DOCSLIB.ORG

Summary Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Summary Report INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISES (ICE) Summary Report BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS 2012/2 INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE (ICE) Table of contents Introduction Page 3 Comments from the International Panel of Forensic Experts Page 3 Codes and Abbreviations Page 4 Sample 1 Analysis Page 5 Identified substances Page 5 Statement of findings Page 7 Identification methods Page 11 Summary Page 13 Z-Scores Page 14 Sample 2 Analysis Page 16 Identified substances Page 16 Statement of findings Page 18 Identification methods Page 23 Summary Page 25 Z-Scores Page 27 Sample 3 Analysis Page 28 Identified substances Page 28 Statement of findings Page 30 Identification methods Page 34 Summary Page 36 Z-Scores Page 37 Sample 4 Analysis Page 39 Identified substances Page 39 Statement of findings Page 41 Identification methods Page 45 Summary Page 47 Z-Scores Page 48 Test Samples Information Samples Comments on samples Sample 1 To prepare BS1, urine was spiked with amfetamine sulphate (4720 ng/ml, 3454 ng base/ml). The amfetamine sulphate was dissolved in water before adding to the urine and the spiked urine was dispensed in 50ml aliquots and lyophilised. Sample 2 7RSUHSDUH%6XULQHZDVVSLNHGZLWKQRU¨7+&FDUER[\OLFDFLG QJPO 7KHQRU¨ THC-9-carboxylic acid was dissolved in methanol before adding to the urine and the spiked urine was dispensed in 50ml aliquots and lyophilised. Sample 3 To prepare BS3, urine was spiked with morphine sulphate (1440ng/ml, 1150ng base/ml). The morphine sulphate was dissolved in water before adding to the urine and the spiked urine was dispensed in 50 ml aliquots and lyophilised. Sample 4 To prepare BS4, urine was spiked with benzoylecgonine hydrate (2370 ng/ml, 2230 ng base/ml) and methylecgonine (1150ng /ml). The benzoylecgonine hydrate was dissolved in water and the methylecgonine was dissolved in methanol before adding to the urine and the spiked urine was dispensed in 50 ml aliquots and lyophilised. Samples Substances Concentrations Comments on substances Sample 1 Amfetamine 3454 ng/ml Sample 2 QRU¨7+&FDUER[\OLFDFLG 800 ng/ml Sample 3 Morphine (Total) 1150 ng/ml Sample 4 Methylecgonine 1150 ng/ml Benzoylecgonine 2230 ng/ml This report contains the data received from laboratories participating in the current exercise. The results compiled in this report are not intended to be an overview of the quality of work and cannot be interpreted as such. These comments do not reflect the general state of the art within the profession. Participant results are reported using a randomly assigned "WebCode". This code maintains participant's anonymity, provides linking of the various report sections, and will change with every report. 2012/2-BS (2) Copyright (c) 2013 UNODC INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE (ICE) Introduction An important element of the UNODC International Quality Assurance Programme (IQAP) is the implementation of the International Collaborative Exercises (ICE). The exercises allow laboratories, from both developing and developed countries, to continuously monitor their performance in drug testing on a truly global scale. Two rounds are offered per year with each round presenting participants with four different test samples for analysis. This report provides information on the analytical results of laboratories participating in the Biological Specimens (BS) group. In order to maintain confidentiality, the participating laboratories have been assigned random “Web Codes”, which change every round. The analytical results returned by laboratories participating in ICE are evaluated by UNODC and a confidential report is provided to each laboratory on its own performance. Analytical results are reviewed by the UNODC’s International Panel of Forensic Experts which oversees the implementation of these exercises, and offers guidance and support in addressing relevant quality issues. The exercises provide an overview of the performance and capacity of participating laboratories and enable UNODC to tailor technical support in the laboratory sector for greatest impact. Comments from the International Panel of Forensic Experts Participation of laboratories Samples within both the Seized Materials (SM) and Biological Specimens (BS) test group were sent to 167 laboratories in 55 countries. 68 laboratories in participated in the BS test group and 62 (91%) laboratories submitted the results of their analysis in time for inclusion in the summary report, with 97% using the ICE portal for return of results. The almost universal usage of the ICE portal continues to be a high endorsement of its utility. