CENSUS OF INDIA 1991

SERIES - 32 LAKSHADWEEP

PART XII· A &B

DISTRIl:T l:ENSUS HANllBOOIi LJlIlSUAUWEEP

VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY VILLAGE & TOWNWISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT

DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, LAKSHADWEEP CEUIJSOFIHDIA ,,' ,,' ,.. ". INDIA

I 1I l POSITION Of LAKSHADWEEP IN INDIA 1991

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FOREvVORD

Publication of the District Census Handbooks (DCHs) was initiated after the 1951 Census and is continuing since then with some innovations/modifications after each decennial Census. This is the most valuable district level publication brought out by the Census Organisation on behalf of each State: Govt. f Union Territory administration. It inter-alia provides data linformation on some of the basic demographic and socia-economic characteristics and on the availability of certain important civic amenities ifaciiities in each village and town of the respective districts. This publication has thU3 proVt;d to be of imm6r~se utility to the planners, administrators, as:;demicians and iesearchers. The scope of the DCH was initiaUy confined to certain important census tables on population, economic and socia-cultural aspects as also the Primary Census Abstract (PCA \ of each village and tovvn (ward-wise) of the district. The DCHs published after the 1961 Census contained a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and Village and Town Directories including PCA. After the 1971 Census, two parts of the District Census HAndbooks (Part-A comprising Village and Town Directories and Part-B comprising Village and Town peA) were released in all the States and Un ion Territories. The third Part (C) of the District Census Handbooks comprising adminrstrztiv0, statistics and district census tables, which was also to be brought out, could not be published in many States/UTs due to considerable delay in compilation of relevant material. In 1981, some new features alongwith the restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were introiuced in the DCHs. These were published in two parts for each district after the 19111 Census. While Part-A comprised Village and Town Directories, the PCA of villages and towns (ward-wise) including Scheduled Caste and Schduled Tribe PCA up to tehsil/town level were provided in Part-B. To illustrate, all the amenities except electricity, were brought together in the Village Directory and if an amenity was not available in the referrent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such amenity was given. Information on some new items such as adult literacy centres, primary health sub-cen1res and community health workers in the village were provided so as to meet some of the requirements of the Revispd Minimum Needs Programme. Similarly, information on approach to th9 village was also provided for the first time in the village Directorv so as to give lin idea about the number of inaccessible villages in each district. In case of Town Directories also, keeping in view the requirements of the Minimum Needs Programme, a Statement IV-A on slums was provided so as to enable the planners to chalk out the programrnes for providing better civic and other amenities in the slums. In this statement detai Is on civic and other amenities were reported for the slums of class I and Clas " towns. Apart from this, one column on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population and another on adult lite.racy classes/centres were added in Statements IV and V respectively.

(iii) The manner of presentation of the DCHs for the 1991 Census is by and large the same as followed in 1981. However, the format of PCA has been restructured slightly in the 1991 Census for the benefit of data users. Nine-fold Industrial classification of main workers has been given as against four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition to this, the sex-wise population in the 0-6 age group has also been included in peA for the first time with a view to enabling data users to compute more realistic literacy rate 8S all children below 7 years of age havfJ been treated as illiterate at the time of the 1991 Census. It is expected that the above mentioned modifications will help the planners in chalking out more effective developmental programmes. One of the most important innovations in the 1991 Census is the Community Development Block-level presentation of data in the Village Directory and PCA instead of the traditional Tahsil{TalukjPS level presen­ tation. It is expected that the presentation of Village Directory and PCA data at C. D. Block level will help the planners in formulation of micro­ level developmental plans, as the C D. Block is the lowest administrative unit for developmental planning. In order to facilitate the task of administrators, planners and researchers intending to use Village Directory; PCA data, either from the magnetic tapes/floppies or from the published records both the computer and manual codes for each village have been provided for the 1991 Census alongwith the correspondir;g codes of 1981. This publication is a joint venture of the State Govt. /UT admini­ stration and the Census Organisation. The data have been collected and compiled under the direction of shri P. V. James, Deputy Director of Census OperatioilS, Union Territory of Lakshadweep on b(;;half of the state Govt. fUT administration which has borne the cost of printing. The task of plcnning, designing and coordination of the publication was initiated by Dr. K. P. Ittaman, former Deputy Registrar Gan('ral (Social Studies) and Shri M. M. Dua, Joint Director. For the sake of uniformity in presentation of information/data and for preparation of analytical note depicting the salient features emerging from a .omicro-Ievel analysis of Census/non-Census data, a model District Census Handbook from each State and Union Territory was thoroughly scrutinised in the Social Studies Division under the guidance of shri M. K. Jain, the present Deputy Registrar General (S. S.). This task was carried out by Shri A. K. Singh, Deputy Director who was assisted by Shri N. S. Soam, Assistant Director and his staff. Technical guidance in the preparation of the maps was initially provided by Dr. B. K. Roy, former Deputy Registrar General (Map) and later by Mrs. Minati Ghosh, the present Deputy Registrar General (Map). I am thankful to all those who have contributed to this project.

New Delhi (A. R. Nanda) June 11. 1992 Registrar General, India

(iv) PREFACE

As in 1971 and 1981, the District Census Handbook 1991 is an important publication brought out by the Census Organisation on behalf of the Lakshadweep Union Territory Administration. The District Census Handbook is widely used by the various Departments of Lakshadweep Administration and its lower level offices and by the scholars, researchers and other data users as well. This volume comprises of two parts (i) Part A-Village and Town Directory and (ii) Part B-Primary Census Abstract for Generai Population and Scheduled Tribe Population. The pattern of presentation :n this report is by and large the same as followed in 1981. A significant innovation in 1991 is the presentation of data at Community Development Block level instead of traditional Tahsil level. The presentation of nine-fold Industrial Classification of main workers as against the four fold classification of 1981 Census makes the report more useful. The scaled maps of the four Sub-divisions (Tahsils) pertaining to Lakshadweep have been prepared by the Census Department for the first time and included in this Handbook. Besides presenting data in statements, a brief analysis of Village and Town Directory and Primary Census Abstract on the basis of inset tables, 8n outline of 1991 Census, physical features, major economic, social and cultural characteristics and developmental activities pertaining to the Union Territory of Laksi:adweep have also been included in the Analytical Note. The scope of the publication has been enlarged by reflecting a comparison between the present and past conditions of the islands. The Village Directory statements presented for the Community Development B lock and for each village (island) give information on number of households, population, availability of amenities such as educational, medical, drinking water, post and telegraph, road and other communication facilities, power supply and land use. Town Directory statements give area, number of households, population and its growth rate, rainfall and temperature, road length, system of sewerage, protected water supply, types of electricity connections, medical, educational, recreational and cultural facilities etc. of each town. The Primary Census Abstract included in Part B contains data on number of occupied residential houses, number of households, total population and its break up by sex, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population, literate and workers by nine industrial categories. The non·census data required for the Village Directory and Town Directory were collected and compiled by the Census Directorate. The draft of the publication was prepared by SlShri A. V. Ouseph, Invest.i­ gator, T. P. Abdullakoy" Statistical Assistant and Smt K. Sarasamma Pillai, Computer. Shri P. V. James, Assistant Director attended to the production

(v) of the volume at all stages and he edited and finalised the Handbook. I would like to place on record my appreciation due to them in blinging out this publication. The 1991 census Operations in the Union Territory of Laksha­ dwasp were carried out under the abJe guidance of my predecessor Shri S. P, Aggarwal who relinguished the charge after releasing the Paper~2 of 1991 Previsional Popuration Totals. Above al t I am grateful to Shri A. R. Nanda, Registr.:!r General, India for his valuable guidance at all stages. I am also thankful to Dr. M. K. Jain, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) and Smt Minati Ghosh, Deputy Regi&trar General (Maps) for the ~ame. ! am thankful to Shri V. V. Abdul Rasheed, Manag'3, La;

Sd/-

(SATiSH CHA:"~DRA) Kavaratti • Administrator 8- Ex-·Officio 27-1-1994. Director of Census Operations, Lakshadweep.

(vi) STAFf ASSO[IATEO WITH THIS PUBLII:ATIDN

Assistant Director Shri P. V. James

Investigator ! Shri A. V. Ouseph Statistical Assistants · Shri T. P. Abdulla Koya Shri A. Kidave Smt K. Sarasamma Pillai Smt Mary Joseph Computors · Shri E. Prakashan Shri K. C. Pauly Shri K. K. Ashokan Shri R. Venkitac:halam Draughtsman Shri T. P. Pailykuniu Senior Stenographer Shri T. C. Sudhir Bose Upper Division Clerk Smt K. B. Annie Lower Division Clerk . Smt M. Kuniumole

(vii)

CONTENTS

Page FOREWORD (iii) PREFACE (v) IMPORTANT STATISTICS (xi) ANALYTICAL NOTE 1-40 Introduction 1 The 1991 Census 1 Concepts of 1991 Census 1 Geological formalion of the Islands 3 Brief History of the District 3 History of the District Census Handbook 4 Scope of the Village Directory & Town Directory 5 Changes in the juri~dictlon of the District 5 Climate 5 General Fauna and Flora . 5 Major Economic characteristics 6 Social and Cultural characteristic!! 14 Places of religious, historical and archeological import2nce 17 Brief Gazatteer of the islands 18 Brief analysis of Village Directory Date 20 Btief analysis of Town Directory Data . 30 Brief analysis of Primary Census Abstract 33

PART A - VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY 41-100 SECTION -I VILLAGE DIRECTORY 43-88 List of Vi Iiages 45 List of codes used in Village Directory 47 Village Directory - Amenities and land use 49-88 Minicoy Community Development Block 49 Andrott Community Development Block 53 Kalpeni Community Development Block . 57 Kavaratti Community Development Block 61 Agatti Community Development Block 155 Amini Community Development Block 69 Kadmat Community Development Block 73 Kiltan Community Development Block 77 Chetlat Community Development Block 81 Appendix to Village Directory . 84-88 Appendix I - Community Development Block - wise abstract of educational, medical and other amenitres 84

(ix) Page Appendix II - Land utilisation data in respect of non-municipal Census Towns. 86 Appendix III - Community Development Block-wise list of villages where no educational or medical and public health facilities etc. are available 86 Appendix IV - List of villages according to the proportion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges, . 87 SECTION-II TOWN DIRECTORY 89~100 Number of Census Towns in the different population size class and list of Census lowns in the district 91 List of codes used in the Town Directory. 92 Town Directory Statements 93-100 Statement I - Status and Growth history 93 Statement II - Physical aspects and location of towns, 1989 94 Statement III - Municipal Finance, 1988-89 95 Statement IV - Civic and other AmQnities, 1989 96 Statement IV A-Civic and other amenities in notified slums, 1989 97 Statement V - Medical, educational, recreational and cultural facilities, 1989 98 Statement VI - Trade, Commerce, I ndustry and Banking, 1989 99 Appendix - Towns showing outgrowths with population 100 PART B - PRIMARY CE:N:-US ABSTRACT 101-188 District Primary Census f~' bstract 103 Community Development Block-wise Primary Census Abstract for Total population 113-154 Minicoy Community DevAlopment Block 113 Andrott Community Development Block . 117 Kalpeni Community Development Block . 121 Kavaratti Community Development Block 127 Agatti Community Deveiopment Block 132 Amini Community Development Brock 139 KDdmat Commtlnity Development Block 143 Kiltan Community Development Block 147 Chetlat Community Development Block 151 Town Primary Census Abstract 155 Appendix - DetAils of C, D. Blocks included under Tahsils 165 Primary Census Abstract of Tahsil Totals 167 Special Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribe Population 171 Town peA for Scheduled Tribe . 18t Minicoy Community Development Block . 183 Kavaratti Community Development Block 184 Agatti Corr,munity Dt'velopment Block 185 Amini Community Development Block 186 Appendix to Urhan jVillage Primary Census Abstract 187 Annexure to Appendix. 188 MAP Position of Lakshadweep in India, 1991 Facing (i) Map of lakshlldweep - Administrative Divisions, 1991 Facing (xii) Tahsil map of Minicoy FClcing 48 Tahsil map of Andrott Facing 52 Tahsil map of Kavaratti Facing 60 Tahsil map of Amini Falcing 68

(x) LAKSHADWEEP-1991 IMPORTANT STATISTICS

Persons Males Females Population Total 51, 707 26,618 25,089

Rural 22,593 11,530 11,063

Urban 29,114 15,088 14,026 Decennial Population Growth Rate 1981-91 + 28.47

Area (Sq. kms) Total 32.00

Rural 18.70

Urban 13.30

Density of population (per sq. km.) 1,616 Sex Ratio (Number of Females per 1 000 mal~s) 943 Literacy Rate (Excluding children in the age-group 0-6) 81.78 90.18 72.89 Percent:oge of urban popu lation to total population 56.31

Number of Islands (Villages) Total 23 Inhabited 7 Uninhabited 16 Number of Census Towns (Non-Municipal) 4

Percentage to total Population

Ii} Total workers (Main Workers + Marginal workers) 26.43 44.17 7.60

( ii) Main worktns 23.96 41.02 5.85

(iii) Marginal workers 2.47 3.15 1.75

I\ iv). Non-workers 73.57 55.83 92.40

(xi) Persons Males Females

Break-up of Main workers (percentage among Main workers)

(i) Cultivators Nil

(ii) Agricultural Labourers Nil

(iii) Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and Plantations, Orchards and allied activities 25.01 26.61 13.15

(iv) Mining and Quarrying Nil Nil Nil

(v) (a) Household Industry 5.06 383 14.24

(b) Other than Household Industry 4.75 3.69 12.60

(vi) Constructions 15.47 17.01 4.02

(vii) Trade and Commerce 5.66 5.88 4.02

(viii) Transport, Storage and Communications 11.37 12.82 0.61

(IX) Other Services 32.68 30.16 51.36

Scheduled Caste Nil

Percentage of Scheduled Tribes Population to Total Population 93.15 90.77 95.67

Number of Occupied Residential Houses 8,124

Number of Households 8,295

Average number of persons per

0) Occupied Residential House 6.36

Iii) Household 6.23

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INTRODUCfION CONCEPTS OF 1991 CENSUS

