DOCSLIB.ORG

Techniques of Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Techniques of Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-7 Issue-2, December 2017 Techniques of Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation Diouba Sacko, Alpha Amadou Kéïta Abstract: The modulation technique aims at adapting the It is the case of broadcasting, television, and the satellite frequency band of the informative signal to that of the communication. According to the nature of the useful signal transmission channel. This avoids a great attenuation of certain (analogical or numerical) and that of the carrier signal frequencies on the transmission channel and also reduces the effects of the noise. In addition, the modulation technique, which (analogical or numerical), we distinguish the following requires a transposition of the low frequencies towards the high types of modulation: AM, FM, PM, ASK, FSK, PSK, PAM, frequencies, is used during the transmission of the informative PWM and PPM. In base band transmission, i.e. on short signal (or useful signal) on long distances: the narrow band distances, no need for transposition of frequency. This type transmission. There are several types of modulation according to of transmission utilizes the copper wire, the coaxial cable, the nature of the informative signal (analogical or digital) and the twisted pair or optical fiber as transmission channel. that of carrier signal (analogical or digital). In fact, the type of modulation to choose depends of practical application. In the In this article, we will study PAM, PWM and PPM transmission in baseband, i.e. on short distances, any frequency modulations. In these types of modulation, the useful signal transposition is needed. This type of transmission utilizes copper is of analogical form while the carrier signal is a pulse wire, coaxial cable, the twisted pair or optical fiber as physical resulting from a clock. These two signals (useful and support; to transport pulse trains. In this article, we consider the carrier) arrive in a modulator who will give at its output the narrow band transmission. We choose an informative signal of modulated signal (PAM, PWM or PPM). low frequency analogical nature (for example the human voice) and a carrier signal of high frequency digital nature (for example The analysis of the simulation results allows us to the clock signal). For frequency transposition, we use modulator determine the advantages, the disadvantages and the with adapted sensitivity. Indeed, we simulate signals modulated in applicability of the various types of modulation. Let us amplitude (PAM, Pulse Amplitude Modulation), in width (PWM, mention that obtained results from simulation are little Pulse Width Modulation) and in position (PPM, Pulse Position different from those of the real world because of the Modulation). On an illustrative basis, we simulated the case of an performance of the used software and other environmental audio informative signal. We analyze obtained results from simulation and recall advantages, disadvantages and applicability parameters. PAM, PWM and PPM modulations are used for of each type of modulation. The modulation software used is ISIS the analogical transmissions of the signals over optical from proteus. Let us mention that obtained results from fibers, in the remote control IRE or telemetry. simulation are little different from those of the real world and that because of the performance of the utilized software and II. STRUCTURE OF PAPER other environmental parameters. PAM, PWM and PPM modulations are particularly employed for the analogical The work is subdivided in seven chapters. The first chapter transmissions of the signals on optical fibers, in remote control gives us the general information on the analogical IRE or telemetry. modulation. In the chapters two, three, and four, we study Keywords: Modulation, PAM, PWM, PPM, Simulation theoretically PAM, PWM and PPM modulations; respectively. In the fifth chapter, we use ISIS software of I. INTRODUCTION proteus to simulate these modulations. The sixth chapter simulates the case of an audio useful signal by using the The modulation technique aims at adapting the frequency same software. The last chapter discusses about the band of the useful signal to that of the transmission channel. advantages, disadvantages and applicability of PAM, PWM This avoids a great attenuation of certain frequencies on the and PPM modulations. transmission channel and also reduces the effects of the noise. The technique of modulation, which requires a III. GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE transposition of the low frequencies towards the high ANALOGICAL MODULATION frequencies, is employed during the transmission on long With the