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Abbas, Mahmoud 500 American Convention on Human Rights accusation-based lustration, definition 97–98, 99, 368, 456 515–516 American Psychiatric Association 246 acts of indemnity, definition 359–360 Amin, Ida 22 see also amnesties amnesties 358–376 ‘add women’ approach see gender in in Africa 26 transitional justice assessment of legitimacy of 370–372 ad hoc transitional justice see Palestine (case blanket amnesties 24, 26, 98, 101, 200, 222, study) 359, 371 Afghanistan campaigns against impunity 360–361 amnesties 28 conditional amnesties 359, 364–365, 369, Theatre of the Oppressed method 273, 371 277–278, 279, 281–282 effectiveness of 373–374 Africa legal bases for 366–370 amnesties 26 management of 372–373 critical perception of ICC in 317 objectives of 362–366 legal pluralism in 145 one-sided amnesties 359–360, 370 neo-patrimonial arrangements 85 as pardons from prosecution 20–21 reparations 26 research terminology 359–360 truth commissions 26, 30 state practice vs. impunity campaigns see also sub-Saharan Africa; individual 361–374 countries summary conclusion 6, 375–376 African Union (AU) UN restrictions on 198–199 African Union Commission of Inquiry on see also individual regions and countries South Sudan (AUCISS) 193–194 Amnesty Decree Law (1978) (Chile) 21 nonobligation to comply with ICC arrest Amnesty International 212, 213, 214, 215, warrants 317–318 359 Transitional Justice Policy Framework 192, Anastasijevic, Dejan 296 193 Annan, Kofi 2, 29, 142–143 see also Extraordinary African Chambers Arafat, Yasser 497 (EAC) Arbour, Louise 163 Aiken, Nevin 356 Argentina al-Assad, Bashar 363 Center for Legal and Social Studies (CELS) Albania 206–207 crimes against humanity and 512 criminal accountability 97 human rights violations 509 reparations 24, 382, 387, 392, 393 lustration measures 517 truth commissions 348, 354 nonprosecution of Communist Party leaders Aristotle 378 510 Arredondo, Pedro Garcia 456 Al-Bashir, Omar 317–319 art and transitional justice 267–285 Albuja, Sebastian 354, 356 formal mechanisms and 268–273 Alexander, Jane 171 line between artist/audience 280–282 Algeria risks of 282–284 Presidential decree on preventing social challenges of transition and 279–280 prosecution for human rights abuses 28 space for silenced voices 276–279 alternative dispute resolution 88 summary conclusion 5, 284–285
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truth seeking and 273–276 Explanatory Guidance 361 Arthur, Paige 14, 32–33 General Principle 1 366 Asia, transitional justice development in General Principle 2 365 26–27 General Principle 4 362 see also individual countries General Principle 5 365 Asociación Madres de Plaza de Mayo 24 see also amnesties Aspen Institute 209 Bell, Christine 2, 134, 281 Assembly of Civil Society 446 Bell, Duncan 257–258 Assmann, Aleida 501–502 Bemba case (ICC) 322 Atria, Fernando 66 Bennett, W. Lance 292, 301 Aukerman, Miriam 306 Bensouda, Fatou 319 Australia Beresford, Susan 209 abuses against aboriginal people 20, 27, 46 Berg, Louis-Alexandre 85 issues formal apology for forcible removal Bickford, Louis 210, 217 of aboriginal people 20, 46 BIRN Justice Report 295 National Inquiry into the Separation of Blank, Laurie 415 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander blanket amnesties see amnesties; human rights Children from Their Families (1995) 27 Bohlander, Michael 475–476 Australian Human Rights Commission, Bolivia ‘Bringing Them Home: The Stolen criminal accountability 97 Children Report’ (1997) 46 Bonner, Philip 355–356 authoritarian regimes Boraine, Alex 203, 211, 217–218, 293, 350 comparison to civil war conflicts 42–43 Borer, Tristan Anne 349–350 non-liberal political transitions in 44–45 Bosire, Lydiah 83–84 Awas Tingi community v Nicaragua (IACtHR) Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) 387 non-retroactivity claim in ECtHR case Aylwin, Patricio 213 103–104 power-sharing agreements and ethnicity BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian requirements 113–115 Residency and Refugee Rights 495, vetting practices 427, 428, 439 504–505 War Crimes Chamber 23 Bahun, Sanja 273, 283 Bosnian War Crimes Chamber 330 Bangladesh Bouris, Erica 345 International Crimes Tribunal 26 Brody, Reed 217 Barr, James 491 Brown, Nathan J. 498 Barrientos, Cesar 462 Bruyne, Paul De 281 Barrios Altos v Peru (IACtHR) 100 B’tselem 497, 501 Barsalou, Judy 257 Buikema, Rosemarie 276 Basescu, Traian 521, 522, 523 Bulgaria Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right crimes against humanity 512 to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims lack of tolerance of exit/voice 525 of Gross Violations of International laws providing access to secret files 513 Human Rights Law and Serious lustration measures 518, 525 Violations of International Humanitarian nonprosecution for Revival Process 510 Law (UNBPG) (2005) 189–190, 377, Bull, Carolyn 87 380, 384, 389–390, 392 Bunch, Charlotte 128 Basoglu, Metin 254 Burt, Ronald S. 216 Bassiouni, M. Cherif 407, 419 Burundi Baxter, Victoria 257 COI investigations on 409, 416, 420 Bayliss, Elena 80 truth commissions 420 Bearing Witness (F. Ross) 125 The Belfast Guidelines on Amnesty and Call, Charles 78 Accountability 358–359 Callejas y Callejas, Manuel 464
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Index 533
Cambodia (case study) 466–487 Centre for the Study of Violence and Khmer Rouge rule of 331, 466 Reconciliation (CSVR) 208–209 lack of judicial independence 338 Chad People’s Revolutionary Tribunal 466–470 Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) restrictions on prosecution of Khmer Rouge 332 leaders 333 Chapman, Andrew 344 summary conclusion 6–7, 486–487 Chapman, Audrey 349 see also Extraordinary Chambers of the Charlesworth, Hilary 119 Courts of Cambodia (ECCC); Group of Chaskalson, Arthur 207 Experts for Cambodia (Cambodia Chesterman, Simon 76, 90 Commission); United Nations child soldiers 43, 152, 174, 238, 321, 326, Transitional Authority in Cambodia 330, 350, 372, 449 Campbell, Colm 45 Chile Canada amnesties 374 issues formal apology for forcible removal National Corporation of Reparation and of Indigenous people 46 Reconciliation 386 Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement overthrow of Allende 212–213 (1988) 19–20 psychosocial services for domestic violence Qikiqtani Truth Commission (2007) 28–29 victims 139 Truth and Reconciliation Commission reparations 24, 385, 386, 393 (2008) 46 Rettig Commission 347 truth commissions 342 Torture Commission 126–127 Carmichael, William D. 205–206 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 126, Carnegie Corporation 207 213, 354 Carothers, Thomas 214, 215 Vicariate of Solidarity 213 Castro, Fidel 205 Choi, Susanne 257 Catholic Church Christodoulidis, Emilios 69 child abuse in Ireland 342 Civic Academy 239 Guatemalan Recovery of Historical civil litigation 396 Memory project 347 civil society 221–243 support for CEH in Guatemala 447 calls for Trial of Communism 511 Cavallaro, James 354, 356 civil society, definition 223 Ceausescu, Nicolae 510 coalitions and 228 Center for Human Rights Legal Action 458 critical debates over role of CSOs 239–241 Center for Law and Social Policy 206 mobilization of action 229–232 Central and Eastern Europe 508–529 monitoring and transparency 235–236 court trials 509–512 official support 236 cultural displays of communist repression peacebuilding, reconciliation and 524 development 238 democratization and transitional justice proposed research agenda 241–242 527–528 public engagement 237 determinants of transitional justice 525–527 role in transitional justice 47, 174 forensic investigations 524 role of civil society groups 224–225 history commissions 521–522 service provision and victim support laws providing access to secret files 237–238 512–515 shaping definition of transitional justice lustration measures 515–520, 525–528 222–223 multiple transitional justice programs summary conclusion 5, 242–243 522–524 targeted advocacy 232–235 restitution of property 523 truth telling, commemoration and revised history textbooks 523 memorialization 238–239 summary conclusion 7, 529 types of groups 225–229 see also individual countries see also individual organizations