Lakshadweep, the tiniest Union Territory in Rural and Urban Areas India, is an archipelago consisting of twentyseven Classification of the population into Rural and islands (eleven inhabited and sixteen uninhabited) Urban is a common practice in all the Censuses. and a number of sunken banks, open reefs and sand In fact, this practice is followed by all the countries. banks. They lie scattered in the Arabian Sea, But the definitions so adopted for these two terms 200 to 400 kms away from Kerala coast between by different countries vary from each other. The 8 degree and 12 degree 30' north latitude and 71 Indian Census has been presenting the demographic degree and 74 degree east longitude. Lakshadweep data separately for rural and urban areas. In our is a single district Union Territory covering an area country also. a fairly strict definition for rural and of 32 sq. kms. According to the notification urban areas was adopted only in 1961 Census. F. No. 3j1i83-Genl. dated 2-10-1983 of Administra­ :i!1 then, the definition adopted by us was very tion of Union Territory of Lakshadweep the major liberal. and was left entirely to the discretion of inhabited islands of Minicoy, Andrott, Kavaratti and local authorities. The definition of an urban area Amini with their satellite uninhabited islands/islets in 1981 Census was adopted with minor modifica­ are classified as major sub-divisions and the minor tions and the same was followed in 1991 Census inhabited islands of Kalpeni, Agatti, Kadmat, Kiltan also. Accordingly, Urban areas include: and Chetlat along with the attached uninhabited islands/islets are called as minor sub-divisions. The (a) All places with local authority like Munici­ inhabited island Bitra is a part of Chetlat minor sub­ pality. Corporation. Cantonment Board or division and Bangaram 1 is under Agatti. Thus for notified town area Committee etc. the purpose of 1991 Census there are four sub­ (b) All other places which satisfy the three divisions, which are analogous to the Tahsils in the fold criteria of 1981 Census. The four sub-divisions are Minicoy, (i) A minimum population of 5. 000, Andrott. Kavaratti and Amini. Kavaratti Island is the Headquarters of the Union Territory of Laksha­ (ii) At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural dweep. and allied activities. and

The 1991 Census (iii) A population density of 400 persons per sq. km. I.e. 1.000 persons per sq. As in other parts of India, the thirteenth mile. decennial population Census was synchronously Thus, all the places coming under the above conducted in Lakshadweep also. The reference date categories are classified as Urban areas. The unit of the Census was the sunrise (If first March, 1991. of classification is 'town' for urban areas and The population counting started on 9th February 'village' for rural areas. The above definition and continued up to 28th February 1991. The envisages two distinct types of urban units: floating and houseless population were counted on the last day of enumeration. Boat and Sea popula­ (1) The places which have come into existence tion were also included in the actual count. A by virtue of statutory notifications and are revisional round was made from 1 st to 5th March, referred to by the nomenclature adopted in 1991 in order to update the information collected the relevant notification as Municipal by adding new births and deleting deaths occurred Corporation. Municipal Board, Canton­ subsequent to the enumeration but before the ment Board notified area Committee etc. reference date. and

1. A newly inhabited island in 1991 Census with a negligible population is exclusively an international tourist centre. The habitation is limited to tourists and the employees deployed to provide necessary amenities and comforts to them. 1 (2) Places which are defined as urban because literate should have received any formal education they satisfy the specified criteria and are or should have passed any minimum educational referred to as Census Towns or Non-Muni­ standard. All children of the age 6 years or less cipal Towns (CT or NMCT). were treated as illiterate even if the child is going to school and may have picked up reading and Those places with population of one lakh and writing a few odd words. above are treated as cities. Translation of Malayalam language into Arabic Census House alphabet is very popular in Lakshadweep especially among the women folk. This is mostly practiced A 'Census House' is a building or part of a by the older generation. They can neither read nor building having a separate main entrance from the write Malayalam language nor understand the Arabic words but for the purpose of communication, road or common courtyard or staircase etc. used they write Malayalam words in Arabic script. In or recognised as a separate unit. It may be occupied such cases, they were also treated as Literates. or vacant. It may be used for a residential or non­ residential purpose or both. Worker An 'occupied residential house' means a house According to 1991 Census. work is defined as which is used wholly or partly for the purpose of participation in any economically productive activity residence by one or more households and includes by physical TO mental in nature. Work involves not a shop-cum-residence, a workshop-cum-residence only the actual work but also effective sIJpervision and a residence with other use. and direction of work. It also includes unpaid work on farm or family enterprise, A person who normally Household works but has been absent from work during the reference period on account of illness, holiday, A household is a group of persons who temporary closure, strike etc. was t~eated as commonly live together and would take their meals engaged in the work in which he or she would from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of otherwise have been doing but for his or her tem­ porary absence, Persons under training such as work prevented any of them from doing so. There apprentices with or without stipends or wages were may be a household of persons related by blood, also treated as workers. As in 1981, the workers or a household of unrelated persons or having a are classified into three mutually exclusive groups mix of both. If a group of unrelated persons live viz., 'main workers', 'marginal workers' and 'non­ together and have their meals from a common workers'. A uniform reference period of one year kitchen, they would constitute an 'Institutional preceding the enumeration was adopted for recor­ Household'. Boarding houses, hostels, residential ding activity status. hotels etc. are some of the examples of institutional households. A 'houseless household' is a household Main Worker comprised of persons who have no house to live in. Those persons who had worked for the major part of the year (183 days) or more in this preceding Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes year are treated as main workers. The main workers are further classified into nine industrial categories According to the article 341 and 342 of the such as: Constitution, the President of India is empowered Cultivators to specify the list of Scheduled Castes and 1. Seheduled Tribes under Presidential Order for each 2. Agricultural Labourers State and Union Territory. No caste has been 3. Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting and scheduled in relation to Lakshadweep. According Plantations, Orchards and allied activities. to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Lists 4. Mining and quarrying (Modification Order, 1956) "the inhabitants of Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and Lakshadweep who and both of whose parents were 5. born in those islands are treated as Scheduled Repairs Tribes." There is no specific name for this tribe. (a) household industry and (b) other than household industry Literates 6, Construction A literate is a person who can both read and 7. Trade and Commerce write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not a 8. Transport, Storage and Communication and literate. It is not necessary that a person who is 9. Other services

2 Shaikh Yusuf Shainsuddin of Tariz took place in the MargiDal Workers year 548 Hejira (i.e. 1153 AD). It is, therefore, Persons who have not worked for major part of conjectured that the Hindus of the Lakshadweep the year i.e. those who have worked less than 6 resisted conversion for quite some time. months (183 days) in the last year prior to the enumeration period are treated as marginal workers. The early settlera had acknowledged the autho­ rityof the Kolathiri Raja. Although the Portuguese, Non-Worker. British and Arab landed in the district from time to time on their way to mainlands of India, this district Persons who have not participated in any luckily escaped their wrath as experienced by the economicallv productive activity during the last one Maldivians at that time. However, this district year are considered as non-workers. A person who suffered at the hands of British pirates led by has merely been offered work but has not actuallY Captain Kidd. Fortunately, their plunder was short joined yet is not treated 8S engaged in work. The lived and they left the place in haste. non-workers are classified into seven groups. They are those engaged in household duties, students. Until 1791, the rule of Ali Raja continued when dependents, retired persons or rentiers, beggars, it passed on to the British with the conquest of inmates of institutions and other non-workers who Cannanore in that year. However, 'Bibi' of have not come under any of 1he above six categories. Cannanore was allowed to retain her hold on the district by paying an annual tribute (Peshkash). This Geological Formation!! arrangement continued till 1875 when Britishers It is said that these islands and reefs were finally took over the administration of the Laccadive formed as a result of the coral growths over the group of islands of this district. continuation of the Aravallis system of rock of Whereas, the Amindivi group of islands, the Rajasthan and Gujarat. The islands are generally northern group of five islands had experienced aligned from north to south with one exception different turn of events. For more than two cen­ namely, Andrott, which lies east to west. The turies, like other group of islands they ware also islands are having natural protection in the eastern under the control of Ali Raja of Cannanors but the side by beaches. The atolls show various stages of inhabitants of this group of islands shifted their development of the islands. The reefs at Cheriyapani, ellegiance to Mysore in the last quarter of eighteenth Perumalpar and Suheli represent the early stages of century. With the conquest of Srirangapattana by development, while the reefs at Kalpeni, Kavaratti, the East India Company the Amindivi group of Agatti and Kadmat are in intermediate stage and islands also became a part of the South Kanara Chetlat and Kiltan are in advanced or mature stage District. of development. The development and growth of the islands of the eastern reef margin has been Thus, the Amindivi group of islands were under checked by various factors. the jurisdiction of South Kanara whereas the other islands were under the jurisdiction of Malabar district Brief History3 and were Imder the direct British rule from third The early history of the district still remains quarter of nineteenth century onwards till the unexplored. Local traditions, however, assign the independence of the country in 1947. first settlement of the district to a shipwreck mem­ In November 1956 on the formation of India bers of Malayalis who were on their way to bring into linguistic States the Government of India recog­ King Cheraman Perumal from Mecca in ninth century. Originally, therefore, the inhabitants were nised the Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi islands all Hindus, and that they were converted into Islam, now known as Lakshadweep to a Union Territory it is said, in the thirteenth century or so by an Arab (which is co-existensive with the district) and placed it under an Administrator whose headquarters Saint called Munbe Mulyaka Alias Ubaidulla. at the outset were located at Kozhikode (Calicut) The conversion of the King of the Maldives, which were subsequently transferred to Kavaratti Siri Bavanditta by a Muslim apostle known as island during 1964. The Administration still has

2. Census of India, 1981, Seriea-30, Lakshadweep, District Census Handbook, page 3. 3. Census of India, 1981, Series-30, Lakshadweep, District Census Handbook. pages 3-4

3 offices at Calicut and Cochin for procurement of every major/minor SUb-division. The island Bitra stores, co-ordination of transport including reserva­ comes under Chetlat C. D. Block and Bangaram tion of passage in the ships. etc. under Agatti C. D. Block. Present Administrative Set up The territory is represented in the Parliament by a member elected to Loksabha. Shri P. M. Sayeed To bring the administration closer to the people, is representing this territory in the Parliament for the islands are divided into 4 major sUb-divisions the last 25 years. and 5 minor sub-divisions. As mentioned earlier, Minicoy, Andrott. Kavaratti and Amini are the major For the first time, the islands were brought under sub-divisions, while Kalpeni. Agatti. Kadmat, Kiltan 8 democratic set up on 6th April 1990 when the island and Chetlat are minor sub-divisions. The inhabited councils under the Lakshadweep Island Councils Registration, 1988 were constituted and came into island Bitra comes under the jurisdiction of Chetlst force. The island councils have been constituted minor sub-division and Bangaram under Agattj In all the inhabited islands, except Bangaram. minor sub-division. The uninhabited islands atta­ There are in all 79 members in the island co.uncils, ched to each of the islands also include in the 10 each in the islands of Minicoy, Andrott, Kavaratti respective major/minor sub-division. The major and Amini, eight each in the islands of Kalpeni. sub-divisions/minor SUb-divisions are under the Agatti and Kadmat. six each in Kiltan and Chetlat charge of SUb-Divisional Officersl Additional Sub­ and three in the ishlnd Bitrs. The island councils Divisional Officers respectively. In Minicoy. Deputy brjng the Administrator closer to the p,ublic and Collector is the Ex-'Offlcio Sub-Divisional Officer. they implement all rural developmental schemes. In other Sub-Divisions, the Block Development A Pradesh Council is also constituted for the Officers/Additional Block Development Officers Union Territory with 21 members elected from the function as Sub-Divisional Officers/Additional Sub­ island councils. The representation is limited to Divisional Officers in their respective jurisdiction. three from the major islands of Minicoy, Andrott, They co-ordinate all developmental activities, imple~ Kavaratti and Amini, two from Kalpeni, Agatti and ment all programmes coming under the Community Kadmat and one from Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra. In Development Blocks including Integrated Rural addition to this 21 members, Member of Parliament Development Programmes. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana from Lakshadweep, Administrator and Collector­ etc. and all programmes under Five Year Plan cum-Development Commissioner of the Union Schemes. They also chair the Island Councils and Territory are also the members of the Pradesh Block level committees in their respective jurisdic­ Council. The Administrator is the Chairman and tion the Collector-cum-Development Commissioner is the Vice Chairman of the Pradesh Council. Three The headquarters of Lakshadweep Union Terri­ Counsellors have been elected from the Pradesh tory is at Kavaratti Island. Administrator is the Council. They advise the Administrator and deal head of the territory and under his control functions with the different portfolios allotted to them all the administrative and executive machinaries in covering the entire developmental activities of the the district, The district administration. law and Union Territory. order and development programmes are under the purview of the Collector-cum-Development Commi­ The Pradesh Council meets twice or thrice in a ssioner who functions under the direct control of year and takes decision in all important matters. the Administrator. He is also the District Magistrate History of the District Census Handbook and under him functions an Additional District Magistrate and nine Executive Magistrates. The The District Census Handbook is a State Settlement Officer is the Additional District Magis­ Government publication compiled by the Census trate and the Deputy Collector and Sub-Divisional! Organisation. Prior to the formation of these islands AddJ. Sub-Divisional Officers are the -Executive into a Union Territory in 1956, Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) Magistrates. The Superintendent of Police controls were under the jurisdiction of South Kanara District the police force, while Administrator is the Inspector and the Laccadive (Kavaratti. Agatti, Andrott and General of Police, One sub-court at Kavaratti and Kalpeni) and Minicoy groups of islands under the two Munciff's Courts one each at Andrott and Malabar District of erstwhile Madras State. 1961 Amini are functioning in the District. The Sub­ Census is the first population Census after the re­ Judge who is also the Chief Judicial Magistrate organisation of these islands into a Union Territory. controls all the matters relating to judiciary. There During that Census, separate District Census Hand­ are 9 Community Development Blocks one each in book was not published for Lakshadweep. The first

4 DCH in its true perspective on constitution of the 68% of the annual rainfall but it is only 54% in the Isla,nds into a separate Territory was published as south. During the remaining period the rainfall is a programme of 1971 Census. Thus. the present more in south than in the north. In the post­ volume is the third in this series. monsoon i. e. October to December south gets 25% of the annual rainfall, while north receives Scope of Village Directory and Town Directory only 18%. Statements Temperature The District Census Handbook has been divided into two sections. Part A contains the details of The above two stations viz., Minicoy and Amini amenities available in the villages and towns in the also record the temperature of this District. The District while Part B contains the primary Census temperature is more or less uniform in the islands Abstract of Total Population and Scheduled Tribe of this District. It varies from 23 to 33 degree Population down to the village/town level. centigrade.

