REFERENCE CODE GDPE0718ICR | PUBLICATION DATE JULY 2014

ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS

AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Executive Summary

Overview of Italy’s Power Sector The total electricity generated in Italy amounted to XX TWh in 2013, of which thermal power Italy’s electricity consumption increased from XX accounted for XX%, or XX TWh. Thermal power Terawatt hours (TWh) in 2000 to XX TWh in 2013, was the dominant source of electricity in Italy in at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 2013, accounting for XX% of total installed XX%. In order to meet the growing demand for capacity. Of this, gas-based thermal power electricity, it imports electricity, which accounts for contributed XX%, oil-based thermal power XX–XX% of the total consumption. The remaining contributed XX%, and the remaining XX% came electricity demand is met by domestic production. from coal-based capacity. This was followed by During the forecast period, power consumption in renewable power such as biomass, biogas, Italy is expected to increase at a CAGR of XX%, onshore wind and solar Photovoltaic (PV), which from XX TWh in 2014 to XX TWh in 2030. accounted for XX%, and hydropower, which Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Consumption contributed XX%. and Generation (TWh), 2000–2013

Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Capacity Breakdown by Fuel Type (%), 2013

Coal (thermal)

(TWh) Oil (thermal) Gas (thermal) Annual power consumption consumption and power generation Annual Hydropower 2000 2007 2013 Annual power consumption Annual power generation Source: GlobalData, Power Database [Accessed on May 27, 2014] Renewables (biomass, biogas, on-shore wind, and solar PV)

Source: GlobalData, Power Database [Accessed on May 27, 2014]

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ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Table of Contents

1 Table of Contents

1 Table of Contents ...... 3

1.1 List of Tables ...... 7

1.2 List of Figures ...... 8

2 Introduction ...... 9

2.1 GlobalData Report Guidance ...... 10

3 Italy, Power Market, Snapshot ...... 11

3.1 Italy, Power Market, Macro-economic Factors...... 11

3.2 Italy, Power Market, Supply Security ...... 15

3.3 Italy, Power Market, Generation Infrastructure ...... 15

3.4 Italy, Power Market, Transmission Infrastructure ...... 16

3.5 Italy, Power Market, Opportunities ...... 16

3.5.1 Renewable Development ...... 16

3.5.2 Energy Efficiency ...... 16

3.5.3 Smart Grid Vision ...... 17

3.6 Italy, Power Market, Challenges ...... 17

3.6.1 Supply Security and Excessive Dependence on Imports ...... 17

3.6.2 Unfavorable Conditions for Renewable Power Producers to Secure Funding...... 17

3.6.3 Lack of Infrastructural Development ...... 18

3.6.4 Eurozone Crisis ...... 18

3.6.5 Excessive Bureaucracy ...... 18

4 Italy, Power Market, Market Analysis ...... 19

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ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Table of Contents

