to freedom and independence in accordance with the Declaration contained in General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and recognized the legitimacy of their struggle for the enjo:Yl[lent of their rights as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations; 2. Reaffirmed in particular General Assembly -resolution 2022 (XX) which condemns the policies of racial discrimination and segregation practised in Southern Rhodesia, which constituted a cr:~me against humanity; Y For details of Security Council decisions of April/May 1966, see A/6300/Add.l ( !)art I), para.graphs 589-592. g/ Ibid. , paragraph 587. A/6700/Add.l English Page 4 3. Condemned the failure of certain States, particularly South Africa and Portugal, to implement the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, the Special Committee and the Security Council by giving support and assistance to the racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia; 4. Called upon the administering Power to take all effective measures, including the u.se of f'orce, to put an end to the racist minority r~gime in Southern Rhodesia; 5. Considered that the explosive situation in Southern Rhodesia continued to constitute a threat to international peace and security; E. Recommended to the Security Council to consider urgently the further measures envisaged under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations to put into effect its decisions concerning Southern Rhodesia; 7. Decided to transmit to the Security Council the records of the discussions of the Special Committee on this question; 8. Decided to keep the question of Southern Rhodesia on the agenda of the Special Committee and to review the situation whenever it considers it necessaiy. 3. During its meetings in Africa the Special Committee adopted a further resolution relating to Southern Rhodesia,..21 a .. ·.,rell as a general resolution on the question of the attai.Dnent of the objectives of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) with particular reference to the Territories in Southern Africa.-~ 4. At its twenty-first session, the General Assembly, on the recommendation of the Fourth Committee; adopted two resolutions on the question of Southern Rhodesia. 5 ~ By its resolution 2138 (XXI) of 22 October 1966, the General Assembly: 1. Condemned any arrangement reached between the administering Power and the illegal racist minority regime which -would not recognize the inalieimble rights of -the people of Zimbabwe to self-determination and lndependence in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV); 2. Reaffirmed the obligation of the administering Power to transfer i::ower to the people of Zimbabwe on the basis of universal adult suffrage, in accordance with the principle "one man, one vote" • ..2f Ibid. , paragraph 1097. !!f A/6300 ( pa.rt II), paragraph 619. ! ... A/6700/Add.l English Page 5 6. By :its rccol.,'l+.ion ?151 (XXI) of 17 November 1966, the General Assembly: l. Reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people of Zimbabwe to f'reedan and independence, and the legitimacy of' their struggle for the exercis..@ of that right; 2. Deplored the failure of the Goverri.ment of the United Kingdom of' Great Britain and Northern Ireland so far to put an end to the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia; 3. Condemned any arrangement between the administering Power and the illegal racist minority reg:ime in the Territory which would transfer power to the latr.er on any basis and which would fail to recognize the inalienable right of' the people of Zimbabwe to self-detennination and independence . in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV); 4. Condemned the GoverP.ments of Portugal and South Africa :for their support of the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia; 5. Condemned the activities of those foreign financial and other interests which, by supporting and assisting the ilh,:,ga4 racist minority regime in Southern Rhode~ia, were preventing the African people of Zimbabwe from attaining freedom and independence in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV), and called upon the Governments of the States concerned to take all necessary measures to bring to an end such activities; . 6. Drew the attention of the Security Council once again to the grave situation prevailing in Southern Rhodesia, in 01•der that it might decide to apply the necessary enforcement measures envisaged under Chapter VII of the Charter of' the United Nations; 7. Called upon the Government of the United Kingdom to take prompt and effective measures to prevent any supplies, including oil and petroleum products, from reaching Southern Rhodesia; 8. Called once again upon the Government of' the United Kingdom to take all necessary measures, including in particular the use of' f'orce, in the exercise of its powers as the administering Power, to put an end to the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia and to ensure the immediate application of General Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) and other relevant resolutions; 9. Called upon the administering Power to report on its actions in the implementation of the present resolution to the Special Committee on the situation with regard to the Implementation of' the Declaration on the Granting of' Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples; ... A/ 6700 / Add .1. English Page 5 10. Called upon all States to rehder all moral and material support to the people of Zimbabwe in their legitimate struggle to overthrow the illegal racist regime and to achieve freedom and independence; ll. Requested the specialized agencies concerned and other international assistance organizations to aid and assist the refugees from Zimbabwe and those who were suffering from oppression by the illegal racist minority regime in Southern Rhodesia; 12. Reguested the Special Committee to continue its study of the situation i.n Southern Rhodesie.; 13. Decided to keep the question of Southern Rhodesia on its agenda. 7. As at the encl. of Decem.bP-r 1966, .i'eplies had been received from seVenty-four States in response to the notes verbales of the Secretary-General transmitting the text of General Assembly resolution 2022 (XX) of 5 Novanber 1965 and Security Council resolution 217 (1965) of 20 November 1965 en the question of Southern Rhodesia •.2/ The seventy-fourth reply was received from the Government of SUdan and is contained in docmnents A/6479 and s/7558. 8. At its 1331st to 1333rd, and 1335th through 1340th meetings, held between 8 and 16 December 1966, the Security Council resumed it.s consideration of the question of Southern Rhodesia on the basis of a letter dated 5 December 1966 (s/7610) from the representative of the United Kingdom in which he stated that since the rebellion in Southern Rhodesia had not been brought to an end, and following consultations with other Commonwealth Governments> he had been instructed to request an early meeting of the Security Council at which his Government would propose certain additional measures to be taken against the illegal regime in Southern Rhodesia.
Recommended publications
  • Searching for a Common Idiom Among African

