DOCSLIB.ORG

Interannual Variability of the North American Monsoon Hydroclimate And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interannual Variability of the North American Monsoon Hydroclimate And INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON HYDROCLIMATE AND APPLICATION TO WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE PECOS RIVER BASIN by KATRINA AMELIA GRANTZ B.A., Grinnell College, 1997 M.S., University of Colorado, 2003 A thesis submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering 2006 i This thesis entitled: Interannual Variability of the North American Monsoon Hydroclimate and Application to Water Management in the Pecos River Basin written by Katrina A. Grantz has been approved for the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering __________________________________________ Balaji Rajagopalan __________________________________________ Edith Zagona __________________________________________ Kenneth Strzepek Date ______________ The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Grantz, Katrina A. (Ph.D., Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering) Interannual Variability of the North American Monsoon Hydroclimate and Application to Water Management in the Pecos River Basin Thesis directed by Professor Balaji Rajagopalan The North American Monsoon (NAM) is the large-scale atmospheric circulation system responsible for up to 55% of the annual precipitation in the southwestern U.S. These summer thunderstorms, however, are highly variable and predicting the variability in the strength, location, and timing of monsoonal precipitation and streamflow is understandably very important for efficient water resources management. This research, comprised of three main components, analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of NAM precipitation and streamflow; and using this information it develops a statistical forecasting framework which is then integrated with a decision support system to evaluate water management strategies on the Pecos River Basin. First, the interannual variability of precipitation and streamflow in the NAM region of southwest U.S. is studied and large-scale and local climate features that drive the variability are diagnosed using robust Spearman rank correlation analysis and Kendall Theil slope estimators. These analyses led to the proposal of the following hypothesis: antecedent Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) modulate the winter/spring hydroclimatology and land conditions of the NAM region, thus playing an important role in setting up the land-ocean temperature gradient (the key driver of the NAM), and, consequently, in modulating monsoonal rainfall and precipitation. This offers increased hopes of long-lead forecasts of summer iii hydrologic conditions in the NAM region. The second component of this study develops a framework for generating ensemble forecasts of spring and summer streamflow at five lead times using the large-scale climate information obtained from the diagnostics. In the third, and final, component of this study, streamflow exceedance probabilities calculated from the ensemble forecasts are used in a decision support system, modeled with RiverWare, to evaluate various water management options for reservoir releases, irrigation diversions and inter-state spill in the Pecos River Basin. The Pecos River receives a significant portion of its annual streamflow in the summertime from monsoon thunderstorms, however operations on the river do not utilize forecasts of this important moisture source. The research framework developed here demonstrates significant improvements to water management though decreased reservoir spills and increased irrigation water delivery. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many people. I would like to thank my advisors, Balaji Rajagopalan, Edith Zagona, and Martyn Clark. Each provided a unique perspective and invaluable guidance to this work. Their wisdom, encouragement, and time investment are very much appreciated. I also thank my committee members Kenneth Strzepek and Subhrendu Gangopadhyay for their insightful comments and suggestions. I would like to acknowledge the NOAA Office of Global Program's GWEX America’s Prediction Project for funding this study (project number NA03OAR4310063). Logistical and technical support provided by the Center for Advanced Decision Support for Water and Environmental Systems (CADSWES) is also thankfully acknowledged. Many people provided technical advice and support throughout this project. I would like to thank Craig Boroughs of BH and H Engineering for assistance with the water management application of this research. Useful discussions with David Gochis of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and Bruce Anderson of Boston University are also greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank my husband, Matt, my son, Talon, and my family and friends for their constant encouragement and emotional support. Finally, I thank my parents for instilling in me this love and appreciation of learning. v CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 1 MOTIVATION.............................................................................................................. 1 NAM BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 1 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2: PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS ....................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 9 DATA ......................................................................................................................... 9 Climate Division Data .......................................................................................... 9 NWS COOP Data................................................................................................ 10 NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis Data .......................................................................... 10 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 10 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 14 Monsoon Cycle.................................................................................................... 14 Monsoon Rainfall................................................................................................ 