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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03242-2 - The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by Jonathan R. W. Prag and Josephine Crawley Quinn Index More information

Index

Acrae, Sicily 96 Ammon 195, 241 Adriatic Sea 1, 9, 15, 16, 19, 22, Amphipolis, Macedon 242 374–375, 377 amphorae Aemilius Paullus, Lucius (cos. II 168 BC) 243, Aegean 133 246, 248, 260, 268, 314 as burial container 160 Agathocles of Syracuse, 2, 79, 124, 169, 174 Campanian 165 coinage 362–364 Cyrenaican 137–139 Agrigentum (Acragas, Agrigento) 89, 99–111, Euesperides 130–139 157–160, 168–169 and see funerary Greco-Italic 133, 136, 297, 306 monuments Iberia 306 agriculture 167–173 Ibizan 135 agro-pastoral societies 378–380 Jerba 171–172 Carthaginian 168–171, 291 Punic 133–137, 171 and Demeter cult 280, 297 Rhodian 113 as élite competition 170 Sardinia 297 farm-buildings 172–178 Sicilian 133 manuals 170, 173 study of 126 Punic 294 and see kilns Sicilian 168–170 Ampurias, see Emporion and see arboriculture, grain production, wine Antas, Sardinia 340 production, rural settlement Antiochus I, of Kommagene 211–215 Acragas, see Agrigentum Apollonia, Cyrenaica 153 Alexander the Great aqueducts, Syracuse 93 ancestor of Antiochus I of Commegene 213 arboriculture 167–172 coinage in the western Mediterranean and see wine-production 349–350, 355–359, 364 arches as conqueror of barbarians 29 voussoir, in Sicily 86 Cyrene after his death 155 triumphal, at Rome 257 and Heracles imagery 350, 358, 362 Archimedes 32, 81, 83, 95 impact of conquests 155 architecture, see art, column capitals, last plans 383 entabulature, funerary monuments, mosaic in Pompeii 41, 75, 225 theatre buildings role in deﬁning the Hellenistic 4–5, 14, 16, 36, Arethusa 82, 354, 357 79, 277, 346, 368 Arse, see Saguntum Alexander I, king of Molossia, Epirus art 353–354 Attalid 225, 227, 235, 244, 264, 266 Alexandria, Egypt 14, 50, 65, 81, 83, 205, Hellenistic 216 207–208, 381, 383 Numidian 217, 228–272 and see Egypt, funerary monuments, Punic 245 mosaics, Ptolemies Roman 210, 217–228 Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus 226 triumphal 217–220 altars, votive 262 and see coinage, historical relief, painting, amicitia 219, 260, 263 shields 460

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03242-2 - The Hellenistic West: Rethinking the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by Jonathan R. W. Prag and Josephine Crawley Quinn Index More information

Index 461

Asclepieion Iberia 309, 311–313, 315 at Agrigentum 92 Italy 44–78 at Athens 93 diversity as Hellenistic 73 at Cos 21, 89 Punic 160, 276 at Pergamon 187 Sicily 112–113, 160 asylia 20–24, 50 and see sanctuaries, theoroi and see funerary monuments, funerary ritual, Atargatis (Syrian deity) 311 sarcophagus Atban, Mausoleum of, see funerary monuments Athena 89, 241, 246, 251, 263, 265, 307, Cádiz, see Gades 351–353, 361 Caere, Italy 64, 160–161 Athenaeus, on Magna Graecia 31–33 Caesar, Gaius Julius (dictator), triumphal art in Athens, see coarseware, fineware 46 BC 217–220 Attalids, see art Cairo, geniza archive 376, 388 Camarina, Sicily 21, 99 Baal Hammon 236, 241, 317 Campania 40, 109, 175, 227 Badian, Ernst 8 presence of traders 161 Baghdad 379, 386 and see amphorae, baths, coinage, fineware, banquet scenes 219–228 mosaics, Naples, theatre buildings barbarians 24–34, 47 Canary Islands 341 Barce, war with Carthage 137, 154 Carmo (Carmona), Spain 315 basilica 109, 239, and see stoa Carteia, Spain 313 baths and bathing Carthage Calabria 175 attitude to monarchy 187 Campania 175 and Ibiza 276, 282 as indicative of connectivity 175 and mercenaries 360, 362, 388 Cosa 175 and Numidia 187, 198, 342 Euesperides 151–153 and Sardinia 276, 286, 290–291 Fregellae 96, 311 and Sicily 79–80, 114–119, 120, 157–160, North Africa 174 275, 354, 376 Kerkouane 174 ‘Cintas chapel’ deposit 274 Liternum 175 cultural significance of destruction 43, 80, Megara Hyblaea 95, 175 177, 244, 258, 300 Monte Iato 175 dominance in the Western Mediterranean associated with opus signinum 174–175 273, 323, 346, 388–389 private/domestic baths 174–177 eparchia in Sicily 158–160, 173, 358 Punic 41 Hellenisation 274–276 Sicily 95, 175 historiography of 3, 7–8, 367, 370 Solunto 175 imports at Euesperides 134 Sperlonga 175, 177 in Braudel 10 Valentia (Valenica), Spain 311 in Droysen 6–7, 9, 37 Berenice, Cyrenaica 122, 126, 137, 155 in Greek perceptions 18, 19, 25, and see Euesperides 27–29, 389 Beroia, Macedon 242 personified by Sophonisba 226, 265 bilingualism presence of Etruscan traders 163–164, 335 cultural 69, 76, 364 war with Cyrene 137, 154, 155, 156 linguistic 178, 183, 361 and see agriculture, coarsewares, coinage, and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions Demeter, epigraphic culture, funerary Bocchus, king of Mauretania 251, 268–272 monuments, grain production, houses, Bocchus Monument 248–256, 267–272 Iberia, mosaics, opus signinum, Punic, possible spoliation 255–256 Rome, Sicily, suicide, wine production Botorrita (Contrebia), Spain 333 cavalry Braudel, Fernand 9–10, 79, 373–376 imagery 197, 202–204, 237 burial practice Numidian 197, 199, 211, 237, 265