In the Village Directory. the amenities available Humidity in each village such as educational and medical institutions, drinking water supply, post and tele­ The relative humidity is quite high in the district. graph, market/hat, communication, power supply It varies from 72 to 75 per cent. This is obvious and land use particulars are included. because of the location of the district in the midst of Arabian Sea. The islands experience storms and The Town Directory contains data for each cyclones occasionally. Usually, cyclonic depressions town on civic administration and status of towns, and storms occur during the months of April and growth history, physical aspects and location, civic May and again during October to December. These and other amenities, medical, educational, recre­ depressions are usually associated with heavy rains. ational and cultural facilities, trade. commerce. industry and banking. GENERAL FAUNA AND FLORA' Cllanges in tbe Jurisdiction of the District Fauna As mentioned earlier, Lakshadweep is a uni­ district Union Territory and therefore, the jurisdic­ The islands are conspicuous by the absence of tional area of the district is the same as that of the varieties of animal species found in the mainland. territory. During the decade, no changes have Two species of rat viz., Mus rattus and Mus been made in the jurisdiction of the District. The refescens are very common. Birds such as Tharathasi only change in the composition of the District is the Sterna fuscata), Katalkakka (Sterna bergiilvelox), increase in the number of inhabited islands. Con­ K ar ifetu (Anous stolides pHetus), Chullu (Pluvialis sequent on the declaration of Bangaram as an dominical), Koluvayam (Nuemenius phaeopus) and inhabited island in 1991 Census, the number of Heron A~nal (Ardeola grayii) etc. are commonly inhabited islands in the district has gone up to seen in this district. Among reptiles, lizards are eleven. In the urban sector, one more island Agatti found mostly i.e. Gecko species, Calotes species has been classified as Census Town for the first and Mabuya species. Snakes are practially absent time in 1991 Census increasing the number of in the district. Other reptiles deserving mention are Census Towns to four. turtles such a Chelonia species. Eretmochelys species, Dermochelys species etc. etc. Among the frogs, Rana tigrina is the most common sptcies here CLIMATE Rh inoceros beetle (Oryctus species), Cockroaches Rainfall (P eriplanata species), Mosquitoes of both culex and anophilis species are largely found in this district. Information on rainfall is recorded from two The islands of the district are characterised by the stations in the District; one in the southern region presence of various types of corals, the most at M inicoy and the other in the northern region. at common of these are Acropora species, Porites Amini. The distributoin of rainfall is uneven in species, Diploastrea species, Goniastrea species and both the regions. During the monsoon period i. e. Lobophyllia species. The surrounding sea abounds from june to September, the northern islands get in varieties of fishes. There are also fishes in the

4. Census of India, 1981 Series-30 Lakshadweep District Census Handbook, page 6

5 'agoons. The most common of the fishes in Laksha­ facilities are made available to the fishermen during dweep are Tuna, Skipjack, Seerfish, Sailfish, fishing season in the uninhabited island, Suhali Carfish, Kingfish, Croaker, Streaker, Parrotfish, (Cheriyakara). Triggerfi.h. etc. etc. The total installed capacity of the power houses Flora in this territory during 1989-90 is 5111.0 KW and the power generated is 8,449,259 KWH, The total Like fauna the flora of this district are not much number of connections in the domestic sector is variegated. The most common crop that is grown 9497 while it is 1766 and 123 in the commercial here is coconut (Cocos nucifera), Drum Stick and industrial sectors respectively. Because of this (Moringa species), bread fruit (Artocarapus species) high increase in the numbet of connections, the are also commonly found. Banana (Musa Para­ electric consumption has alao shot up to 7,187,000 disiaca), Colocasia (Colocassia species), Chilli KWH. (Capsicum species) and Cucumber (Cucumis species) are found to grow. Of late, plants like Land and Laud use Pattern common Pepper (Piper species) and Tapioca (Manihot species) have been introduced, while The land system in Lakshadweep at the outset plants like seagrass namely, Thalassia species and was followed more or less on the same pattern as Cymodocea species grow abundantly in the surroun­ prevalent in the Malabar coast. There were no ding lagoons. records of rights of basic records showing the details of lands held bV individual in the islands. MAJOR ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS There -.yas also no system of land revenue in any of Forest these islands. When the islands were brought under the British Rule, the Administration converted The district is again conspicuous by the absence the unoccupied land into the Government lands of the forest of any kind. and regularised the system of granting lease to the islanders. The land in the district may, therefore, 5 Mineral resoorces be broadly divided into two groups viz., Private The Coral atolls are very rich in phosphate ands (J enmam) and Government lands (Pandaram). deposit. The deposits in the islands of the district The ownership of the land vested with the private individual is called Jenmam. They are not required are. however, of low grade (13.4 per cent of to pay land revenue or other kind of taxes for tlleir P Os), In some of the islands, the sample con­ g holdings. Whereas, land belonging to Government tains between 11 t021,5 percent ofP2and03. (Pandaram) could be taken on lease (CowIe) against It is estimated that the phosphate reserve is about payment of token taxes. The latter system resulted 0.12 million tonnes. The survey carried out by in the establishment of the ownership right by the Geological Survey of India during (1967-71) also lessee and their sub-lessee in due course of time, reveals large deposit of calcium carbonate in the although it did not contemplate in the tena ncy surrounding lagoons. right. There is another form of tenancy, Nadappu Electricity and Power prevalent in some of the parts of this district. In Laccadive group of islands a kind of register known Power supply is made available in all the as Paimash is maintained, which shows the number inhabited islands using diesel generating sets. For of coconut trees held by an individual in Govern­ the first time, production of electricity was started ment land (Pandaram) and the amount of tax paid in the islands in 1962. In the beginning, only limited by him to the Government. Similarly, in Amini hours of power supply was provided. Slowly this group of islands there is a kind of register main­ was stepped up in a phased manner and 24 hours tained which shows the details of coconut trees and power supply was available in all islands by the he record of the owners. I n the past, wealth was middle of Sixth Five Year Plan. The power genera­ estimated in terms of coconut trees and houses tion in the District has gone up to 8.45 MKWH possessed by a person and the people were formerly duting 1989-90. In Kavaratti, a pilot project of not conscious or particular about their rights over 20 KW 'aerogenerator' and in Bitrs a 5 KW 'Solar the land. Th, growth of the population and con­ Power' Generation System were commissioned equant pre ssure on land coupled with rapid socio­ during 1987 and 1988 respectively. Beach lighting economic changes made people rand cons cious

6. Census of India, 1981 Series-30 Lakshadw8ep District Census Handbook page-6

6 Consequently, several land disputes and suits arose distribute good quality seedlings of different varieties. in the islands. For the purpose of deciding the During the yeer 1989-90, these units have distri­ rightful ownership and to solve disputes arising out buted about 16,654 coconut seedlings and of it, certain regulations have been enacted in the 2,92,000 social/agro forestry seedlings. district such as (i) Laccadive, Minicoy and Amin­ divi Survey and Boundaries liegulation, 1959, (ii) Because of the above incentives and the appli­ Land Revenue and Tenancy Regulation, 1965, (iii) cation of modern techniques in the field of coconut Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands Protection plantation, the production of coconuts has also of Scheduled Tribes Regulation, 1965 which increased to a mark.able extent. The number of empower the Administration to confer occupancy coconuts harvested during the year 1989-90 is 252 right of Cowledars who are in occupation of the lakhs. Government land. Animal Husbandry In order to maintain basic land records and records of the ownership right the demarcation The absence of pasture grounds and fodder in work of individual holdings and measurement of the islandS has made cattle rearing quite expensive fields were completed through cadestral survey n the islands. The farmers have to depend mainly in all the islands in 1968. The first stage of on the feed imported from mainland. Therefore, settlement work was also completed in all the island economy has not received much support from islands. The Government land in Minicoy cattle and poultry. (Pandaram land) is divided among 117 individual families and nine Athiris managed by the Moopans. Though animal husbandry activities had been The tree tax in the Laccadive group of islands in started under the Administration in 1957, a separate the pandaram land is @ Rs. 0.40 per yielding department for animal husbandry was established coconut tree. only in 1964 with a small dairy demonstration unit at Kavaratti. Now/ there are 8 poultry demon­ Agriculture stration units, one Government poultry farm and 2 There are no paddy fields in Lakshadweep dairy demonstration units in various islands. In District. The entire cUltivab!e area of the District addition. 3 artificial insemination sub-centres is thickly planted with coconut trees. There are and 8 minor Veterinary Dispensaries (Veterinary about 8 lakhs coconut trees in the whole of the Clinics) are also functioning under this department district. The produ~tion of coconuts and export of to cater the needs of the farmers engaged ir. livestock copra form the nucleous of the island's economy. and poultry rearing. The tonned milk centres set Coconut growing, copra making and fishing are up at Kavaratti and Minicoy are not functioning the main occupations of the people of the islands now due to some technical problems. In view of and therefore, it is also the main source of income the shortage of ground water, the irrigated fodder of the islanders. As per 1991 Census, there are no cultivation has also been stopped and the rainfed cultivators, or agricultural labourers in the district. fodder cultivation continues in Kavaratti and This is because the workers engaged in coconut Minicoy to feed the cattle maintained in the Govern­ growing do not come under this category as per ment dairy demonstration units. Because of this, census definition. the number of animals in the dairy units has also Agricultural Demonstration Units are func­ been brought down. Presently, there are only 34 tioning in all the islands. The main aim of these cows at Kavaratti demonstration unit as against 149 units is to educate the people about modern tech­ a nimals in 1981. This has resulted in the scarcity niques in the field of coconut plantation, vegetables of milk. The milk production at Kavaratti unit and fruits growing. The department has also during 1980-81 was 82,000 litres which came succeeded in educating the islanders to cultivate down to 24,310 litres in 1989-90. Therefore, the fruits and vegetables as intercrops in the coconut department has started importing milma polythene gardens. At present, vegetables like chillies, tomato, packed milk from Ernakulam in ships to meet the drumstick, sweet potato etc. and fruits lika banana, requirements of the people. In addition to Kavaratti, papaya, guava, sapota etc. are cultivated as inter­ this facility was extended to some other islands too. crops. Distribution of fertilisers and manures, pesti­ But because of the irregularity of ship programmes cides, agricultural implements and seeds to the this system had to be discontinued in all other farmers at subsidised rates are also done by these islands except Kavaratti where it continues units. In addition to these, they also produce and successfully.