development of the telecommunication devices, it distances: It is the narrow band transmission. To transmit a was necessary to code information to be transmitted in order useful signal which is generally low frequency on long to adapt it to the transmission channel such as optical fiber, distances we use another signal called carrier signal to coaxial cable, radio-transmit by relay of the systems. Coding transpose its frequency towards high frequencies. is also necessary when we must simultaneously transmit several signals on a single channel. Nowadays coding is Revised Version Manuscript Received on December 04, 2017. subject of research and calibration. The frequency Dr. Diouba Sacko, Département de Génie Informatique et de Télécommunications, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs- Abderhamane Baba transposition (modulation) is an example of coding Touré, Bamako, République du Mali. information. Dr. Alpha Amadou Keïta, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs- Abderhamane Baba Touré, Bamako, République du Mali. Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd. 100 Techniques of Modulation: Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation, Pulse Position Modulation We distinguish two types of analogical modulations: We consider: • Continuous analogical modulations s (t) = A(t)cos ((2 πf0)t+ φ(t)), the expression of the signal to Amplitude modulation (AM); be transmitted Frequency modulation (FM); In FM, the instantaneous phase is written: Phase modulation (P.M) θi (t) = ((2 πfo) t + φ(t)) and the instantaneous frequency: • Analogical modulations by pulses Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM); 1dθ i ( t ) 1dϕ ( t ) Fi (t) = = f o + Pulse Width Modulation (PWM); 2π dt 2π dt Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). f + K *x(t) According to the useful signal (low frequency), the = 0 f modulation consists at the variation of one of the The modulated signal s (t)) can be written in the form: characteristics (amplitude, frequency, phase, width or S(t) = A(t)cos ((2πfo) t + ϕ(t)) = A(t)cos ( θi(t)) position) of the carrier signal (high frequency). A modulator The maximum excursion in frequency: ∆f = K *A generally has two inputs and one output. By applying the f m We consider: useful and carrier signals at the inputs, it gives to its output π the modulated signal which will be propagated in the S (t) = A (t) cos ((2 f0) t + φ (t)), the expression of the transmission channel. signal to be transmitted In PM: 3.1. Principle of the Modulation φ(t) = Kp*x(t) The transmission of a telecommunications signal (radio, Kp = 2πKf; with Kp-index multiplier (in PM) and K f- index T.V…) is done in the form of electromagnetic wave. It is of frequency multiplier (in FM) propagated with the celerity of the light (C = 3.108 m/s). Modulations FM and PM are called angular modulations . The useful signal x (t) is low frequency and can be produced 3.3. Modulation of a Linear Tension by a microphone, a walkman or CD reader. The carrier signal p (t) is high frequency, and is produced by a local Table below gives us a comparison between AM, FM and oscillator. AM (image) signals in terms of bandwidth and power. In addition, it gives us the corresponding frequency bands for carrier signals. Table 1: Comparison of the Continuous Analogical Modulations Type of Band- Carrier Power modulation width [150 [1 Radio long 4,5 KHz; MW ; waves AM KHz 285 2 (amplitude) Fig 1: Modulator Block kHz] MW] 3.2. Characteristics of the Signals [88 [1 Local radio 15 KHz ; MW ; We consider FM (frequency) kHz 108 2 x(t) = A cos ((2πf ) t) and m m kHz] MW] p(t) = Apcos ((2π f ) t) P [470 the expressions of useful and carrier signals; respectively. [10 Television AM MHz ; A , Ap _ amplitudes of the useful and carrier signals; 6 MHz W; m (phase) (image) 860 50W] fm , f P _ frequencies of the useful and carrier signals. MHz] The modulated signal in amplitude is written: S(t) = (1 + K x(t))* p(t); IV. PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION: PAM With: K*Am the modulation coefficient and K the index of multiplier (modulator) In modulated signal (PAM), the width and position of pulses In a traditional modulation: k ≤100% are constant while the amplitude of pulses varies There is overmodulation when k = m > 100 % proportionally with the amplitude of analogical useful Amax− A min signal. Carrier signal is from a clock. It is shown that: k= = m Amax+ A min 4.1. Principle The modulator transforms the analogical useful signal into a succession of rectangles. These rectangles are formed following the action of the sampler-blocker. Indeed, the taken samples, with regular intervals of time, on the useful signal are maintained for certain duration. Fig -2: Modulation rate Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering 101 & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-7 Issue-2, December 2017 The rectangle amplitudes vary proportionally with those of filter, whose cut-off frequency will be judiciously chosen, in the useful signal. order to extract at the output the average value representing demodulated signal (or useful signal). VI. PULSE POSITION MODULATION: PPM In modulated signal (PPM), the amplitude and width of pulses are constant while the position of pulses varies proportionally with the amplitude of analogical useful signal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Personalized ESG for Converged Digital Broadcast and 3G Mobile Services