462 Index

cavetto cornice 179, 188, 190, 204, 208, 209, 211 and trade enclaves 158–167 Cefalù, Sicily 105, 113, 160, 177 Greek 14, 35, 120–123, 193, 281, 302 Celtiberian script 330, 332–337 Phocaean 23 Celts 25–30 Phoenician 188, 193, 195, 273, 275–276, Centuripe, terracotta production 97 302, 314 Chemtou, see Simitthus Roman 42, 68, 227, 311, 313 Cherchel 229, 272 column capitals Christianity, in relation to the Hellenistic aeolic 179, 188, 190, 204, 209 4–5, 47 Sicilian 93, 105–106, 109 Cirta (Constantine), Numidia 165, 172, 196, connectivity 12, 73, 75, 77, 167, 176, 198, 339 and see El Hofra 178, 204, 211, 321–322, 334, 344–347, Cleopatra VII, of Egypt 206, 218, 224, 226, 367–390 227, 269 Constantine, see Cirta coarsewares 139–146 Contrebia, see Botorrita Aeginetan 140 Corduba (Córdoba), Spain 313, 315 Attic 139 Cornelius Balbus, Lucius (cos. suﬀ. Carthage 143 40 BC) 314 Corinthian 141–142 Cos 21, 22–23, 31, 262 and see Asclepieion at Euesperides 139–146 Cosa, see baths, houses in Iberia 307 The Corrupting Sea 10, 157, 159, 368 Punic 142–146 creolisation 37 and see code-switching, hybridity state of studies 126 crowns 232, 261 as trade goods 145 Roman 252–253, 254–255 code-switching 69, 187, 225, 358 cubit, Punic 119 and see bilingualism, coinage, creolisation, cultural ‘grammar’ 12, 47, 58, 69–78, 241, hybridity 251, 301 coinage cultural ‘package’ 73, 76, 153, 175 Campanian 362 cultural traditions 190–193, 204, 209, Carthaginian 125, 340, 354–359, 360–361 278, 301 at Euesperides 125, 154–155 culture and the Hellenistic 350, 366 constructivist approach 279 Iberia 307–317 essentialist approach 278–280, 323, 328 Ibizan 39 Cyrenaica 1, 83, 120–156, 338 iconography 348–366 geology 127 language choice 317, 344 and see amphorae, funerary monuments Libyan 360–366 Macedonian 243 deﬁxio (curse tablet) 117, 337 and see Motyan 359 epigraphic culture, inscriptions Numidian 195, 204, 232, 239 Delos 39, 65, 93, 194, 239 and see mosaics at Pompeii 39 Delphi 19–20, 29, 82, 246, 260, 262 Roman 363 Demeter 274–276, 280–299 Sicily 354–359 on Siculo-Punic coinage 354–357 Siculo-Punic 354–359, 365 cult at Carthage 158, 275, 292, 297 Solunto 359 cult in Sicily 281–282 Syracusan 81, 354, 357, 362–363 votive dedications 280–281 votive deposit, Sardinia 289 and see agriculture and see Alexander the Great, Heracles, trade, diadem 71, 81, 187, 195, 211, 222, 226, 361, Mercenary Revolt, Punic, Tarentum, 362–365 Thurii Dido, of Carthage 227 cocciopesto, see opus signinum diet 60, 123, 295, 296 colonisation Dion, Macedonia 242 British 74 Dionysus 37–38, 66, 67, 221, 358, 370 Carthaginian 191, 273 Dionysius I of Syracuse 158–159