7 ... The department is now focussing more on In the initial stage, boats at subsidised cost Le. farmer oriented schemes under which improved 25% on the cost of the hull and 100% on the cost varieties of cow and birds (layer and broiler) are of the engine were supplied to the fishermen. Now, issued to the farmers at subsidised rates. According the subsidy on hull is 20% and on engine is 33*%. to these schemes, cows of improved variety are The department is also giving subsidy on diesel oil issued to farmers at 50~~ subsidy. For development at the rate of 30 paise per litre to the fishermen. of poultry, improved variety of birds (layer and broiler) are issued at 50% cost. Financial assistance Though the sea around the islands is lavish is also provided to the poultry farmers to the with varieties of fish, fishermen are largely engaged maximum of Rs. 1,500/- for setting up small deep in fishing tuna and shark because of their high value litre units. In addition to the above, cattle and in the mainland market. Tuna caught is boiled, poultry feed are issued to the farmers at 50% smoked and dried in the sun. The product so subsidy. Because of all these facilities, the number received is known as 'Mas'. In Minicoy Canning of livestock and poultry in the district has increased. Factory tuna is processed into tuna cans. In the As per the livestock census, 1987, there are 18,123 case of shark, fins are more costly than flesh. The livestocks and 50,156 poultries as against 5,130 flesh is salted and dried while the fin is simply dried livestocks and 25,410 poultries in 1972. During in the sun. Of the total 7,350 tonnes of fish landed 1989-90, 2,47,267 eggs were produced in the during 1989. 6.429 tonnes were tuna and 236 Government poultry farms and 24,03,040 eggs were tonnes were shark. The export of 'Mas' and salted produced in the private sector. dried shark during 1989 was 838 and 53 matric tonnes respectively. The income from fishing sector Fishery to the island's economy during 1989 was Rs. 367.50 The Lakshadweep waters spread over an area of lakhs. 4 lakh sq. kms are rich in fishery resources. Fishing is the major occupation of the people next to The catch made forms only a small portion of coconut plantation. It was only in 1959, that the the fishery wealth available in our sea. Major Lakshadweep Administration organised fisheries portion of the tuna and shark resources are yet to be department to give guidance to the islanders in tapped. The lakshadweep Development Corpora­ fishing activities. Setting up of boat building yards, tion is in action with its plans and programmes to construction and introduction of mechanised boats' start commercial fishing with long liner and purse workshop facilities in all the islands, demonstration seiners in collaboration with foreign countries. and experimental fishing, training of personnel, establishment of canning factory, iceplant and cold Industry storage are some of the achievements made so far The development of an economy is determined in this field. by the progress achieved in the field of industrialisa­ One of the major programmes implemented by tion to a larger extent. Lakshadweep is a non­ the department was to encourage the islanders to industrial area. Surveys were conducted by many use mechanised boats instead of country crafts and agencies and institutions in this field and disclosed pole and line fishing method in tuna catching. that the district has only little scope for industrial Aiming at this, the department set up a boat buil­ development. A few small industrial units are now ding yard at Kavaratti in 1964 and another one at functioning in the islands such as boat building, Chetlat in 1975. So far, the department has issued tuna canning, coir yarn spinning, fibre factory, hosiery factory, bakeries etc. about 399 boats to the fishermen. In addition to the above, workshop facilities for repair and over­ The scope for coir based industries is more in hauling of engines are available in all the islands. Lakshadweep than any other industries because of A seasonal unit of the fislrleries department is the availability of coconut husk in abundance. Coir working at Suheli during September to May to twisting was the main household industry in the attend the repair works of engines and to provide islands earlier. But only thicker variety of yarn was spare parts to the fishermen engaged in fishing produced. In 1974-75 the industries department activities in this uninhabited island. The fisherman has established Coir Demonstration Cum Training training centre established in 1972 continues to give Centres to train the island women folk in the pro­ training to local fishermen in improved methods of duction of thinner variety of coir yarn, which has fishing, survey of fishing grounds etc. The centre good market in the island as well as in the mainland. is now working at Amini island. At present, 6 fibre factories and 5 coir production centres are working in different islands. The ladies Rice, Sugar, Kerosene oil etc. are sold through trained from the training centre joined together and ration card system. Private retail trade was in formed two Coir Co-operative Societies one each at existence even before the formation of Co-operative Atnini and Kalpeni. 183 tonnes of bristle fibre, Societies in the islands, but was informal and matresses and mixed fibre were produced from dry functioned mostly in the houses of the shop keepers. coconut husk in the fibre factories during 1989-90. Now, the condition is completely changed. Shopping complexes with modern arrangements, attractive Two handicraft training centres were established display and Ityles have come up in place of the old one each at Kavaratti and Kalpeni in 1973 and 1979 shops. Luxury commodities of latest fashion on the respectivelv to train the local people in making sea mainland market are found available in thesa new shell toys, coconut shell craft and wood carvings. shops even at lower prices. Out of these, the centre at Kalpen; was closed in 1988 and the centre at Kavaratti continues to give Transport training to the local candidates. The hosiery factory established in 1967 at Kalpeni produces vests, tee There were no regular transport facilities bet­ shirts etc. The average production of vests etc. per ween islands and mainland till 1959. Odams were day is 120 here. the only means of communication to mainland and \lice versa. for the first time, a fair weather ship The administration is giving ample facilities to was chartered to the islands in 1959. In 1966. the local people who are interested to start small Ship M. V. laccadives, the 'irst owned vessel of scale industries in the islands. With the encourage­ ment from the part of administration, more entre­ the administration with capacity to carry 49 passen­ preneurs are coming forward to start new industries. gers and 40 tonnes of cargo commenced her voyage At prelent there are 132 industrial units in this to the islands. The arrival of M. V. Amindivi in the territory. Arabian Sea in 1970 marked a new era in the field of transport and communication in the islands. Trade aad Commerce This was the first all-weather and cargo cum passenger ship with capacity to carry 242 passen· Because of the peculiar geographical isolation gers and 800 tonnes of cargo. The introductioll of the islands from the mainland the scope of of this ship has also made a full stop to the dreadful expansion of service sector is limited in Laksha­ isolation of these islands during monsoon. The dweep. Further. the restrictions to the non-inhabi· ship was later serving as a cargo ship. However, tants to settle or to carry out business in the territory the M. V. Amindivi has now discontinued its service is the added problem for its improvement. In in Lakshadweep. In order to cope with the increased Lakshadweep wholesale as well as retail trade is carried out mainly by the Co-operative sector. The passenger traffic, in 1982 another all weather ship Lakshadweep Co-operative Marketing Federation is M. V. Bharatseema with capacity to carry 380 the only wholesale institution with its headquarters passengers and 160 tonnes of cargo was put in at Baypore in tha mainland supplies commodities to operation between islands and mainland. To reduce all the co-operative societies functioning in the the inter-island passenger pressure, a small fair­ islands. Except coconut and fish, all other commo­ weather ferry vessel M. V. Dweepsetu with passenger dities are imported from the mainl8nd. Kochi, capacity of 150 pass€!ngers and cargo capacity of Kozhikode and Mangalapuram are the nearest ports 25 tonnes is plying between the islands connectin~ from where these items are imported in ships and the par t Beypore 6 • One more all weather ship large mechanised vessels known as Manjoos. All the essential commodities are supplied to the people M. V. Tippusultan was introduced in 1988 with through these Co-operative Societies. The appex additional facilities for tourists. It is a luxury liner body of Lakshadweep Marketing Federation at and carries 658 passengers. Beypore, which purchased commodities for islanders had to pay only 4% ST and 1 % AST for anything The establishment of helicopter service between they purchased. Moreover, they procured directly islands and mainland inJanuary, 1987 opened a new from factories. No Sales Tax is levied in laksha­ era in the field of transport and communication dweep. All these benefited the customers in followed by the Vayudoot service from Agatti to Lakshadweep. mainland in April, 1988.

6 Two fair-weather speed vessels with hundred passengers capacity each made inter-island trib from January, 1992 onwards.

9 In the field of transportation of cargoes the professional, technical and academic courses awar­ participation of power adams and Manjoos worth ding them scholarships in order to meet thei[ hostel mention. Major portion of the private cargoes are expenses by the administration. transported through these vessels. Private parties largely depend on the ship only during mansoon to Health and Medical Services transport their commodities. Oil-barge M. V. Suheli transports oil froln mainland. Mechanised barges Since the formation of the islands into a Union one each at Kavaratti and Minicoy for loading! Territory in 1956 there have been remarkable unloading from ship to jetty have been introduced improvement in the field of medical facilities today. by the Administration. At present there are 2 hospitals. 7 primary health centres, one first-a id centre, 13 sub-centres, 2 ayurvedic dispensaries and one homoeopathic dis­ The surveyed sandy roads available in the pensary with total bed strength of 140 as against islands have been cement concreted. Concreting only six dispensaries in 1956. A filaria control unit of link roads are in progress. These roads once with its headquarters 8t Kavaratti has been func­ used by pedestrians and few cycle riders are now tioning since 1976. Entomological end parasitolo­ busy with four wheelers, three wheelers and two gical surveys are carried out by this unit. Spread of wheelers. Because of the increase in the number malaria and leprosy has been vanished from the of vehicles, recently, the administration has esta­ district. To control TB cases, mass BCG vaccination blished a separate Regional Transport Office for programme has been started. Performance of field lakshadweep in Kavaratti. It undertakes registra­ workers in the field of maternal and child health tion, licencing etc. programme is commendable. The reluctance shown by the people in small family norm is slowly changing. People are now coming forward to Education accept family welfare methods. During 1989, 20 Tremendous progress has been made in the tubectomy, 2 vasectomy and 65 IUD insertions were field of education since the formation of these made in the district. Other contraceptives numbering islands into a Union Territory in 1956. There 18,825 were also issued during the year. existed only 9 primary achools in the District. Even Co-operation qualified teachers were not available in these schools. The schools were housed in thatched The Co-operative movement introduced in 1962 sheds. The first High School was started in Amini has firmly established in this Union Territory and in 1961. Today, there are two Junior Colleges. succeeded to a reasonable extent in breaking the one Navodaya School, 9 High Schools, 4 Senior Dhallal or middleman system. The Co-operative Batlic Schools, 19 Junior Basic Schools, 9 Nursery Societies are functioning in aU the inhabited islands Schools and 11 Balwadis in the District. Angan­ except Bangaram. Now, there are 39 different wadis and Creches are also functioning in all the types of Co-operative Societies including the islands. In the fjeld of adult education 59 centres lakshadweep Co-operative Marketing Federation at are functioning in different islands. Seypore. Out of these, 10 are supply and marketing societies, one in each island and all are affiliated to Fisheries technology and typewriting courses the Federation. On aeth June 1990 these societies are available in almost all high schools. One indus­ were having 34,148 members with 8 paid up share trial training institute is functioning at Kavaratt; capital of Rs. 42.77 lakhs. This means more than providing courses in shorthand, typewriting, carpen­ half of the total population are members in the try and tailoring. co-operative societies in the District. The lakshadweep Co-operative Marketing Education is free in all respects. Free mid-day Federation functioning at Beypore as its Headquar­ meals are provided to the students studying in nursery ters is the approved wholesaler for the marketing and primary classes. Scholarships at the rate of societies in the islands. The Federation not only Rs. 50/- and Rs. 125/- are provided to the students purchases consumer goods and other commodities studying in high school classes (VIII-X) and junior required for the supply societies but also receives Colleges respectively. Pocket money at the rate of copra from the islanders at market price. In the Rs. 15/- is also given to the students who are year 1989-90, 1395.73 matric tonne copra worth staying in hostels. Facilities are also provided to Rs. 223. 80 lakhs was marketed through the Federa­ the students for higher studies at mamland for tion. The Federation has now made arrangements

10 for supplying bulky and costly goods through supply introduced the "Science Awareness Science Educa­ s~cieties. The consumers are free from any risk of tion and Popularisation" Scheme. Establishment transportation. Refrigerators, Television Sets. of science clubs in high schools and colleges. Wooden and St&'81 furniture etc. are some of these computer training courses, supply of electronic items. In addition to this. LPG connections are teaching kits to high schools and colleges are some also provided to the people of Kavaratti and Minicoy of the achievements in this line. The department through supply societies. has also installed micro computers in four high schools and two colleges. The stepping of co-operative movement in the field of credit transaction dates back to 1968 when Indira Gandhi National Open Uni,enlty a service co-operative societY wa. established at Kalpeni for the first time. Now, credit facilities .re Indira Gandhi National Open University was available in all the islands through these service established by an Act of Parliament in 1985 to co-operative societies and through supply and democratise education as well as open up avenues marketing sodeties where service societies are not for higher education in far flung and remote-areas available. Besides, there are other societies such where no such facilities exist. In conformity with as Labour Contract Co-operative Society. Industrial the objective. a Study Centre of the IGNOU was Co-operative Society, Government Employees' Co­ set up at Kavaratti in September, 1989. The following programmes have been activated in this operative Stores and Canteen etc. functioning in study centre. various spheres. 1 . Bachelor Degree Programme (for non Science and Techao)ogy 10+2 students). Science and Technology Cell was created in 2. Bachelor Degree Programme (for 10+2 Lakshadweep Administration during Sixth Five students). Year Plan for monitoring and effective implemen­ 3. Diploma in Rural Development. tation of science and technologv plan schemes. 4. Certificate Course in Food and The Cell was subsequently upgraded to the level of Nutrition (Malayalam and English a fullfledged department. In early 1988. this Medium). department was designated as the Technical Cell of Island Development Authority to look after the BankiDg activities gf the IDA. The department is also looking after the matters related to environment and The Syndicate Bank has taken the role 01 the co-ordinating activities of Pollution Control Board. lead bank for Lakshadweep. As on 30-6-90 the The Lakshadweep Council for Science and Techno­ bank has 8 branches in the islands. The bank has logy was also constituted during 1984 with Admini­ opened an extension counter in the Lakshadweep strator as its Chirman. office at Kochi. It has introduced several schemes of finances in the islands. The local entrepreneurs The Department, on the recommendation of the are coming forward slowly to avail these facilities IDA, has conducted many studies with the help of for starting cottage and small scale industry. For experts from other scientific institutions of Govern­ an Islander the money used to be safe in their boxes, ment of India in all important fields viz., fisheries. and a good chunk of it used to be converted to gold agriculture, water supply, tourism. sea erosion, ornaments. Though by depositing also money was transportation, water quality, housing environment, safe in banks • .as a true Muslim, receiving interest land use etc. The Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi has carried out the study on was against the tenets of Islam. But the Bank has been successful to attract depositors in the Islands the training needs for Lakshadweep. Study on without causing embarrassment to traditional wave power potential in Lakshadweep was con­ ducted by the Centre for Earth Science Studies, religious belief. The bank has succeeded to a certain Trivandrum. The land use study in Lakshadweep extent in cultivating deposit habit among the local people. As on 30-6-90, the Bank has a deposit was conducted by NATPAC, Trlvandrum and th~ of lakhs in its branches while the total orinthological study on Pitti island by MNS, Madras 832.09 8 advaRce on that date is only lakhs. The are some other important studies. 132.17 credit deposit ratio works out to 15.88 shows that To inculcate science awareness I'lmong high the people are still lagging behind to accept loans school and college students, the department has from the banks.

11 Inforblation and Publicity working at Bangaram resort. During 1989-90 1400 domestic tourists and 1189 foreign tourists In order to acquaint public with current have visited the islands. developmental activities of the country, Information Department was set up in 1974. At present, there are 9 information units in different islands. Through Press documentaries and feature films, they foster national The Lakshadweep Government Press was esta­ integration, educational values and patriotism· blished in 1964 at Calicut with one Treadle Machine During Hl89 these units have exhibited 50 Hindi and 4 Compositors and the work was confined to films, 2 Tamil films, 18 English films and 305 a few items I ike Official Gazette, Lakshadweep Malayalam films. Field campaigns On develop­ Fortnightly etc. A new era in the history of printing mental activities, family welfare, rural development in Lakshadweep started with the shifting of maior week, plan week etc. are also organised from time portion of the Government Press from Kozhikode to time through these units. The Lakshadweep and i nsta II ing at Kavaratti on the 15th August 1983. Times, a newspaper daily in Malayalam and English The present staff strength of the Government Press published from Kavaratti since 1982 still exists as a in Lakshadweep is 118 as against only 29 at the weekly. Another edition of Lakshadweep Times beginning of the Press at Kavaratti in 1983. in Mahl is published from Minicoy. There is no radio station in this territory and therefore, the 15 The press at Kavaratti is well equipped with minutes programme in Malayalam and 30 minutes some of the modern printing machines like HMT programme in Mahl meant for Lakshadweep through automatic cylinder machine, Grafavt auto platen, Calicut Station of the All India Radio still continue. Folding machine, Laminating machine etc. In Action is in hand for establishing a separate addition, a mini offset unit and a process camera Radio Station for Lakshadweep at Kavaratti for with plate making unit are also functioning in the which land has already been acquired. Low power Press. Recently, another sophisticated SOM 125 television transmitters have been installed in all Sheetfed offset machine was also installed in the inhabited islands except Bitrs and Bangaram where Press. direct receiving sets are also available. The Press is now producing multi colour printing Hke posters, magazines, picture cards, text Tourism books and work books for students up to IV standard' Tourism is one of the spheres which receives including Mahl text books and security printing like special attention from the Administration. Lack of ballot paper, question paper etc. Thirty ST candi­ transport facilities were the main stumbling block dates were trained in different trade in printing in Lakshadweep in the field of all developmental teChnology and all are employed in the Press. activities. This is solved to a certain extent after commissioning of the luxury liner M. V. Tippusultan In addition to the headquarters Press, three and helicopter and Vayudoot facilities. The scenic mini Presses are functioning at AndroU, Kadmat and beauty of the islands with unpolluted atmosphere Minicoy. Four book binding units are functioning and its crystal clear lagoons with colourful corals at Andrott. Kadmat, Kavaratti and Minicoy. and ornamental fishes attract domestic as well as Other Acdvities international tourists to the islands. Facilities are opened to the domestic tourists at Kavaratti, Kadmat, The activities of the Mahilasamajams and Youth Kalpeni and· Minicoy. Bangaram is opened only Clubs in the District have been increased consi­ to the international tourists. Presently, there are derably. A number of clubs have been formed by 75 family huts, one thatched hut, 5 bathing huts, the educated' youths in the islands providing tacili· 2 honeymoon huts, 3 executive huts and one pre­ ties to the local youths in the field of sports and fabricated hut in the tourist centres. games and cultural activities. These societies are registered under the Societies Act and are financed A society namely Society for Promotion of by Social Welfare Department and other government Recreational Tourism (SPORTS) was formed with agencies. Seminars, discussions, etc. on topics the intention of promoting tourism and recreational relating to national importance are conducted under activities. This has also opened embloyment the auspices of these clubs. avenue to the educated youths in the islands. So far, the society could employ 86 educated unem­ The special nutrition programme implemented ployed in different islands including the 20 locals for raising the dietary standards of the vulnerable