    Master Thesis Personalized ESG for converged digital broadcast and 3G mobile services Student: Xu Zhang (s050881) Supervisors: Reza Tadayoni and Michael Petersen CICT·Technical University of Denmark January 2008 Master Thesis s050881 Xu Zhang Technical University of Denmark Informatics and Mathematical Modeling Center for Information and Communication Technologies Building 372, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark 1 Master Thesis s050881 Xu Zhang Abstract The current designs of conventional Electronic Service Guides (ESGs) are an increasingly inefficient way for users to discover and select something to watch from the large amounts of digital broadcast content for Mobile TV available on handsets. One of the options to improve the design involves personalizing media selection from the existing Electronic Service Guide. The opportunity to deliver personalization has been made easier by the rapid pace of convergence. The overall aim of the project is to explore how to realize personalized ESG based on shifting contexts in converged digital broadcast and 3G environments. This report covers a review of various aspects influencing ESG design, an analysis of the stakeholders involved in mobile TV, and the planning, implementation and analysis of a case study based on a broadcaster. On this basis, an ESG design is proposed and preliminary work has been done on a prototype. The report concludes with a brief discussion of ESGs for Mobile TV and suggestions for future work. 2 Master Thesis s050881 Xu Zhang Preface This project is the last step of my master’s education in Telecommunications Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The thesis work was carried out at Center for Information and Communication Technologies the period from June 2007 to January 2008 with a workload of 35 ECTS points.
    [Show full text]
  • Television and Media Concentration
    •• IRIS Special Edited by the European Audiovisual Observatory TelevisionTelevision andand MediaMedia ConcentrationConcentration Regulatory Models on the National and the European Level TELEVISION AND MEDIA CONCENTRATION IRIS Special: Television and Media Concentration Regulatory Models on the National and the European Level European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg 2001 ISBN 92-871-4595-4 Director of the Publication: Wolfgang Closs, Executive Director of the European Audiovisual Observatory E-mail: [email protected] Editor and Coordinator: Dr. Susanne Nikoltchev (LL.M. EUI and U of M) Legal Expert of the European Audiovisual Observatory E-mail: [email protected] Partner Organisations that contributed to IRIS Special: Television and Media Concentration IViR – Institute of European Media Law EMR – Institute of European Media Law Rokin 84, NL-1012 KX Amsterdam Nell-Breuning-Allee 6, D-66115 Saarbrücken Tel.: +31 (0) 20 525 34 06 Tel.: +49 (0) 681 99275 11 Fax: +31 (0) 20 525 30 33 Fax: +49 (0) 681 99275 12 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] CMC – Communications Media Center MMLPC – Moscow Media Law and Policy Center New York Law School Mokhovaya 9, 103914 Moscow 57 Worth Street, New York, NY 10013 Russian Federation USA Tel./Fax: +7 (0) 503 737 3371 Tel.: +1 212 431 2160 E-Mail: [email protected] Fax: +1 212 966 2053 [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Proofreaders: Florence Pastori, Géraldine Pilard-Murray, Candelaria van Strien-Reney Translators: Brigitte Auel, France Courrèges, Christopher
    [Show full text]
  • Retail Price List June 1, 2020