Index 463

Dougga, see Thugga and North Africa 124, 137–139 Droysen, Johann Gustav 4–9, 18, 36–37, 47–48, and see amphorae, baths, coarseware, 277, 367, 385 coinage, Cyrenaica, finewares, houses, mosaics, opus signinum, Syrtes Ebusus, see Ibiza Euphrates 370, 371, 375, 379, 386 Eckstein, Arthur 8–9 eclecticism 66, 83, 119, 179, 211, 265 Fabius Maximus Verrucosus ‘Cunctator’, as Hellenistic 190 Quintus (cos. 233 BC) 254 Egypt Fertile Crescent 380 referenced at Pompeii 41 Festivals Hellenisation 47 of Demeter 280 influence on Numidian architecture 179, 188, at renaissance Florence 72 190, 204–208 Panhellenic 19–22, 82 and see Alexandria, Ptolemies at Poseidonia 31–32 Egyptianising 166, 190, 207, 237, 240, 241, 266 fides 218–228, 255, 269–270 and see temples Elea (Velia), Italy 21, 31 figurines, as votives 284–285 El Hofra, Numidia 236, 245, 267 and see Cirta finewares Emporion (Ampurias), Spain 306, 308–309, Attic 128–129, 274 332, 334 Campanian 165 emporia, see trade Euesperides 128–130 Enguinum, Sicily 261 Iberia 306 entabulature, Sicilian 93, 105 Phoenician red-slip 274 environmental determinism 378, 381 and see Punic 274 geography Sardinia 297 epigraphic culture 320–347 south Italian 129–130 Carthage 338–340, 345 and trade 125–126 Gaul 329–331, 345 Flamininus, Titus Quinctius (cos. 198 BC) Greek 322 27, 260 Hellenistic 322–347 Fortune (Fortuna / Tyche) 17, 269 and see Iberia 329, 332–338, 345 temples Italy 324–325, 337, 345 funerary beds Latin 321–347 in Abruzzo 53, 62–66 Massalia 329–331 in Etruria 64 North Africa 338–343 in Macedonia 65 Phoenicio-Punic 338 at Rome 64 Sardinia 325–326, 345 and see burial practice, grave goods, funerary Sicily 322–323, 326–327 ritual and see inscriptions, literacy, writing funerary monuments Eryx (Erice), Sicily 110, 160, 340 aediculae 176 Es Culleram, Ibiza 282–286 bazina 188, 191, 200 Etruria as boundary markers 196 presence of Carthaginian traders 161–163 a cassone tombs 57 presence of Greek traders 160 chamber tombs and see funerary beds, Gaul, inscriptions, Carthage 159 sarcophagus, wine-production Italy 53, 59, 65 Etruscan language 327–329, 332, 345 and see Sicily 99 inscriptions Solunto 114 Euesperides 120–156 élite distinctions 197–200 location 120 epitymbia grave-markers history 121–123 Sicily 113 archaeology 123–124 Alexandria 113 trading relations 124–156, 375 a fossa graves 54 and Syracuse 124 haouanet 191, 201

464 Index

funerary monuments (cont.) geographical determinism 375, 389 and see Hephaistion’s pyre 242 environmental determinism hypogea, Iberia 315 geography indicative of connectivity 167 ancient 14–34, 367, 370, 372, 374–375, Pyrrhus’ 242 381–383, 389 shaft tombs, 201 of ‘Hellenistic’ 4–10, 14, 367–390 Cap Bon 188, 191 Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (cos. 215 BC), stelai triumphal painting 219 Carthage 163, 188, 267, 338 graﬃti 99, 161, 188, 191, 201, 203, 204, Iberia 313 332, 342 Numidia 203, 236, 245 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions, tower tombs 179–215 instrumentum domesticum, literacy, Agrigentum 105 writing Beni Rhénane (Siga) 184, 196–204 grain production Es Soumaa (El Khroub) 184, 196–204, 240 Carthage 169 Iberian 211, 317 and Demeter cult 280 Jerba (Henchir Bourgou) 166, 184 as engine for trade 172 Levantine 190 North Africa 168 Pozo Moro, Spain 211 Numidia 198 Ptolemais, Cyrenaica 206 Sicily 100, 168 as Punic 188 granaries 90 Sabratha 184, 196–204, 240 grave goods 54–66, 245 see also burial practice, Thugga 179–183, 196–204, 204–210, 240 funerary beds, funerary ritual tumuli 54, 65, 191 kreagrai 59, 70 Aigai 243 strigils 60–61, 70 Kbor er Roumia 185–186, 189, 196–204 Gravisca, Italy 161–162 the Medracen 184, 188, 196–204 Greek language Pella 187, 242 in Gaul 329, 331 and see landscape, sarcophagus in Iberia 309–317, 332 funerary ritual in Italy 325 North African 201 in Mercenary Revolt coinage 361 banqueting 58–59, 64 in Sardinia 325 central Italy 44–46, 51–78 in Sicily 98, 116, 326 gender distinctions 55–63, 70, 77 teaching ban at Carthage 160 Libyan 201 and see bilingualism, code-switching, Numidian 200–202 epigraphic culture, inscriptions status distinctions 56–63, 66–70, 77 gymnasium, in Sicily 112 and see burial practice, funerary monuments, landscape, sarcophagus Halicarnassus, mausoleum of 187 and see funerary monuments Gades (Gadir, Cádiz), Spain 306, 314, 317 Hannibalic War Gallo-Greek 329–331 impact in Iberia 305, 310–311 Gallo-Latin 330 cultural consequences in Italy 68, 69 garlands in art 232, 261–262 aftermath in North Africa 193 Gaul hellenicity 277 impact of Rome 329 Hellenisation 2–3, 12, 36, 38–39, 47, 68, state formation 389 276–280, 300–305, 317–319, 323, trade with Etruria 161, 169 329–331, 344–347 and see epigraphic culture, Greek, houses, of Punic culture 274–276, 298–299, 356 Latin, Oscan Hellenism 2, 37, 111–112, 187, 265, 276–280, Gela 21, 164, 280 298–299, 323, 326 sanctuary at Bitalemi 281 and see hellenismos, Hellenismus, gender theory 349 and see funerary ritual Panhellenism

