Mississippian Carbonates in Indiana …….and beyond
Brian D. Keith Indiana Geological Survey Michigan Basin Generalized Geology of the Midwest - structural features
Illinois Basin Mississippian
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Pennsylvanian
http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/globaltext.html Eastern North America Tectonic events
PASSIVE MARGIN ACTIVE MARGIN
TIME CONTINENTAL SEAFLOOR SEAFLOOR CONTINENTAL PULL-APART SPREADING CONTRACTION COLLISION 0
TERTIARY
100 CRETACEOUS
JURASSIC 200 TRIASSIC
PERMIAN 300 ALLEGHENIAN CARBONIFEROUS ACADIAN DEVONIAN 400 CALEDONIAN SILURIAN
TACONIAN ORDOVICIAN 500
CAMBRIAN
600 EDIACARIAN- HADRYNIAN PC Sanford et al (1985) Generalized Paleozoic Facies
ILLINOIS INDIANA MICHIGAN OHIO
Coal
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Alleganian Clastic Wedge
Acadian Clastic Wedge
Taconic Clastic Wedge II
Taconic Clastic Wedge I
Carbonate platform Clastic Wedge Evaporites Mixed carbonate and clastic ROCK UNIT
GROUP OR FORMATION
New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230
0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500
50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000
20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400
Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Other Factors to I Consider
Global sea-level G (Vail, et al 1977)
Global climate I (Fischer, 1981)
Greenhouse
Icehouse Vail et al, 1977 The Net Result
Position Flooding of near North equator Lots of carbonate-secreting America during organisms making lots of during + warmer limestone * much of global Paleozoic climate
* Interrupted unfortunately by the periodic clastic wedges ROCK UNIT
GROUP OR FORMATION
New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230
0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500
50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000
20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400
Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Early Mississippian (Osagean)
Modified from Gutschick and Sandberg (1983) Modified from Kepferle (1978) Establishment of the Mississippian Platform in the Illinois Basin Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin
(1997) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period PALEOGEOGRAPHY: Middle Mississippian (Meramecian)
Big Snowy - Williston Basin
Oolites Wisconsin Powder R. Highlands Basin ? CARBONATE PLATFORM Michigan Acadian ? Basin Foreland ? Basin ? PROBABLE ERODED Front Range CARBONATE PLATFORM ? Uplift ? Illinois Oolites Oolites ? Basin Palo Duro Ozark Uplift Oolites Basin Oolites
Fort Worth Basin
Modified from Ettensohn (1993) Early to Middle Mississippian Paleogeography
W LAND
LAND DEEP SHALLOW MARINE MARINE (silt, shale, carbonate mud) (mud)
SHALLOW MARINE (carbonate sand and mud)
DEEP MARINE (mud and chert) LAND LAND EMM MM Borden Valmeyeran Deltaic deposition from east followed by extensive shallow carbonate platform Late Mississippian Paleogeography
LAND
LAND
LAND LAND LM1 LM2 Chesterian Alternation of thick sand and shale deposition vs. widespread thin limestone deposition - Control an issue Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleogeography
PP
Erosion and incision of major paleovalleys into exposed Mississippian surface Industrial Minerals of Indiana ($775 million for 2009)*
Millions of EON ERA PERIOD Years Ago 1. Crushed stone (limestone & QUATERNARY dolostone) 1.75± 0.05 CENOZOIC TERTIARY *** Mississippian Devonian 65 ± 0.5 CRETACEOUS ** Silurian MESOZOIC 135 ± 5 Ordovician JURASSIC ** PHANEROZOIC
TRIASSIC ** 203 ± 3 PERMIAN ** 250 ± 3 2. Portland cement (limestone and PENNSYLVANIAN 295 ± 5 MISSISSIPPIAN 325 clay) DEVONIAN PALEOZOIC 355 ± 5 SILURIAN 410 ± 8 Quaternary (clay) ORDOVICIAN 435 ± 6
CAMBRIAN * 500 Mississippian
540 ± 5 PROTEROZOIC Mississippian-Devonian PRECAMBRIAN * (clay) ARCHEAN Devonian 4,600 * Not exposed at the surface ** Not present *** Scattered deposits Silurian 10 0 30 Miles 10 0 50 Km 3. Sand & gravel 6. Clay & shale Quaternary Pennsylvanian Mississippian 4. Lime and masonry cement (limestone) Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian 7. Other Gypsum (Mississippian) 5. Dimension stone Industrial sand (Quaternary & Pennsylvanian (sandstone) Mississippian) Mississippian (limestone and sandstone) Devonian & Silurian * USGS ROCK UNIT
GROUP OR FORMATION
New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230
0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500
50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000
20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400
Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Bahama Platform as model for warm shallow water seas Bahama Platform facies distribution
Enos (1974) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period MODERN CARBONATE SHOALS: Bahamas
2D DUNES
SPILLOVER LOBES
Images from Hine and others (1985) The Geologic History of Indiana Mississippian Period DEPOSITIONAL MODEL: Salem Limestone Restricted Platform Interior Shoal Open Complex Marine Platform
After Brown (1990) ROCK UNIT
GROUP OR FORMATION
New 160 Buffalo to Albany 375 Wallow 170 200 to Maquoketa to McLeansboro 1000 770 20 to Muscatatuck 250 35 to Trenton 230
0 New 100 290 to to Black River 750 Harmony 550 to Carbondale 130 460 to Stephensport 240 0 to Ancell 500
50 0 Ever- to to ton 770 160 100 to 160 Raccoon West Baden 0 to 260 to Creek 980 Bainbridge 2000
20 Potosi to 2000 50 40 to 50 to Blue River 350 680 to KEY 400
Brassfield/ 400 Sandstone Sexton Creek to 1000 130 290 Shale to Sanders Mt. 910 to 2180 Simon Carbonate 35 to Borden >1900 Granite, basalt, 760 arkose, and other rocks Igneous and metamorphic New 90 Albany to 350 Paleozoic Stratigraphic Framework for Indiana Monroe County Geology
Borden
Paoli Ls. Ste. Genevieve Ls.
St. Louis Ls. Salem Ste. Genevieve Salem Ls. Harrodsburg Ls. Ramp Creek Fm. Paoli Ls.
Penn.
West Baden (Lower Chesterian) Summary of Mississippian Rocks in Monroe and Lawrence Counties - Interpretation and possible sea-level curve
Keith (2011, 2013) Facies model and analogy with Mississippian carbonates of Illinois Basin
(1997)
Ste. Genevieve Ramp Creek Harrodsburg Salem St. Louis Global implications of regional events?
Indian Creek beds?
Acrocyathus bed?
Ross and Ross (1975)