    Retail Price List June 1, 2020 Prices subject to change. 1 www.bktechnologies.com BK Technologies, Inc Price List June 1, 2020 Contents Contact Information 3 Warranty Information 4-5 Non-Warranty Service 6 Retail Pricing BKR-P Portable Series 7 KNG2-P Portable Series 8-10 KNG-P Portable Series Accessories, Features, Options 11-14 RP, RM Series 14 DMH, DPH, EMH, GPH, L Series 15 KNG Mobiles 15-17 KNG Base Stations 18-19 RDPR 20-22 Repeaters 22-26 A-Series Repeaters 26 S-Series Repeaters 27 SD-Series Repeaters and Base Stations 27 Service 27-28 Warranty 28 Prices subject to change. 2 www.bktechnologies.com BK Technologies, Inc Price List June 1, 2020 BK Technologies, Inc. Contact Information BK Technologies, Inc. 7100 Technology Drive West Melbourne, FL 32904 www.bktechnologies.com Corporate Sales Phone (800) 648-0947 Phone (800) 821-2900 [email protected] [email protected] Credit Factory Service Phone (800) 428-1950 Phone (800) 422-6281 [email protected] [email protected] Accounts Receivable Customer Service [email protected] Phone (800) 422-6281 [email protected] Prices subject to change. 3 www.bktechnologies.com BK Technologies, Inc Price List June 1, 2020 BK Technologies, Inc. Warranty Information STANDARD LIMITED WARRANTY BK Technologies ("Warrantor") warrants to the Purchaser of new radio equipment of the Warrantor's manufacture that such equipment shall be free from material defects in material and workmanship for the period commencing upon the date of purchase and continuing for the following specified period of time after that date: Basic Unit (Radio) 2 years Battery 1 year Antenna 1 year Other Accessories 1 year Extended warranty options on the basic unit (radio) are provided below.
    [Show full text]
  • FCC), October 14-31, 2019
    Description of document: All Broadcasting and Mass Media Informal Complaints received by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), October 14-31, 2019 Requested date: 01-November-2019 Release date: 26-November-2019-2019 Posted date: 27-July-2020 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Request Federal Communications Commission 445 12th Street, S.W., Room 1-A836 Washington, D.C. 20554 The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is a First Amendment free speech web site, and is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website. Federal Communications Commission Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau Washington, D.C. 20554 tfltJ:J November 26, 2019 FOIA Nos.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio for the 1990S: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan
    University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 7-1-1991 Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan Susan V. Massey James S. Crane Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Recommended Citation Thomas Joseph Cryan, Susan V. Massey, and James S. Crane, Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace, 22 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 377 (1991) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol22/iss2/9 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 377 SPECIAL FEATURE RADIO FOR THE 1990s: LEGAL STRATEGIES IN AN EMERGING GLOBAL MARKETPLACE THOMAS JOSEPH CRYAN* SUSAN V. MASSEY** JAMES S. CRANE*** I. INTRODUCTION ................. 378 II. THE CURENT TECHNOLOGICAL STAGE.. ......................... 381 A. Amplitude Modulation ....... ......................... 381 B. Frequency Modulation ........... ......................... 383 C. Satellite Distribution ........ 383 D. Digital Technology ............ 385 III. THE GLOBAL MARKEtPLACE ......... 387 A. The United States ............. 388 B . E urope ............... ...... 390 1. England ............... .......................I I 391 2. France .................. ......................... 392 3. Eastern Bloc Nations ... ......................... 393 C. Asia and Latin America ...... ......................... 395 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY REGIME 396 * President, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1984. J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1991. *** General Counsel, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D. Florida State University College of Law, 1983. INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW [Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet
    NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING YOUR WORLD ABOUT FOLLOW MY ACCOUNT DONATE Journalism & Media SEARCH MENU RESEARCH AREAS FACT SHEET JULY 12, 2018 Audio and Podcasting Fact Sheet MORE FACT SHEETS: STATE OF THE NEWS MEDIA Audience Economics The audio news sector in the United States is split by modes of delivery: traditional terrestrial (AM/FM) radio and digital formats such as online radio and podcasting. While terrestrial radio reaches almost the entire U.S. population Ownership and remains steady in its revenue, online radio and podcasting audiences have continued to grow over the past decade. Explore the patterns and longitudinal data about audio and podcasting below. Data on other public radio Find out more beyond podcasting are available in a separate fact sheet. Audience The audience for terrestrial radio remains steady and high: In 2017, 90% of Americans ages 12 and older listened to terrestrial