    Searching for a Common Idiom Among African

    Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xxxiv:4 (Spring, 2004), 595–599. AFRICAN TEXTS Robert I. Rotberg Searching for a Common Idiom among African Texts President Robert Gabriel Mugabe is remarkable for hav- ing transformed a well-managed, thriving, promising southern African country into a failed state—all within the last six years. In 2003, inºation in once wealthy Zimbabwe was racing along at 500 percent; staples and fuel were in short supply; unemployment reached 80 percent; hospitals barely functioned; and schools were without textbooks and teachers. Mugabe, a latter-day despot, had rigged a re-election in 2002, attacked civil society, killed and maimed opponents, suspended the rule of law, and thumbed his nose at President Bush and other foreign and local critics. In 2003, Mugabe had been a dominating prime minister and president for twenty-three years. Yet, before Zimbabwe’s inde- pendence in 1980, Mugabe had not always been the key ªgure in his people’s struggle against white-settler rule. Indeed, had one of his better-known competitors taken power, Zimbabweans could have avoided the home-grown tyranny under which they now chafe. First came Joshua Nkomo, but his easy-going and compro- mising ways led to a fratricidal battle; Ndabaningi Sithole, Herbert Wiltshire Chitepo, and Mugabe emerged from it as the leaders of a Shona-speaking nationalist movement called the Zimbabwe Af- rican National Union (zanu). Nkomo thereafter (from 1963) led the Zimbabwe African People’s Union (zapu). zanu was backed by China and zapu by the Soviet Union. Sithole and Mugabe were jailed for almost ten years, to late 1974, by the internationally illegal white-settler government of Rhodesia, which usurped power in 1965.
  • JOSHUA NKOMO Issued 27Th June, 2000

    JOSHUA NKOMO Issued 27Th June, 2000

    FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE DEATH OF DR. JOSHUA NKOMO Issued 27th June, 2000 (Extracted from first day cover stiffener)2 Joshua's father, Thomas Nyongolo Letswansto Nkomo and his mother Mlingo, nee Hadebe, had a total of eight children. Joshua's parents worked for the London Missionary Society and brought up their family in a Christian manner, which included bible reading, hymn singing and prayers in the evenings. From Standard One until Standard Six Joshua Nkomo was a prize winning student who nearly always came out top of his class. After completing Standard Six he took a carpentry course at the Tsholotsho Government Industrial School. He studied there for a year before becoming a driver. He later tried animal husbandry before becoming a schoolteacher specialising in carpentry at Manyame School in Kezi. In 1942, aged 25 and during his occupation as a teacher, he decided that he should go to South Africa to further his education and do carpentry and qualify to a higher level. When he returned to Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) in 1947 he rose to the leadership of the Railway Workers Union and then to the leadership of the African National Congress in 1952. In 1960 he became President of the National Democratic Party. He married his wife Johanna Mafuyana on 1 October 1949. After the NDP was banned by the Rhodesian government, he formed ZAPU (Zimbabwe African Peoples Union). After ZAPU was also banned he went into exile in Tanzania. On his return to Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) he was arrested by the government and then restricted to Kezi his birthplace near Bulawayo for three months.
  • Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the Indigenous Communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934-2008

    Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the Indigenous Communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934-2008