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the biological specimens test samples Overall, the level of performance in identification of the test samples was good given the inherently higher level of difficulty in the analysis of biological specimens compared to seized materials. BS-1 contained amfetamine and 85% of participants identified the substance while there were two false positives for controlled substances (MDEA and metamfetamine). BS-2 contained 11-nor-∆9-THC-9-carboxylic acid, which was identified by 89% of participants and there were no false positive results reported for this test sample. BS-3 contained Morphine and this was identified by 89% of participants. There were a number of false positive results for this test sample, including four for morphine glucuronides, three for codeine and one each for 6-monoacetylmorphine and 11-nor-∆9-THC-9-carboxylic acid. BS-4 contained a mixture of two cocaine metabolites, benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine. The former was identified by 85% of participants, while 60% identifed the latter. Within BS-4, there was one false positive result for 11-nor-∆9-THC-9-carboxylic acid. With regard to false negative results, there were seven for BS-1, two for BS-2 and BS-3, six for benzoylecgonine in BS-4 and 11 for methylecgonine in BS-4. The results for quantitative analysis within the BS test group were excellent with 23 of 25 (92%, BS-1), 28 of 28 (100%, BS-2), 25 of 26 (96%, BS-3,) 25 of 25 (100%, BS-4, benzoylecgonine) and 11 of 15 (73%, BS-4, methylecgonine) participants performing quantification with acceptable Z-scores less than 3.5 (A modified Z-score was used for the statistical examination of the quantitative results, as it is a robust method based on absolute deviations from the median of all participant values and is relatively insensitive to outliers). It is encouraging to note that of those laboratories who did carry out quantification, 67% (22 of 31) performed quantification of at least one substance in all test samples. The predominant analytical techniques used by participants for quantifaction within the BS test group were GC/MS (83%) followed by LC/MS (8%) and others at (9%). Laboratories are encouraged to carry out quantification as it can improve the quality of laboratory analyses and can be helpful in assessing the significance of the results. Also, laboratories reporting false positive or false negative results should investigate the reasons for this and corrective actions should be taken in order to continuously improve performance. Participation in ICE also helps in monitoring the effect of corrective actions. 2012/2-BS (3) Copyright (c) 2013 UNODC INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE (ICE) Codes and Abbreviations (+) “positive”: Indicates that the analyte is identified; for presumptive tests (e.g. colour reactions), indicates that a positive reaction was obtained. (-) “negative”: Indicates that the analyte is not identified. (ANP): Analysis not performed. Tech Code Name 100 Agglutination Techniques 110 Enzyme Immunoassay Techniques 120 Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay 130 Radioimmunoassay 140 Colorimetric reactions 141 Marquis reagent (sulphuric acid, formaldehyde) 142 Cobalt thiocyanate 150 Thin Layer Chromatography 160 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 161 High Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detection 170 Gas Chromatography NPD 171 Gas Chromatography FID 172 Gas Chromatography ECD 180 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 190 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry 200 Spectrophotometry (visible, UV) 210 Others (specify) 211 NMR 220 Microcrystal test 230 Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry 231 Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry 2012/2-BS (4) Copyright (c) 2013 UNODC INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE EXERCISE (ICE) Identified substances for Test Sample 1 Code Identified Substances 1Y8ESP amfetamine 343Y74 AMFETAMINE 3MDQMM Amphetamine 6DD7OZ Amphetamine and Caffeine 8881Z8 Amphetamine 88TQG8 amphetamine 8TTL6I Amphetamine 8UBRN7 amphetamine 9999CX methamphetamine 9S1TDC none A0W14T Amfetamine AII8CE Amfetamine BIWZEX AMPHETAMINE BJWNAC Amfetamine C2GUMY AMFETAMINE CJMESS Amphetamine type stimulans CSYRRB amfetamine EUV89W Amfetamine EWEPEK amfetamine EXJ929 Amphetamine 603 ng/ml FNEFK2 Anphetamine FROTTQ AMPHETAMINE GGMB9O AMFETAMINA GP9YSG AMPHETAMINE H37NYU Amphetamine HSEQDA Amfetamine HVT14V AMFETAMINE I8ATWC Amfetamine I8G88M amfetamines (amfetamine and/or tenamfetamine) IQK1D5 Amphetamine IYHZ7L AMFETAMINA JCIMSY Amfetamine KAMTKU Amphetamine KJKKSB amfetamine KOKZEC Amphetamine LRRNF7 Amfetamine LTNHUP amphetamine M9MMMM Amfetamine MZB6AZ amphetamine NYNLTC amphetamine 2012/2-BS (5) Copyright (c) 2013 UNODC INTERNATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME (IQAP) INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Issue 3 Combinations Were Banned in the Month of March, 2016
