Requestive Utterances in Spoken Javanese of Tegal

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REQUESTIVE UTTERANCES IN SPOKEN JAVANESE OF TEGAL

Mualimin1, Marsono2, Suhandano2

1Doctorate Program of Humanities, Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2 Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstract Studying language use as a part of the culture has been carried out for many years in many parts of the world, including in Indonesia. Indonesia which has various cultures has hundreds of local languages in which one of them is Javanese spoken in Tegal. This study is aimed at exploring how the Javanese dialect spoken in Tegal is used in drama radio programs on Pertiwi Radio of Slawi, the capital city of Tegal Regency.The data of the research are in the forms of uttrerances spoken by the characters of the drama containing requestive speech acts using a sociopragmatic approach. The findings of the research show that requestive utterances found in the drama are expressed both directly and indirectly. The direct requestive speech acts are mostly conveyed in utterances with imperative mood, while indirect requestive ones are in the forms of declarative and interrogative utterances. The choice of utterances is influenced by context of social factors where the language is used and is related to request strategy.

Key words: Javanese of Tegal dialect; requestive speech acts; request strategy

Introduction same words are pronounced as [sәbap], The Javanese of Tegal dialect or [bәdhuk], and [ahat]. In addition to voiced Tegal dialect for short, is spoken by more consonant sounds, there are a number of than 1.500.000 people (BPS, 2017) or it is lexicons found in Javanese Tegal dialect about 1,7 % out of the total number of which are different from that of standard Javanese native speakers numbering Javanese. Some examples of lexicons 84.000.000 (Lewis, 2013). It is one of found in Tegal dialect can be seen in Table dialects of Javanese which has several 1 below. characteristics which distinguish it from standard Javanese. Suwadji et al. (1981) Tegal Javanese English mention that one prominent feature is the dialect pronunciation of vowel [a] while in standard Javanese the same sound is Priben Piye How pronounced [ɔ]. For example, the words Anjog Tekan Arrive suda’lack’, lega ‘spacious’, ana ‘exist’ in the Tegal dialect are pronounced as [suda], Anta Cemplang Tasteless [lәga], and [ana], while in standard Javanese the same words are pronounced batir Kanca Friend as [sudɔ], [lәgɔ], and [ɔnɔ] respectively. ciri Lepek saucer Another peculiarity is that there are voiced consonant sounds at the end of the word. Table 1: Lexicon of Tegal dialect For example, the consonant sound /b/, /g/, Resource: Suwadji et al. (1981) and /d/ in the word sebab 'cause', bendhug 'drum', and ahad 'sunday' in Tegal dialect Javanese language as a product of are pronounced [sebab], [bәdhug], and Javanese culture is also inseparable from [ahad], whereas in standard Javanese the Javanese life and culture. The existence of