Index 465

Hellenismus 4, 5–7, 35–37, 47, 277 impact of Carthage 300, 305, 309, and see Hellenism 317–319, 389 hellenismos (ἑλληνισμός)3,37 impact of Rome 318, 333–334, 389 and see Hellenism Phoenician/Punic settlement 273 Hellenistic, definitions of 1–10, 12–13, power structures 301 18–19, 35–38, 41, 44, 46–51, 71–78, social organisation 304 79, 82, 186–192, 216, 277, 307, state formation 389 320–321, 322–323, 328, 343–347, and see amphorae, burial practice, epigraphic 348, 350–351, 365–366, 367–368, 382, culture, Heracles, Latin, pottery, Punic, 385, 390 temples, urbanism and see art, burial practice, coinage, Iberian eclecticism, geography, Hellenisation, culture 303–305 Hellenism, Macedon ethnic group 302–305, 317 Hellenismus in Mittelitalien 2, 36 language 307–317, 330, 332–337 hellēnizein (ἑλληνίζειν) 4, 37, 46–47 and see fineware, funerary monuments, and see Hellenism inscriptions, epigraphic culture Heraclea Lucaniae Ibiza coinage 351–354, 365 as Iberian 303 impact of Rome 352 Phoenician/Punic settlement 273, 276, 282 Heracles 265, 370 rural cult 282–286 at Rome 254, 256 as trade centre 39, 306 as coin-type 155, 314, 350–366 and see amphorae, coinage cult in Iberia 310 Ibn Hawqal 379 and see Alexander the Great, Melqart Identity Herodotus, Cyrus’ advice to the Persians civic 307, 315, 328, 330, 333, 339, 345, 352, 381–382, 387 354 hero-cult 201 cultural, at Pompeii 35, 38, 42, 43 Hieron II of Syracuse 23, 30, 80–97 and see élite, in Numidia 210, 214 Sicily, Syracuse ethnic, in Italy 44 historical relief, Roman 226, 254, 260, 269 and formation, through coinage 349 see San Omobono Greek 17, 22, 24, 30–32 Holleaux, Maurice 8–9 Hellenic 276 Horden, Peregrine, see The Corrupting Sea militaristic, in Numidia 197, 245 hospitium, see tessera hospitalis Sicilian 79, 105, 119 houses and writing 328 atrium 176 Illyrian War, First 8, 16 Cosa 42, 177 incense burners Euesperides 146–151 as grave goods 60, 70 peristyle 175 in votive deposits 289–290 peristyle at Carthage 176 ritual function 291, 294, 296–298 peristyle in Sicily 106–108, 176 influence, as a concept 191, 278, 300, 336, 390 peristyle at Motya 173 inscriptions Pompeii 39–42, 177 on bronze 336–338 Sicily 106–108, 116, 160 Etruscan 163 southern Gaul 161 Greek 87, 117, 124, 146, 163, 177, 194, 213, triumphal display 228 357, 360 and see villas and Pompeii Iberian 313 hybridity 76, 280, 299, 319, and see bilingualism, Latin 42, 98, 111, 163, 311, 313 code-switching, creolisation on lead 332, 337 Libyan 179–183, 195, 203 Iberia 300–319 Oscan 38, 42, 98 absence of villa economy 172 Punic 116, 159, 165, 172, 179–183, 195, Hellenisation 305–319 284, 357