radio in a given week, according to Nielsen Media Research data published by the Radio Advertising Bureau, a figure that has changed little since 2009. Note: This and most data on the radio sector apply to all types of listening and do not break out news, except where noted. Nielsen lists news/talk among the most listened-to radio formats; in 2017, the news/talk format earned 9.9% of radio audiences during any 15-minute period during the day. Weekly terrestrial radio listenership Chart Data Share Embed % of Americans ages 12 and older who listen to terrestrial (AM/FM) radio in a given week % of Americans ages 12 and older Year who listen to terrestrial (AM/FM) radio in a given week 2009 92% 2010 92% 2011 93% 2012 92% 2013 92% 2014 91% 2015 91% 2016 91% 2017 90% Source: Nielsen Audio RADAR 136, March 2018, publicly available via Radio Advertising Bureau.
    [Show full text]
  • AN/PRC-117F(C) Multiband Multimission Radio Applications
    assuredcommunications ® AN/PRC-117F(C) MULTIBAND MULTIMISSION RADIO APPLICATIONS HANDBOOK ® 1 AN/PRC-117F(C) Multiband Radio Introduction For missions requiring reliable, interoperable communications, Harris has developed the FALCON® II AN/PRC-117F(C), the most advanced multiband, multimode manpack radio in the world… period. The AN/PRC-117F(C) integrates the capabilities of several distinct radios into one: VHF-LO FM for combat net radio, VHF-HI AM for public safety and ground-to-air, UHF-AM for military ground-to-air and UHF TACSAT communications. This radio also utilizes the latest technology to embed many advanced features, such as SINCGARS, HAVEQUICK, and DAMA, as well as Type-I encryption. With integrated crypto functions, including black-key management and Crypto Ignition Key (CIK), the AN/PRC-117F(C) is a complete communications package allowing interoperability with all military services in secure and non-secure communications. And being a software-defined radio helps make the FALCON II radios future-proof. As new technology and waveforms are developed, you can upgrade your FALCON II systems to be compatible with future radios such as the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) radios…and they will remain compatible with your radios currently in the field. The AN/PRC-117F(C) manpack can be packaged for vehicular, transit case, or base station applications, and we offer a number of accessories and antennas to complete your system. This Applications Handbook defines the AN/PRC-117F(C) radios and their components, and also helps with your selection of antennas and accessories. 2 17 AN/PRC-117F(C) Multiband Radio AN/PRC-117F(C) ■ External PLGR and NMEA-183 GPS device interface ■ Field software upgradeable ■ Over-the-air HPW, SINCGARS, & HQ Time of day (TOD) ■ SATCOM downlink monitor ■ Replaceable Hold Up Battery (HUB) with voltage level reading and low battery warning Feature/Mode Descriptions The AN/PRC117F(C) is an advanced multiband, multimission, manpack radio which provides reliable tactical communica- SINCGARS tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Cable Audio Services --- the (Hi-Fi) Sky's the Limit
    CABLE AUDIO SERVICES --- THE (HI-FI) SKY'S THE LIMIT Ned Mountain UA-Columbia Cablevision, Inc San Angelo, Texas The time has come to re-examine the poten­ The development of aural entertainment service tial and impact of audio services within the can be looked at in a similar analogy. The same cable television industry. This paper com­ 3 forms of consumption exist; broadcast, cable, ments on several marketing and technical as­ and home audio recording/playback, but they evol­ pects of implementing quality service. A un­ ved in slightly different order. First to be de­ ique blend of technology, public demand for veloped was the phonograph in 1877. Next, com­ diversification, and new program services is mercial radio broadcasting began in 1920. These rapidly coming together that will allow crea­ two forms of audio entertainment make up the bulk tive operators to develop an exciting audio of today's available sources. Both industries product for their subscribers. continue to grow, flourish and compliment each other. The third item to be considered is audio services via cable. It is my opinion that the area is being left behind in our industries "blue INTRODUCTION sky" thinking. Cable television is a dynamic, expanding business with unlimited potential. Much cur­ TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS rent thinking is directed toward taking the It is possible to add a multi-channel FM audio "television" out of the term and looking at service in just about any well designed CATV sys­ the ultimate blue sky potential of the "ca­ tem provided that good engineering practices are ble". At this point in the growth of our in­ used.