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civil war confession-based lustration, definition 516 high level of violent acts during 42–43 Congo, Democratic Republic of rule of law and 83–84, 85 actors responsible for conflict-related deaths war crimes 43 390 Clark, Helen 195 COI on human rights violations 409 Clark, J.N. 340 media coverage 295 classic legal pluralism, definition 250 reparations 397 Cohen, David 31 Connell, R.W. 134 Cohen, Stan 342 consolidated democracies Cole, Catherine M. 267, 293–294, 347–348 transitional justice, development of 32–33, collective reparations see reparations 46–47 Collins, Cath 40–41 truth commissions 342 Colom, Alvaro 448 see also individual countries Colombia Constitutional Court of South Africa, on FARC-ELN peace agreement 300, 376 conditional amnesty legislation 99–100 Group on Historical Memory Report (2008) continuous violations concept 108–110 130–131 Contrad, Sebastien 501–502 ICC/OTP examinations and reports 315 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Justice and Peace Law (2005) 136 Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or reparations 173, 177, 389–390, 390–391, Punishment (1987) 98 393 Conventions on the Prevention and social cleansing 136 Punishment of the Crime of Genocide UN Women’s reparations initiative 196 (1948/1951) 98, 367, 468–469 Commission of Experts for the former Cook, Jonathan 506 Yugoslavia (Yugoslavia Commission) Correa, Cristián 395, 399 407, 413, 419 Correa, Gonzalo Vial 210 Commission of Experts on Rwanda 419 Côte d’Ivoire Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon 415 conviction of Gbagbo 310–311 Commission of Inquiry on the Central African Council of Europe Republic (CAR Commission) 407–408, on lustration 257, 432–433 410, 414–415, 416 On Measures to Dismantle the Heritage of commissions of inquiry (COIs) 401–423 Former Communist Totalitarian accountability for violations 417–422 Systems (1996) 432–433 evolution in transitional justice 406–408 criminal accountability 16–19, 96–97, 197 as fact-finding mechanism 402–406 see also international criminal law (ICL) international inquiry and lack of binding critique of transitional justice literature 52–73 powers 403–405 forgiveness 62, 66–68 mandates and findings of 403, 404, gender justice 55–59 408–410 ideology 70–72 recommendations of 410–413 internal/external critique 53–54 right to truth and 413–417 purpose of external critique 62–63 summary conclusion 6, 422–423 purpose of internal critique 54 UN practices 401, 405–406 reconciliation 62–63, 68–70 see also individual COIs; individual social justice 59–62 countries summary conclusion 4, 72–73 Committee of the Convention on the truth-seeking 62–66 Elimination of All Forms of Violence Croatia Against Women (CEDAW) 120–121 laws providing access to secret files 513 community-based mediation 88 lustration measures 518 community-based organizations 228 cultural cleansing, definition 269 complicit and benefitting bystanders (Osiel) cultural memoricide see Israel 352 Cyprus, Turkish Republic of Northern conditional amnesty, definition 359 ECtHR case on expropriation by 109
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Index 535
Czechoslovakia, former Documentary Center for Cambodia (DC-Cam) crimes against humanity 512 337 lack of tolerance of exit/voice 525 domestic justice see hybrid tribunals Law on Extrajudicial Rehabilitation 523 domestic rule of law see rule of law lustration measures 516, 525 reconstruction Czech Republic Domingo, Pilar 82 cases against, under provisions of ICCPR DRC v Uganda (ICJ) 397 110 Dudai, Ron 488–489, 506 indictment of Communist Party leaders 510 Duthie, Roger 160, 164, 167, 171 laws providing access to secret files 513 du Toit, Andre 346–347 Dyzenhaus, David 81 lustration measures 257, 433–434, 435, 438, 516, 518 Eastern Europe see Central and Eastern Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day Europe; individual countries 523 East Germany, former crimes against humanity and 512 Dada, Carlos 288–289 ECtHR cases and domestic law of 104 Daly, Erin 64, 253, 265 lustration measures 519 David, Roman 257, 433–434 East Timor Dayton Peace Agreement 113 capacity building and 339 de facto amnesty, definition 360 COI accountability and reconciliation de Greiff, Pablo 76, 160–161, 171, 175, review 409 192, 255, 263, 307, 380, 398, 428, conflict with Indonesia 331–332 437–438 reparations 384, 398 de Klerk, F.W. 351 tradition-based justice practices 149–152, democratic consolidation argument 14–15 155, 156, 260 Democratic Kampuchea 472 truth commissions 26, 125, 347 Derrida, Jacques 66–67 see also United NationsTransitional development, holistic approach to 159–181 Administration for East Timor actors and development interventions (UNTAET) 173–175 economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights common goals and mutual reinforcement Arbour on 163 170–172 Roht-Arriaza on 164–165 judicial and security sector reforms Sharp on 164 177–179 Waldorf on 170 justice, definition 161–165 see also critique of transitional justice from negative peace to positive peace literature; reparations; truth 166–167 commissions political economies and 169–170 Edwards, I. 323 relationships between transitional justice El Faro (online magazine) 288 and development 167–173 El Salvador reparations 175–176 Farabund Martí National Liberation Front Rights-based and Human Development 29–30 approaches 165–166 truth commissions 24, 353, 354 summary conclusion 5, 179–181 vetting practices 427–478 truth commissions 176–177 Elster, Jon 12, 14, 32–33, 428, 437 Dhawan, Nikita 50, 71 Enns, Diane 345–346 Dieng, Adama 289 Eppelmann, Rainer 521 distributive justice 161, 163–164, 166, 172, Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission 393 397 see also development, holistic approach to Estonia Dixon, Peter J. 261–262, 326 lustration measures 111 Dlamini-Zuma, Nkosazana 193 ethical loneliness (Stauffer) 65