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speech levels in Javanese reflects how In relation to speech acts theory, Javanese people interact with others, Austin (1962) states that utterances are not especially with Javanese. only used to express something but also to Research on the Javanese language do something. Therefore, Austin using the Tegal language as an object of distinguishes two kinds of utterances research has not been done much. The which he calls constative speech and research on Tegal language conducted by performative speech. Searle (1975, 1976) Suwadji et al. was carried out more than developed a speech act theory proposed by thirty years ago, namely in 1981. The next his teacher, Austin. According to Searle study was conducted by Supriatin (2012) speech can be categorized into five kinds and the latest by Mualimin (2018). The last of speech acts, namely representative study by Mualimin examined speech acts (assertive), directive, expressive, in Tegal language using some of the data commissive, and declaration. Concerning from this study. The research conducted by request as a kind of directive speech acts, Suwadji focused on the Tegal language as Searle mentions that requests can be a dialectological study, namely the Tegal realized directly or indirectly. Direct language, which is one of the Javanese requests can be conveyed with imperative dialects. Meanwhile Supriatin's research moods while indirect request can be also tried to see the language of Tegal as a expressed by either declarative or dialect used in Tegal and the surrounding interrogative moods. In terms of areas, while this study tried to look at the directness, Trosborg (1994) formulates the use of Tegal language from a pragmatic directness with eight strategies. Those are perspective, especially speech acts invoked indirect requests, conventionally indirect by using the theory of speech acts as covering hearer’s ability, willingness, proposed by Austin, Searle, and also permission, and giving suggestion, Trosborg. conventionally indirect related with Research on the Javanese language speakers’ wish, desires or needs, and direct using the Tegal language as an object of request showing obligation, performative research has not been done much. The utterances and imperative. Tegal language research conducted by This study will examine how the Suwadji et al. was carried out more than speakers of Tegal dialect use requestive thirty years ago, namely in 1981. The next utterances during informal meeting with study was conducted by Supriatin (2012) their neighbours living in the surrounding and the latest by Mualimin (2018). The housing area with speech acts theories latest examined speech acts in the Tegal proposed by Austin, Searle, and also language application some of the data is Trosborg. However, this research rule will used in this study. The research conducted also consider Javanese cultural factors by Suwadji focused on the Tegal language which may influence the choice of as a dialectology study, namely the Tegal utterances proposed by Poedjosoedarmo language, which is one of the Javanese (2017). Thus, the general formulation of dialects. Meanwhile Supriatin's research the problem of this research is how the also tried to see the language of Tegal as a speech acts of requests is realized in Tegal dialect used in the Tegal and surrounding dialect with a pragmatic approach. areas, while this study looked at the use of Tegal language from a pragmatic Research Method perspective, especially speech acts invoked This study uses a qualitative by using the theory of speech acts as descriptive approach, in the sense that this proposed by Austin, Searle, and also study uses data in the form utterances Trosborg. either words, phrases, clauses or sentences

e-ISSN 1412-9418 Humanika Vol.26. No.1 2019 Copyright @2019 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika and not in the form of numbers. sentences questioning the ability, (Sudaryanto, 1993). The primary data of willingness, or permission of the listeners, this study are oral utterances containing (3) utterances having the meaning of illocutionary acts of requests used by the giving suggestion to the listeners, (4) speech community in the District and City utterances containing the wish of the of Tegal. speakers that the listeners do something, Data collection is carried out by and (5) utterances showing desire of the observation and interview. Observations speakers that the listeners do something. were made by looking at the use of request used by Tegal language speakers Direct requestive utterances followed by note-taking techniques, In relation to direct requestive speech namely by identifying and classifying each acts as proposed by Trosborg, the utterance which has the illocutionary utterances containing direct request can be function of request, both directly and seen in the data below. indirectly and of course with regard to the context and situation of speech act. In 1) Kang Narto, kiye mene, tulung mandheg addition to observations, the researcher dhisit. also conducts interviews to find out what ‘Brother Narto, come here, please stop.’ factors may influence the selection of certain forms. 2) Mas supir, mlayune biasa bae. Ora Data analysis is conducted usah ngebut. Kalem bae, kalem. inductively and is carried out since the ‘Brother driver, Do normal driving. No researcher discovered the phenomenon of need of being in a rush. Keep calm.’ the use of requestive utterances in Javanese of Tegal dialect. The collected data are 3) Pin, kiye nyong digawekna wedang, then analyzed based on the form of the oh. requestive utterances as well as the link ‘Pin, Give me a drink, please.’ between the form of utterances and the factors that can influence the choice of 4) Mangane aja karo mlayu, mbokan tiba. utterance and interpreted to find out the ‘Don’t eat while running, yuo may fall meaning behind the utterance used by the down.’ speakers of Tegal dialect. 5) Mas, mampir. Sope esih panas. Finding and Discussion ‘Come around, brother. The soup is still Based on theory proposed by hot.’ Trosborg, the findings of the research show that the requestive speech acts are 6) Sega karo sop, Yu. expressed both directly and indirectly. The ‘Rice with soup, Sister’ direct requestive utterances are realized in three different ways: (1) utterances having 7) Aja kelalen, es teh. illocutionary meaning that the listeners ‘Don’t forget the iced tea.’ have to do something, (2) utterances containing performative of verbs of request, 8) Dituku rika kabeh bae oh. and (3) utterances in the form of ‘Buy all the thing by yourself, please.’ imperative sentences. Meanwhile the indirect requestive utterances are realized 9) Enyong njaluk sop karo ayam goreng, in five different ways: (1) declarative Yu. sentences without mentioning the ‘I ask for soup and fried chicken, performative verbs of requestor the nouns Sister.’ intended by the speakers, (2) interrogative