4.1 Italy, Power Market, Supply Structure ...... 19

4.2 Italy, Power Market, Key Market Players ...... 20

4.3 Italy, Power Market, Financial Deals ...... 21

4.3.1 Deal Volume and Value Analysis, 2004–2013 ...... 21

4.3.2 Deals by Type, 2013 ...... 22

4.4 Italy, Power Market, Demand Structure ...... 23

4.4.1 Power Consumption by Sector, 2013 ...... 26

5 Italy, Power Market, Regulatory Scenario ...... 27

5.1 Italy, Power Market, Power Market Reforms ...... 27

5.2 Italy, Power Market, Energy Efficiency ...... 27

5.3 Italy, Power Market, Renewable Energy Development ...... 28

5.3.1 Feed-in Tariff ...... 29

5.3.2 Green Certificates ...... 30

5.3.3 All-Inclusive Feed-in Tariffs ...... 30

5.3.4 Service of Sale of Renewable Power ...... 30

5.4 Italy, Power Market, ...... 30

6 Italy, Power Market, Capacity and Generation Overview ...... 32

6.1 Italy, Power Market, Cumulative Installed Capacity, Breakdown by Fuel Type, 2013 ...... 32

6.2 Italy, Power Market, Cumulative Installed Capacity and Annual Power Generation, 2000– 2030 ...... 33

6.2.2 Cumulative Installed Hydropower Capacity and Annual Hydropower Generation, 2000– 2030 ...... 41

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Table of Contents

6.2.3 Cumulative Installed Renewable Power Capacity and Annual Renewable Power Generation, 2000–2030 ...... 44

7 Italy, Power Market, Transmission and Distribution Overview ...... 48

7.1 Italy, Power Market, Transmission Overview ...... 48

7.2 Italy, Power Market, Distribution Overview ...... 49

7.3 Italy, Power Market, Grid Interconnection ...... 50

7.3.1 Electricity Import and Export, 2000–2013 ...... 51

7.4 Italy, Power Market, Electricity Trading ...... 52

8 Italy, Power Market, Competitive Landscape: Snapshot of Leading Power Generating Companies ...... 53

8.1 Key Company in the Italy Power Market: ...... 53

8.1.1 Company Overview ...... 53

8.1.2 Business Description ...... 53

8.1.3 SWOT Overview ...... 57

8.2 Key Company in the Italy Power Market: Edison ...... 64

8.2.1 Company Overview ...... 64

8.2.2 Business Description ...... 65

8.2.3 SWOT Overview ...... 67

8.3 Key Company in the Italy Power Market: E.ON Italia...... 74

8.3.1 Company Overview ...... 74

8.3.2 Business Description ...... 74

8.3.3 SWOT Overview ...... 76

8.4 Key Company in the Italy Power Market: A2A ...... 80

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Table of Contents

8.4.1 Company Overview ...... 80

8.4.2 Business Description ...... 80

8.4.3 SWOT Overview ...... 82

9 Appendix...... 89

9.1 Market Definitions ...... 89

9.1.1 Power ...... 89

9.1.2 Installed Capacity ...... 89

9.1.3 Electricity Generation ...... 89

9.1.4 Electricity Consumption ...... 89

9.1.5 Thermal Power Plant ...... 89

9.1.6 Hydropower Plant ...... 89

9.1.7 ...... 89

9.1.8 Renewable Energy Resources ...... 90

9.2 Abbreviations ...... 90

9.3 Bibliography ...... 91

9.4 GlobalData’s Methodology ...... 92

9.4.1 Coverage ...... 92

9.4.2 Secondary Research and Analysis ...... 92

9.4.3 Primary Research and Analysis...... 93

9.5 Disclaimer ...... 94

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Table of Contents

1.1 List of Tables

Table 1: Power Market, Italy, Gross Domestic Product, Population and Annual Power Consumption, 2000– 2019 ...... 14

Table 2: Power Market, Italy, Market Share of Power Generation Companies (%), 2013 ...... 20

Table 3: Power Market, Italy, Deal Value ($bn) and Number of Deals, 2004–2013 ...... 22

Table 4: Power Market, Italy, Deal Type (%), 2013 ...... 23

Table 5: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Consumption (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 25

Table 6: Power Market, Italy, Power Consumption by Sector (%), 2013 ...... 26

Table 7: Power Market, Italy, Feed-in Tariffs, 2013 ...... 29

Table 8: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Capacity Breakdown by Fuel Type (%), 2013 ...... 32

Table 9: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Capacity (GW) and Annual Power Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 35

Table 10: Power Market, Italy, Leading Active Thermal Power Plants, 2013 ...... 37

Table 11: Power Market, Italy, Leading Upcoming Thermal Power Plants, 2013...... 38

Table 12: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Thermal Power Capacity (GW) and Annual Thermal Power Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 40

Table 13: Power Market, Italy, Leading Active Hydropower Plants 2013 ...... 41

Table 14: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Hydropower Capacity (GW) and Annual Hydropower Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 43

Table 15: Power Market, Italy, Leading Upcoming Renewable Power Projects, 2014–2030 ...... 45

Table 16: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Renewable Power Capacity (GW) and Annual Renewable Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 47

Table 17: Power Market, Italy, Transmission Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ...... 49

Table 18: Power Market, Italy, Distribution Line Length (Ckm), 2000–2020 ...... 50

Table 19: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Imports and Exports (TWh), 2000–2013 ...... 52

Table 20: Power Market, Italy, Enel SWOT Profile, 2013 ...... 57

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Table of Contents

Table 21: Power Market, Italy, Edison SWOT Profile, 2013 ...... 68

Table 22: Power Market, Italy, E.ON Italia SWOT Profile, 2013 ...... 77

Table 23: Power Market, Italy, A2A SWOT Profile, 2013 ...... 82

Table 24: Abbreviations ...... 90

1.2 List of Figures

Figure 1: Power Market, Italy, Gross Domestic Product ($tr) and Population (million), 2000–2019 ...... 12

Figure 2: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Consumption (TWh), 2000–2019 ...... 13