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Ethiopia reparations and non-judicial measures Red Terror trials 45 482–486 Europe retributive justice 466–467 post-communist era lustration practices supermajority requirement 332 430–432, 434–435 Victim Support Services 337, 477–486 transitional justice development in 23–24 victims’ rights groups 249 fact-finding see commissions of inquiry see also individual countries (COIs) European Convention on Human Rights family member rights 97–98, 385–386 (ECHR) Farabund Martí National Liberation Front see Article 1, Protocol 1, right to property El Salvador 109–110 Fattah, Ezzat A. 248 Article 3, prohibition on torture and feminist scholarship see gender in transitional inhuman or degrading punishment 98 justice Article 6, lustration proceedings 112 Ferstman, Carla 324 Article 7, legality principle 103–104 Fithen, Caspar 428 Article 8, privacy rights 112 Fletcher, Laurel E. 162–163, 173 on ethnicity requirements as discriminatory Ford Foundation 203, 204, 217 113–115 funding of ICTJ 209 on state requirement to investigate 99 investment in Law and Development European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) movement in Latin America 205–207, on amnesties 101 209–210 on expropriation 108–109, 110 litigation initiatives to affect South African lustration cases 112–113, 436–437 Apartheid 207, 208, 209, 211 on power-sharing agreements and ethnicity forgiveness 62, 66–68, 348 requirements 113–115 France, as signatory to IMT 16 on reparations 395 Franki, Hannah 49 on state duty to investigate 369 Franklin, Thomas A. 205 victims and family rights 98 Freedom House 39 see also individual cases Freeman, Mark 20, 359 European Day of Remembrance for Victims Fujimori, Alberto 24, 90, 296–298 of Stalinism and Nazism 523 Funk, T. Markus 320 European Union (EU) Policy Framework on Support to García-Godos, Jemima 32 Transitional Justice 192, 194, 195–196 Gbagbo, Laurent 310–311 European Union Rule of Law Mission in Gbagbo, Simone 310–311 Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo) 331 G8, Declaration on Preventing Sexual ex-combatants see truth commissions Violence in Conflict 123 Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) 332 gender in transitional justice 117–141 Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of ‘add women’ approach 56, 60 Cambodia (ECCC) 470–486 broadening of harms and sexual violence on amnesties 369 56–57, 123–129 awarded UN Promoting Gender Equality continuum of violence 57–58 and Improving Access to Justice for feminist postcolonial scholarship 139–140 Female Survivors and Victims of legal, normative and policy framework Gender-based Violence under the 119–123 Khmer Rouge Regime project 485–486 operationalizing gender 138 cases against former Khmer Rouge leaders participation of women in the field 131–133 473–485 redress of structural gender inequalities establishment of 18, 26, 146, 470–472 129–131 lackluster outcomes 329–330 sexual minorities 136–138 Public Affairs Section 337 structural violence in conflict 57
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subsistence harms 128–129 tradition-based justice, pros and cons summary conclusion 5, 140–141 154–157 transformative capacity of feminist Uganda, tradition-based justice practices engagements 138–139 152–154, 155 value of masculinities theory 133–136 Goering, Hermann 334 web of harms concept 57 Goldstone, Richard 499 women and feminism 118–119 see also United Nations Fact Finding gender justice NGOs 227 Mission on the Gaza Conflict Geneva Conventions (1929) 102 (Goldstone Commission) Geneva Conventions (1949) 14, 17, 135 Golebiewski, Daniel 270–271, 272–273, Additional Protocol I 367 282–283 Gordy, Eric 298, 336 Additional Protocol II 358, 362–363 Gready, Paul 265, 271–272, 280, 344, 345, duty to extradite and prosecute 98 348 genocide see individual conventions and Grosescu, Raluca 510 countries Group of Experts for Cambodia (Cambodia Gerardi, Juan 273, 284, 453 Commission) 408, 412 German Corporation for International Group on Historical Memory Report (2008) Cooperation 173 130–131 Germano, Gustavo 283 Guatemala (case study) 445–465 Germany actors responsible for conflict-related deaths Charlie’s Point Museum 524 390 Commission of Inquiry for the Assessment armed conflict and peace agreements of History and Consequences of the 445–446 SED Dictatorship in Germany former paramilitary PAC members 521–522 449–450, 461 Commission of Inquiry on Overcoming the guarantees of non-repetition 461–462 Consequences of the SED 521 High-Risk Courts 462 dismissals due to links to Stasi 516 IACtHR impacts on national courts laws providing access to secret files 513, 456–458 514, 515 National Civilian Police 461 lustration declarations, post-reunification National Reconciliation (amnesty) Law 516 (NRL) (1996) 451–453, 458 post-communism court prosecutions 509 National Reparations Program 173, Stasi headquarters 524 449–451 Germany v Poland, The Factory at Chorzów Recovery of Historical Memory (REHMI) (PCIJ) 378 347, 445, 447–448, 453 Ghana Rios Montt trials 288, 295, 454, 455, truth commissions 98 458–461, 465 Gibson, James L. 293–294 Sepur Zarco trial 197–198, 460 Global Focal Point on Police, Justice and Spain and universal jurisdiction 453–456 Corrections Areas in the Rule of Law in summary conclusion 6, 463–465 Post Conflict and other Crisis Situations truth-seeking 447–448 (GFP) 191 UN Commission of Historical Clarification global-local balance in transitional justice 445–449 142–158 see also International Commission on East Timor, tradition-based justice practices Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) 149–152, 155, 156 Guatemalan Constitutional Court (GCC), on focus on locality 144–147 universal jurisdiction 454–455 local justice, definition 144 Guatemala Never Again report (1984) 25, 447 Rwanda, tradition-based justice practices Guerrero, J.R. 333 147–149, 155–156 Guinea Commission 412, 413 summary conclusion 5, 157–158 Gurion, David Ben 492
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Habré, Hissène 332 Hungary Haggard, Stephen 84–85 amnestied crime laws 511 Hague Convention IV (1907) 102 confession-based lustration 516–517 Halbwachs, Maurice 247 crimes against humanity and 512 Halper, Jeff 497 delayed prosecution in revolution of 1956 Hamas 498, 499 510 Hamber, Brandon 134, 257, 381, 392 laws providing access to secret files 513 Hariri, Rafic 332, 333 lustration measures 111, 433, 434, 519, 526 Harmon, Mark 475 nonprosecution of Communist Party leaders Harris, Brownyn 235 510 Haslam, Emily 323 Terror House 524 Hayner, Priscilla 21, 22, 125, 203, 209, 211, tolerance of exit/voice 525 343, 352, 405 Hun Sen 331, 470 Heller, Kevin Jon 310–311, 312 Helsinki Watch see Human Rights Watch Huntington, Samuel 525 Henkin, Alice 209 Hussein, Saddam 27 Hernandez-Salazar, Daniel 275, 282 hybrid tribunals 18, 328–341 Hezbollah 332, 333, 415 capacity building and 339–340 Hirondelle News Agency, on ICTR categories of 330–333 proceedings 294–295 debates over remoteness of 334, 339–340 historical memory field, use of term 210 historiography and 338–339 The Holocaust in American Life (Novick) intergroup bias and ownership of findings 247 333–338 Holocaust victims/survivors summary conclusion 6, 340–341 fraudulent claims by neo-Nazi group 398 see also individual tribunals legacy of 262 migration to Palestine 491 identity and post-conflict see hybrid tribunals; prisoner resistance and complicity 351 truth commissions