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10) Takjaluk kowen demen maring mentioning the noun sega karo sop ‘rice enyong. and soup’in 6) and wedang ‘drink’ in 13). ‘I ask you to love me. The realization of direct request in Javanese dialect of Tegal can be seen in 11) Aja ndelengna enyong adus. the diagram 1 below. ‘Don’t look at me taking a bath.’

12) Nok, kiyeh piringe ditatani. ‘Dear (my daughter), the plates are to serve.’

13) Wedange siji maning. ‘One more drink.’

In data 1) request is expressed by imperative form indicating by the use of verb mandheg ’stop’ preceded by the word Diagram 1: Direct Request of Tegal tulung ‘please’ to make the request more Dialect polite. Other utterances having imperative can be found in data 5) by the use of the By looking at Diagram 1 above it can verb mampir ‘drop by’ . In data 3), 8), and be seen that the use of direct request in the also 12) requests are also expressed form of imperative is more often than the directly, but in the form of passive as seen other two, prohibition and performative, in the use of the verb digawekna ‘ is where as the use of prohitbition and made’, dituku ‘is bought’, and ditatani ‘is performative form is the same. Meanwhile put in order’. The use of imperative the use of indirect request can be found in sentences with passive forms are quite the next part. commonly found in Javanese (Poedjasoedarma, 1979; Mualimin, 2018). Other direct requests are expressed in Indirect Requestive Utterances the form of prohibition as seen in data 2), Trosborg (1994) mentions that 4), 7), and also 11). In data 2) request is indirect requests can be conveyed by the indicated by the use of negation ora usah use of declarative sentence in the form of ‘don’t need to be’ and in 4) and 11) by the suggention, and also conveyed by the use words aja mlayu ‘don’t run’ and aja of interrogative sentences expressing ndelengna ‘don’t look at’. In data 7) ability, willingness, and permission. In request is expressed by the words aja other words, indirect requestive utterances kelalen which means ‘don’t forget’. are realized both in the forms of Apart from imperative, passive form declarative sentences and interrogative and prohibition, direct request speech acts sentences. The indirect requests found in can also be expressed by the use of dialect of Tegal can be seen in the performative form, either explicitly or following data. implicitly. The explicit performative can be seen from Data 9) and 10) by the use of 14) Om, Nyong pan setor, mbokan ana the word njaluk ‘ask’ and takjaluk ‘I ask’. kelonggaran. Whereas in Data 6 and 13 requests are ‘My uncle, I’d like to pay the expressed by using implicit performative installment, you may have some ease.’ as indicated by the absence of performative verb njaluk ‘ask’ as in 9) and 10), but by