466 Index

inscriptions (cont.) ritual use 293–294, 295, 298 quantification 324 as votives 281, 289–290, 296 and see epigraphic culture, graffiti, Lampsacus 23–24 instrumentum domesticum, literacy, landscape writing funerary 192 instrumentum domesticum 324, 327, 332, 334, ritual 294 343 and see epigraphic culture, Larth Partunu, Etruscan aristocrat 162, 177 inscriptions, literacy, writing, trade La Tène culture 303, 387 Ionian Sea 9, 16, 370, 373, 375, 388 Latin language Italica, Spain 313 in Iberia 307–317, 332–338 Italy in Italy 42, 324 as barbarian 25 in North Africa 342 as Hellenistic 2, 35, 36, 39, 49–51 in Sardinia 325 as West 14–17 in Sicily 98, 111, 326 medieval 72–73 in the West 345 as unifier of Mediterranean trade 376 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions, and see burial practice, Campania, epigraphic literacy, writing culture, Eturia, Etruscan, fineware, Latium 35, 61, 63, 264 funerary monuments, funerary ritual, Punic presence 165 Hannibalic War, Latin, Latium, Liguria, Levant, between Mediterranean and Magna Graecia, opus signinum, Oscan, Asia 367, 368, 369, 373, 377, 381, Samnium, Sicily, Social War 385, 390 Libya, cultural tradition 191 and see coinage, Jerba (Henchir Būrgū) funerary ritual, Libyan arboriculture 171–172 Libyan (Libyco-Berber) language 191, 341–343 Italian presence 165–167 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions, and see amphorae, funerary monuments literacy, writing Juba I, king of Numidia 194, 218–220, Libyo-Phoenician, language 317 229, 272 Liguria, presence of traders 161 Juba II, king of Mauretania 219, literacy 321, 337–338, 342 and see epigraphic 227, 272 culture, graffiti, inscriptions, writing Jugurtha, king of Numidia 268–272 luxury (luxuria, tryphe)32–33, 37, 43 and see Jugurthine War 268 barbarians Jupiter 181, 265, 270, 311 Macedon Kbor Klib 185, 196–204, 228–251, 259, 264, culture and cultural influence 18, 65, 105, 266, 267 and see funerary monuments, 107, 185, 187, 235, 237, 238–239, 242 Numidia ruling élite 30, 46, 49 Kerkouane, see baths, opus signinum self-conception 242 kilns 136, 143, 171 significance for defining Hellenistic 6, kinship diplomacy 19–24, 50, 73, 263, 310, 370 15–16, 18 koine and Thrace 388 cultural 12, 37, 43, 75, 79, 83, 105, 153, 178, and see coinage, funerary beds, shields, 301, 305, 344–345 weapon friezes linguistic 50, 329 Macedonian War, Third 243 Phoenician 190 Maghreb, monumental architecture 183–204 Roman 178 Magna Graecia 30–32, 35–43, 65, 71, 125, 176, Kore, see Demeter 178, 264 and see Italy Kunstpolitik 217, 251 Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 21–24 Malta, 357 and see mosaics, Punic language, lamps Tas-Silġ in Demeter cult 296 Mamertines, see Messana as grave goods 58–60, 70 Marius, Gaius (cos. 107 BC) 253, 268, 270, 272