reparations for 24, 378 Ieng Sary 467–470, 473 support for universal ethic of intervention Ieng Thirith 473 247 immunities, definition 360 Swiss Bank settlement 386 see also amnesties Honecker, Erik 510 impunity, and campaigns against see Humanitarian Law Center, Program for amnesties; truth commissions Documentation and Memory 432 impunity, definition 360 human rights 95–116 indigenous justice and rule-of-law amnesties vs. legality principle 96–101 reconstruction 79, 88, 91 contribution of IHRL 94–96 see also global-local balance in transitional non-retroactivity principle 101–104 justice power-sharing agreements 113–115 Inter-Allied Resolution on German War regime change and purges/vetting 111–113 Crimes (1942) 16 reparations for individuals/collectives Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 105–107 (IACHR) 449 restitution of property and limits of IHRL on amnesty laws 456 108–110 effectiveness of 24 summary conclusion 4–5, 115–116 prohibition on amnesties 99, 100 human rights courts 391 Inter-American Court of Human Rights see also individual courts (IACtHR) 99, 211–212, 449 Human Rights First 206 on amnesties 100, 101, 369, 456, 457–458 human rights NGOs 226 award of collective reparations 387 Human Rights Watch 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, on continuous violations 108–109 359, 436, 501 on reparations 379–380, 385–386, 395 Humphrey, Michael 348 on restitution in reparations 106
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on state control of non-state actor violators LRA indictments 153–154 390–391 Office of the Prosecutor, strategic on state duty to investigate 368 challenges 316–319 see also individual cases Palestine and transitional justice 498–501 intergroup bias see hybrid tribunals Policy Paper on Sexual- and Gender-based International Alert 216 Crimes (2014) 122–123 International Center for Transitional Justice recent African cases 25–26, 39 (ICTJ) 1, 30, 160, 202–220 relationships between prosecutions and from advocacy to state support 211–215 transitional justice 305–308 flagship organizations as state expertise reparations 107, 324–326 207–209 role of prosecutor and justice 314–315 funding of umbrella organization vs. local Rome Statute 18, 39, 122, 127, 153–154, projects 209–210 180, 308–312, 317–318, 360, 367–368, as gate-keeper in the field 215–219 379, 411, 499, 500 gender work in reparations 127 summary conclusion 6, 327 as model of public litigation Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) 107, 168, scholar-practitioner organization 174, 180, 324–326 205–207 undermining of efforts in Kenya 48 sexual minorities 136 unintended consequences of Ugandan study on reparations in Peru 180 efforts 48 summary conclusion 5, 219–220 Victim and Witness Unit 261, 320–324 support for hybrid tribunals 337 Victim Participation and Reparations International Commission of Inquiry on Section 321 Darfur (Darfur Commission) 412, 419, views on UNSC lack of support for 420 420–421 see also individual cases International Commission of Inquiry on Libya international criminal law (ICL) 186 417–418 gender justice and 54–55, 56, 124 International Commission of Jurists 206, 212 Koskenniemi on 307 International Commission on Impunity in legality principle and 102–103 Guatemala (CICIG) 462 national criminal accountability and 197 International Court of Justice (ICJ) relationship to transitional justice 39, 353, condemnation of Israeli violations in 418 Palestine 498 turn toward non-punitive approaches 98–99 Israeli refusal to recognize jurisdiction of see also individual tribunals and courts 498, 499, 500 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Legal Consequences of the Construction of (ICTR) a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian concurrent with transitional justice Territory (2004) 106 instruments 31, 155 on Ugandan reparations 397 establishment of 2, 17–18, 145, 148, 308, see also individual cases 339–340, 360, 419 International Covenant on Civil and Political media coverage of 294–295 Rights (ICCPR) 99, 110, 468 International Criminal Tribunal for the former International Criminal Court (ICC) 2, Yugoslavia (ICTY) 305–327 cases involving journalists 288 cases on destruction of cultural art/artefacts challenges of reconciliation and 366 268–269 critique of 421–422 complementarity and 101, 125, 153–154, establishment of 2, 13, 17–18, 145–146, 197, 260, 308–312, 501 308, 331, 339–340, 360, 407, 419 conceptions of justice and 313–314 international criminal law and 102–103 conviction record 316 media coverage of 290–291, 294, 295–296, debates over remoteness of 146 298 establishment of 308–309 Serbian belief that war crimes not ICTJ support for 218–219 committed 343–344
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international criminal tribunals 251–252, 313 refusal to grant access to COIs 416 see also individual tribunals refusal to recognize jurisdiction of ICJ 498, international humanitarian law (IHL) 98, 105, 499, 500 247–248, 407–409 reparations order (ICJ advisory opinion) see also commissions of inquiry (COIs) 106 international human rights law (IHRL) 94–96, Ituango Massacre v Colombia (IACtHR) 186, 247–248 390–391 see also human rights Ixil-Maya people 459–460, 464 internationalization of transitional justice see time and space of transitional justice Jaruzelski, Wojciech 510 internationalized tribunals see hybrid tribunals Jelacic, Nerma 296 International Journal of Transitional Justice Joinet, Louis 361 160, 216 Jones, Bruce 92 International Labor Organization (ILO) 111–112, 257, 436 Josef Frank Adam v The Czech Republic (UN International Meeting on Women’s and Girls’ Human Rights Committee) 110 Right to a Remedy and Reparation 122 journalism see media in transitional contexts International Military Tribunal (IMT) 16–17, judicial sector reform 88–90, 177–179 102, 104, 111, 308 Justice Rapid Response (JRR), International Military Tribunal for the Far Complementarity Progarmme 197–198 East (IMTFE) 16–17, 26, 102, 308 international non-governmental organizations Kagame, Paul 44, 148 (NGOs), scholarship on 202–204 Kaing Guek Eav see Kang Kek Iew see also individual organizations (’Comrade Duch’) International Organization for Migration 173 Kalshoven, Frits 407 International Protocol on the Documentation Kang Kek Iew (’Comrade Duch’) 331, 473, and Investigation of Sexual Violence in 483–484 Conflict 123 Kant, Immanuel, on civil society 237 international refugee law 186 Karimov, Islam 44–45 Iraq Karsh, Efraim 494 de-Ba’athification program 429–430, 439 Kavanagh, Camino 92 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal 27 Kendall, Sara 321 Ireland Kenya actors responsible for conflict-related deaths civil society impact on 230 389 Commission of Inquiry into post-election amnesties 374 violence (2008) 316 civil litigation for Real IRA bombing 396 compromise of power-sharing deals 43 peace agreement with Northern Ireland 364 factions undermining of ICC efforts 48 truth commissions 342, 346, 350 ICC admissibility challenge in Ruto case ISIS 188–189 311 Israel proposal for Special Tribunal 316–317 Budget Foundations Law (Nakba Law) Truth, Justice and Reconciliation 503–504 Commission 177, 385, 399 contested origins of Arab-Israeli conflict Keo Chenda 468 490–495 Kersten, Mark 41 Haram Al Shariff (Temple Mount) Khalidi, Rashid 490 excavations 505–506 Khalidi, Walid 493, 494 investigation of by ICC 498–500 Khashan, Ali 499 Naksa (annexation of East Jerusalem) Khieu Samphan 467, 473 502–503 Khmer Rouge 331, 333, 341, 369, 408, Occupied Palestinian Territories 106, 416, 466–467, 470–472 421, 499, 500, 504 Khoury, Fady 503–504 Oslo Peace Accords (1993) 496–497 Khoury, Nadim 488–489, 490, 492, 502