    [Show full text]
  • Cable Radio Frequency (RF) FAQ
    Cable Radio Frequency (RF) FAQ Document ID: 12185 Contents How do you measure the upstream radio frequency (RF) signal? How do you measure the downstream power signal from the MC−xx card? How do you measure the downstream power signal from the upconverter output? Why is it, on GI upconverters, that the frequency must be set at 1.75 MHz less than the center frequency for a particular National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) channel? What is meant by "unity gain"? What is the correlation between the minislot size and channel widths? What do the show cable modem states mean? What do the * and ! mean for the power level reading on the show cable modem command? How do you decode the cable flap list? Related Information Q. How do you measure the upstream radio frequency (RF) signal? A. Use the "Zero Span Method". (For additional information on this method, refer to Connecting the Cisco uBR7200 Series Router to the Cable Headend.) Follow these instructions: 1. Connect the spectrum analyzer to the upstream signal from your cable network at the combiner where all the cable modems connect. 2. Set the analyzer to view the upstream with a center frequency to match the configuration on the cable modem termination system (CMTS). 3. Set the span to 0 MHz. 4. Set the bandwidth and video channel bandwidth to 3 MHz, and do extended pings. 5. Set the sweep value to 80 microseconds (¼s). Press the Sweep button, Manual, 80, then Usec. 6. Activate the trigger line between the highest and lowest portions of the signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio for the 1990S: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan
    University of Miami Law School Institutional Repository University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 7-1-1991 Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace Thomas Joseph Cryan Susan V. Massey James S. Crane Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr Recommended Citation Thomas Joseph Cryan, Susan V. Massey, and James S. Crane, Radio for the 1990s: Legal Strategies in an Emerging Global Marketplace, 22 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 377 (1991) Available at: http://repository.law.miami.edu/umialr/vol22/iss2/23 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Miami Inter- American Law Review by an authorized administrator of Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 377 SPECIAL FEATURE RADIO FOR THE 1990s: LEGAL STRATEGIES IN AN EMERGING GLOBAL MARKETPLACE THOMAS JOSEPH CRYAN* SUSAN V. MASSEY** JAMES S. CRANE*** I. INTRODUCTION ................. 378 II. THE CURENT TECHNOLOGICAL STAGE.. ......................... 381 A. Amplitude Modulation ....... ......................... 381 B. Frequency Modulation ........... ......................... 383 C. Satellite Distribution ........ 383 D. Digital Technology ............ 385 III. THE GLOBAL MARKEtPLACE ......... 387 A. The United States ............. 388 B . E urope ............... ...... 390 1. England ............... .......................I I 391 2. France .................. ......................... 392 3. Eastern Bloc Nations ... ......................... 393 C. Asia and Latin America ...... ......................... 395 IV. INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY REGIME 396 * President, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1984. J.D., University of Miami School of Law, 1991. *** General Counsel, Southwestern Broadcasting Corporation; J.D. Florida State University College of Law, 1983. INTER-AMERICAN LAW REVIEW [Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Technology, Media and Telecommunications Review