    Living on the fringes of a protected area: Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and the indigenous communities of South East Zimbabwe, 1934-2008 by Baxter Tavuyanago A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA FACULTY OF HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR A. S. MLAMBO July 2016 i © University of Pretoria Abstract This study examines the responses of communities of south-eastern Zimbabwe to their eviction from the Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) and their forced settlement in the peripheral areas of the park. The thesis establishes that prior to their eviction, the people had created a utilitarian relationship with their fauna and flora which allowed responsible reaping of the forest’s products. It reveals that the introduction of a people-out conservation mantra forced the affected communities to become poachers, to emigrate from south-eastern Zimbabwe in large numbers to South Africa for greener pastures and, to fervently join militant politics of the 1960s and 1970s. These forms of protests put them at loggerheads with the colonial government. The study reveals that the independence government’s position on the inviolability of the country’s parks put the people and state on yet another level of confrontation as the communities had anticipated the restitution of their ancestral lands. The new government’s attempt to buy their favours by engaging them in a joint wildlife management project called CAMPFIRE only slightly relieved the pain. The land reform programme of the early 2000s, again, enabled them to recover a small part of their old Gonarezhou homeland.
  • The Zimbabwean Nation-State Project

    The Zimbabwean Nation-State Project

    The Zimbabwean Nation-State Project DISCUSSION PAPER 59 THE ZIMBABWEAN NATION-STATE PROJECT A Historical Diagnosis of Identity and Power-Based Conflicts in a Postcolonial State SABELO J. NDLOVO-GATSHENI NORDISKA AFRIKAINSTITUTET, UppSALA 2011 Indexing terms: Zimbabwe Nationalism State Political conflicts Political development Political leadership Elite Ethnicity National identity Nation-building Post-colonialism The opinions expressed in this volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Language checking: Peter Colenbrander ISSN 1104-8417 ISBN 978-91-7106-696-1 © The author and Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2011 Production: Byrå4 Print on demand, Lightning Source UK Ltd. The Zimbabwean Nation-State Project Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................4 List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................................5 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................9 2. Defining the African National Project ................................................................................................18
  • The Rhodesian Crisis in British and International Politics, 1964

    The Rhodesian Crisis in British and International Politics, 1964

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository THE RHODESIAN CRISIS IN BRITISH AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS, 1964-1965 by CARL PETER WATTS A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Historical Studies The University of Birmingham April 2006 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis uses evidence from British and international archives to examine the events leading up to Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on 11 November 1965 from the perspectives of Britain, the Old Commonwealth (Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), and the United States. Two underlying themes run throughout the thesis. First, it argues that although the problem of Rhodesian independence was highly complex, a UDI was by no means inevitable. There were courses of action that were dismissed or remained under explored (especially in Britain, but also in the Old Commonwealth, and the United States), which could have been pursued further and may have prevented a UDI.
  • Gove]Inment Gazette

    Gove]Inment Gazette

    GOVE] INMENT GAZETTE Published by Authority Vol. XCI, No. 15 28th FEBRUARY,2014 Price US$2,00 General Notice 29 of 2014. General Notice 3! of 2014. LEGAL PRACTITIONERS (COUNCIL FOR LEGAL LAND SURVEYACT (CHAPTER 20:72] EDUCATION) RULES, 1992 Decision on the Application for Cancellation of Portions of Notice of Examination Dates General Plan No. DT 2928 of Stands 6362-6549 and 6596-6649 - Hatcliffe Township: Salisbury District NOTICEis hereby giventhat, in terms of Rule 10(2) of the Legal Practitioners (Council for Legal Education) Rules, 1992, published FURTHERto the application notice of which appeared as in Statutory Instrument 447 of 1992, professional examinations for advertisement 476935f in the Government Gazette dated 22nd those with law degrees or diplomas but whodonot qualify to register November, 2013, the Minister of Lands and Rural Resettlement, as legalpractitioners in Zimbabwewill be held duringthe following in terms of section 47(3) of the Land Survey Act (Chapter 20:12], periods — hereby gives notice that he has consented to the cancellation of Winter Session, 16th June, 2014 to 27th June, 2014 portions of General Plan No. DT 2928 represented by Stands 6362 SummerSession, 17th November, 2014 to 28th November, 2014. and 6363 Hatcliffe Township and defined by the beacons: —6363A, Any person (“the candidate”) who qualifies and wishes to sit 6363B, 6363C, 6363D, 6363E and 6363A, situate in the district of for these professional examinations must send written notification Salisbury of his or her intention to do so to the Secretary of the Council for E. GUVAZA, Legal Education, Seventh Floor, East Wing, Century House East, 38, 28-2-2014.
  • OTHER ISSUES ANNEX E: MDC CANDIDATES & Mps, JUNE 2000