    344 FDC’s REGIMEN Banned in CHIPS India The Health Ministry has banned 344 ‘Fixed HIP C S ✪ Dose Combination’ (FDC) ✪ drugs, leading to an immediate suspension of the manufacturing and sale of some popular medicines in India. Fixed drug combinations have mushroomed in the market as the Pharmaceutical companies ✪ in their quest for newer products and to increase G ✪ UNTUR FR Drug Information News Letter its sales, mix and match ingredients into a single OM C EATION molecule to market them as newer remedies. 344 of such ONCEPT TO CR Jan-Mar 2016, Volume 1, Issue 3 combinations were banned in the month of March, 2016. Keeping in view of the Risk that is associated with these Fixed drug combinations and safer alternatives being available in the market, the Ministry moved ahead with its decision to ban all the 344 fixed drug combinations. Simethicone, *fixed dose combination of Magaldrate + Papain + Fungul Here is the list of 344 banned fixed Drug Combinations in India Diastase + Simethicone, *fixed dose combination of Rabeprazole + Zinc + Domperidone, *fixed dose combination of Famotidine + Oxytacaine + *Aceclofenac + Paracetamol + Rabeprazole, *Nimesulide + Diclofenac, *Diphenoxylate + Atropine + Furazolidone, * Combikit of Fluconazole Magaldrate,*fixed dose combination of Ranitidine + Domperidone + *Nimesulide + Cetirizine + Caffeine, *Nimesulide + Tizanidine, Tablet, Azithromycin Tablet and Ornidazole Tablets, *Ciprofloxacin + Simethicone,*fixed dose combination of Alginic Acid + Sodium *Paracetamol + Cetirizine + Caffeine*Diclofenac +
    [Show full text]
  • Ascorbic Acid/ Paracetamol/ Phenylephrine Hydrochloride PSUSA/00000255/202006 List of Nationally Authorised Medicinal Products
    11 February 2011 Human Medicines Evaluation Division List of nationally authorised medicinal products Active substance: ascorbic acid/paracetamol/phenylephrine hydrochloride Procedure no.: PSUSA/00000255/202006 Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2021. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Member State where Product full name MRP/DCP or CP National Authorisation MAH of product in the member product is (in authorisation country) Authorisation number Number state authorised OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/06 KFT. HU OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/05 KFT. HU OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex méz és citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/11 KFT. HU Blackcurrant Coldrex Powders not available PL 02855/0271 OMEGA PHARMA LTD UK AZIENDE CHIMICHE RIUNITE TACHIFLUDEC polvere per soluzione orale gusto ANGELINI FRANCESCO - menta not available 034358073 A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A. IT AZIENDE CHIMICHE RIUNITE TACHIFLUDEC polvere per soluzione orale gusto ANGELINI FRANCESCO - menta. not available 034358085 A.C.R.A.F. S.P.A. IT List of nationally authorised medicinal products Page 2/8 COLDREX MAXGRIP MENTHOL & BERRIES, 1000 mg/70 mg/10 mg, suukaudse lahuse pulber kotikeses not available 798812 RICHARD BITTNER AG, EE GLAXOSMITHKLINE CONSUMER HEALTHCARE Beechams Cold & Flu Hot Lemon not available MA 932/00103 (UK) TRADING LIMITED MT OMEGA PHARMA HUNGARY Coldrex citrom ízű por belsőleges oldathoz not available OGYI-T-1715/01 KFT.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Poisoning
    MOH CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES December/2011 Management of Poisoning Health Ministry of Sciences Chapter of Emergency College of College of Family Manpower Authority Physicians Physicians, Physicians Academy of Medicine, Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Medical Pharmaceutical Society Society for Emergency Toxicology Singapore Paediatric Association of Singapore Medicine in Singapore Society (Singapore) Society Executive summary of recommendations Details of recommendations can be found in the main text at the pages indicated. Principles of management of acute poisoning – resuscitating the poisoned patient GPP In a critically poisoned patient, measures beyond standard resuscitative protocol like those listed above need to be implemented and a specialist experienced in poisoning management should be consulted (pg 55). GPP D Prolonged resuscitation should be attempted in drug-induced cardiac arrest (pg 55). Grade D, Level 3 1 C Titrated doses of naloxone, together with bag-valve-mask ventilation, should be administered for suspected opioid-induced coma, prior to intubation for respiratory insuffi ciency (pg 56). Grade C, Level 2+ D In bradycardia due to calcium channel or beta-blocker toxicity that is refractory to conventional vasopressor therapy, intravenous calcium, glucagon or insulin should be used (pg 57). Grade D, Level 3 B Patients with actual or potential life threatening cardiac arrhythmia, hyperkalaemia or rapidly progressive toxicity from digoxin poisoning should be treated with digoxin-specifi c antibodies (pg 57). Grade B, Level 2++ B Titrated doses of benzodiazepine should be given in hyperadrenergic- induced tachycardia states resulting from poisoning (pg 57). Grade B, Level 1+ D Non-selective beta-blockers, like propranolol, should be avoided in stimulant toxicity as unopposed alpha agonism may worsen accompanying hypertension (pg 57).