12 sections of the society continues to function. At to enter in the lagoons. The department has units present, there are 3090 children and 309 mothers in all the islands. under this programme. The work on a regular harbour as an alternative The first meteorological Laboratory in the Union port for the Lakshadweep ships is in progress in the Territory was set up at Minicoy in 1891 for observa­ island of Androu. tion of growth and intensity of storms in the south Integrated Rural Development Programme was east Arabian Sea and another one at Amini as Pilot implemented in Lakshadweep in January 1983. So Baloon Observatory with self recording instruments. far 3416 families have been provided assistance I n addition to these, two class" observatories are such as milch animals, petti trades, fishing crafts, functioning at Agatti and Andrott. power tillers, etc. Under the National Rural Employp ment Programme. started in 1982 two schemes viz .• The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (i) Jawahar Rozgar Yojana and (ii) Nehru Rozgar Complex established in 1975-76 continues to Yojana providing employment to rural I urban function at Minicoy under the guidance of Central population are functioning in the islands. In Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargode 1989-90. 2.63 lakhs man days were created under undertaking Research Programmes in multidiscipline these programmes. Besides the departments men­ culture, manure, inter-cropping, plant protection tioned earlier under various heads some corporation etc. and boards have also been set up in this territory. Lakshadweep has taken a distinct position in the Lakshadweep Development Corporation, Social field of communications. Postal and Telegraph Welfare advisory Board. Lakshadweep Wakf Board. facilities are available in all the inhabited islands Khadi Board. House Building Material Board. etc. except Bangaram and telephone facilities except also give their due share for the development of the Bitra and Bangaram. The first Satellite Earth Station Union Territory. was established at Kavaratti in 1980 followed by Tbe Fin Year Plans in tbe District Minicoy, Andrott. Agatti. Kalpeni and the latest station at Kiltan on 31 st December 1992. STD and The islands were constituted into a Union ISO facilities are available in all these islands. Territory during the second Five Year Plan period. Kavaratti the Headquarters island is also linked with Therefore, the territory was not benefted by the the rest of the country through ISPW. Fax facilities First Five Year Pian. In the middle of the Second are available at Kavaratti, Minicoy. Kochi offices Five Year Plan an integrated short term plan with an and at Delhi Liaison Office. A fully operational outlay Rs. 73.85 lakhs was implemented in the computer centre at Kavaratti manned by the National islands. The actual expenditure was of the tune of Informatic Centre has brought Lakshadweep under Rs. 40.29 lakhs. Tbe Third Plan was implemented the NIC network. The centre has also branches in in the Union Territory spending an amount of Minicoy, Kochi offices and at Delhi Liaison Office. Rs. 108.51 lakhs against the outlay of Rs. 98.38 lakhs. A major portion of the amount was spent for Many ships were wrecked in the islands in the the improvement ot Transport and Communication, past and therefore. to warn the ships sailing in the to promote co-operative movement, development international routes, light houses have been con­ of agriculture. fisheries and education. The Fourth structed at Minicoy, Suheli, Karpeni, Andrott, Kiltan Plan outlay was Rs. 200 lakhs. Schemes of harbour and Kavaratti. works and navigational facilities etc. was formulated The Indian National Institute of Oceanography separately with an allotment of Rs. 100 lakhs· and Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Education and fisheries received more attention conduct studies in oceanography and fisheries during this Plan period. The Fifth Plan with an biology respectively in the District. One research outlay of Rs. 622.73 lakhs focussed on the develop­ station under the Central Marine Fisheries Research ment of important sectors in the fisheries, education, Institute is functioning at Minicoy. power, housing. health and co-operation. The expenditure was Rs. 380.93 lakhs by the end of the The Lakshadweep Harbour Department concen­ Fifth Plan in 1977-78. The Sixth Plan (1978-83) trates on improvement of harbour facH ities, land envisaged an approved outlay of Rs. 20.35 crores. reclamation and soil erosion. Now the department The expenditure during the Sixth Plan was Rs. 28.14 is engaged in the deepening of the lagoons from the crores. Though the approved outlay of Seventh main entrance to the jetty at Kavaratti. Agatti, Five Year Plan was Rs. 43.9 crOTes, the expenditure Kadmat and Kalpeni to facilitate the speed vessels came upto Rs. 67.54 era res.

13 The Eighth Five Year Plan envisages production technology, development of tourism, promotion of of cash crops, inter-cropping of vegetables and education. providing better health and medica' fruits. drip irrigation, social forestry, seashore facilities, development of Kavaratti headquarters protection, import of milk and poultry development. island into a small medium town and modernisation Master Plan for the development of fisheries for the of central press and opening of mini presses are the maximum exploration of sea around the islands main objectives of the Pian. The proposed outlay improvement of marketing facilities and extension of of the Eighth Five Year Plan is Rs. 14,926.59 lakhs public distribution. strengthening of democratic in the UT sector and Rs. 1,296.32 lakhs for the institution of the Island Council. better transmission centrally sponsored schemes. The following state~ and distribution of electrical energy. master plan for ment shows the Plan outlay and expenditure from tran$porting system, popularisation of science and the First Five Year Plan onwards;

Table-l Plan Outlay and Expenditure

Plan Period Outlay Expenditure Percentage to outlay 1st Five Year Plan lInd Five Year Plan (1956-61) 73.85 40.28 54.54 lIIrd Five Year Plan (1961-65) 9& 38 108.51 110.59 Annual Plan (1966-69) 156.14 116.87 74.84 IVth Five Year Plan (1969-74) 200.00 189.72 94.86 Vth Five Year Plan (1974-79) 622.73 380.95 61.17 Mid term Plan (1978-80) 543.64 307.50 56.65 VIth Five Year Plan (1980-85) 2035.00 2814.11 138.28 VIIth Five Year Plan (1985-90) 4390.00 6753.98 153.62 Annual Plan (1985-86) 765.00 680.16 88.91 An Dual Plan (1986-81) 840.00 760.99 90.59 Annual Plan (1987-88) 1640.00 1599.54 97.53 Annual Plan (1988-89) 1750.00 1762.02 100.69 Annual Plan (1989-90) 2100.00 1951.27 92.92 Annual Plan (1990-91) 2200.00 2046.89 93.04

Source: Lakshadweep and its people, Planning Department, Secretariat, Kavaratti.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS Rural-Urban Composition

PopuladoD According to the 1991 Census, out of the total population of 51,707, 22593 are in the rural sector Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory in and the remaining 29,114 are in the urban sector. the Indian Union in regard to both area and popu­ In other words. 43.69 per cent of the total popu­ lation. The total area of the territory is only lation live in rural area and 56.31 per cent in urban 32 sq. kms. and the population is 51,707. Since area. In short, more than half of the Lakshadweep the population is increasing without any increase population falls in Urban area. The proportion of in the area, the density of population is also increa­ urban population has also increased from 46.28 per sing. In 1981, the density of population was 1258 cent in 1981 to 56.31 per cent in 1991 Census. which has increased to 1616 during 1991 Census. During the last 90 years (1901-1991) the population Sex-ratio has increased by 272.48 per cent. The growth rate The sex-ratio or the number of females per has also increased to 28.47 in 1991 as against 1000 males has come down to 943 in 1991 from 26.53 per cent in 1981. 93.15% of th~ Laksha­ 975 in 1981 Census. Till the turn of the century. dweep population is Scheduled Tribe. the sex-ratio has been declining in every decade. 14 Upto 1961, the territory had maintained a favourable and vocabulary vary from island to island. The sex-,ratio with 1020 females per thousand males· people of Minicoy speak Mahl. It has a script of From 1971 onwards the ratio has started declining. its own which is written from right to left as Arabic. The alphabet of the language has 24 letters which Marital Status exactly sound like the letters of the Arabic alphabets Early marriage is totally absent in the District' though the method of writing is entirely different. which is contrary to the common belief in this regard. Most of the marriages take place around Religion 20 years of age. All local inhabitants are Muslims. The majority Divorce rate which was high during the pas· of people belong to the Shafi school of the Sunni has considerably come down because of the high sect and acknowledge besides the Holy Koran the literacy and adoption of single family norm. authority of Sunnet as customary law. The other Polygamy which is also very rare now is practised sects among the Muslims are Mujahids and in all the islands except Minicoy. Social evils like Ahammadiyas who constitute only a microscopic prostitution are absent in the islands. Intoxicants minority. have been completely banned in the District except the Tourist island of Bangaram. Housing Literacy Houseless population is conspicuous by its Lakshadweep has made remarkable stride in absence in the District. Hotels and lodging places literacy in respect of males as well as females. The are also almost absent because of the peculiar con­ literacy rate of Lakshadweep during 1991 Census is ditions prevailing in the islands. According to the 81.78 per cent and in which the male literacy is 90.18 per cent and female literacy is 72.89 per cent. 1991 Census there are in all 17,'69 census houses The increase in female literacy is higher than the in the District. Of these, 1,514 are vacant, 7,788 male literacy. The overall improvement in literacy houses are used for wholly residential purpose, 258 in this territory indicates the increasing attention houses for partially residential purpose and the given by the Administration in the field of education. remaining for various other purposes. The ratio of Lan&uage househplds to occupied residential houses works The language spoken in the territory except in out to be only 1.02. The table 2 shows the total Minicoy is Malayalam. The pronounciation, idioms number of houses put to different uses :-

Table-2 Census Houses and uses to which they are put in the District Purpose of Census House Total No. of houses Percentage (1) (2) (3) Total nO. of census houses 17.169 100.00 Census houses vacant at the time of houselisting 1,514 8.82 Occupied houses 15,655 91.18 (i) Residence 7,788 45.36 (ii) Shop-cum-residence 84 0.49 (iii) WorkshoP/factory·cum·rcsidence including household industry 146 0.85 (iv) Residence in combination with other uses 28 0.16 (v) Hotels/sar.is, dharamsaJas, tourist homes and inspection houses 76 0.44 (vi) Shops excluding eating houses 423 2.46 (vii) Business houses and offices 300 1.75 (viii) Factories, workshops and work sheds 220 1.28 (ix) Restaurants, sweet meat shops and eating places 99 0.58 (x) Places of entertainment and community gathering (Panchayat ghar) excluding place of worship 79 0.46 (xi) Places of worship (e.g. Temple. Church, Mosque. Gurudwara etc.) 373 2.17 (xii) Other non-residential houses 6,039 35.18

15 Economic Adivity Female dominance is unmistakably evident almost in every sphere of M inicoyan's life. Although According to the 1991 Census, the work force Minicoyans are all Muslims, monogamy is however, of Lakshadweep constitutes 26.43 per cent of the the rule in this part of the district. Marriage usually total population with a break up of 23.96 per cent takes place after the courtship where the consent of as main workers and 2.47 per cent as marginal both the parties are more important than their elders. "";orkers. The work participation rate as a whole Marriage usually takes place within the same group. has increased in 1991 compared to the 1981 Census. however, intergroup marriages are not rare. Usually, This is because of the increased employment oppor­ the children of such intercaste marriage get the tunities in the field of rural development activities. status of the parent belonging to the higher caste. There is no cultivator or agricultural labourer in this territory. Among the main workers 5.06 per cent As stated earlier. in Minicoy after the marriage, work in household industry and the remaining main husband shifts to the residence of his wife and workers are under the category of other workers. becomes full-fledged member of the wife's house­ Workers engaged in growing of coconuts are hold. Inheritance is through the female line. The included in the category cf other workers and not Minicoyans are divided into nine Athiris. Each in agricultural labourers or cultivators. Fishing. Athiri has a common village house and a common 'mas' making, coconut growing and copra making benefit fund. Men, women and children of each, are the main occupation of the people in the islands. Athiri have separate associations of their own. Athiri The spread of education especially among the assembly is called Bomedu, consisting of the entire females, the overall development in the territory male population belonging to Thakru and Raveri and increased employment in the rural development crasses. The assembly for meri is known as programmes, the. hOl!sehold industry does not Phiriheng Bamedu and for female as Anghang Bomeud. attract the attention of the islanders. This is evident The traditional dress of women is known as Libus from the fact that the main workers under house­ which is a long garment made of red cloth with hold industry has come down to 5.06 per cent in black strips. The under-garment is either blue or from per cent in 1991 13.69 1981. green. The head dress consists of a black piece of cloth with white or red boarders commonly known Manners and Customs' as Phatugan. The whole district may be divided into two groups in respect of caste and customs viz. (i) Minicoy The women of the caste-groups viz. Manikfans island (ii) other islands. The ethnic composition Thakrufans, Thakru and Ravery are known by the of the Minicoy island is comprised of land owning name. of Manikka. Bitan, Bibi and Kambilu res­ Manikfans, odam owning Thakrufans. odam plying pectively. In Minicoy, women enjoy equal right Thakrus and Raveries. like four distinct castes and status with their male counterparts. They have among the Hindus. However. their caste structure considerable freedom in personal and matrimonial matters. Folk dances and folk songs are quite is not so rigid like Hindu caste structure. although there are certain prerogatives and restrictions common among the Minicoyans. The folk songs associated with each group. For instance, Manikfans and dances usually depict joys and sorrows of the have the privilege to wear gold ornaments, garments people. The theme usually veers around love, made of silk with fixed design so that they can be chivalry. sacrifice. prayer. etc. The common folk distinguished. Thakrufans can wear gold ornaments dances are Lava and Beru. The Lava dance is most and put on silk garments but they should never use popular and usually performed by the male folk of the same design as adopted by the Manikfans. lowest caste namely Raveri. There are special Thakrus, on the other hand are allowed to use silver costumes and head gears for the purpose. Beru is ornaments and cotton dresses only, while Raveries another form of Lava and is performed by the male are denied almost all these privileges. At present. folk belonging to the Thakru caste. Beru dance is however, the restrictions are not so strictly adhered usually performed during three days of Id·UI-Fitre to. In fact, changes in this regard are discernible. and four days during Id-UI-Zuha. DanCing pro~ The custom among the Minicoyans are purely gramme for each day has definite schedule. matrilocal and matrilineal. The head of the family Children groups perform the first part, followed by is usually the eldest woman of the household. the youths and ultimately by the elders. This dance