    OTHER ISSUES ANNEX E: MDC CANDIDATES & Mps, JUNE 2000

    Zimbabwe, Country Information Page 1 of 95 ZIMBABWE COUNTRY REPORT OCTOBER 2003 COUNTRY INFORMATION & POLICY UNIT I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT II GEOGRAPHY III ECONOMY IV HISTORY V STATE STRUCTURES VIA HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES VIB HUMAN RIGHTS - SPECIFIC GROUPS VIC HUMAN RIGHTS - OTHER ISSUES ANNEX A: CHRONOLOGY ANNEX B: POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS ANNEX C: PROMINENT PEOPLE PAST & PRESENT ANNEX D: FULL ELECTION RESULTS JUNE 2000 (hard copy only) ANNEX E: MDC CANDIDATES & MPs, JUNE 2000 & MDC LEADERSHIP & SHADOW CABINET ANNEX F: MDC POLICIES, PARTY SYMBOLS AND SLOGANS ANNEX G: CABINET LIST, AUGUST 2002 ANNEX H: REFERENCES TO SOURCE MATERIAL 1. SCOPE OF THE DOCUMENT 1.1 This country report has been produced by the Country Information and Policy Unit, Immigration and Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a wide variety of recognised sources. The document does not contain any Home Office opinion or policy. 1.2 The country report has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum / human rights determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum / human rights claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The country report is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the country report on a six-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum-seeker producing countries in the United Kingdom.
  • 2143Rdmeeting: 30 Apriw&Jfs~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ NEW YORK

    2143Rdmeeting: 30 Apriw&Jfs~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ NEW YORK

    UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL OFFICIAL RECORDS THIRTY-FOURTH YEAR MAY2 8 1982 2143rdMEETING: 30 ApRIw&jfs~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ NEW YORK CONTENTS Page Provisional agenda (S/Agenda/2 143) . % . Adoption of the agenda . , . Question concerning the situation in Southern Rhodesia: Letter dated 26 April 1979 from the Charge d’Afkires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Ivory Coast to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/13276) . NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. j ~Documents of the Security Council (symbol S/. .) are normally published in quarterly Supplements of the O@iaZ Records of the Security Council. The date of the document indicates the supplement in which it appears or in which information about it is given. The resolutions of the Security Council, numbered in accordance with .a system adopted in 1964, are published in yearly volumes of ResoZutions and Decisions of the Security Council The new system, which has been applied retroactively to resolutions adopted before 1 January 1965, became fully operative on that date. 2143rd MEETING Held in New York on Monday 30 April 1979, at 3.30 p.m. President: Mr. Ole ALGARD (Norway). At the invitation of the President, Mr. Tlou (Botswana) and Mr. Komatina (Yugoslavia) took the places reserved Present: The representatives of the following States: for them at the side of the Council chamber. Bangladesh, Bolivia, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Gabon, Jamaica, Kuwait, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, 3. The PRESIDENT: Members of the Council have Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Kingdom of before them document S/13282, which contains the text Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of of a draft resolution sponsored by Bangladesh, Bolivia, America, Zambia.
  • Flag of Defiance – the International Use of the Rhodesian Flag Following Udi

    Flag of Defiance – the International Use of the Rhodesian Flag Following Udi

    FLAG OF DEFIANCE – THE INTERNATIONAL USE OF THE RHODESIAN FLAG FOLLOWING UDI BRUCE BERRY University of Pretoria ([email protected] ; +27 82 909 5829) Abstract The international response to Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was to proclaim the colony to be in a state of rebellion, the government in Salisbury to be illegal, and to request the United Nations to apply sanctions against the ‘rebel regime’. The ensuing political impasse resulted in the need to promote a more distinctive national identity and the symbols to reflect this newfound independence. The first, and most obvious, change came with the adoption of a new national flag on the third anniversary of UDI on 11 November 1968. As the most visible symbol of post-UDI Rhodesia, the international use and display of the new flag became the subject of demonstration and controversy. This paper shows how the green and white Rhodesian flag came to highlight Rhodesia’s contested statehood when flown outside the country during the UDI period. Rhodesia’s new flag became a symbol of the country’s defiance, and the emotion it evoked, and continues to evoke, causes controversy even to this day. Keywords: Rhodesia, symbols, flags 1 1. INTRODUCTION After years of fruitless negotiations on the issue of independence, at 11 a.m. on 11 November 1965 (the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month) Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith and his Cabinet signed a Proclamation of Independence from the British Parliament, whilst retaining loyalty to the person of the Monarch as the Queen of Rhodesia.1 The immediate response by the British Government to this Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) was to proclaim Rhodesia to be in a state of rebellion, the Government in Salisbury to be illegal and to request the United Nations to apply sanctions against the ‘rebel regime’.
  • Fake Heroines and the Falsification of History in Zimbabwe 1980 - 2009