Index 467

marriage, as agent of cultural interaction 75, Motya 172–178 158, 194, 213 Olynthos 150 Masgaba, Numidian nobleman 201 Pella 173 Massalia (Marseilles) 10, 19, 22, 24, 175 and see Pergamon 149, 262 epigraphic culture Pompeii 262 Massinissa, king of Numidia 185, 193, 205, 210, Sicily 108 223–229, 243, 246–248, 268, 342 Motya, Sicily 158, 188, and see coinage, houses, Mau, Augustus 35, 39 mosaics, opus africanum, opus Mauretania, see Bocchus signinum Mausolus of Halicarnassus 208 and see funerary ‘charioteer’ statue 160 monuments, Halicarnassus Mummius, L. (cos. 146 BC) 38, 261 Mediterranean Sea compared with West Asia 368, 369–370, Naples (Neapolis) 21, 31, 39, 363 371–373, 377–390 Naples, Bay of 38, 41 and see Campania ecological distinctiveness 368, 384 Naupactus, peace of 15, 16, 18 in global history 383 negotiatores, see traders, trade, connectivity Hellenistic 385 Nemrud Dagh 211–215 history 367–370, 386 New Carthage (Carthago Nova, Cartagena), networks 385 Spain 239, 306, 311, and see opus regions 369, 373–377 signinum Megara Hyblaea, Sicily, see baths, mosaics Nora, Sardinia 188, 286, 326 Melqart 240, 256, 284, 314, 350, 354–359, 364 North Africa and see Heracles see baths, Carthage, Cyrenaica, epigraphic mercenaries 30, 48, 75, 98, 155, 159, 163, 193, culture, funerary monuments, funerary 356, 387 and see Carthage ritual, grain production, Hannibalic War, Mercenary Revolt (241-238 BC), coinage Latin, Libya, Maghreb, Numidia, Punic 360–366 and see Carthage, Polybius Numidia Mesopotamia 372, 385–386, 388 and Carthage 187, 209, 217 Messana (Messina), Sicily 30, 98–99, 326 and Cyrenaic funerary Messapic 328 architecture 206 metalworking 83–85 and Pharaonic Egypt 206–208, 240 Metapontum, see theatre buildings élite self-construction 210, 240, 263, 272 Micipsa, king of Numidia 194, 232, 246–247, 259 Hellenistic ‘influence’ 186–187 militarism 76 and see cavalry, identity, Numidia indigenous traditions 188 Minerva, see Athena militarism 193, 197, 244 Monte Iato, Sicily 100–111 and see baths military service with Rome 238, 243, 246, Morgantina 83–87, 90–93, 95 and see mosaics, 248–249, 258–260, 262–263, 271 opus signinum, stoa and Phoenicia 187, 209, 240 silverware hoard 83 power structures 194, 197, 210, 229, mortaria 141–142 237, 271 mortuary population 52 and see burial practice, presence of Italian traders 165 funerary ritual presence of arboriculture 172 mosaics 74–75 Punic ‘influence’ 186, 187–188, 244–245 Alexandria 85, 108, 149, 173 relations with Rome 248–272 Campania 108 response to Roman power 204, 208, 210 Carthage 151 Royal Architecture 184–215, 228–272, 342 Delos 149 state formation 186, 193, 199, 217, 227, 240, Eretria 150 243, 342 Euesperides 146–153 status differentiation 200, 203 Lebena 149 and see cavalry, funerary monuments, Malta 108 funerary ritual, grain production, Punic Megara Hyblaea 149 language, shields, urbanism Morgantina 85–86, 149 nuraghi, in reuse 287–291, 294–295

468 Index

Ocean 5, 370, 375 Poenulus, of Plautus 164 oikoumene 6, 15, 318, 381–383 and see geography polychromy in monumental art 249, 258, 267 Olympia 82, 261 Polybius opus africanum on barbarians 26–29 Pompeii 39–41 on the Carthaginians 28–29 Sardinia 40 on the Celts 25 Sicily 40, 115, 160 on the Greeks of S. Italy 30 opus signinum on the Mamertines 30 Carthage 149, 174 on the Mercenary Revolt 360–362, 388 Euesperides 40, 146–153 on the Romans 26–27 Kerkouane 149–151, 174 on the West 2, 6, 14–19, 24, 34, 347, 367 Morgantina 151 and see barbarians, geography, luxury New Carthage 311 Pompeii 35–43, 74–75, 95, 105, 166 Pompeii 40–41 House of the Faun 41–42, 225, 262 Sardinia 40 Casa del Fabbro 220–228 Selinunte 174 Casa di Giuseppe II 210, 220–228 Sicily 40, 107, 116, 150–151, 160 wall-painting 220–228 transmission to Italy 174 and see coinage, houses, mosaics, opus and see baths, mosaics africanum, opus signinum Orientalising 189, 241, 303, 384, 390 Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus (cos. 70 BC) 218 Orientalism 2, 37–38, 278–279, 298, 318, 371, population movement and control 386–389 384, 390 Poseidonia (Paestum) 31–32 Oscan post-colonialism 2, 279 culture 35–36, 38 pottery language at Euesperides 125–146 in Gaul 331 importance of quantification 127–128 in Italy 38–39, 42, 327–329, 337, 345 indicative of Hellenisation 274 in Sicily 98, 326 Phoenicio-Punic in Iberia 306 and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions and see amphorae, coarsewares, finewares, mortaria Paestum, see Poseidonia proxenia 50, 124 painting, historical 218–228 Ptolemais, Cyrenaica 239 and see Cyrenaica, palaces, Hellenistic 239 funerary monuments Panhellenism 19–24, 82 Ptolemies panoply art, see weapons friezes, shields architecture 207–208 Panormus (Palermo) 39, 41, 108, 114, 160 and Euesperides 122, 125 papyrus, in Sicily 82 influence on Cyrenaica 206 Parthia 5, 212, 390 links with Numidia 205–207 pavimenta punica, see opus signinum links with Syracuse 23, 81–82 Pech Maho 331 and see Alexandria, Egypt, temples Pella, see funerary monuments, mosaics Punic Pergamon 225 culture and cultural influence 43, 73, Great Altar 246, 264 149–150, 156, 190–191, 217, 273, 300, Sanctuary of Athena Polias 251 314, 317, 341, 389 and see Hellenisation and see art, Asclepieion, mosaics, weapons floor technology 41, 150–151, 174–178 and friezes see opus signinum Perseus, king of Macedon 16, 245–246 jewellery 70, 75 and see grave goods Petreius, Marcus (legate of Pompey) 218–220 language 116, 273 Philip II of Macedon 65, 237 at Carthage 338–340 Philip V of Macedon 15, 93 in Iberia 314–317, 332 Phoenicia, see Carthage, colonisation, Punic in Malta 326 Pietrabbondante 42 in Mercenary Revolt coinage 361 piracy 159, 389 officially adopted in Numidia 194

