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Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….And Beyond

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Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….And Beyond Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….and beyond Brian D. Keith Indiana Geological Survey Michigan Basin Generalized Geology of the Midwest - structural features Illinois Basin Mississippian http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Pennsylvanian http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Eastern North America Tectonic events PASSIVE MARGIN ACTIVE MARGIN TIME CONTINENTAL SEAFLOOR SEAFLOOR CONTINENTAL PULL-APART SPREADING CONTRACTION COLLISION 0 TERTIARY 100 CRETACEOUS JURASSIC 200 TRIASSIC PERMIAN 300 ALLEGHENIAN CARBONIFEROUS ACADIAN DEVONIAN 400 CALEDONIAN SILURIAN TACONIAN ORDOVICIAN 500 CAMBRIAN 600 EDIACARIAN- HADRYNIAN PC Sanford et al (1985) Generalized Paleozoic Facies ILLINOIS INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO Coal This image cannot currently be displayed. Alleganian Clastic Wedge Acadian Clastic Wedge Taconic Clastic Wedge II Taconic Clastic Wedge I Carbonate platform Clastic Wedge Evaporites Mixed carbonate and clastic ROCK UNIT GROUP OR FORMATION New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230 0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500 50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 Creek to 980 Bainbridge 2000 20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400 Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Other Factors to I Consider Global sea-level G (Vail, et al 1977) Global climate I (Fischer, 1981) Greenhouse Icehouse Vail et al, 1977 The Net Result Position Flooding of near North equator Lots of carbonate-secreting America during organisms making lots of during + warmer limestone * much of global Paleozoic climate * Interrupted unfortunately by the periodic clastic wedges ROCK UNIT GROUP OR FORMATION New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230 0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500 50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 Creek to 980 Bainbridge 2000 20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400 Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Early Mississippian (Osagean) Modified from Gutschick and Sandberg (1983) Modified from Kepferle (1978) Establishment of the Mississippian Platform in the Illinois Basin Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin (1997) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Middle Mississippian (Meramecian) Big Snowy - Williston Basin Wisconsin Powder R. Oolites Highlands Basin ? CARBONATE PLATFORM Michigan Acadian ? Basin Foreland ? Basin ? PROBABLE ERODED Front Range CARBONATE PLATFORM ? Uplift ? Illinois Oolites Oolites ? Basin Palo Duro Ozark Uplift Oolites Basin Oolites Fort Worth Basin Modified from Ettensohn (1993) Early to Middle Mississippian Paleogeography W LAND LAND DEEP SHALLOW MARINE MARINE (silt, shale, carbonate mud) (mud) SHALLOW MARINE (carbonate sand and mud) DEEP MARINE (mud and chert) LAND LAND EMM MM Borden Valmeyeran Deltaic deposition from east followed by extensive shallow carbonate platform Late Mississippian Paleogeography LAND LAND LAND LAND LM1 LM2 Chesterian Alternation of thick sand and shale deposition vs. widespread thin limestone deposition - Control an issue Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleogeography PP Erosion and incision of major paleovalleys into exposed Mississippian surface Industrial Minerals of Indiana ($775 million for 2009)* Millions of EON ERA PERIOD Years Ago QUATERNARY 1. Crushed stone (limestone & 1.75± 0.05 CENOZOIC TERTIARY *** dolostone) Mississippian 65 ± 0.5 Devonian CRETACEOUS ** Silurian MESOZOIC 135 ± 5 JURASSIC ** Ordovician PHANEROZOIC 203 ± 3 TRIASSIC ** 250 ± 3 PERMIAN ** 295 ± 5 2. Portland cement (limestone and PENNSYLVANIAN 325 MISSISSIPPIAN clay) 355 ± 5 DEVONIAN PALEOZOIC 410 ± 8 SILURIAN Quaternary (clay) 435 ± 6 ORDOVICIAN 500 Mississippian CAMBRIAN * 540 ± 5 Mississippian-Devonian PROTEROZOIC PRECAMBRIAN * (clay) ARCHEAN Devonian 4,600 * Not exposed at the surface ** Not present *** Scattered deposits Silurian 10 0 30 Miles 10 0 50 Km 3. Sand & gravel 6. Clay & shale Quaternary Pennsylvanian Mississippian 4. Lime and masonry cement (limestone) Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian 7. Other Gypsum (Mississippian) 5. Dimension stone Industrial sand (Quaternary & Pennsylvanian (sandstone) Mississippian) Mississippian (limestone and sandstone) Devonian & Silurian * USGS ROCK UNIT GROUP OR FORMATION New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230 0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500 50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 Creek to 980 Bainbridge 2000 20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400 Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Bahama Platform as model for warm shallow water seas Bahama Platform facies distribution Enos (1974) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period MODERN CARBONATE SHOALS: Bahamas 2D DUNES SPILLOVER LOBES Images from Hine and others (1985) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period DEPOSITIONAL MODEL: Salem Limestone Restricted Platform Interior Shoal Open Complex Marine Platform After Brown (1990) ROCK UNIT GROUP OR FORMATION New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230 0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500 50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 Creek to 980 Bainbridge 2000 20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400 Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Monroe County Geology Borden Paoli Ls. Ste. Genevieve Ls. St. Louis Ls. Salem Ste. Genevieve Salem Ls. Harrodsburg Ls. Ramp Creek Fm. Paoli Ls. Penn. West Baden (Lower Chesterian) Summary of Mississippian Rocks in Monroe and Lawrence Counties - Interpretation and possible sea-level curve Keith (2011, 2013) Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin (1997) Ste. Genevieve Ramp Creek Harrodsburg Salem St. Louis Global implications of regional events? Indian Creek beds? Acrocyathus bed? Ross and Ross (1975).
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