7. Census of India, 1981 series-30 Lakshadweep District Census Handbook page 8-9

16 is followed by singing of the female folk accom­ Thattam is the head-gear for the women which pc;lnied by beating of drums. Another dance which covers the hQad and the shoulder. Both men and deserves mention is Thara. women put a silken thread around their waist. The furniture and interior decorations are rather simple The social set-up of other islands in the district in Laccadive and Amindivi groups of islands which are more or similar. Here too, the caste like less are, however, quite sophisticated among the structure is prevalent with land owning Koya at the Minicoyans. top followed by the boat plying Malmies and the Melacheries. The last group is engaged in coconut Places of Religious, Historical and Archaeological plucking and fishing. The people in this group of importanceS islands still follow certain taboos and restrictions for the purpose of maintaining the class distinctions There is a tomb of Ahammed Oliyulla Among these people, the duolocal and matrilineal. (Pallikaynhoj at Kalpeni. This tomb was constructed customs are prevalent. Female freedom is not much 200 years back in front of Mohiyiddean PaliL It is evident here. Among the autochthones in this group believed that even sand from the Makbara is used of islands, the husband is only a visiting member to as medicine for eye diseases and stomach-ache. the wife's house, and does not reside permanently Andunercha is conducted in every year in the month as is evident among the Minicoyans. Polygamy is of Safar. Another tomb in Kalpeni is the tomb of a very common feature among them. Chana-ka-koja which is more than 120 years old. This is in Ponnempalli. St. Chana-ka-koja had They have also traditional songs and dances. come to Andrott from Madeena for spreading Islam. Most common of these are Kolkali and Parichakali. It is told that on hearing continuous unusual noise The former is a group dance which men perform to of hens and cocks, people came in search and the rhythm of music and beating of sticks while found the dead body of St. Chana-ka-koja. It was the latter is performed by male dancers with wooden buried there and later a tomb was constructed. The sword and shield in hand. Both the dances have other tomb in Ka1peni was built 200 years back in similar type of costumes. The songs associated memory of Kalpeni Kayinho, the son of Aboosali. with these dances relate to Islamic religion, love This tomb is at Ujra Mosque. Nercha is being con­ affair, adventure etc. in the main. Because of the ducted here. There is also all old tomb of Koya­ isolated unique location of these islands, the kutti Oliyulla of 450 years old at Puthiyapalli in inhabitants of the whole district have closely knItted Kalpeni island. Nercha is conducted here also. entity governed by strict social sanction. The system of common contribution in cash or kind for Offerings are given by persons relating to other meeting the expenses of marriage and death cere­ religions. mony is still followed among the indigenous peopl e of the district. There are still community feasts, The tomb of Saint Ubaidulla (R. A) in Andrott community fishing and annual and periodical con­ island was built 300 years ago. The dead body of gregations among these people. However, these Saint Ubaidulla was buried here. Nerchas from all practices are Illore pronounced among the islands and mainland are received here. According Minicoyans. to legend Saint Ubaidulla first appeared at Kandathikunnu of Andrott and preached the faith of The staple food of the autochthones of the Islam. Later, he converted the entire inhabitants of district is rice. They take three meals a day. Lakshadweep into Musl im in the 13th century Coconut oil is prepared in each household and There IS also a tomb of Saint Syed Mohammed coconut is added in all the preparations. Fish is Jalaludeen Bukari (lppukayinho) of 100 years old in the main protein supplYing food item In their me,1U Andrott where the dead body of Saint Sayed Mohammed Bukari was buried. Nerchas from various Male folk generally wears LUllgi~a rectangular islands and mainland are received here. piece of cloth, the ends of which are stitched While the female folk wears a rectangular piece of cloth In Kavaratti island there is a tomb of Sayed known as Katchi around the waist, but unilke Lungi Mohammed Quassim of about 300 years old. The it is not stitched. This piece of cloth is either tomb is cOilstructed in front of Ujra Mosque which black or white in colour. The women cover their is about 1 k.m. from Katchery Jetty. The Saint upper part of the body with a jacket like garment. Sayed Mohammed Quassim came from Angole in

8 Census of India, 1981 Series-30 Lakshadweep District Census Handbook, page 17.

17 South Kanar" Dlstnct of erstwhile Mysare state and at its broadest point. The island is oblong shaped preached Rifaii order for the first time in Laksha­ and aimost fills the entire ring-reef, leaving only a dweep. He also supervised the construction of very shallow and narrow lagoon all around. There famous Ujra Mosque in Kavaratti. The Mosque is is formation of coral sand st')ne on the eastern and famous for its wood carving. It is believed that the western beaches, which is cut and used for building ideas of making various design of carvings were got houses by the local population. The climate con­ from flower grown in front of the Moo:que. ditions are the same as those in the Malabar Coast of Id-UI-Zuha and Id-UI-Fitre are celebrated at Ujra Kerala. Amini is the tahsil headquarter of this group Mosque. Annual death celebrations of Rifaii Shaik of islands, namely Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and and Sayed Mohammed Quassim are conducted Bitra. There are talented craftsmen in this island, every year at Ujra Mosque. Offerings are received who can make beautiful walking sticks with tortoise here from allover the islands and even from the shells and coconu1 shells. The island is famous for mainland. There is a tomb at Suheli (Cheriyakara), the stone engravers who carve beautiful flower an uninhabited island near Kavaratti. It is the tomb patterns on hard coral stones. The people have a of the son of Sayed Aboobackar Seedi Oliyulla. The rich tradition of folk songs. The boat songs peculiar religious Andunercha being conducted on Rajab 28 to Amindivi group, attain its highest form in this at Marakkar Mosque, Kavaratti is also in memory of island. this Saint.

Andrott (100 -49' north latitude and 73°-41' east In Minicoy island there is an old light house longitude) constructed in the year 1885 during the British period. It has 167 feet height and have 1,68,000 Andrott is the largest island with an area of candle power. This is one of the important light­ 4.8 Sq. Kms. and a population of 9,122. It has houses in Asia for international routes. 4,656 metres length and 1,430 metres breadth. BRIEF GAZETTEER OF ISLI\NDS IN THE Andrott lies east-west and it is 119 Kms. away from DISTRICT9 the headquarter island Kavaratti and 293 Kms. away from eochin. This is the only island which is Agatti (10 0 -SI' north latitude and 72°-11' east prActically devoid of any lagoon. This island is longitude) thickly planted with coconut trees which yield the finest nuts available in the district. According to Agatti is the western most island in the district. the tradition, this is the first island to embrace It has an area of 2.7 sq. kms. with 7,576 metres Istam religion. It is said that Arab Apostle called length and 568 metres breadth. The population of Ubaidulla (who is responsible for the conversion of this island is 5,670. Human habitation is confined the entire inhabitants of this district to Islam) died in the northern part of the island. The western side here. His tomb is found at the JUll1a Mosque of of the island is enclosed by a beautiful lagoon, the islal'ld. where various types of corals and multicoloured fishes are found in abundance. The only aerodrome Bangaram (10°-56' north latitude 72°-17' east in Lakshadweep for vayudoot connecting the islands longitude) with Kochi is available in this island. The climate of the island is hot as compared to other islands of Bangaram island with its idyllic palmgrove this group. As in other islands fishing and coconut back drop lies north of Kavaratti. It is one of the plantations are the main source of livelihood of the finest tourist spots in India. This is newly inhabited people. Wahabi cult of Islamic religion is also island (population 61 only) which lies about 8 Kms. followed here. north of Agatti. To its east, about 2.5 Kilometres away is Tinnakara. And further east is Parali Amini (lIO-07' north latitud. and 7r-44' east connected by a sand bank during the dry season. longitude The island has a very large and beautiful lagoon. The area of the island is 2.6 Sq. Kms. and the The lagoon is very deep here. The island is a population is 6,447. The name of the island must favourite fishing and turtile hunting ground of the have been derived from the Arabic word "Am in" Agatti people. There is a semi-circular bay in the meaning faithful. The island has a length of 2,892 eastern point of the island which serves as a metres from end to end and a width of 1,250 metres national swimming pool.

9 Census of India, 1981 Series-30 Lakshadweep District Census Handbook page 18-20

18 Bitl"a (11'-36' north latitude and 72"-10' east islands of Kodithala, Cheriyam, Tilakkam and Pitti longitude) lies in an extensive shallow lagoon. It is one of the islands which was colonised quite early. It is the smallest inhabited island in the territory Mention of this island is found in the writings of the having a land arf\a of 10.52 hectares and a popula­ Arabs. The Arab writers used to call this island as tion of 225 persons with 570 metres length and ·Kolfaini'. A peculiar feature of the island is the 274 metres width at its broadest point. It is presence of huge storm bank of coral debris along situated farthest from Kavaratti in the north direc­ the eastern and south-eastern shore, This island is tion. Sir William Robinson recorded that until often hit by cyclone. ilbout the rrdddle of 19th century this island was the breeding ground for the sea birds and hunting Kavaratti (10'-33' north latitude 720 -38' east ground for the people of other islands. It has a longitude) very large lagoon which abounds in with turtiles and numerous fishes. Kavaratti, the headquarters of the district lies 404 Kilometres away from Coddn. It has an area CbetJat (11 0 -41' north latitude 72°-43' east of 3.6 Sq. Kms with a maximum length of 5,132 Jongitude) mel res and a breadth at the widest point of 1,5'16 metres. The population of this island is 8677, There CheHat is 56 Kilometres north of Amini. Along is a small lake at the north end and large lagoon in the eastern side of the island there is a wide belt of the western side. The lagoon is shallow and pro­ coral debris caused by storm, which broadens at the vides a beautiful pool for swimming. The inhabi­ north and covers the whole southern end of the tants of the island are concentrated within a small island. It has an area of 1.04 Sq. Kms with 2,680 area. Houses are constructed in a cluster pattern. metres length and 584 metres width at the broadest It being the seat of Administration, all the Govern­ point. Chetlat was inhabited by Melacheries from ment offices and most of the Government buildings Amini. It is the island which suffered most at the are located in this island. In the earlier days the hands of Portuguese in the 16th century. The portion inhabited by the local people was separated inhabitants are generally poor and eak out their by a boundary wall and no islander was allowed to subsistence from coir twisting and fishing. The island has a very interesting custom. The women go south of that wall without a valid pass from Bibi's Administration, The Ujra Mosque with its folk usually gather on the beach during night and ntri cate carvings in wood (a fine specimen of crafts­ light bon fires to help to locate the island by the returning boats (carrying their male folk), which manship) is located in this island. The 'Jumath' have gone for fishing in the deep sea. The island Mosque which has a large building and has the has a unique handicraft industry in the form of cap largest tank belonging to a Mosque in the district making from the tender coconut leaves, which are is also located in this island. of great demand in the district. There are some old tombs in this island. Kiltan (11·-29' north latitude 73· east longitude)

Kadmat (11 0 -13' latitude and 720 -47' longitude) Kiltan is situated 51 KilomNres north-east of Amini on the international trade route between It is situated 10 Kilometres north of Amini and Persian Gulf and Srilanka. It has an area of with 9,064 metres long and 550 metres wide at the 1.6 Sq. Kms and a population of 3065 persons. broadest point. Besides a very large lagoon in the This island is 3,362 Kilometres long and 596 metres westElrn side, it is also characterised by narrow wide at the broadest point. On the northern and lagoon in the eastern side. The main occupation of southern ends of the island there are high storm the people is coir twisting. Kadmat is famous for beaches. The island is fertile and thickly planted. its stone used for building pUtposes. Some gold The island is rich in traditional folk songs and folk coins were found in 1948 which belonged to the Roman Emperors of the first and second century. dances.