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K.-H W. v Germany (ECtHR) 104 Levi, Primo 351 Kimmel, Michael 134 Liberia Kirby, Michael 422–423 as transboundary/regionalized conflict/abuse Koller, David S. 313 50 Kontorovich, Eugene 488–489, 499 transitional justice, development of 42 Kony, Joseph 152–153 vetting practices 428, 439 Koskenniemi, Martti 307 Libya Kosovo transitional justice development in 27–28 capacity building and 339 UNSC referral to ICC 411 Regulation 64 Panels 23 Lira, Elizabeth 210 see also European Union Rule of Law Lithuania Mission in Kosovo (EULEX Kosovo); lustration measures 111, 112 United Nations Mission in Kosovo Loayza Tamayo case (IACtHR) 106 (UNMIK) local justice see global-local balance in Kritz, Neil J. 14, 30, 441 transitional justice Kuovo, Sari 55, 56, 58 Lomé Peace Agreement 26 Kurki, Leena 249 London Charter see International Military Kyrgyzstan Tribunal (IMT) quasi-truth commission 27 Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) see Uganda Lozano, Olga Lucia 300 Lambourne, Wendy 163, 174, 265 Lucas, Benedicto 460 Laplante, Lisa J. 82–83, 163, 287, 289, lustration see vetting and lustration measures 296–298, 299, 356 Lutz, Ellen 77–78 Las Dos Erres v The Republic of Guatemala Lux, Otilia 447 (IACtHR) 457–458 Latin America MacArthur, Douglas 16 amnesty record 369, 370–371 Macedonia campaign against impunity and 360 indictment of Communist Party leaders 510 criminal accountability 96–97 laws providing access to secret files 514 ‘Dirty Wars’ (1970s-1980s) 40 lustration measures 519 Ford Foundation and NGO initiatives Mack, Myrna 453, 456 205–206, 209–210 Madlingozi, Tshepo 346 transitional justice development in 24–25 Madres de Plaza de Mayo 382 truth commissions 342, 354 Maeseneer, Yves De 281 see also individual countries Maktouf and Damjanovic case (ECtHR) Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Under 103–104 Law 214 Mallinder, Louise 2, 20, 359 Lawyers Committee for Human Rights see Mamdani, Mahmood 253–254, 354 Human Rights First Mandela, Winnie 351 League of Nations 407, 491 Mani, Rama 32, 61, 160, 164, 176–177, Lebanon 265–266, 280–281, 283 amnesties 28 Maravall, Jose Maria 82 see also Commission of Inquiry on Marguš v Croatia (ECtHR) 101 Lebanon; Special Tribunal for Lebanon Marks, Susan 344 (STL) Masalha, Nur 493 Leebaw, Bronwyn 3–4 masculinities theory see gender in transitional legal empowerment (Waldorf) 170 justice legality principle (nullem crimen sine lege and Maslow, Abraham H. 168 nulla poena sine lege) 101–104 Matua, Makau 70 legal pluralism Mayer-Rieckh, Alexander 428, 437–438 definition 250 McAdams, A. James 437 impact of 263 McAuliffe, Padraig 311 Legal Resources Centre (LRC) 207 McConnachie, Kirsten 347
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McEvoy, Kieran 2, 340–341, 347, 350 Nagy, Rosemary 355 McGoldrick, Jamie 199 Nairobi Declaration on the Right to Remedy media in transitional contexts 286–301 and Reparation of Women and Girls Bennett on social responsibility of (2007) 122, 389–390 journalists 301 Nakba see Palestine (case study) coverage of South African TRC 269–270 Nalepa, Monika 257 framing of news 292 naming and shaming politics 345–346, 353, impact of special projects 293–295 418–419 phases of engagement between 290–293 see also truth commissions politicization of coverage 295–298 Nedelsky, Nadya 527 relationships between 286–290 negative peace see development, holistic summary conclusion 5, 298–301 approach to ‘Mediating Post-conflict Dialogue: The Neier, Aryeh 214 Media’s Role in Transitional Justice Processes’ (Laplante and Phenicie) 287 Nepal Meernik, J. 333 Commission for the Investigation of the Meister, Robert 263 Disappeared 199 memorialization of victims 238–239, Truth and Reconciliation Commission 199 257–259, 264–265, 524 Victims Common Platform for Transitional Menchú, Rigoberta 453, 454 Justice 199–200 Mendeloff, David 253, 254, 343, 344 Nerenberg, Daniel 498 Méndez, Juan 210, 213–214, 217 Nesiah, Vasuki 58–59, 71, 140 Merry, Sally Engle 250 Nets-Zehngut, Rafi 488–489 Meyers, Charles 245–246 new legal pluralism, definition 250 Middle East and North Africa Ní Aoláin, Fionnuala 45, 58, 130, 138–139, amnesties 28 347 transitional justice development in 27–28 Nieftagodien, Noor 355–356 truth commissions 28 Nollkaemper, André 418 see also individual countries non-retroactivity principle see human rights Mignone, Emilio 206 North Africa see Middle East and North Miller, Zinaida 32, 48–49, 60, 353 Africa Minkinnen, Panu 67 North America Minow, Martha 344, 350 transitional justice development in 28–29 mixed tribunals see hybrid tribunals see also individual countries Moffett, Luke 312, 322 North Korea Moon, Claire 66, 70, 345, 347–348 refusal to grant access to COIs 416 Morales, Jimmy 464 North Korea Commission 410, 411–412, 414, Moran, John 525 415, 416, 418–419, 422–423 Moreno-Ocampo, Louis 154 Novick, Peter 247 Morocco Nunca Más report see Guatemala Never Equity and Reconciliation Commission Again report (1984) (IER) 385, 387, 393 Nuon Chea 467, 470, 473 Instance Equité et Réconciliation 28 Nuremberg Tribunal see International Military reparations 384, 385, 387, 393 Tribunal (IMT) Morris, Benny 493–494 Mozambique Ocampo, Luis Moreno 500 amnesties 374 Occupied Palestinian Territories see Israel Muddell, Kelli 136–137 Oceania Mullen, Matthew 357 transitional justice development in 27 Museveni, Yoweri 48, 152–153 Odio-Benito, Elizabeth 256 Muthaura, Kenyatta, and Ali case (ICC) 310, Office of the High Commissioner for Human 315, 321 Rights (OHCHR) 193 MV Mavi Marmara attack 498–499 fact-finding activities 406
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guidelines for employees in post-conflict Peerenboom, Randall 74 work 111–112 Perez Molina, Otto 464 as lead agency on transitional justice performance art see art and transitional justice 190–191 Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 397 ‘Promotion and Protection of Human Rights personnel reforms see vetting and lustration – Study on the Right to the Truth’ 252 measures ‘Rule of Law Tools for Post Conflict States’ Peru 190 media coverage of Fujimori trial 296–298 UNSG Guidance Note on the United reparations 177, 180, 383, 384 Nations Approach to Transitional theatre collective on social memory 278 Justice (2010) 187–188 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 126, Olarte, Maria 49 137, 278, 354, 356, 389 Olsen, Tricia 344 On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness Pham, Phuong 168–169 (Derrida) 66–67 Phenicie, Kelly 287, 289, 296–298 one-sided amnesty, definition 359–360, 370 Pigou, Piers 351 Oprea, Marius 524 Pillay, Navi 199 Orentlicher, Diane 359 Pinochet, Augusto 21, 374 The Oresteia (Aeschylus) 12 Poland O’Rourke, Catherine 57, 59 amnestied