Index 469

in Sardinia 326 Rome in Sicily 326, 338 as agent of cultural change 177 western Mediterranean 338 Capitoline Hill 248, 251, 255, 260, 265, and see epigraphic culture, inscriptions 268–271 North Africa 39–40, 120, 137, 139, 145, 150, civil war 217–220 153, 156 construction of the West 390 onomastics 116, 340 cultural negotiation with Numidia potters 144, 153 211, 262 studies 7–8 early relations with Carthage 164–165 Wars, The 15, 17, 22, 29, 75, 79, 98, 99, 156, Forum Boarium 251, 256 164, 165, 256, 260, 262, 376 and see and Hellenistic kings 219, 263 Hannibalic War impact on western Mediterranean 306, 317, western Mediterranean 39, 146, 303 321, 323, 346, 388–389 world 3, 7, 35–36, 40, 42, 120, 125, 136, 137, influence of Carthage 164–165, 389 145, 151, 153, 156, 159, 162, 190, 316 monumental art 248–272 defined 273 Punic enclave 164 Greek influence on 275 and Hieron II 80–82 and see agriculture, amphorae, art, baths, and see art, arches, coinage, colonisation, burial practice, Carthage, coarseware, crowns, Gaul, funerary beds, Heraclea epigraphic culture, fineware, funerary Lucaniae, Heracles, historical relief, monuments, Iberia, Ibiza, koine, Iberia, koine, Numidia, Polybius, Latium, Numidia, Punicisation, Rome, Sardinia, shields, Sicily, suicide, temples, rural settlement, sanctuaries, Sardinia, theatre buildings sarcophagus, shields, Sicily, suicide, roofing techniques, Sicily 95–97 temples, theatres, wine production rural settlement Punicisation 301, 317–318 and see Ibiza 283 Hellenisation, Romanisation Punic 275, 294 Purcell, Nicholas, see The Corrupting Sea Sardinia 286 pyramid, as architectural element 183, 188, 204, and see agriculture 208, 211 and see cavetto cornice, ruler-cult 201 column capitals, Egyptianising Pyrgi 161 and see Caere Sabratha, see funerary monuments Pyrrhus 2, 6, 17, 27, 33, 375, and see funerary sacrifice 280–298 monuments human 28, and see tophet Saguntum (Arse, Sagunto) 310–311 quadriga, as iconographic element 181, 209 Samnites 29, 35–36, 42, 50, 177 Samnium 38, 60, 264 racial difference, in painting 222, 226 San Omobono reliefs 232, 248–267 recursivity 386 stone 266–267 resistance 68, 193, 211, 214, 291, and see sanctuaries Hellenisation, Punicisation, African monumental 197–202, 247 Romanisation channels of cultural transmission 340 ritual Iberian monumentalisation 311 cult 275–299 and trade networks 158–165 dining 284, 293, 295, 296 Pompeii 39 triumphal 247, 261 Punic 114, 160, 174 and see funerary ritual and see Asclepieion, Rome Capitoline Hill, ritualisation 292–293 Delos, Delphi, Ibiza, Nemrud Dagh, Rhodes 23, 83, 89, 262 Olympia, Pietrabbondante, Sardinia, Romanisation 2–3, 32, 68, 278, 300–301, 317–318, Tas-Silġ, temples, tophet 321–322, 323, 326–327, 329–330, Sardinia 333–334, 344–347 impact of Rome 327