It appears that the island used to be visited by U Minicoy (8 -17' north latitude 73"-04' east longitude) foreigners even before its colonisation. Systematic habitation of the island, however, started in the M inicoy is the southern most island in Laksha­ 19th century. dweep. It is the second in area (4.4 Sq. Kms) and population (8320 persons) among the islands. This Kalpcni (l00-05' north latitude 73"-39' ea'it Jongitude) crescent shaped island has a length of 10,656 Kalpeni is situated about 76 Kilometres due metres from end to end and a width of 944 metres sDuth of Andrott. The island alongwith the satelli~9 at the broadest pomt. It has a large and deep

19 lagoon. There is a 8ma" uninhabited island south Cheriyakara are enclosed by a lagoon. Since the of Minicoy known as Viringili which is also known lagoon provides an excellent fishing, islanders from as small~pox island. since it was used by the Kavaratti frequently visit this island and occa~ people for isolating small-pox patients in the early ssionally. people from Agatti and Amini. days. A large number of inhabitants of the working Brief analysis of Village/Town Directory data based 00 age are employed as seamen in ocean going v('ssels inset Tables:- all over the world. The main characteristic of the island is its systematically arranged villages known The Village Directory comprises the following as Athiris. Each Athiri with a cluster of houses is informations on amenities available in the rural headed by an elderly man called Moopan. The islands (villages) in terms of education. medical, Moopan is elected by the general body of the village drinking water. Post and Telegraph, day or days of known as Bomedu (assembly). Traditionally he is market/hat, c;ommunication. approach to the island. vested with all the powers to manage the affairs of nearest town and distance to it. power supply and the village concerned. The Minicoyans are divided land use pattern. This also provides informatioh on into four classes Viz. Manikfan. Thakrufan. Thakru the nearest place where these facilities are available and Raveri. The houses are arranged on either side in case these are not available within the village. of the streets in a linear fashion. Interior of the Location Code house is kept spick and span. Every house has one or more swing coats made of wood. which are Lakshadweep is a single District Union Territory beautifully decorated and painted in different and consists of 11 inhabited islands and 16 colours. Boat modelling is the main handicraft seen uninhabited islands. The rur81 islands are treated as in the island. The spoken language in this island is villages and the urban islands as census towns. All Mahl. Minicoy is the important tuna fiShing centre the islands retained the same status. except the in the dIstrict. There is a lighthouse in this island islands of Agatti and Bangaram. In the previous constructed during the year 1885. censuses. the island Agatti was treated as a rural inhabited island and its satellite island Bangaram as Pitti (10"-47' north latitude 72"-32' east longitude) an uninhabited rural island. Now. Agatti became an Pitti lies 24 kilometres north-west of Kavaratti· urban island (Census Town) and Bangaram an It is a small reef with a tiny sand bank at its southern inhabited rural island. As such, 7 inhabited islands end without even a blade of grass or any other and 16 uninhabited islands form the rural part and vegetatio:1. This small island with an area of 1.21 the remaining 4 islands constitute the urban part of hectares is the breeding ground of thousands of the District. birds belonging to tern group. The breeding season Each island is taken as the ultimate unit for is between January to March. Flocks of these birds presenting 1991 Census data. The location code can be seen chasing tuna shoals as far away as 15 number has been assigned to the islands from south to 25 kilometres. This island is a bird sanctuary to north. There are four elements for a full location now. code number assigned to a village in the Village Suheli Valiyakara (10°-OS' north latitude 72u~1S' Directory. The first element is the code number of east longitude) the Union Territory. the second is the District code number. the third is the code number of the sub­ Suhell Cheriyakara (10u-02' north latitude 72 -15' division followed by the fourth element the serial east longitude) number of the village in each sub-division. The Suheli lies 47 kilometres south-west of Kavaratti. name and location code numbers of the islands in The two uninhabited islands. Valiyakara and the sub~divisions are given in Table 3 below:-

Tabe-3 List of the Villages (islands) in the Sub-divisions Name of Sub-division Name of Village Nature of habitation Location Code Number 2 3 4 I· Minicoy 1. Minicoy Inhabited 32/ III (Census Town) 2. Viringili Uninhabited 32/111/1 2. Andrott 3. Kalpeni Inhabited 32f1 j2i 1

20 2 3 4 4. Cheriyam Uninhabited 32/1/2/2 5. Kodithala 32/1/2/3 6. Tilakkam (i) 32/1/2/4 " 7. TiJakkam (ii) 32/1/2i5 8. Tilakkam (iii) " 32/ I /2/6 " 9, Pitti (i) " 32/1/2/7 10, Pitti (ii) 32/1/2/8 " II, Andrott Inhabited 32/1/2/9 3. Kavaratti 12. Agatti 32/1/III " (Census Town) 13. Bangaram 32/1/3/ 1 " 14. Tinnakara Uninhabited 32il/3/2 IS. Parali (i) 32/1/3/3 16. ParaH (ii) 32/1/3i4 17. Parali (iii) 32/1{3/5 18. Kalpitti 3'1/1/3/6 19. Kavaratti Inhabited" 32/1/11 (Census Town) 20. Suheli Uninhabited 32/1/3/7 (Valiyakara) 21. Suheli (Cheri y akara) 32/1/3/8 22. Pitti (Bird's island) 32/1/3i9 4. Amini 23. Amini Inhabited 32tl/IV (Census Town) 24, Kadmat 32/1/4i1 25. Kiltan 32/1/4/2 26. Chetlat 32/1/4/3 27. Bitra 32fl/4j4 "

The sub-divisions Minicoy and Andrott have down to 8. This is because of the declaration of retained the number of uninhabited islands under Bangaram as an inhabited island and Agatti as a their jurisdiction without any change from the Census Town. Now, Tinnakara, Parali and its two previous censuses. Viringily is the only one attached islets, Kalpitti, Suheli (Valiyakara), Suheli uninhabited island in the rural part of Minicoy sub­ (Cheriyakara) and Pitti (Birds' island) are the uninha­ division, while Cheriyam, Kodithala. Tilakkam and its two attached islets and Pitti and its attached bited islands in the Kavaratti Sub-division. The islet are the uninhabited islands in the rural part of statement given below shows the number of inhabi­ AndroU Sub-division. In the Kavaratti Sub-division, ted and uninhabited rural islands and census towns the total number of uninhabited islands have come in the district and each sub-division.

Table-4 Number of Uninhabited anti Inhabited Rural Islands and Census Towns in tbe District/Sub-Dirision

District/Sub-divisions Number of islands Uninhabited Inhabited Rural Urban 2 3 4 Lakshadweep 16 7 4 Minicoy 1 Andrott 7 2 Kavaratti 8 i 2 Amini 4 1

21 The islands are scattered in the Arabian Sea between the islands and that of the islands from the about 200-400 Kms. away from the Malobar Coast mainland ports are shown in the sub-joint statement. and 10-400 Kms. from each other. The distance Table-5 Distance Between Islands and Islands to Mainland Ports ------(in Kilometres) Cochin Mangalore 500 Calicut 246 254 Andrott 228 257 293 Amini 107 320 287 407 Kadmat 11 119 320 287 407 Bitra 72 80 183 383 333 483 Chetlat 56 54 65 141 330 269 432 Kiltan 37 89 48 59 102 296 252 394 Agatti III 104 80 72 61 157 38~ 363 459 Kavarattl 57 115 126 124 76 65 1I9 346 352 404 Suheli 54 81 169 176 167 126 115 165 389 404 446 Kalpeni 141 124 178 176 206 228 159 150 87 263 361 287 Minicoy 211 219 252 296 346 378 376 330 3! 1 293 444 537 398

In 1971 and 1981 Censuses the Village Direc­ by the Lakshadweep Administration are adopted tory data were presented separately for each Tahsil. both for the Village Directory and the Town Direc­ This time, these data are presented for each C D tory. Block. The Table 6 below shows the distribution of In LalKadmat island (312.47 hectares). 81tra Blocks. Since the Rural/Urban break UP of geogra~ is the smallest inhabited island with an area of only phical area is not available, the area figures supplied 9. 93 hectares. The uninhabited islands are small in area and The progress made in Lakshadweep in the field vary from 0.27 (Kodithala) to 45.44 (Cheriyam) of education is beyond emphasis. Girls educ3tion hectares. Therefore, they all come under the size has made tremendous progress. Forty-four per cent of 50 or less. of the total enrollment in the Schools are girls. At The total rural population of each island is given present there are nine high schools, one each in the in column 4 of the Village Directory Statement and islands including urban area excepting the small the number of households in brackets. The largest islands of Bitra and Bangaram as against only nine island Andrott stands first in both the population primary schools in 1956. This means, students in and the number of households. The island Bangaram has the least population and the lowest number of nine islands can study upto the level of matriculation households followed by Bitra island. in their own village. Presently, 5 high schools and one junior college are functioning in the rural islands. Educational Amenities Facilities are also provided to the interested students The educational amenities available in the in higher studies at mainland for professional, tech­ islands are shown under column 5 of the Village nical and academic courses. In such cases, all the Directory statement by using the following codes. expenses relating to their boarding and lodging P - Primary or Elementary School. facilities are met by the Administration. Informal M - Junior Secondary or Middle School. education is provided to the adults through the 29 H - Matriculation or Secondary School. adult literacy centres, in the various rural islands. PUC - Higher Secondaryi1ntermediate!pre- Because of all these incentives in the field of educa­ University/Junior College. tion, the literacy rate of this District has shown AC - Adult Literacy ClassiCentre. spectacular increase from 15.23 per cent in 1951 to Junior Basic Schools or Schools upto Class IV 81.78 per cent in 1991. including Balawadis and Nursery Schools are treated as Pr'imary or Elementary Schools. Senior The data given in the Village Directory statement Basic Schools or Schools upto Class VIII are treated relate to only the educational institutions run by the as Junior Secondary or Middle Schools. Schools Lakshadweep Adm inistration. In the field of educa­ upto Class X are treated as Matriculation or Secon­ tion the role of traditional religious schools such as dary Schools. Colleges or Schools upto Class XI or Madrasas, Palli Darses and Arabic Colleges deserve XII and 10 + 2 classes have been considered as Higher special mention. For the students in lower classes, Secondary or intermediate or Pre-University or the medium of instruction is Malayalam. But the junior College. Classes or Centres where informal text books ore printed in Arabic Alphabet and education are imparted to the adults are considered transliterative Malayalam language. Therefore, this as adult literacy classes or centres. Where Composite helps the students to study both the Arabic and schools like middle schools with primary classes are Malayalam from these institutions. There are functioning, they are bifurcated and included in the 54 such institutions working in all the islands. The number of Primary and Middle Schools respectively. existence of these institutions in such a large number The number of institutions are given in brackets. In emphasises their importance in the community life case educational facility is not available within the of the local people. village (-) is shown in the column. Next to it in brackets, the distance in broad ranges of the nearest The Table 7 shows the number of educational place where the facility is available is given in the institutions, adult literacy centres in the islands and statement. traditional religious educational institutions.

Table-7 Educational Institutions in the Islands Name of District/ Sub-Divisionsi No. of educational institutions Private institutions Islands ------.------where traditional Primary Middle Matricu- HssiPuq Adult religious education Schools Schools lation! inter- 1iteracy is imparted Secondary mediatel Centres Jr. College 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lakshadweep District. 45 13 9 3 59 54 1. Minicay Sub-Division 4 2 1 1 6 4 (a) Minicoy island" 4 2 1 6 4

23 2 3 4 5 6 7 2. Andrott Sub-Division 11 2 10 12 (a) Kalpeni island 4 "2 1 3 3 (b) AndroU island 7 2 1 7 9 3. Kavaratti Sub-Division 10 3 2 11 12 (a) Agatti island· 5 1 1 3 (b) Bangaram island (c) Kavaratti island* 5 2 1 11 9 4. Amini Sub-Division 20 4 4 32 26 (a) Amini island* 6 1 I 13 7 (b) Kadmat island 6 1 1 I (c) Kiltan island 4 ] 1 "6 6 (d) Chetlat island 3 1 8 4 (e) Bitra island 1 Source: Directolate of Education, Lakshadweep *TOWDli In other words, in the public sector there is one The above table shows that there is one Primary medical institution for every 1915 persons in the School for every 1149 people and one secondary District while in the rural sector, this facility is ava i1able for every 1614 people. I n short, there has school for every 5745 people in the whole of the been tremendous progress in the field of the medical District. Considering the rural sector alone, there facilities in the District. This is equally shared by is one Primary School for every 904 people and one the rural popL:lation. secondary school for every 4519 people. During the last Census there were 1.69 educational institu­ Drinking water tions for every 1000 population which has come down to 1.35 during this period. In the rural area Following Codes have been used under column 7 of the Village Directory Statement to express the this ratio is 1.68. In the case of traditional religious availability of potable drinking water supply in the institutions the above ratio is 1.04 for the Union villages. Territory as a whole, whereas it is 1.37 in the rural area. T - Tap Water W - Well Water Medical Facilities HP - Hand Pump o - Others The sixth column in the Village Directory deals with the availability of medical facilities in the Surface water is not available in this Union villages, represented using the following codes. Territory as a source. Therefore, the only way is to tap the rain water collected underground. For this, PHC - Primary Health Centre different sources are used in the islands. Draw wells PHS - Primary Health Sub-Centre. are the main cmong them. Handpumps Cind taps are also used in almost all islands. From the statement o - Dispensary we could understand that in 4 of the rural islands, R P - Registered Private Ptactitioner viz. AndroH, Kalpeni, Kadmat and Chetlat well, o - Others (First Aid Centre) tap and handpump are used as sources of drinking water. In Kiltan, well and handpump and in Of the 27 medical institutions throughout the Bangaram well and tap are used. In the smallest district, 5 Primary Heaith Centres, 7 Primary Health island Bitra, a Solar distillation plant with a capacity Sub-Centres, one First Aid Centre and one of 2000 litres per day was erected on 19th January Ayurvedic Dispensary are working in the rural 1983 in order to supply drinking water to the people there. Till then drinking water was transported to islands. Bitra, being the smanest inhab ited them from the nearest island Chetlot and also from is'i'a'nd each one of the First Aid Centre and the ships whenever touched there. There is no Primary Health Sub-Centre caters the needs of village in the District with no drinking water facility the people there. In the Private Sector, there is one of any type. Ayurvedic Dispensaty with a Registered MedlCiil Practitioner at Kalpeni island. The hospital popu- There are no rivers, streams or canals in the 1ation ratio in the public sector works out to 0.52 District. The wells are shallow in nature and do per 1000 population in the whole of the District not go far below the coral stratum. In the low lying while it is 0 62 in the rural islands. During the last areas, the wells are still shallow. There are 3.462 Census, these ratios were 0.30 and 0.37 respectively. wells and 37 handpumps in the rural islands, whereas the total number of wells and handpumps Marketing Facilities in the District as a whole are 6,786 and 496 respectively. Marketing facilities are not available in the islands. The island produces are exported to the Protected water supply is available in all the mainland (Mangalore/KozhikodejKochi/Tuticorin) islands except Kiltan where the installation of the and supplies are made through co-operative societies plant is in progress. In order to provide safe pipe and private shops in the islands. water to the islands the work on the scheme combing brackish water and rain water harvest is in progress. Communication FaciJities Post and Telegraph facilities The tenth column in the statement refers to the The post and telegraph facilities available in the communication facilities in the islands. This has villages are shown using the following codes. been shown by using the coda NW means navigable water way (other than river or canal). There is no PO - Post Office bus or train service in the villages. TO - Telegraph Office pTO - Post and Telegraph Office As stated earlier. the islands are scattered in Phone - Telephone connection. he Arabian Sea between 10-400 kms. and Post Office and Telegraph Office are available 200-400 kms, from the Kerala coast. The largest in all the inhabited islands except the rural island island Andrott has an area of only about 5 sq. kms. Bangaram. As regards telephone facility, local Almost all the islands are having less than 5 kms. exchanges are functioning in all the inhabited islands length and 1 km. breadth in the broadest point. excepting Bitra and Bangaram (rural Islands). Of Therefore, necessity for road service was not felt

the 6 Satellite Earth Stations, 3 stations are func­ much in the past. But now I things have completely tioning in the rural islands of Kalpeni, Andrott and been changed. During the last few years, the Kiltan. STD and ISO facilities are available in the number of motor vehicles has increased tre~en­ exchanges functioning in these islands. The Sate­ dously especially in the case of two wheelers. The llite Earth Station in Kiltan island was commissioned table 8 provides information on 4 wheelers, three on 31st December. 1982. wheelers and two wheeleri in the islands.