Figure 3: Power Market, Italy, Market Share of Power Generation Companies (%), 2013 ...... 20

Figure 4: Power Market, Italy, Deal Value ($bn) and Number of Deals, 2004–2013 ...... 21

Figure 5: Power Market, Italy, Deal Type (%), 2013 ...... 22

Figure 6: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Consumption (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 24

Figure 7: Power Market, Italy, Power Consumption by Sector (%), 2013 ...... 26

Figure 8: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Capacity Breakdown by Fuel Type (%), 2013 ...... 32

Figure 9: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Capacity (GW) and Annual Power Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 34

Figure 10: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Thermal Power Capacity (GW) and Annual Thermal Power Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 39

Figure 11: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Hydropower Capacity (GW) and Annual Hydropower Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 42

Figure 12: Power Market, Italy, Cumulative Installed Renewable Power Capacity (GW) and Annual Renewable Power Generation (TWh), 2000–2030 ...... 46

Figure 13: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Imports and Exports (TWh), 2000–2013 ...... 51

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Introduction

2 Introduction

Italy is a developed country, which transformed from an agricultural economy to become a well- developed industrial state. Although it is the third largest economy in the eurozone, it is characterized by a high level of public debt and budget deficits, which continue to adversely affect its growth prospects. The country registered an average Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of XX% between 2001 and 2008. This was followed by a relative slowdown, which saw decreases of XX% in 2009 and XX% in 2010. The economy recovered and witnessed GDP growth of XX% in 2011, but then dropped again in 2012 with a decrease of XX%. The decline in the GDP during these years was primarily due to the global economic recession and the eurozone crisis.

Italy’s GDP at constant prices amounted to $XX trillion in 2013 (IMF, 2014). Of the overall GDP, the services sector contributed the largest share of around XX%, followed by the industrial sector with XX%. The remaining XX% was accounted for by agriculture (CIA, 2013). There is a large parallel economy, prevalent in all sectors including the agriculture, construction, and service sectors.

Italy is also part of the G8 nations, is a member of the EU and the Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD), and is actively engaged in trading. Italy’s trading partners include the major countries in the EU, such as Germany, , Spain and the UK. It exports items such as textiles and apparel, metal products, food, agricultural products and transportation equipment.

The Ministry of Economic Development (Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, MSE) is responsible for formulating and co-ordinating Italy’s energy policies, and the Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas (Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas e il sistema idrico - AEEG) is the principal regulatory authority. The country’s electricity market is one of the most competitive in Europe, following its liberalization in 1999, which saw the Italian government begin to privatize state-owned power company Enel. The country has also developed a strong institutional framework for the development of the renewable energy sector. The government has set a target for XX% of total energy consumption to be generated through renewable energy sources by 2020. Under the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), which Italy submitted to the European Commission (EC) in June 2010, a target has been set for XX% of power generation to be accounted for by renewable sources by 2020.

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Introduction

2.1 GlobalData Report Guidance

 The executive summary highlights the key growth trends in the Italian power market.

 Chapter three provides a snapshot of the key parameters that impact Italy’s power sector, as well as key points about the power market.

 Chapter four provides an analysis of the Italian power market.

 Chapter five details the regulatory control of the power market and the inward foreign investment scenario in Italy.

 Chapter six provides information on Italy’s cumulative installed capacity and annual generation trends, broken down by generation source.

 Chapter seven describes the power transmission and distribution infrastructure in Italy and provides information on interconnectors with neighboring countries. The section also covers electricity imports and exports and upcoming grid-related projects in Italy.

 Chapter eight provides complete descriptions and SWOT analyses of the leading power generating companies.

All 2013 market numbers provided in the report are estimates, except where actual data were available.

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Italy, Power Market, Snapshot

3 Italy, Power Market, Snapshot

3.1 Italy, Power Market, Macro-economic Factors

Italy was among the countries worst affected by the global economic recession and the eurozone crisis. It witnessed a steep decline in GDP, which fell XX% in 2009 and XX% in 2010. During this period, Italy’s economy registered the smallest growth of any of its European counterparts. Italy’s GDP, in 2012, amounted to an estimated $XX trillion, XX% lower than its 2011 GDP of $XX trillion. Although the country witnessed a GDP growth of XX% in 2013 and is expected to achieve growth of around XX% during 2014, it is expected to grow at an average of only XX% during the forecast period, much lower than the historic growth rates. Italy’s economy appears not to have recovered from the after-effects of the eurozone crisis, which continues to impede growth prospects.