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Generic Name Paracetamol, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Sodium Citrate, Menthol 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Co
    1. Generic Name Paracetamol, Phenylephrine, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Sodium citrate, Menthol 2. Qualitative and Quantitative composition Paracetamol 125 mg Phenylephrine 5 mg Chlorpheniramine maleate 1 mg Sodium citrate 60 mg Mentholated flavoured syrupy base q.s. 3. Dosage form and strength Oral syrup containing Paracetamol 125 mg, Phenylephrine 5 mg, Chlorpheniramine maleate 1 mg. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indication Sinarest Syrup is indicated in children below 40 kg weight for: • Relief of nasal and sinus congestion. • Relief of allergic symptoms of the nose or throat due to upper respiratory tract allergies. • Relief of sinus pain and headache. • Adjunct with antibacterial in sinusitis, tonsillitis and otitis media. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Children of age between 2 to 12 years (body weight- 6 - 40 kg): The usual recommended dose is as shown in the table below which will be given to the patient: Weight Age Dose 6 – 22.9 2 – 7 years 5 ml BID 11.9 – 40 7 – 12 years 5 ml TID 4.3 Contraindication The use of Sinarest syrup is contraindicated in patients with: Hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients of the formulation. Severe hypertension. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use In case a hypersensitivity reaction occurs which is rare, Sinarest syrup should be discontinued. Sinarest syrup contains Paracetamol and therefore should not be used in conjunction with other Paracetamol containing products. Sinarest syrup should be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular problems, epilepsy and closed angle glaucoma. 4.5 Drug interactions Clinically significant drug interactions may occur on concomitant administration of Sinarest syrup with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, beta-adrenergic agents, and methyldopa, reserpine and veratrum alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Perception of Medicinal Marijuana in Medical Students from Northeast Mexico[Version 1; Referees: Awaiting Peer Review]
    F1000Research 2017, 6:1802 Last updated: 04 OCT 2017 RESEARCH ARTICLE Risk perception of medicinal marijuana in medical students from northeast Mexico [version 1; referees: awaiting peer review] Sandra Castillo-Guzmán1, Dionicio Palacios-Ríos1, Teresa A. Nava-Obregón1, Julio C. Arredondo-Mendoza1, Olga V. Alcalá-Alvarado1, Sofía A. Alonso-Bracho1, Daniela A. Becerril-Gaitán1, Omar González-Santiago 2 1Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, Anesthesiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr. José E. González y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico 2Postgraduate in Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical Science, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas de Los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico v1 First published: 04 Oct 2017, 6:1802 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12638.1) Open Peer Review Latest published: 04 Oct 2017, 6:1802 (doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12638.1) Referee Status: AWAITING PEER Abstract Background. Several studies have shown support from the public toward the REVIEW use of medicinal marijuana. In this cross-sectional study, we assess the risk perception to medicinal marijuana in a sample of medical students. Discuss this article Methods. To estimate risk perception, a visual scale that ranges from 0 cm Comments (0) (without risk) to 10 cm (totally risky) was used. Risk perception was expressed as the median of the cm marked over the scale. Differences among groups was tested with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, as appropriate. Results. 283 students participated in the study. Risk perception to medicinal marijuana was 4.22, paracetamol 1.56 and sedatives 5.0. A significant difference in risk perception was observed in those that self-reported to smoke and consume alcohol.