crime laws 511 Osiel, Mark 352, 392, 506 confession-based lustration 516–517 Oslo Peace Accords (1993) 496–497 crimes against humanity and 512 human rights violations 509 Palestine (case study) 488–507 indictment of Communist Party leaders 510 application for accession to ICC 499–500 laws providing access to secret files 514 contested origins of Arab-Israeli conflict lustration measures 111, 433, 434, 519, 526 490–495 tolerance of exit/voice 525 Gaza Strip/West Bank schism 498 Pol Pot 331, 467–469 ICC initiatives and 498–501 Posel, Deborah 352, 355 MV Mavi Marmara attack 498–499 positive peace see development, holistic Nakba (expulsion/exodus) (1948) 493–495, approach to 501–505 Posner, Eric 81 Oslo Peace Accords (1993) 496–497 post-communism (1945-1989) see Central and Palestinian Authority 496, 498 Eastern Europe politics of failure (1967-1993) 496–498 post-transitional justice, definition of 3 receives UN non-member observer status 499–500 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 246 summary conclusion 7, 505–507 power-sharing agreements 43, 113–115 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Price, Monroe 289 496 private law remedies see reparations Papamichalopoulos and Others v Greece progressive temporality see critique of (ECtHR) 109 transitional justice literature Pappe, Ilan 490–491, 492–493, 497, 502 Prosecutor v Katanga and Ngudjolo (ICC) Paris Peace Treaties (1947) 23 322 Payne, Leigh 344 Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (ICC) Paz y Paz Bailey, Claudia 458, 462 18–19, 168, 310, 315, 321, 324–326 peacebuilding, impact on psycho/medical NGOs 227 post-conflict/post-atrocity countries PTSD 254 43–44 Pulver, R. 91 peacebuilding NGOs 226–227 purges in post-regime change see human peace vs. justice debate 35, 138–139, 204, rights; vetting and lustration measures 359 Pedraz, Santiago 454, 455 Quinn, Joanna R. 36, 37
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Rabin, Yitzhak 497 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) see Sierra Rainys and Gasparavic´ius v Lithuania Leone (ECtHR) 112 Reynolds, Simon 500–501 Ramírez-Barat, Clara 277 Rimmer, Harris 131–132 Ramji-Nogales, Jaya 314 Rios Montt, José Efrain 288, 295, 454, 455, Ranariddh, Norodom, Prince 470 458–461, 465 rape, as act of aggression in war 127 Robins, Simon 265 Ratner, Steven 417 Robinson, Darryl 312, 317 Real IRA 396 Rockefeller Fund 207 reconciliation see critique of transitional Roht-Arriaza, Naomi 32, 42, 164–165, justice literature 175–176, 259, 359 Reiter, Andrew 42, 43, 344 Romania religious organizations 226 amnestied crime laws 511 reparations 377–400 celebrates victims of the communist regime apportionment amongst family members 523 385–386 citizens’ opinion tribunal 524 as blood money 382 crimes against humanity and 512 development actors and 195 human rights violations 509 disaggregation of 380–381 indictment of Communist Party leaders 510 eligibility for 383–388 laws providing access to secret files 514 evidential and financial challenges 397–399 lustration measures 520, 525 gender perspective and 382–383 National Council for the Study of Securitate guiding principles 394 Archives vetting 516 historical and international perspective partially implemented transitional justice 378–380 programs 528 holistic approach to development and Presidential Commission for the Study of 175–176 the Communist Dictatorship in ICC mandate 107, 324–326 Romania 521–522 individual and collective victims 386–388 Sighet Memorial of the Victims of mechanisms of 395–397 Communism and of the Resistance as political project 381–382 239, 524 post-civil war 42–43 Rombouts, Heidy 394 post-WWII 19, 23 Romero, Anthony 209 potential social stigma and 326 Rome Statute see International Criminal Court as process 392–395 responsibility for 388–391 (ICC) rule of law and 79, 81 Ross, Amy 50 summary conclusion 6, 399–400 Ross, Fiona C. 125, 254 theoretical and practical boundaries of Rubin-Marín, Ruth 382, 394 380–383 Rudd, Kevin 20 as transformative 382–383 rule of law reconstruction 74–94 victimhood and 254–256 narrative vs. programmatic view of 74–77 see also human rights; individual regions post-conflict domestic rule of law 87–92 and countries relationship between transitional justice and Reparations Agreement, Israel/West Germany 77–84 (1952) 19 summary conclusion 4, 92–94 replication of best practices 30 in vacuous post-conflict state 84–87 restitution of property 108–110, 523 Ruto, William Samoei 311, 316 restorative justice 249–250, 263, 375–376 Rwanda ‘Reverberations of Testimony: South Africa’s quasi-truth commission (1993) 26 Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) 43, 44, 148, Art and Media’ (Cole) 293–294 149
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tradition-based justice practices (gacaca Shining Path 389 courts) 43, 45, 79, 147–149, 155–156, Shirlow, Pete 350 365 Sierra Leone 18 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 394 amnesties 360, 374 see also International Criminal Tribunal for capacity building and 339 Rwanda (ICTR) control of diamond mines 334 Fambul Tok project 155 Sanbar, Elias 493 reparations 382, 384 Sanchez, Rodriguez 458, 459 Revolutionary United Front (RUF) 330 Sang, Joshua arap 316 as transboundary/regionalized conflict/abuse Sankey, Diana 128 50 Sankoh, Foday 330, 341 transitional justice, development of 42 Saxon, Dan 419–420 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 31, Schabas, William A. 31, 409 98, 126, 253, 349, 350, 351, 352–353, Search for Common Ground 216 354–355 Secretary General of the United Nations see also Special Court for Sierra Leone (UNSG) (SCSL) fact-finding activities 405 Sighet Memorial of the Victims of Group of Experts for Cambodia (Cambodia Communism and of the Resistance, Commission) 408, 412 Romania 239, 524 Guidance Note on Reparations for Sigsworth, Romi 129 Conflict-related Sexual Violence (2014) Sikkink, Kathryn 32–33 121 Simpson, Gerry J. 313 Guidance Note on the United Nations Simpson, Graeme 208–209, 211, 352 Approach to Transitional Justice (2010) Simunek, Hastings, Tuzilova and Prochazka v 187–188 The Czech Republic (UN Human Rights Sri Lanka post-civil war inquiry 409 Committee) 110 security sectary reform (SSR), holistic Sirleaf, Matiangai 50 approach 177–179 Slovak Republic, former Seils, Paul 217 indictment of Communist Party leaders 510 Sejdic´ and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina laws providing access to secret files 514 (ECtHR) 113–115 lustration measures 520 self-amnesties, definition 359–360, 370 Struggle for Freedom and Democracy Day Sen, Amartya 165, 171, 179 523 Senegal Slovenia Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) 332 Statehood Day 523 SENSE News Agency, on ICTY proceedings social justice see critique of transitional 294–295 justice literature Sepur Zarco case (National Courts of social movements, in civil society 228 Guatemala) 197–198, 460 Social Science Research Council 210 Serbia Solomon Islands denial of war crimes 343–344 Reconciliation, Peace and National Unity laws providing access to secret files 514, Ministry 30 515 Sotiropoulos, Dimitri 439 lustration measures 520 South Africa sexual minorities see gender in transitional amnesties 26, 374 justice conditional amnesty legislation 99–101 sexual violence see gender in transitional Ford Foundation and NGO initiatives justice 207–209, 211 Sharp, Dustin N. 43–44, 45, 49, 164, 166, Promotion of National Unity and 170, 177 Reconciliation Act (1995) (South Shaw, Rosalind 144, 147, 253 Africa) 21, 22 shell shock (Meyers) 245–246 refuses to arrest Al-Bashir 318–319