Italy’s population increased from XX million in 2000 to XX million in 2013, a Compound Annual Growth rate (CAGR) of XX%. By 2019, this is expected to reach XX million, increasing at a forecast CAGR of XX%. The population size is important in terms of power consumption, as the household sector is one of the largest consumers of electricity, and the growth of population is directly linked to the growth of that sector.

Annual power consumption in Italy amounted to XX Terawatt hours (TWh) in 2000, increasing to XX TWh in 2013, at a CAGR of XX%. This is expected to increase to XX TWh by 2019, at a forecast CAGR of XX% from 2014.

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Italy, Power Market, Snapshot

Figure 1: Power Market, Italy, Gross Domestic Product ($tr) and Population (million), 2000–2019 GDP ($tr) GDP Population(million) 2011 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 GDP (constant prices) Population

Source: GlobalData; IMF, 2014

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Italy, Power Market, Snapshot

Figure 2: Power Market, Italy, Annual Power Consumption (TWh), 2000–2019 Annualconsumption(TWh) power 2011 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Source: GlobalData, Power Database [Accessed on May 22, 2014]

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Italy, Power Market, Snapshot

Table 1: Power Market, Italy, Gross Domestic Product, Population and Annual Power Consumption, 2000–2019 Year GDP at constant prices ($tr) Population (million) Annual power consumption (TWh) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Source: GlobalData; IMF, 2014

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Italy, Power Market, Market Analysis

4.2 Italy, Power Market, Key Market Players

Enel has a dominant market share in Italy with XX% of the country’s total installed capacity. Enel is followed by Edison and EniPower, which account for XX% and XX% shares, respectively. E.ON Italia and A2A contribute respective shares of XX% and XX%. The remaining XX% share is held by other small power generation companies.

Figure 3: Power Market, Italy, Market Share of Power Generation Companies (%), 2013

Enel

Others

Edison EniPower

A2A E.ON Italia

Source: GlobalData

Table 2: Power Market, Italy, Market Share of Power Generation Companies (%), 2013 Company Share Enel Edison EniPower E.ON Italia A2A Other Source: GlobalData

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Appendix

9 Appendix

9.1 Market Definitions

9.1.1 Power

Power refers to the rate of production, transfer or energy use, usually related to electricity. It is measured in Watts (W) and often expressed in kilowatts (kW) or Megawatts (MW). It is also known as real power or active power.

9.1.2 Installed Capacity

Installed capacity refers to the generator’s nameplate capacity as stated by the manufacturer, or the maximum rated output of a generator under given conditions. It is given in Megawatts (MW) on a nameplate affixed to the generator.

9.1.3 Electricity Generation

Electricity generation refers to the process of generating electricity from other forms of energy. It also refers to the amount of electricity produced, expressed in Gigawatt hours (GWh).

9.1.4 Electricity Consumption

Electricity consumption is the sum of electricity generated, plus imports, minus exports and transmission and distribution losses. It is measured in Gigawatt hours (GWh).

9.1.5 Thermal Power Plant

A thermal power plant is a plant in which turbine generators are driven by burning fossil fuels.

9.1.6 Hydropower Plant

A hydropower plant is a plant in which the turbine generators are driven by falling water.

9.1.7 Nuclear Power

Nuclear power is the energy released from the fission of nuclear fuel in a reactor.

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Appendix

9.1.8 Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable energy resources are those that provide energy that is naturally replenished but limited in the amount of energy available per unit of time. Biomass, geothermal, solar, small hydropower and wind are examples of renewable resources.

9.2 Abbreviations

Table 24: Abbreviations AEEG Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas BBVA Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria Cile CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate capex capital expenditure CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CHP Combined Heat and Power Ckm Circuit kilometers DC Direct Current EGC E.ON Global Commodities EIA Energy Information Administration ERG E.ON Ruhrgas GDP Gross Domestic Product GME Gestore dei Mercati Elettrici GRTN Gestore Rete Trasmissione Nazionale GSE Gestore dei Servizi Energetici GW Gigawatt GWh Gigawatt hour IDEX Italian Derivatives Energy Exchange IPEX Italian Power Exchange ITGI Interconnector Turkey-Greece-Italy kV kilovolt kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hours LNG Liquefied Natural Gas m3 cubic meters mbd thousand barrels of oil per day mmbd million barrels of oil per day MSE Ministry of Economic Development (Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico) NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