    [Show full text]
  • Perception of the Risk of Medicinal Marijuana in Postgraduate Medical Residents[Version 1; Peer Review: Awaiting Peer Review]
    F1000Research 2019, 8:381 Last updated: 14 MAY 2021 RESEARCH NOTE Perception of the risk of medicinal marijuana in postgraduate medical residents [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Sandra Castillo-Guzmán , Dionicio Palacios Ríos, Teresa Adriana Nava Obregón, Daniela Alejandra Becerril Gaitàn, Keren Daniela Juangorena García, Danya Carolina Domínguez Romero, Misael Jerónimo Reyes Rodríguez Pain and Palliative Care Clinic, Anesthesiology Service, Hospital Universitario Dr.Jose Eleuterio González y Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 66463, Mexico v1 First published: 04 Apr 2019, 8:381 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17394.1 Latest published: 04 Apr 2019, 8:381 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17394.1 Reviewer Status AWAITING PEER REVIEW Any reports and responses or comments on the Abstract article can be found at the end of the article. Background: Drugs can often cause adverse reactions, and the perception of the risk of prescription drugs could influence prescription behaviour. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of the perception of postgraduate physicians in training of the risk of using medical marijuana, comparing it with their perception of paracetamol and sedatives. A visual analogue scale with ranges from 0 (no risk) to 10 (totally risky) was used. Results: A total of 197 postgraduate students were evaluated; 48 women and 149 men took part, with a mean age 27.8 years. Among the different specialties, there was a difference with regard to the perception of medical marijuana and paracetamol and all perceived a greater risk with sedatives. There was no evidence of a risk perception of marijuana in relation to factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan
    PROTOCOL: Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia AUTHOR: Marianne Uggen Rasmussen, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital DATE: 2020-12-14 Protocol number P142; Version: 4; EudraCT: 2019-002394-59, Regional Ethical Committee Journal Number H-20047715. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: CLINICAL TRIAL PROTOCOL Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia The CANNFIB trial Protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-center trial Sponsor Investigator Marianne Uggen Rasmussen (MUR) RN, MPH, PhD; Post-doctoral fellow Primary Investigator and Supervisor Kirstine Amris (KA) MD, DMSc; Senior Rheumatologist CO-investigator and statistical advisor Robin Christensen (RC) MSc, PhD; Professor of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology CO-investigator and advisor Eva Ejlersen Wæhrens (EEW) OT, DMSc; Senior Researcher CO-investigator and advisor Henning Bliddal (HB) MD, DMSc; Professor of Rheumatology Sponsor contact details Marianne Uggen Rasmussen The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, DK-2000 Frederiksberg Phone: +45 38164197 Email: [email protected] 0 PROTOCOL: Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia AUTHOR: Marianne Uggen Rasmussen, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital DATE: 2020-12-14 Protocol number P142; Version: 4; EudraCT: 2019-002394-59, Regional Ethical Committee Journal Number H-20047715. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACR American college of rheumatology ADL-Q Activities of daily living questionnaire AE Adverse events AMPS Assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Paracetamol an Effective Analgesic, but Adding Codeine Gives Additional Benefit