17 Hypothesis........................................................................................................... 19 Antecedent Land Conditions............................................................................... 20 Antecedent Ocean Conditions............................................................................. 25 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 3: STREAMFLOW ANALYSIS ........................................................ 30 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 30 vi STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................... 33 DATA ....................................................................................................................... 33 HCDN Streamflow Data ..................................................................................... 33 Climate Division Data ........................................................................................ 34 NCEP/NCAR Re-analysis Data .......................................................................... 34 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 34 RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 36 Streamflow Classification ................................................................................... 36 Winter / Spring Streamflow Analysis .................................................................. 38 Summer Streamflow Analysis: Volume Trends.................................................. 43 Summer Streamflow Analysis: Timing Trends................................................... 48 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................................................................. 53 CHAPTER 4: STREAMFLOW FORECAST....................................................... 55 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 55 PECOS RIVER BASIN ................................................................................................ 56 Selection Criteria................................................................................................ 56 Physical Description........................................................................................... 57 Operations and Policies...................................................................................... 58 FORECASTING REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 61 DATA ......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4.2 Overview of the North American Monsoon Experiment (Name)
    4.2 OVERVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON EXPERIMENT (NAME) Wayne Higgins* Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, MD ABSTRACT 1. OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE Recent progress on the North American The North American Monsoon Experiment Monsoon Experiment (NAME) is reviewed, with (NAME) is an internationally coordinated, joint emphasis on plans for a NAME Field Campaign CLIVAR-GEWEX process study aimed at during the NH summer of 2004. NAME is an determining the sources and limits of predictability of internationally coordinated, joint CLIVAR-GEWEX warm season precipitation over North America. It process study aimed at determining the sources and focuses on observing and understanding the key limits of predictability of warm season precipitation components of the North American Monsoon over North America. It hypothesizes that the North System (NAMS) and their variability within the American Monsoon System (NAMS) provides a context of the evolving land surface-atmosphere- physical basis for determining the degree of ocean annual cycle. It seeks improved understanding predictability of warm season precipitation over the of the key physical processes that must be region. NAME employs a multi-scale (tiered) parameterized for improved simulations and approach with focused activities in the core monsoon predictions with coupled models. NAME employs a region (Tier 1), on the regional-scale (Tier 2) and on multi-scale (tiered) approach (Fig. 1) with focused the continental-scale (Tier 3). NAME’s objectives monitoring, diagnostic and modeling activities in the are to promote a better understanding and more core monsoon region, on the regional-scale and on realistic simulation of: warm season convective the continental-scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 7: Circulation and the Atmosphere
    1/27/2016 Chapter 7: Circulation And The Atmosphere Highly integrated wind system Main Circulation Currents: series of deep rivers of air encircling the planet Various perturbations or vortices (hurricanes, tornados, cyclones) Scales of Atmospheric Motion: -based on time and space -Macorscale: encompass global wind patterns (westerlies, trades) through hurricanes (hours on up) -Mesoscale: Tornados, thunder storms, local winds (minutes-hours) -Microscale: wind gusts, dust devils (seconds – minutes) 1 1/27/2016 Macorscale Planetary-scale: global winds stable for weeks to months Synoptic-scale: weather map scale migrating cyclones/anticyclones, hurricanes days-weeks, 100s – 1000s km Mesoscale: Small disturbances < 100 km, minutes-hours Travel embedded within the larger macroscale circulation ex. ((thunderstorm) hurricane) westerlies) 2 1/27/2016 Microscale: wind gusts, dust devils (seconds – minutes) Mesoscale All Winds: arise from pressure gradients resulting from unequal heating of the surface Local Winds: arise from local pressure gradients Sea & Land Breeze Mountain & Valley Breeze Chinook Winds Katabatic Winds Country Breeze The Haboob 3 1/27/2016 Mesoscale Sea Breeze: air over land expands as heated during day, develop L temperature can decrease 5-10 deg. C 30 – 60 miles inland Mesoscale Land Breeze: air over land cools quicker during the evening, develop H result in reverse circulation offshore wind 4 1/27/2016 Mesoscale Valley Breeze: Slopes warm faster than air at same elevation over the valley Flow from the valley to the mountains Most common in summer, intense heating Mesoscale Mountain Breeze: Slopes cool faster after sundown Flow from the mountains to the valley Most common in winter, radiation cooling 5 1/27/2016 Mesoscale Chinook Winds: Warm dry winds on the leeward slopes of mountains Adiabatic warming Eastward slopes of Rockies Santa-Ana Winds, Southern California Mesoscale Katabatic (Fall) Winds: Cold dense air over highland area Descends, displacing less dense air Attain velocities capable of destruction ex.