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reparations 26, 177 UNSC referral to ICC 411, 419, 420 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 21, Sumaili, Adolphe 50 22, 26, 62, 64, 66, 67, 81, 98, 100, survivor, use of term 346–347 125, 126, 137, 208–209, 211, 250, survivors of sexual and gender-based violence 253–254, 269, 293–294, 342, 343, 345, (SGBV) 347–348, 364, 369, 384–385, 390, 393 criminal law accountability and 197–198 South African Constitutional Court, on UN Women’s reparations initiative and 196 conditional amnesty 369 Swiss Bank Holocaust settlement 386 South African Supreme Court, rejects Syria challenge to TRJ 100 refusal to grant access to COIs 416 South Sudan transitional justice, prospects for 38 AUCISS inquiry 193–194 Syria Commission 411, 412, 414, 415, 420 Soviet Union, former, as signatory to IMT 16 Spain Organic Law of the Judicial Branch (LOPJ) tactical storytelling (Pigou) 351 454, 455 Tamanaha, Brian 74, 250 post-Franco general amnesty 23 targeted advocacy see civil society universal jurisdiction 453–456 Taylor, Charles 330–331, 333, 363–364 Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) Teitel, Ruti G. 1, 12–13, 32–33, 36, 45, 70, concurrent with transitional justice 307, 313, 343 instruments 31 Transitional Justice 81–82 establishment of 18, 146, 330–331, 332, Tenove, Chris 261–262 337 Theidon, Kimberly 133–134 gender justice and 124–125 Theissen, Molina 464 Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) 27, thick/thin rule of law see rule of law 329–330, 332, 333, 339, 341 reconstruction Srebrenica third wave of democratization 34 genocide against men/boys 136 Thomas, Oskar N.T. 253 Sri Lanka Tiede, Lydia 84–85 COI investigations on 409 Tiemessen, Alana 15, 33 Sri Lanka Panel of Experts 409, 413, 417, 422 Tilly, Charles 346 Sriram, Chandra Lekha 32, 44, 50, 170 time and space of transitional justice 34–51 Stahn, Carsten 315 confined windows of opportunity Stanley, Elizabeth 344, 347, 353 assumption 36–41 Starzyk, Katherine B. 392 in consolidated democracies 46–47 Stauffer, Jill 65 correlation to liberalization assumption Stover, Eric 252 42–44 Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v Germany internationalization of 47–49 (ECtHR) 104 post-transition 40–41 Stremlau, Nicola 289 pre-transition 37–39 structural gender inequalities see gender in summary conclusion 4, 50–51 transitional justice transboundary/regionalized conflict 49–50 structural violence transitions to authoritarian rule 44–45 gender justice and 57 Timor-Leste see East Timor invisibility of 61–62 Timor–Leste Experts Report 412 Subotic´, Jelena 202 Tismaneanu, Vladimir 521 sub-Saharan Africa Tladi, Dire 318 transitional justice development in 25–26 Tojo, Alfredo Balsells 447 subsidiarity principle 390 Tokyo Tribunal see International Military subsistence harms see gender in transitional Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) justice Tolbert, David 219 Sudan Tomuschat, Christian 106–107, 447 transitional justice, prospects for 38, 39 top-down transitional justice 48–49
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torture, sexual violence against women as international engagement 29–30 126–127 in Latin America 24–25 tradition-based justice see global-local balance limits of 32 in transitional justice in Middle East and North Africa 27–28 transboundary/regionalized conflict see time in North America 28–29 and space of transitional justice; reparations 19–20 individual countries replication of best practices 30 Transcultural Psychosocial Organization 485 simultaneity of 30–31 transformative justice, use of term 37 in sub-Saharan Africa 25–26 transition, definition 36–37 summary conclusion 4, 33 transitional justice, development of 11–33 third wave of democratization 14–15 transitional justice timeline of 12–16 amnesty see amnesties truth commissions 23–24 art and performance art, role of see art and transitional justice truth-seeking 21–22 case studies see Cambodia; Central and see also individual regions and countries Eastern Europe; Guatemala; Palestine Transitional Justice Database 438 civil society see civil society transition to democracy scholarship 47 COIs see commissions of inquiry (COIs) trauma-based research see victim-centered critique of see critique of transitional justice transitional justice literature Treaty of Versailles (1919) 389 definitions 1, 2, 42, 50, 52, 305–306, Trial of Communism 511 401–402 Trindade, Cançado 379 development see development, holistic Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) see approach to International Criminal Court (ICC) gender issues see gender in transitional truth commissions 2, 342–357 justice amnesties and 98 human rights see human rights comparison to COIs 404–405 hybrid tribunals see hybrid tribunals components of 343 international development of see transitional differing cultural norms and 146–147 justice, development of; individual gender and transitional justice 56–57 countries holistic approach to development and local justice see global-local balance in 176–177 transitional justice perpetrators and 349–352 reparations see reparations reparations and 396 rule of law see rule of law reconstruction rule of law and 79, 80 United Nations see United Nations and scholarship on 97 transitional justice sexual violence and 125–126 victimhood see victim-centered transitional structural actors and 352–357 justice summary conclusion 6, 357 Transitional Justice (Kritz) 14 victimhood and 252–254 Transitional Justice (Teitel) 81–82 victims and 344–348 transitional justice, development of see also individual regions and countries amnesties 20–21 truth-seeking 21–22, 62–66, 273–276, in Asia 26–27 447–448 Basic Principles on the Right to Tunisia Reparations 27 Human Rights and Transitional Justice in consolidated democracies 32–33 Ministry 30 criminal accountability 16–19 media coverage and public awareness 291 in Europe 23–24 Truth and Dignity Commission 28 human rights instruments 13–14 Turek v Slovakia (ECtHR) 112 inclusion of economic/social/cultural rights Turner, Catherine 82 31–32 Tutu, Desmond 355