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15) Nyong kepengin diwacakna surat mention either the verb of paying back the kiye. Nyong matane wis blawur. money or the sum money. ‘I want you to read this letter for me. Data 15) shows that the request is My eyes are blurred. expressed indirectly with declarative sentence contaning desire of the the 16) Kiye pancen kudu ditekan, endah speaker indicated by the use of the word manjing. kepengin ‘want’. The utterance means that ‘This surely needs pressure to get in.’ the speaker asks the listener to read the letter for the speaker. 17) Nok, kowen yen milih bojo, kudu Data 16), 17), 22), 23), and 24) show dieing-eling pesene bapak ana telu that the requests are expressed indirectly ‘Dear, if you have to choose a by the use of utterances showing the husband, you should think of your speaker’s wish. In 16), 17), and 24) father’s three requirements.’ requests are indicated by the word kudu ‘must’, in 22) and 23) requests are 18) Das, kowen duwe andha? expressed indirectly by the use of the word ‘Das, do you have a ladder?’ perlu ‘need’ in 22) and butuh ‘need’ in 23). The use of indirect request in 19) Kowen bisa jukut dhewek kan? Javanese of Tegal dialect can be seen in ‘You can take (it) yourself, can’t Diagram 2 . you?’

20) Pak, sios mboten toh? Jare arep ngaterke ibu menyang pasar. ‘Dear (husband), are we really going? (you said) You were going to accompany me to the market.’

21) Kacang ana?

‘Is there any peanut?’ Diagram 2: Indirect Request

22) Kiye perlu dipel ora ya? From the diagram above the use of ‘Does it need mopping?’ Wish is the most among the others, and the use of Interrogative for request is also 23) Nyong lagi butuh dhuwit,pan nggo quite often, meanwhile the use of tuku garem. declarative showing hint and desire is the ‘I need some money to buy fertilizer’ same. 24) Kang Narto, sing kudune Based on the explanation above, the tanggungjawab kiye sampeyan. distribution of requestive utterances found in the data can be seen from table 2 . ‘Brother Narto, you must be

responsible.’

Data 14) shows the requestive utterance is expressed indirectly bu the use of declarative sentence without mentoning either the action and also the the thing needed. The speaker wants the listener to pay back the loan but the speaker doesn’t

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Requestive Utterance Direct Indirect Imperative Prohibition Performative Declarative Interrogative Wish Desire 5 4 4 1 4 5 1 21% 17% 17% 4% 17% 21% 4% 13 (55%) 11 (45%)

Table 2: The distribution of requestive utterance Resource: Mualimin, 2018

Table 2 above shows that requestive 23b) Sabar, sabar, Kang utterances in Javanese of Tegal tend tobe expressed directly rather than indirectly. Context: Two people of the same age who The direct requests are in the forms of are also friends talking about something. imperative sentences, performatives and passive, while the indirect ones are mostly In the above situation, the first expressed in interrogative, and then person uses an utterances of request in declarative, and unlikely in conditional imperative form. This is indicated by the sentences. This finding is in agreement use of verb mandheg in the utterance with Hashemian’s finding (2014) and also “Kang Narto, kiye mene, tulung mandheg Fukushima (2003) saying that Iranian dhisit. The use of imperative form in the speakers learning English also tend to use utterance is due to the fact that both the more direct utterances than Canadians speaker and listener are close friends of the using English as their native language. same age. The choice of utterance will be This findings may also reflect the attitude different when they are not close friend or of most people living in Tegal that in when they are strangers. In other words the giving requests they prefer to use bald on factor influencing the utterance is the close record strategy than other strategies relationship beween them. (Mualimin, 2018, personal interview with Hadi conducted in March 2018). Hadi was 24a) Niki kula pengin ngerti, ... keadaane one of the informants involved in this sawahe Kirman kados ngeten. ‘I research who has actively involved in would like to know, ... the condition of writing a dictionary on Tegal dialect. Kirman’s rice field is like this. 24b) Enggih, enggih. ‘Yes, yes.’