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Appendix

OLT Offshore LNG Toscana PV Photovoltaic ROE Return on Equity SAIDI System Average Interruption Duration Index SE Slovenske Elektrarne toe tons of oil equivalent tpe tons of petroleum equivalent TW Terawatt TWh Terawatt hours Source: GlobalData

9.3 Bibliography

 AEEG (2011). Annual Report to the European Commission on Regulatory Activities and the State of Services in the Electricity and Gas Sectors [database]. The Italian Regulatory Authority for Electricity and Gas. Available from: http://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/relaz_ann/11/Annual%20Report%202011%20EN.pdf

 CEER (2014). CEER Benchmarking Report on Continuity of Electricity Supply. Council of European Energy Regulators. Available from: http://www.ceer.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME/EER_PUBLICATIONS/CEER_PAPERS/Ele ctricity/Tab3/C13-EQS-57-03_BR5.1_19-Dec-2013_updated-Feb-2014.pdf

 CIA (2014). Italy: The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html [Accessed on May 26, 2014].

 Hall C (2012). A More Independent Italian Energy Future. energydigital.com. Available http://www.energydigital.com/oil_gas/a-more-independent-italian-energy-future [Accessed on May 26, 2014]

 IMF (2014). World Economic Outlook Database, April 2013 [database]. Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2001&sg=All+coun tries [Accessed on May 25, 2014].

Italy Power Market Outlook to 2030, Update 2014 - Market Trends, Regulations and Competitive Landscape 91 © GlobalData. This report is a licensed product and is not to be copied, reproduced, shared or resold in any form.

ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Appendix

 Kovalyova S (2012). Update 1 – Italy signs renewable power decrees. Reuters. Available from: http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/06/renewables-italy-idINL6E8I6BLD20120706 [Accessed on May 26, 2014]

 Moloney L (2013). Italy's Snam Says Gas Imports from Algeria Return to Normal. The Wall Street Journal, January 18, 2013. Available from: http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO- 20130118-702530.html [Accessed on May 26, 2014].

 WNA (2013). . World Nuclear Association. Available from: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Italy/#.UeJQetKB_Si [Accessed on May 26, 2014].

9.4 GlobalData’s Methodology

GlobalData’s dedicated research and analysis teams consist of experienced professionals with advanced statistical expertise and marketing, market research and consulting backgrounds in the energy industry.

GlobalData adheres to the codes of practice of the Market Research Society (www.mrs.org.uk) and Strategic and Competitive Intelligence Professionals (www.scip.org) .

All of GlobalData’s databases are continuously updated and revised. The following methodology has been followed for the collection and analysis of data presented in this report.

9.4.1 Coverage

This report covers Italy’s power market, examining the market structure and providing generation, capacity and consumption forecasts until 2030. It also looks at the market’s regulatory structure, import and export trends, competitive landscape and leading active and upcoming power projects.

9.4.2 Secondary Research and Analysis

The capacity, generation and consumption data is collected and validated using a number of secondary resources including but not limited to:

 Government agencies, ministry websites, industry associations, the World Bank, IMF, and statistical databases

 Company websites, annual reports, financial reports, analyst reports and investor presentations

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ITALY POWER MARKET OUTLOOK TO 2030, UPDATE 2014 - MARKET TRENDS, REGULATIONS AND COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Appendix

 Industry trade journals, market reports and other literature

 GlobalData’s proprietary databases such as the Capacity and Generation Database, Power Plant Database and Transmission and Distribution Database

Further to this, the following secondary information has been collected and analyzed to project Italy’s power market scenario to 2030:

 Macro-economic scenario

 Government regulations, policies and targets

 Government and private sector investment

 Contract and deal announcements

 Utility expansion plans

 The sector’s track record

 Other qualitative insights built through secondary research and analysis of company websites, annual reports, investor presentations, industry and trade journals, and data from industry associations

9.4.3 Primary Research and Analysis

GlobalData conducts extensive primary interviews with industry participants and commentators in order to validate its data and analysis.

A typical research interview fulfils the following functions:

 Obtains the interviewee’s perspective on the market size, growth trends, competitive landscape and future outlook

 Validates secondary research findings

 Further develop the analysis team’s expertise and market understanding

The participants are drawn from a diverse set of backgrounds, including power producers, equipment manufacturers, industry associations, government bodies, utilities, distributors, and academia. The participants include but are not limited to C-level executives, industry consultants, academic experts, business development and sales managers, purchasing managers, plant managers, government officials and industry spokespersons.

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Appendix

9.5 Disclaimer

All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, GlobalData.

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