    [Show full text]
  • North American Monsoon Precipitation Reconstructed from Tree-Ring Latewood Daniel Griffin,1,2 Connie A
    GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 40, 1–5, doi:10.1002/grl.50184, 2013 North American monsoon precipitation reconstructed from tree-ring latewood Daniel Griffin,1,2 Connie A. Woodhouse,1,2 David M. Meko,1 David W. Stahle,3 Holly L. Faulstich,1,2 Carlos Carrillo,4 Ramzi Touchan,1 Christopher L. Castro,4 and Steven W. Leavitt1 Received 30 November 2012; revised 18 January 2013; accepted 21 January 2013. [1] The North American monsoon is a major focus of paleoclimatology [e.g., Asmerom et al., 2007; Barron et al., modern and paleoclimate research, but relatively little is 2012], but relatively little is known about pre-instrumental known about interannual- to decadal-scale monsoon monsoon variability at interannual to decadal timescales. moisture variability in the pre-instrumental era. This study Understanding the plausible range of monsoon variability is draws from a new network of subannual tree-ring latewood critical because model projections of monsoon response to width chronologies and presents a 470-year reconstruction anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing remain unclear of monsoon (June–August) standardized precipitation for [Castro et al., 2012; Bukovsky and Mearns, 2012; Cook southwestern North America. Comparison with an and Seager, 2013]. The American Southwest has a rich independent reconstruction of cool-season (October–April) history of dendroclimatology, but the vast majority of tree-ring standardized precipitation indicates that southwestern reconstructions from the region reflect only cool-season or decadal droughts of the last five centuries were characterized annual-scale moisture variability. This is epitomized by the not only by cool-season precipitation deficits but also by North American Drought Atlas, which, for the Southwest, concurrent failure of the summer monsoon.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Paper We Review Evidence for Climatic Variability Across the North American Monsoon (NAM) Region Over the Holocene and C
    Aberystwyth University The Holocene history of the North American Monsoon: 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' in understanding its spatial and temporal complexity Metcalfe, Sarah E.; Barron, John A.; Davies, Sarah J. Published in: Quaternary Science Reviews DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.004 Publication date: 2015 Citation for published version (APA): Metcalfe, S. E., Barron, J. A., & Davies, S. J. (2015). The Holocene history of the North American Monsoon: 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' in understanding its spatial and temporal complexity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 120, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.04.004 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 The Holocene history of the North American Monsoon: ’known knowns’ and ‘known unknowns’ in understanding its spatial and temporal complexity Sarah E.
    [Show full text]
  • 3.6 Educating the Public on the North American Monsoon System
    3.6 EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON SYSTEM Glen Sampson* and Erik Pytlak National Weather Service, Tucson, Arizona 1. INTRODUCTION most of the stations in Arizona received rain, the monsoon would be declared as “being here” In Arizona the weather event of the year, (Tenharkel 1980). every year, is the North American Monsoon. Another method used to declare the monsoon During May and June temperatures soar to well was dew point temperatures. Three consecutive over 100oF throughout much of the state and days of 55oF or higher at the Phoenix airport was conditions are extremely dry with relative humidity used to indicate the monsoon had started. in the single digits. Vegetation becomes heat Likewise, monsoon days (days with an average stressed as the landscape turns brown. dew point higher than 55oF) could be counted and These conditions, along with blistering an end to the monsoon could be declared sunshine for days on end, cause people to long for (Skindlov 2007). clouds in the sky, the scent of rain in the air and the cool breeze from a thunderstorm outflow. The 2.1 Faults of these historical methods monsoon is also the time of year in which the most weather-related fatalities, injuries and damage All of these historical methods were an after- occur across Arizona from flash floods, lightning, the-fact analysis of what happened in Arizona dust storms, straight line winds, and persistent associated with the monsoon system. All of them heat outside of the active thunderstorm days failed to accurately represent what was truly (Shoemaker and Davis 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • North American Monsoon By: Ryan Nicoll, ADEQ Air Quality Meteorologist the AQ Code”    the North American Monsoon Has a Major Influence on Arizona’S Weather