    Evidence-Based Dentistry (2000) 2, 38 ã 2000 Evidence-Based Dentistry All rights reserved 1462-0049/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/ebd summary Paracetamol an effective analgesic, but adding codeine gives additional benefit Moore A, Collins S, Carroll D, McQuay HJ. Paracetamol with and without codeine in acute pain: a quantitative systematic review. Pain 1997; 77:193±201 Objective To assess the analgesia obtained from single oral doses of Paracetamol Number Patients with at least Risk ratio NNT paracetamol alone and with codeine. dose (mg) of trials 50% pain relief (95% CI) (95%CI) Paracetamol Placebo Data sources A search of the following databases, Medline 1966± Post 500 2 65/109 36/114 1.6 3.6 1996, Embase 1980±1996, Cochrane Library Issue 2, 1996, Oxford Pain (0.8±3.5) (2.5±6.5) Dental 600/650 10 134/338 66/339 1.5 4.4 Relief Database 1950±1994, reference lists and textbooks, using a (1.2±1.9) (3.7±7.5) detailed search strategy. 1000 7 158/430 33/284 2.6 4.0 Study selection Only full journal publication of double-blind studies (1.7±4.0) (3.2±5.2) with randomly allocated adult patients receiving postoperative oral Drug dose Number of Patients with at least Risk ratio NNT administration for treatment of moderate to severe pain baseline pain (mg) trials 50% pain relief (95% CI) (95%CI) (equates to >30mm on a visual analogue scale, VAS), using acceptable Paracetamol Paracetamol Placebo pain measures. + codeine + codeine 300 +30 5 69/246 17/196 3.0 (1.8±5.0) 5.3 (3.8±8.0) Results Thirty-one trials met the inclusion criteria of which 19 600/650 +60 13 219/415 88/432 2.6 (2.1±3.2) 3.1 (2.6±3.8) related to dental pain for paracetamol versus placebo, 19 trials for 1000+60 1 27/41 4/17 2.8 (1.2±6.8) 2.4 (1.5±5.7) paracetamol and codeine versus placebo (14 dental) and 13 for Drug dose (mg) Number Patients with at least Risk ratio NNT paracetamol and codeine versus paracetamol alone (10 dental).
    [Show full text]
  • Different Techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article
    ISSN 2692-4374 Pharmaceutical Sciences | Review Article Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article Mahmoud M. Sebaiy1*, Sobhy M. El-Adl1, and Amr A. Mattar1&2 1 Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt. 2 Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt. *Аuthоrcоrrеspоndеncе: Е-mаil: mmsеbаiу@zu.еdu.еg; sеbаiуm@gmаil.cоm.Tеl: 01062780060. Fаx: 0552303266 Submitted: 27 April 2020 Approved: 11 May 2020 Published: 14 May 2020 How to cite this article: Sebaiy MM, El-Adl SM, Mattar AA. Different techniques for Analysis of Aspirin, Caffeine, Diclofenac Sodium and Paracetamol: Review Article. G Med Sci. 2020; 1(1): 013-031. https://www.doi.org/10.46766/thegms.pharma.20042701 Copyright: © 2020 Mahmoud MS. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unre- stricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTracT Early treatment of pain is of a great importance as unrelieved pain can have profound psychological effects on the patient, and acute pain that is poorly managed initially can degenerate into chronic pain, which may prove to be much more difficult to treat. It is important to assess and treat the article,mental weand will emotional shed the aspects light on of different the pain waysas well of assome its physicalanalgesic aspects. drugs monitoring Although drug and therapyanalysis isusing a mainstay different of techniques pain treatment, in addition physical to methodsthe most such as physiotherapy (including massage and the application of heat and cold), surgery, and drug monitoring are also very valuable.