470 Index

Sardinia (cont.) and see agriculture, baths, burial practice, map of at Rome 257 coinage, Demeter, epigraphic culture, outside Macedonian conquest 6, funerary monuments, grain production, 15–16, 18 houses, Latin, mosaics, opus africanum, Phoenician/Punic settlement 273, opus signinum, Oscan, Punic language, 276, 286 sarcophagus, temples, theatre buildings, in Romano-Carthaginian treaties 164 urbanism, wine production rural cult 287–291 Simitthus (Chemtou) 185, 190, 196–204, and see amphorae, epigraphic culture, 228–251, 259, 264, 267 ﬁneware, Latin, opus africanum, opus slave trade 387 signinum, Punic language, rural Social War, Italy 42, 268, 328 settlement Solunto 101, 114–116, and see baths, coinage, sarcophagus funerary monuments, stoa Etruscan 37, 64 Sophonisba 194, 211 Punic 162–163 death of 220–228, 269 Sicily 105 Spain, see Iberia Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, Publius Sperlonga, see baths Cornelius (cos. 147 BC) 254, 258, stoas, see also basilica 260, 261 Morgantina 92 Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius (cos. 205 Segesta 101 BC) 175, 220–228, 259–260, 310–311 Solunto 101 Scodra, Illyria 370, 372, 375 Syracuse 88 Segesta 101, and see stoa, theatre two-storey 92, 101 Selinunte 28, 29, 40, 115, 116, 159–160, Straits of Messina 373, 376, 380 282, 296 and see opus signinum subaltern practices 299 semiotics 349 suicide shields Carthaginian 220–228 in art 223, 233–238, 240–246, 249, 252, literary accounts 227 260–261, 263–266 Roman 218–220 Macedonian 246, 264 Sulla, Publius Cornelius (dictator) 228, 251, Numidian 235, 264 253, 254, 268–272 Numidian votive 266 seal-ring 270 Punic 244, 260 syncretism 47, 252, 279, 350, 356 Roman votive 260 Syphax 194, 196, 210, 224 Sicily 79–119 Syracuse 22, 23, 32, 101, 108, 113, 157–160, 165, as barbarian 25, 31 275, 282, 365 compared to Italy 49 monumental architecture 80–98 and the Greek East 14–15, 17, 19–23 and Numidia 194 impact of Rome 98–99, 100, 327 and see coinage, Euesperides, Ptolemies, outside Macedonian conquest 6, stoas, theatre buildings 15–16, 18 Syrakosia (ship) 23, 81, 89 trade with Carthage 157–160, 172 Syrtes, the 124, 137, 144, 154, 155, 375 and see presence of Italian traders 165 Cyrenaica, Euesperides Punic 35, 40, 41, 80, 114–119, 158, 273 and Pyrrhus 6, 17 Tanit 241, 284, 296, 315–317 as key region of cultural interaction 19, as coin-type 354–361 35, 40–41, 42, 113, 120, 151, symbol of 116, 149, 160, 174, 191, 195, 315 170, 172, 174, 175–177, 263, 275, 281, Tarentum (Taranto) 31–34 297, 298, 307, 323, 374, 376–377, coinage 351–353 388, 390 Tarraco (Tarragona), Spain 306, 307 and Rome 8, 30, 164, 168 Tartessos, Spain 303

Index 471

Tas-Silġ, Malta 340 and see Malta role in élite interaction and cultural exchange telamon sculpture 157–178, 331, 332–334 at Fregellae 109 use of coinage 154–155 Numidia 239 and see coarseware, colonisation, Pietrabbondante 109 connectivity, ﬁneware, grain production, Pompeii 109 Ibiza, Italy, sanctuaries, slave trade Sicily 89, 101 traders, agents of cultural interaction 38, temples 157–178, 389 Fides at Rome 251, 255 triumph, see arches, art, Bocchus Monument, Fortuna at Rome 251, 256 Caesar, crowns, Gracchus, historical Italic relief, houses, painting, Scipio Sicily 110–111 Aemilianus, Scipio Africanus, shields, Iberia 313 trophies, victories Mater Matuta at Rome 249, 256 trophies 247, 270 Ptolemaic 207 tyche, see Fortune Venus Genetrix at Rome 269 tessera hospitalis 117, 163, 334–338 urbanism/urbanisation Tethys Corridor 371–373, 381–390 Iberia 301, 303, 307–317, 318 theatre buildings Numidia 195, 199 Campania 105 Sicily 100–101 Metaponto 88 Roman 88, 105 Valentia (Valencia), Spain 311 and see baths Segesta 101 Vestini 44–78 Sicilian 101–105 victories, images of 261–262 Syracuse 87–89 villas theoroi 19–24, 50 and see asylia, sanctuaries villa economy 167–172 Thibron, invasion of Cyrenaica 155 villa architecture 172–178 Thugga (Dougga) 195, 341, and see funerary and see agriculture, houses, Iberia monuments votive deposits 284–290 Thurii 32 coinage 351–353 water-mill, Syracuse 95 thymiateria, see incense burners weapon friezes 197, 231–272 Timaeus of Tauromenion 17 invented 265 Tipasa 199 Macedonian 242–244 tombs, see funerary monuments Pergamon 251 tophet wine-production architecture 188 Carthage 169 epigraphy 338–339 Etruria 169 Carthage 274 Punic 124 Thugga 209 Sicily 169 trade and see agriculture, arboriculture, amphorae caravan 378–379 writing 320, 330, 334, 340, 343 cause of war 137, 154, 156 and power structures 346 enclaves 158–167, 334 and see epigraphic culture, identity, literacy evidenced through pottery 120, 124, 125–146, 153–156, 306–307 Zama, Battle of 246, 272 evidenced through coinage 125 Zanker, Paul 36–38 and see Hellenismus in and geopolitics 155 Mittelitalien networks 157, 167–178, 198, 345 Ziaelas, king of Bithynia 21