    The Technology, Media and Telecommunications Review Third Edition Editor John P Janka Law Business Research The Technology, Media and Telecommunications Review THIRD EDITION Reproduced with permission from Law Business Research Ltd. This article was first published in TheT echnology, Media and Telecommunications Review, 3rd edition (published in October 2012 – editor John P Janka). For further information please email [email protected] 2 The Technology, Media and Telecommunications Review THIRD EDITION Editor John P Janka Law Business Research Ltd The Law Reviews THE MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS REVIEW THE RESTRUCTURING REVIEW THE PRIVATE COMPETITION ENFORCEMENT REVIEW THE DISPUTE RESOLUTION REVIEW THE EMPLOYMENT LAW REVIEW THE PUBLIC COMPETITION ENFORCEMENT REVIEW THE BANKING REGULATION REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION REVIEW THE MERGER CONTROL REVIEW THE TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS REVIEW THE INWARD INVESTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TAXATION REVIEW THE CORPORATE GOVERNANCE REVIEW THE CORPORATE IMMIGRATION REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS REVIEW THE PROJECTS AND CONSTRUCTION REVIEW THE INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS REVIEW THE REAL ESTATE LAW REVIEW THE PRIVATE EQUITY REVIEW THE ENERGY REGULATION AND MARKETS REVIEW THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REVIEW THE ASSET MANAGEMENT REVIEW THE PRIVATE WEALTH AND PRIVATE CLIENT REVIEW www.TheLawReviews.co.uk PUBLISHER Gideon Roberton BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Adam Sargent MARKETING MANAGERS Nick Barette, Katherine Jablonowska, Alexandra Wan PUBLISHING ASSISTANT Lucy Brewer EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Lydia Gerges PRODUCTION MANAGER Adam Myers PRODUCTION EDITOR Joanne Morley SUBEDITOR Caroline Rawson EDITor-in-CHIEF Callum Campbell MANAGING DIRECTOR Richard Davey Published in the United Kingdom by Law Business Research Ltd, London 87 Lancaster Road, London, W11 1QQ, UK © 2012 Law Business Research Ltd © Copyright in individual chapters vests with the contributors No photocopying: copyright licences do not apply.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission § 2.1047
    Pt. 1, App. C 47 CFR Ch. I (10–1–20 Edition) 4. Request from the Applicant a summary application of this Nationwide Agreement of the steps taken to comply with the re- within a State or with regard to the review quirements of Section 106 as set forth in this of individual Undertakings covered or ex- Nationwide Agreement, particularly the ap- cluded under the terms of this Agreement. plication of the Criteria of Adverse Effect; Comments related to telecommunications 5. Request from the Applicant copies of activities shall be directed to the Wireless any documents regarding the planning or Telecommunications Bureau and those re- construction of the Facility, including cor- lated to broadcast facilities to the Media Bu- respondence, memoranda, and agreements; reau. The Commission will consider public 6. If the Facility was constructed prior to comments and following consultation with full compliance with the requirements of the SHPO/THPO, potentially affected Indian Section 106, request from the Applicant an tribes and NHOs, or Council, where appro- explanation for such failure, and possible priate, take appropriate actions. The Com- measures that can be taken to mitigate any mission shall notify the objector of the out- resulting adverse effects on Historic Prop- come of its actions. erties. D. If the Commission concludes that there XII. AMENDMENTS is a probable violation of Section 110(k) (i.e., The signatories may propose modifications that ‘‘with intent to avoid the requirements or other amendments to this Nationwide of Section 106, [an Applicant] has inten- Agreement. Any amendment to this Agree- tionally significantly adversely affected a ment shall be subject to appropriate public Historic Property’’), the Commission shall notice and comment and shall be signed by notify the Applicant and forward a copy of the Commission, the Council, and the Con- the documentation set forth in Section X.C.
    [Show full text]