    Cracking the AQ Code Air Quality Forecast Team September 2015 Volume 1, Issue 3 About “Cracking The North American Monsoon By: Ryan Nicoll, ADEQ Air Quality Meteorologist the AQ Code” The North American Monsoon has a major influence on Arizona’s weather. “Monsoon” is a common term used in Arizona and the In an effort to further greater southwestern United States, but it is often used incorrectly. ADEQ’s mission of Our hope is that this discussion will increase your understanding of protecting and enhancing what a monsoon is and the crucial part it plays in shaping not only the public health and the region’s weather, but also its air quality. environment, the Forecast What is (and isn’t) a monsoon? Team has decided to Fig. 1 : This graph represents the vertical cross Much like the hurricane season, the North American Monsoon also produce periodic, in-depth section of earth’s atmosphere. Note the has specific start and end dates. The monsoon season officially articles about various topics difference in thickness between the layers and how temperatures (red line) warm or cool with runs from June 15 through September 30, although the monsoon related to weather and air height throughout each layer. The stratospheric pattern can set up earlier or end later than this period. Technically quality. warming is primarily due to the ozone layer speaking, a monsoon is a seasonal shift in the prevailing wind which absorbs UV light from the sun. pattern which results in a significant change in precipitation. In the Our hope is that these Source: Four Interconnecting Spheres case of the North American Monsoon, the typical southwesterly articles provide you with a (blowing from the southwest) synoptic flow shifts southeasterly, better understanding of driving mid-level moisture from the Gulf of Mexico into Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • Interannual Variability of the Bimodal Distribution of Summertime Rainfall Over Central America and Tropical Storm Activity in the Far-Eastern Pacific
    CLIMATE RESEARCH Vol. 22: 141–146, 2002 Published September 6 Clim Res Interannual variability of the bimodal distribution of summertime rainfall over Central America and tropical storm activity in the far-eastern Pacific Scott Curtis* Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Geography, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 912, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA ABSTRACT: The summer climate of southern Mexico and Central America is characterized by a mid- summer drought (MSD), where rainfall is reduced by 40% in July as compared to June and Septem- ber. A mid-summer reduction in the climatological number of eastern Pacific tropical cyclones has also been noted. Little is understood about the climatology and interannual variability of these min- ima. The present study uses a novel approach to quantify the bimodal distribution of summertime rainfall for the globe and finds that this feature of the annual cycle is most extreme over Pan America and adjacent oceans. One dominant interannual signal in this region occurs the summer before a strong winter El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Before El Niño events the region is dry, the MSD is strong and centered over the ocean, and the mid-summer minimum in tropical cyclone frequency is most pronounced. This is significantly different from Neutral cases (non-El Niño and non-La Niña), when the MSD is weak and positioned over the land bridge. The MSD is highly variable for La Niña years, and there is not an obvious mid-summer minimum in the number of tropical cyclones. KEY WORDS: Rainfall · Tropical storms · Summer · Central America · ENSO Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Lightning in the North American Monsoon: an Exploratory Climatology
    1970 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 143 Lightning in the North American Monsoon: An Exploratory Climatology RONALD L. HOLLE Vaisala, Inc., Tucson, Arizona MARTIN J. MURPHY Vaisala, Inc., Louisville, Colorado (Manuscript received 29 October 2014, in final form 19 January 2015) ABSTRACT Temporal and spatial distributions of the North American monsoon have been studied previously with rainfall and satellite data. In the current study, the monsoon is examined with lightning data from Vaisala’s Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360). GLD360 has been operating for over three years and provides sufficient data to develop an exploratory climatology with minimal spatial variation in detection efficiency and location accuracy across the North American monsoon region. About 80% of strokes detected by GLD360 are cloud to ground. This paper focuses on seasonal, monthly, and diurnal features of lightning occurrence during the monsoon season from Mazatlán north-northwest to northern Arizona and New Mexico. The goal is to describe thunderstorm frequency with a dataset that provides uniform spatial coverage at a resolution of 2–5 km and uniform temporal coverage with individual lightning events resolved to the millisecond, compared with prior studies that used hourly point rainfall or satellite data with a resolution of several kilometers. The monthly lightning stroke density over northwestern Mexico increases between May and June, as thunderstorms begin over the high terrain east of the Gulf of California. The monthly lightning stroke density over the entire region increases dramatically to a maximum in July and August. The highest stroke densities observed in Mexico approach those observed by GLD360 in subtropical and tropical regions in Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroclimatology of the North American Monsoon Region in Northwest Mexico