    [Show full text]
  • AM404, Paracetamol Metabolite, Prevents Prostaglandin Synthesis in Activated Microglia by Inhibiting COX Activity Soraya Wilke Saliba1,2*, Ariel R
    Saliba et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2017) 14:246 DOI 10.1186/s12974-017-1014-3 RESEARCH Open Access AM404, paracetamol metabolite, prevents prostaglandin synthesis in activated microglia by inhibiting COX activity Soraya Wilke Saliba1,2*, Ariel R. Marcotegui3, Ellen Fortwängler1, Johannes Ditrich1, Juan Carlos Perazzo3, Eduardo Muñoz4, Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira5 and Bernd L. Fiebich1* Abstract Background: N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404), a paracetamol metabolite, is a potent agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and low-affinity ligand of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1). There is evidence that AM404 exerts its pharmacological effects in immune cells. However, the effect of AM404 on the production of inflammatory mediators of the arachidonic acid pathway in activated microglia is still not fully elucidated. Method: In the present study, we investigated the effects of AM404 on the eicosanoid production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in organotypic hippocampal slices culture (OHSC) and primary microglia cultures using Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Results: Our results show that AM404 inhibited LPS-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)productioninOHSC, and LPS-stimulated PGE2 release was totally abolished in OHSC if microglial cells were removed. In primary microglia cultures, AM404 led to a significant dose-dependent decrease in the release of PGE2, independent of TRPV1 or CB1 receptors. Moreover, AM404 also inhibited the production of PGD2 and the formation of reactive oxygen species (8-iso-PGF2 alpha) with a reversible reduction of COX-1- and COX-2 activity. Also, it slightly decreased the levels of LPS-induced COX-2 protein, although no effect was observed on LPS-induced mPGES-1 protein synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • First Evidence of the Conversion of Paracetamol to AM404 in Human
    Journal of Pain Research Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article ORIGINAL RESEARCH First evidence of the conversion of paracetamol WR$0LQKXPDQFHUHEURVSLQDOÁXLG This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: Journal of Pain Research Chhaya V Sharma,1 Jamie H Abstract: Paracetamol is arguably the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug Long,2 Seema Shah,1 Junia worldwide, however its mechanism of action is still not fully established. It has been shown to Rahman,1 David Perrett,3 exert effects through multiple pathways, some actions suggested to be mediated via N-arachi- Samir S Ayoub,4 Vivek donoylphenolamine (AM404). AM404, formed through conjugation of paracetamol-derived Mehta1 p-aminophenol with arachidonic acid in the brain, is an activator of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, and inhibits the reuptake of the endocannabinoid, anandamide, into postsynaptic neurons, 1Pain & Anaesthesia Research Centre, as well as inhibiting synthesis of PGE by COX-2. However, the presence of AM404 in the cen- St Bartholomew’s and The Royal 2 London Hospitals, Barts Health NHS tral nervous system following administration of paracetamol has not yet been demonstrated in Trust, London, UK; 2Barts & The humans. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood were collected from 26 adult male patients between London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, 10 and 211 minutes following intravenous administration of 1 g of paracetamol. Paracetamol UK; 3BioAnalytical Science, Barts & was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. AM404 was The London School of Medicine, measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Pharmacological Studies Of
    Université catholique de Louvain Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (LLN) Louvain Drug Research Institute (LEW) Medicinal chemistry groups Synthesis and pharmacological studies of novel β-lactamic inhibitors of human Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (hFAAH): Evidence of a reversible and competitive mode of inhibition Marion Feledziak Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a PhD Degree in Sciences 2012 Promoters: Jacqueline Marchand-Brynaert Didier M. Lambert Pr. Jean-François Gohy (Président du jury) Université catholique de Louvain Pr. Jacqueline Marchand (promoteur) Université catholique de Louvain Pr. Didier Lambert (promoteur) Université catholique de Louvain Pr. Dirk Tourwe Université libre de Bruxelles Pr. Etienne Sonveaux Université catholique de Louvain Pr. Olivier Riant Université catholique de Louvain Pr. Raphaël Robiette Université catholique de Louvain *** Parce que l’une des plus belles choses au monde est de s’apercevoir combien est grand le nombre de personnes impliquées dans nos projets, nos passions, nos vies; combien sans elles, la route aurait été longue et terrassante; combien notre propre évolution est intimement liée à elles … Parce que cinq années durant, toutes ces choses m’ont profondément touchée; je n’ai plus qu’à vous témoigner combien tout ce que vous m’apportez est précieux et combien votre présence et votre soutien sont inestimables… *** Il va de soi que mes tout premiers mots vont à mes promoteurs, Jacqueline Marchand-Brynaert et Didier Lambert. Je me souviendrai toujours de cette étudiante de 24 ans qui avait passé, un peu gauche alors, l’embrasure de vos portes de bureaux respectifs. C’était une journée un peu morne de mars 2007.
    [Show full text]