    Fake Heroines and the Falsification of History in Zimbabwe 1980 - 2009

    African Journal of History and Culture (AJHC) Vol. 1 (5), pp. 076-083, December, 2009 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajhc © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Fake heroines and the falsification of history in Zimbabwe 1980 - 2009 Dorothy Goredema1 and Percyslage Chigora2* 1Department of History and Development Studies, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe. 2Department of History and Development Studies, Midlands State University, Private Bag 9055,Gweru, Republic of Zimbabwe. Accepted 10 December, 2009 The ideology of femocracy is so entrenched in Zimbabwean politics that it has become a tradition. It started as a tendency during the liberation struggle of making room and integrating a few women into politics. After independence, it developed into a habit of promoting the same women who had been exposed during the liberation struggle into political offices. Finally, at independence it became a tradition whereby the state confers heroine status to the very women who had held position during the war. However, one feature that stands glaring at the national heroes’ acre is that the heroines who were lay, are all related to men in political positions in both current ruling party and the state. This paper will demonstrate that most Zimbabwean heroines are forgotten. It also proves that even at death the patriarchal nature of Zimbabwean politics manifests itself when one considers that the number of male heroes vis-à-vis the heroines who lay at the acre. Finally the paper will show how femocracy as an ideology has led to the falsification and misrepresentation of historical facts all in an attempt to promote nationalist history.
  • February 17. 1965. February 17. 1965. BRITISH

    February 17. 1965. February 17. 1965. BRITISH

    February 17. 1965. February 17. 1965. BRITISH IMPERIALISM NAKED AT WORK CREATING ANOTHERTSHOIMBE i K ANOTHER CONGO IN SOUTERT RHODESIA. On three different occasions Britain made special pronouncements about a visit to Southern Rhodesia. First, In Iusaka during the Zambia Uhuru Celebrations in October 1964, Mr Arthur Bottomley, in no uncertain terms told Ian Smith and indeed the world at large that he can only go to visit Southern Rhodesia if only he is permitted to see both Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole President of Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and Mr. Joshua Nkomo, life President of the People's Caretakecr Council (PCC). Rev. Sithole was at that time and ,till is in Salisbury Central Prison serving a political prison sentence for offences allegedly committed under the notorious and iniquitous Law and Order (Maintenance) Act during the implementation of ZANU's Campaign to resist and prevent unilateral declaration of independence and to gain majority rule. Mr. Nkomo was and still is in restriction at Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp. Second: Mr. Harold Wilson, Britain's Prime Minister confirmed in the House of Commons in London that Mr. Bottomley can o to Southern Rhodesia if only he is ermitted to see both Rev. Ndabaningi Sithole then and -till in Salisbury Central Prison servibg the same Political Prison sentence, and Mr. J. NKOMO then and still at Gonakudzingwa Restriction Camp. Third: Mr. Arthur Bottomley, through the Minister of State, Mr. G. Hughes assured ZANU delegation to London recently that he will not go to S. Rhodesia until and only if he is assured that he will see both Rev.
  • Download Download

    Download Download

    The Woman Behind Robert Mugabe Kyra Ward After thirty-seven years of power Robert Mugabe has been ousted in a military coup. Mugabe is one of the most controversial leaders in recent history. Heralded by some as the emancipator of the British colony of Rhodesia, now modern day Zimbabwe, and by others as another African dictator (Winter, 2017), Mugabe has regardless been important personality in modern African politics. However, Mugabe’s latest action, which has inspired the protests in Zimbabwe that have resulted in a coup, seem to be orchestrated by his wife, Grace Mugabe. Grace Mugabe is 52 (ABC/wires, 2017), forty- one years Mr. Mugabe’s junior and one of the most powerful figures in the country. Nicknamed ‘Gucci Grace’, ‘The First Shopper’ and more recently ‘DisGrace’, Grace Mugabe has gained herself the reputation of being an excessive spender with lavish taste. It is speculated that she once spent upwards of 75,000$ on a shopping spree in Paris (Martin, 2017). While frivolous spending is not in itself necessarily bad, Mrs. Mugabe’s spending habits vilify her in a country that has been enduring an economic crisis (Dendere, 2017). This has gained her many enemies in her husband’s cabinet as well as among the public. Although her shopping may be a topic of contention for the citizens bearing the burden of the slow economy and lack of money for food, up until now, it had not created enough animosity amongst the public and military to revolt against their once beloved leader. So, if her spending habits haven’t caused people to revolt why is the coup being staged now? Earlier this week, Robert Mugabe fired his long-standing friend and vice- president Emmerson Mnangagwa, who fled to South Africa (Plaut, 2017).