    J6.7 HYDROCLIMATOLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON REGION IN NORTHWEST MEXICO David J. Gochis National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA Luis Brito-Castillo Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico W. James Shuttleworth Department of Hydrology and Water Resourece, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2. DATA AND METHODS The region of northwest Mexico is generally 2.1. Data semi-arid, with an annual precipitation regime dominated by warm-season convection that Selected basins draining the SMO are strongly interacts with the regional topography shown in Figure 1. Monthly streamflow data and surrounding bodies of water. The were obtained from the BANDAS (Banco summertime monsoonal circulation, its onset, Nacional de Datos de Aguas Superficiales) data precipitation character, and the hydrological archive, BANDAS (1998). Streamflow periods response to it, exhibit considerable spatial and of record vary for individual basins, but all basins temporal variability. This variability complicates possess a minimum of 10 years of data. The diagnostic and predictive efforts and limits size of these catchments studied in the present adaptive management of regional water analysis range from 1,000 – 10,000 km2 and are resources. This work explores the complex unregulated. Thus, the results presented herein relationship between precipitation and are constrained to focus on the “natural” streamflow in the North American Monsoon hydrological response of typical SMO headwater (NAM) region by constructing a regional catchments to monsoon rains. Three of the 15 hydroclimatology from selected headwater basins studied (1. Rio San Pedro del Conchos, catchments from northwest Mexico. 7. Rio Sextin, and 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Circulation
    ESCI 241 – Meteorology Lesson 14 – Global Circulation THE GLOBAL CIRCULATION Latitudinal heat imbalance – The tropics receive more radiation than they emit. The polar regions emit more radiation than they receive. This causes an imbalance in heat. If there were no heat transferred between the tropics and the polar regions, the tropics would get hotter and hotter, while the poles would get colder and colder. THE LATITUDINAL HEAT IMBALANCE IS WHAT DRIVES THE CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS. ο THE CIRCULATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS BOTH ACT TO TRANSFER HEAT FROM THE TROPICS TO THE POLES . One way to accomplish the transfer of heat from the equator to the poles would be to have a single circulation cell that was upward in the tropics, poleward aloft, downward at the poles, and equatorward at the surface. This is the single- cell circulation model first proposed by Hadley in the 1700’s. Because the earth rotates, instead of a single-cell circulation there is a three-cell circulation. Because the Coriolis force act to the right of the flow (in the Northern Hemisphere), the flow around the 3-cells is deflected. This gives rise to the three main wind belts in each hemisphere at the surface: ο The easterly trade winds in the tropics ο The prevailing westerlies ο The polar easterlies The doldrums are the region near the equator where the trade winds from each hemisphere meet. This is also where you find the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) . It is characterized by hot, humid weather with light winds. The horse latitudes are the region between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Surface Ecohydrology of the North American Monsoon System
    LAND SURFACE ECOHYDROLOGY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON SYSTEM Special Issue in Journal of Arid Environments, May 2010 Synthesis and Introduction by Enrique R. Vivoni School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ BACKGROUND Ecohydrological studies in the southwest U.S. and northwest Mexico benefit from bi-national research programs (e.g., SALSA, NAME, SMEX04). Prior studies across the U.S.-Mexico border have highlighted the close interactions between water and ecosystems in determining land surface conditions. This special issue was designed to bring together U.S. and Mexico studies on ecohydrology initiated during NAME and SMEX04. APPROACH TODAY Introduce and summarize the major findings from a selected number of the twelve papers. Proceed in an order that spans from the entire regions to specific sites and from observational to modeling. Key included with Study Area, Topics & Institutions Present a synthesis of the special issue that points to future research paths. For more information, see preface article: Vivoni, E.R., Watts, C.J. and Gochis, D.J. 2010. Land surface ecohydrology of the North American Monsoon system, Journal of Arid Environments, 74, 529-530. BRITO-CASTILLO ET AL: AN ANOMALY IN THE OCCURRENCE OF THE MONTH OF MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION IN NORTHWEST MEXICO Motivation: Rainfall in northwest Mexico reveals a disruption in the south to north progression. This study tests hypotheses explaining this rainfall anomaly. Question: What factors control the peak rainfall activity in western Mexico and the Mexican Antiplano? Long-term rainfall and streamflow observations used to identify the rainfall anomaly and its hydrologic implications. Sea-surface temperature and terrain distributions aid in testing a set of potential hypotheses.
    [Show full text]
  • Compendium on Tropical Meteorology for Aviation Purposes
    Compendium on Tropical Meteorology for Aviation Purposes 2020 edition WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER WMO-No. 930 Compendium on Tropical Meteorology for Aviation Purposes 2020 edition WMO-No. 930 EDITORIAL NOTE METEOTERM, the WMO terminology database, may be consulted at https://public.wmo.int/en/ meteoterm. Readers who copy hyperlinks by selecting them in the text should be aware that additional spaces may appear immediately following http://, https://, ftp://, mailto:, and after slashes (/), dashes (-), periods (.) and unbroken sequences of characters (letters and numbers). These spaces should be removed from the pasted URL. The correct URL is displayed when hovering over the link or when clicking on the link and then copying it from the browser. WMO-No. 930 © World Meteorological Organization, 2020 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 17 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-92-63-10930-9 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]