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Uganda United Nations Compensation Commission on Commission of Inquiry into Disappearances Iraq–Kuwait 397, 398 of People 22 United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Commission of Inquiry into Violations of Operations (DPKO) 190, 191 Human Rights 30 United Nations Development Fund for development of transitional justice Women (UNIFEM) 126 framework 200–201 United Nations Development Program ICJ on violations by state forces 397 (UNDP) 173, 190–191, 194–195, 451 Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) 48, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality 152–153, 200, 201 and the Empowerment of Women (UN Peace Recovery and Development Plan 201 Women) 190–191, 192, 193, 195–198 United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the tradition-based justice practices (mato oput) Gaza Conflict (Goldstone Commission) 79, 152–154, 155 413–414, 415, 415–416, 421, 499 transitional justice, development of 42 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) unintended consequences of ICC efforts 48 Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Uganda People’s Defence Force 200 Right to a Remedy and Reparation for UNESCO report, on Haram Al Shariff Victims of Gross Violations of excavations 505–506 International Human Rights Law and United Kingdom (UK) Serious Violations of International Mau-Mau claim and reparations 396 Humanitarian Law (UNBPG) (2005) role in Arab-Israeli conflict 491–492 105–106, 377, 380, 384, 389–390, 392 as signatory to IMT 16 condemnation of Israeli violations in United Nations and transitional justice Palestine 498 185–201 fact-finding activities 405–406, 407 commitment to 2, 29–30, 173 Resolutions on Palestine 491–492, 495, 500 cooperation with regional actors 190–194 United Nations Human Rights Committee critique of peace operations 86 on continuous violations 110 international norms and standards 186–190 on customary duty to prosecute and punish media coverage of segregation 292 368 Peacebuilding Commission and Fund 166 on expropriation 108–109 principled, victim-centered and SATRC and 355 participatory engagement 198–201 United Nations Human Rights Council Principles for the Protection and Promotion (UNHRC) of Human Rights through Action to fact-finding activities 405–406 Combat Impunity (1996) 361 Special Rapporteur on transitional justice relationships with member states and 95, 247–248 intergovernmental bodies 196–198 Special Rapporteur on Truth, Justice, Rule of Law and Transitional Reports Reparation and Guarantees of (2004/2011) 76, 87–88, 91, 251–252 Non-Recurrence 120, 122, 191–192, Study on Amnesties (1985) 361 200 Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Discrimination and the Protection of Women, its Causes and Consequences Minorities 105, 360 121–122 summary conclusion 5, 201 United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) transitional justice, definition 305–306 330, 331, 332 Updated Principles (2005) 189–190, 361, United Nations Office of the Special Adviser 366 on the Prevention of Genocide and work in post-conflict countries 194–196 Justice Rapid Response 193 see also hybrid tribunals United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime United Nations Charter 186, 368, 405 191 United Nations Commission on Historical United Nations Relief and Works Agency 495 Clarification (CEH) 445–449, 446 United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
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Commission of Experts for the former Valdez, Patricia 210 Yugoslavia (Yugoslavia Commission) Valji, Nahla 129 407, 413 Valverde, Estela 348 deferral of investigations 368 Van Boven, Theo 105 fact-finding activities 405 Van Boven/Bassiouni Principles 105–106 referral of Darfur to ICC 411 van der Merwe, Hugo 349 referral of Libya to ICC 27–28, 411 van Rooy, Alison 223 Resolution 944 17 van Zyl, Paul 203, 209, 211, 217–218 ‘The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice Veille, Stephanie 49 in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Velásquez-Rodríguez v Honduras (IACtHR) Report of the Secretary-General’ 99, 106, 211–212 (2004/2011) 186–189 Venema, Derk 37, 45 transitional justice issues and 92, 123 Verdeja, Ernesto 387 Women, Peace and Security Resolutions vetting and lustration measures 424–441 119–120, 123, 188, 191 benefits of 424–425 United NationsTransitional Administration for ECtHR cases on 112–113 East Timor (UNTAET) 87 lustration, definition 111, 256–257, Community Reconciliation Process (CRP) 430–437 150–152, 156 lustration per se, as non-violation of IHRL gender justice 126 111–113 special court and escape of Indonesian measurement/assessment challenges violators 331–332, 333 437–440 Special Panels for Serious Crimes (CAVR) national-level variations 427–428 150–151, 155, 332, 387–388 operational challenges 428–430 United Nations Transitional Authority in purges distinguished from vetting 426–427 Cambodia 470 rule of law and 435–437 United States (US) scope, content and duration of lustration Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation 432–434 Commission, South Carolina 28, 33 summary conclusion 6, 441 reparations for Japanese-American internees vetting, definition 425–430 386, 392 victimhood and 256–257 as signatory to IMT 16 see also individual countries victims’ rights groups 248–249 victim-centered transitional justice 244–266 Universal Declaration of Human Rights debates over 262–263 (1948) 14, 105 domestic vs. international jurisdictions universal jurisdiction 453–456 259–260 University of Witwatersrand Holocaust survivors support universal ethic Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS) of intervention 247 207 human rights advocacy and victims as Project for the Study of Violence 208 rights-bearers 247–248 Updated Set of Principles for the Protection institutional design and victim and Promotion of Human Rights through disenfranchisement 260–262 Action to Combat Impunity (2005) international criminal tribunals and 189–190, 361, 366 251–252 Ursachi, Raluca 510 legal pluralism vs. liberal legalism 250 US Agency for International Development lustration measures and 256–257 173, 215–216 memorialization 257–259, 264–265 Uzbekistan potential for disempowerment 263–265 non-liberal political transition in 44–45 reparations and 254–256 summary conclusion 5, 266 vacuous state (Bosire) 83–84 trauma-based research justification 245–246 see also critique of transitional justice truth commissions and 252–254 literature victim-centered practice 265–266
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victims’ rights movement and group support for field of transitional justice solidarity 248–249 215–216 Western restorative justice and 249–250 World Development Report (2011) 189 see also truth commissions victimology, definition 248 Yugoslavia, former victim organizations 228 nonprosecution of Communist Party leaders Victores, Mejia 454 510 ‘victor’s justice’ 17 see also International Criminal Tribunal for Vinck, Patrick 168–169 the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Visualizing Palestine 495, 505 Zalaquett, José 13, 30, 210, 213 Waldorf, Lars 144, 170, 349, 353 Ždanoka v Latvia (ECtHR) 112–113 Washington Consensus 165 Zehr, Howard 249 watchdog role see civil society Waterhouse, Carlton 394–395 Zhivkov, Todor 23, 510 web of harms (O’Rourke) 57 Zimbabwe Weinstein, Harvey M. 266 civil society impact on 231 Welsh, Helga 525 transitional justice, prospects for 38 Wemmers, Jo-Anne 323 Zinsstag, Estelle 127 Wilkinson, Stephen 402 Zochrot 495, 502–503 Wilson, Richard 66, 347–348, 351 Truth Commission on the Responsibility of Winter, Stephen 46 Israeli Society for the Events of World Bank 1948–1960 in the Negev 503 complicity with massacres 390 Zola, Emile 292 on gender hearings 126 zones of impunity see time and space of on judicial reform 85 transitional justice
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