Factors influencing the Choice of Context: Two people of different social requestive Utterances level talking about a rice field Apart from the forms of requestive condition utterances, the next discussion will be on the factors that may influence the choice of In the above conversation, the requestive utterances. To deal with them, speaker wants the listener to explain why here are some data related to the matter. the matter happens. Instead of using imperative form, the speaker uses 23a) Kang Narto, kiye mene, tulung utterances in the form of declarative mood. mandheg dhisit. The use of declarative means that the ‘Brother Narto, come here, please speaker uses indirect requestive utterance. stop.’ This is due to the fact that they are not

e-ISSN 1412-9418 Humanika Vol.26. No.1 2019 Copyright @2019 Tersedia online di http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/humanika close friends indicated by the use of 2017. Diunduh dari laman indirect request and also krama speech http://tegalkab.bps.go.id pada tanggal level instead of ngoko one. This 26 Januari 2018. phenomenon indicates that so far Javanese people tend to use krama when they talk to BPS Kota Tegal. (2017). Data Penduduk persons they do not know well as Kota Tegal Tahun 2017. Diunduh dari mentioned by Poedjosoedarmo (1979, laman http://tegalkota.bps.go.id pada 2017) and also Ekowardono (1993). tanggal 26 Januari 2018.

Ekowardono, B. Karno dkk. (1993). Conclusion Kaidah Penggunaan Ragam Krama From the expalantion above, it can Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Pusat be concluded that the speakers of Tegal Pembinaan dan Pengembangan dialect, when they communicate, use both Bahasa direct and indirect form of requestive utterance. The direct requestive utterances Fukushima, Saeko. (2003). Request and are expressed in imperative utterance, Culture: Politeness in British English performative utterance, or passive form. and Japanese. Bern: Peter Lang. The direct requestive forms are used when the speaker and the listener know each Hashemian, M. (2014). “A Pragmatic other or they are close friends. Study of Requestive Speech Acts by The indirect requests are used in the form Iranian EFL Leaners and Canadian of declarative or interrogative sentences. Native Speakers in Hotels”.The The use of declarative or interrogative Journal of Teaching Language Skills 6 sentences to request something is a marker (2) that the requests are expressed indirectly. The use of indirect requestive utterance Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and may be inflenced by the relationship Charles D. Fennig. (2013). among the participants who do not know Ethnologue: Languages of the World, each other well. seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com Acknowledgement This paper is a part of research Mualimin. (2018). “Tindak Tutur funded by DP2M, the Ministry of Permohonan dalam Bahasa Jawa Education and Culture, BOPTN, Fiscal Dialect Tegal”. Unpublished year 2014 with DIPA of Diponegoro Dissertation. Universitas Gadjah Mada, University, numbered DIPA: Yogyakarta. 023.04.2.189185/2014. This paper is also a part of my dissertation at Gadjah Mada Poedjasoedarmo, Soepomo et al. (1979). University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta : Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Depdikbud. References Poedjosoedarmo, Soepomo.(2017). Austin, J.L. (1962). How to Do Things “Language Propriety in Javanese” with Words. New York: Oxford Journal of Language and Literature, University Press. Vol. 17 No. 1 BPS Kabupaten Tegal. (2017). Data Searle, J.R. (1975). “Indirect Speech Arts” Penduduk Kabupaten Tegal Tahun dalam P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds.). 54

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Syntax and Semantics. Vol.3:Speech Supriatin, Abadi. (2012). “Penggunaan Acts. New York: Academic Press, 59- Bahasa Jawa Dialek Tegal” in 82. Proceeding International on Language Maitenance and Shift II, 5-6 July pp. Searle, J.R. (1976). “The classification of 364-368 illocutionary acts”. Language in Society 5, 1 – 24. Suwadji dkk. (1981). Dialek Bahasa Jawa di Pesisir Utara Jawa Tengah (Tegal Sudaryanto. (1993). Metode Dan Aneka dan Sekitarnya) Jakarta: Depdikbud Teknik Analisa Bahasa. Yogyakarta : Duta Wacana University Press. Trosborg, Anna. (1994). Interlanguage Pragmatics: Request, Complaints, and Poedjosoedarma, Soepomo dkk. (1979). Apologies. New York: Mouton de Tingkat Tutur Bahasa Jawa. Jakarta: Gruyter. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa