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Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….and beyond

Brian D. Keith Indiana Geological Survey Generalized Geology of the Midwest - structural features

Illinois Basin

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Eastern Tectonic events

PASSIVE MARGIN ACTIVE MARGIN

TIME CONTINENTAL SEAFLOOR SEAFLOOR CONTINENTAL PULL-APART SPREADING CONTRACTION COLLISION 0

TERTIARY

100

JURASSIC 200

PERMIAN 300 ALLEGHENIAN ACADIAN 400 CALEDONIAN

TACONIAN 500

CAMBRIAN

600 EDIACARIAN- HADRYNIAN PC Sanford et al (1985) Generalized Facies

ILLINOIS INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO

Coal

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Alleganian Clastic Wedge

Acadian Clastic Wedge

Taconic Clastic Wedge II

Taconic Clastic Wedge I

Carbonate platform Clastic Wedge Evaporites Mixed carbonate and clastic ROCK UNIT

GROUP OR FORMATION

New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230

0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500

50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000

20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400

Brassfield/ 400 Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Other Factors to I Consider

Global sea-level G (Vail, et al 1977)

Global climate I (Fischer, 1981)

Greenhouse

Icehouse Vail et al, 1977 The Net Result

Position Flooding of near North equator Lots of carbonate-secreting America during organisms making lots of during + warmer * much of global Paleozoic climate

* Interrupted unfortunately by the periodic clastic wedges ROCK UNIT

GROUP OR FORMATION

New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230

0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500

50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000

20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400

Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Early Mississippian (Osagean)

Modified from Gutschick and Sandberg (1983) Modified from Kepferle (1978) Establishment of the Mississippian Platform in the Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin

(1997) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Middle Mississippian (Meramecian)

Big Snowy -

Oolites Wisconsin Powder R. Highlands Basin ? CARBONATE PLATFORM Michigan Acadian ? Basin Foreland ? Basin ? PROBABLE ERODED Front Range CARBONATE PLATFORM ? Uplift ? Illinois Oolites Oolites ? Basin Palo Duro Ozark Uplift Oolites Basin Oolites

Fort Worth Basin

Modified from Ettensohn (1993) Early to Middle Mississippian Paleogeography

W LAND

LAND DEEP SHALLOW MARINE MARINE (silt, shale, carbonate mud) (mud)

SHALLOW MARINE (carbonate sand and mud)

DEEP MARINE (mud and chert) LAND LAND EMM MM Borden Valmeyeran Deltaic deposition from east followed by extensive shallow carbonate platform Late Mississippian Paleogeography

LAND

LAND

LAND LAND LM1 LM2 Chesterian Alternation of thick sand and shale deposition vs. widespread thin limestone deposition - Control an issue Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleogeography

PP

Erosion and incision of major paleovalleys into exposed Mississippian surface Industrial Minerals of Indiana ($775 million for 2009)*

Millions of EON ERA PERIOD Ago 1. Crushed stone (limestone & dolostone) 1.75± 0.05 TERTIARY *** Mississippian Devonian 65 ± 0.5 CRETACEOUS ** Silurian 135 ± 5 Ordovician **

TRIASSIC ** 203 ± 3 ** 250 ± 3 2. Portland cement (limestone and PENNSYLVANIAN 295 ± 5 MISSISSIPPIAN 325 clay) DEVONIAN PALEOZOIC 355 ± 5 SILURIAN 410 ± 8 Quaternary (clay) ORDOVICIAN 435 ± 6

CAMBRIAN * 500 Mississippian

540 ± 5 Mississippian-Devonian * (clay) Devonian 4,600 * Not exposed at the surface ** Not present *** Scattered deposits Silurian 10 0 30 Miles 10 0 50 Km 3. Sand & gravel 6. Clay & shale Quaternary Pennsylvanian Mississippian 4. Lime and masonry cement (limestone) Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian 7. Other Gypsum (Mississippian) 5. Dimension stone Industrial sand (Quaternary & Pennsylvanian (sandstone) Mississippian) Mississippian (limestone and sandstone) Devonian & Silurian * USGS ROCK UNIT

GROUP OR FORMATION

New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230

0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500

50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000

20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400

Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Bahama Platform as model for warm shallow water seas Bahama Platform facies distribution

Enos (1974) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period MODERN CARBONATE SHOALS: Bahamas

2D DUNES

SPILLOVER LOBES

Images from Hine and others (1985) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period DEPOSITIONAL MODEL: Restricted Platform Interior Shoal Open Complex Marine Platform

After Brown (1990) ROCK UNIT

GROUP OR FORMATION

New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230

0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500

50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000

20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400

Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Monroe County Geology

Borden

Paoli Ls. Ste. Genevieve Ls.

St. Louis Ls. Salem Ste. Genevieve Salem Ls. Harrodsburg Ls. Ramp Creek Fm. Paoli Ls.

Penn.

West Baden (Lower Chesterian) Summary of Mississippian Rocks in Monroe and Lawrence Counties - Interpretation and possible sea-level curve

Keith (2011, 2013) Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin

(1997)

Ste. Genevieve Ramp Creek Harrodsburg Salem St. Louis Global implications of regional events?

Indian Creek beds?

Acrocyathus bed?

Ross and Ross (1975)