Table-8

Road Transport - 1991

N~me'of Island Number available in the Village

Car/Jeep TempO Tractor Tiller Three wheelers Two wheelers I' Remark,s Auto Riksb'aw Scooter Motor Mop~~ Cycle 2 ..; ~j • 3 4 5 6 7 9 . 10

~ ;', .,' Minicoy 5 4 2 35 59 181 63 Kalpeni 2 I ·10 2 9' 4 1 Andrott 6 3 4 24 26 46- 32 151 Agatti 3 4 3 35 26 48 40~ 97 Kavarat~i~. 15: 5 .J J6 . CJ 60 113 3d" Amini 3 1 4 20 12 17 5 48 Kadmat 3 2 3 20 3 22 26 ~p Kiltan 2 8 9 25 I Chetlat 2 12 1 2 9 Bitra

*One Mini Bus is available.

25 The islands are separated by deep sea between mechanised Manjoos which have very large capacity! each other and therefore ships, mechanised boats tonnage, the number of Valiyaodams in service has and other motor vessels are the main source of come clown considerably. Today, there are 18 communication in the islands. At present, two all­ Valiyaodams in various islands plying between weather ships. viz., M. V. Tipu Sultan and M. V. islands and mainland transporting cargoes. Now-a­ Bharatseema are plying between the islands and days it is seen that the Valiyaodams are replaced by mainland. A small fair-weather ferry vessel namely mechanised manjoos. The number of mechanised M V. Deepsetu plying between the islands connects fishing boats has increased because of the great the mainland port, Beypore. The islands are also demand and high price for 'mas' on the mainland· connected with each other by helicopter service. Presently, 389 mechanised boats are engaged in the Another breath-taking achievement in the field of islands for fishing. It may be astonished to note communication was the introduction of Vayudoot that a total number of 818 country crafts from service in 1988 from the mainland to Agatti. Konthalam to Cheriyathu are in current use in the islands for various purposes. Among the above Though conspicuous achievements have been country crafts, more than 36 per cent are fitted with made in the field of communication, the services of outboard engines. The table 9 shows the number country crafts cannot be ignored as far as Laksha­ of manjoos, country crafts and motor boats in the dweep is concerned. Owing to the introduction of islands.

Table-9 Number of Manjoos, Country Crafts and Motor Boats in tbe Islands, 1',t

Name of Number available in tbe island Island Manjoo Valiya- Motor Kontbalam Fttuvali- Aruvali- Cberiyatbu/ Crafts * Remarks adam Boat kkunnathu kkunnathu Fishing fitted Thonies with outboard engine

2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 l. Agatti 5 93 1 33 20 73 Sl 2. Minia>y 2 41 2 23 55 37 2 Nos 3 KaJpeni I 1 20 1 24 '4 55 Race 4. Andrott 4 1 29 8 II 12 35 17 boats 5. Kavaratti , I*'" 71 18 64 37 •• Not in 6, Amini 2 4 37 17 18 42 21 use 7. Kadmat 1 1 30 19 2 2 91 19 8. Kiltan I 8 34 11 17 10 62 22 9. Cbetlat 1 2 24 12 J6 20 10. Bitra JO 3 6 8 12 9

• Refers to columns 5 to 8. Source: Sub-Divi9ional Officer/Additional Sub~Divisional Officer.

Approach to Village to the islands i. e. between each other and from the The approach to village refers to the state of mainland ports of Kochi, Beypora and Mangall­ road etc. leading to village. As stated earlier. puram is easy by mechanised boats (inter-island navigable waterway other than river or canal only), ferry vessels, ships, manjoas and valiya­ is the only approach to the village which is odams. While on monsoon season from June to represented by NW in column 11 of the Village September ships are the main mean. of approach Directory Statement. During fair weather, approach to the islands. The entrances/lagoons are shallow 26 and therefore, ships are anchored or drifted outside Since the power supplied is mainly through the ,'lagoons and men and materials are transported diesel engine generating sets. the cost per unit is to the jetty/periphery of the island through burges, very high. The rate per unit for domestic consum­ mechanised boats or outboard engine fitted country ption is 60 paise and that for industrial use is 40 crafts. Consequent on the introducing of air service paise per unit. Electricity is available to 7065 in the territory helicopter makes fixed sorties households i. e. 98.49 per cel'lt of total households between islands nnd connects Kavaratti, the head­ (excluding institutional households) in the territory. quarters island and Kochi twice in a month. This is 97.94 per cent in the case of rural area. The Vayudoot makes trips to the island Agatti thrice in total number of domestic connections in the district .11 week in all seasons. is 9.497 as on 1989-90 and that of commercial and industrial is 1889. The table 10 gives the number of power connections by type of use in the rural Nearest town and distance islands. The name of the nearest town and the distance to it in brackets have been given in column 12 of Table--·10 the Village Directory Statement. In Lakshadweep, Minicoy, Kavaratti. Amini and Agatti are the urban Number of Power connections by type of ule 1989-90 islands or towns. As regards Amini Group of SI. No. Name of Village No. of connections islands, Amini is the nearest town. In Kavaratti Sub-Division, there is only one inhabited village, Domes- Com- Indu- Total Bangaram which IS lying at a distance of only 8 kms. tic mercial. stria!. from the nearest town Agatti. In the caSe of Andrott Sub-division, the town Kavaratti is nearer to 1. Andrott 1,407 315 18 1,740 Kalpeni while Amini is the nearest town to Andrott. 2. Kalpeni 694 183 8 885 3. Bangaram 22 22 Power Supply 4. Kadmat 850 205 18 1,073 5. Kiltan 673 136 4 813 The availability of power supply and their use 6 Chetlat 538 51 5 594 has been shown in the statement using the following 7. Bitra 69 11 81 two codes. Source ;- Electricity Department. EO - Electricity for domestic purpose From the above table, it is S$on that the EO - Electricity for other purposes like indus­ largest island Andrott has the highest number of trial, commercial etc. connections in all the categories followed by Kadmat Island. In the island Bangaram. thete is no domestic All the eleven inhabited islands Were electrified connection at all and the available 22 conn.ctions by the .e~d of sixth Five YeAr Plan. In the beginning are in the commerciaf sector. only limned hours power supply was provided in the islands. Now, round the clock power supply The staple food mainly consumed by the people of this district is rice. Sincf) it is not produced in is available in all the islands. One of the uninhabited the tslands lhey import it from mainland. Separate islands, SUhali (Cheriyakara) i$ provided with beach column for this has not been provided in the Village lighting facilit¥ using Solar Pow.r during the fishing Directory Statement this time. nason from October to May. The pow., is supplied Afailability of differenf amafties mainly through die.eI generating ..". During 1189-80 the total jnstaJled capacity of the pow., The table 11 show. CD Block-wise dis­ houses in Latcshadweep is 5111.0 KW. The power tribution of villages according to the availability of ten.,ated during th. year is 8.46 MKWH. difftrent amenities.

Ta~le-It

Di.&ribtl1ion of Villages Acectrdiag to de Anilability of Different AmeBilit.

C. D. Block No. of No. (with percenta,e) of villages, having one or more of the following amenities inhabited Education Medical Drinking Post & Marketl Communica- Approach to Power -villages watet telegraph Hat tions bland Supply 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Andrott I (100.00) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) 1(100.00) I (100.00) I (100.00) I (100.00) Kalpeni 1 (100.00) I (100.00) 1(100.00) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) I (100.00) 1 (100.00)

27 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Agatti 1 (100.00) I (100.00) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) Kadmat I I (100.00) I (100.00) 1 (100,00) 1 (100.00) - i. (100.00) 1 (100.00) 1 (lOO.OO} Kiltan 1 1 (100.vO) 1 (10000) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) - I (100.00) I (100.00) I (IOO.OO) Cbetlat 2 2 (100.00) 2 (100.00) 2 (100.00) 2 (100.00) - 2 (100.00) 2 (tOO.OO) 2 (100.00)

Lakshadweep 7 6 (85.71) 6 (85.71) 7 (100.00) 6 (85.71) - 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00) District

The statement shows that all the amenities these facilities are available in the nearest island except market/hat are available in all the villages Agatti lying across the sea at a distance of 8 kms. other than Bangaram where educational, medical as shown in Table 12 below. and post and telegraph facilities are lacking. But

Table--12

Distribution of Villages not baving certain Amenities, Arranged by Distance Ranges from the Places where these are Available

Village not having the Number of villages where the amenity is not available and available amenity of at distance of -5 kms 5-10 kms 10+ 1 kms. Total (Cols. 2-4) 2 3 4 5 I. Education I 2. Medical I 3. Drinking water 4. Post & Telegraph 5. MarketiHat 6. Communication

Table 13 provides details or. the proportion of the entire rural population (22,532) of the District rural population served by different' amenities. Ex­ are served by all the am.nitie$ other than market/ empting the population of Bangaram islancj (61) hat.

Table--I3 Proportion of Rural Population Served by Different Ame~ities

C. D. Block Total Popula- . Ptopottion of Rural Population s.erved by the amenities of tion of inhabited. villages in tue Education Medical Drinking Post & Market/' Communi- Appro- Power ,Ie. D. Block water , telegraph Hat ., , cations ach to " supply Island /-0 %, % %: Ok· % % % '",' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minicoy Andrott 9,122 10000 IOO.Ou 100.00 100,00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Kalpeni 4.084 100.0& 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 , 100.00 100.00 Kavaratti Agatt{ . ,61 100.00 10000 100.00 100.00 Amini Kadmat .3,985 100.00 100.00 10000 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Kiltan 3,065 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Chetlat 2,276- - 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 10000 100.00 100.00 Lakshadweep 22,593 99.73 99.73 ' 100.00 99.73 100.00 100.00 100.00 District

:W The Table No. 14 shows the distribution of town. Educational, medical and post and telegraph villages according to distance from the nearest town facilities are not availaqle in one of these islands, and availability of different amenities. There are two villages (islands of Bangaram and Kadmat) lying Ban'garam. All the remaining 5 yillages are situated at the distance range of 6-15 kms from the nearest at the distance of ,more than 51 km~.

Table-14 Distribution of Villages According to Distance from The Nearest Town and Availability of Different Amenities

Distance Range No. of No. (with percentage) of'villagef> having the amenity of from the nearest inhabited town (in kms) villages in Education Medical Drinking Post & Market/ Communi- Approach Power each range Water Telegraph Hat cations to hland Supply ------~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0-5 6 - 15 2 1 (50.00) 1 (50.00) 2 (100.00) 1 l50.00) 2 (100.00) 2,(100.00) 2 (100.00) 16 - 50 51+ 5 5 (100.00) 5 (l00.00) 5 (100.00) 5 (JOO.OO) 5 (100.00) 5 (100.00) 5 (l00.00) Unspecified Total 7 Ii (85.71) 6 (85.71) 7 (100.00) 6 (85.71) 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00)

In the following table 15 the villages are distri- -499. Only one islal;ld, Andrott, comes under the buted accordi ng to population range and amenities population range of 5000 +. The remaining fnur available. It is seen that two islands (Bangaram & islands viz., Kalpehi, Kadmat, Kiltan and Chetlat lio Bitra) are coming under the population range of in the population range of 2000-4999. Table-IS Distribution of ViIl:l~es According to PopulJtion Ran:;e and Amenities Available Population NO. of Number (with percentage) of Villages havingiliea-n-'-en""':j:-tl:"!:'·e-s-o"::f------Range illhabitltd villages Education Medical Drinking Post & Market/ Communi- Approach to Power in eoch Water Telegraph Hat cations hI and Supply range 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -499 2 1 (50.00) (50.00) 2 (IOU.OO) 1 (;;'5-;::-0.~OO~)----::2:--(:-:-I-;:-:OO::-:.O::-:O::-)-=-2-:(-:10:-::-0--=-.0-0)-2-. -(-1-00-.0-0) 500-1999 2000-4999 4 4 (100.00) 4 (l00.00) 4 (100.00) 4 (100.00) - 4 (100.00) 4 (IOO.DO) 4 (100.00) 5000+ I 1 (100.00) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) 1 (100.00) - I (100.00) 1 (100.00) I (100.00) Total 7 6 (85.7l) 6 (~5,71) 7 (t00.00) 6 (85.71) - 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00) 7 (100.00)

I,and Use Forest Area One 0t the distin.ct features ?f this territory is The land use details in respect of the rural that t.here '? no fore')t In any of the Islands, inhabited islands have been furnished in columns 14-18 of the or uninhabited. Therefore, the land use under forest Village Directory Statement under five categories. has been shown as dash. Irrigated Area 1. Forest. 1n the actual sense, no irrigated area is available 2. Irrigated by source (Pot watering). in .t~7 District .. This .is because, no irrigational facilities are available In any of these islands in the 3. Unirrigated. a~sence ~f rivers, canals etc. Few years back, diesel engtnes were used to pump the water from 4. Culturable Waste (including gauchar and wells and tanks for irrigation purposes. This has groves) . completely been banned on the baSIS of the report of the Expert Committe set up by Island Develop­ 5. Area not available Jor cultivation. ment Authority (IDA). According to them, excesS

29 pumping will lead to the scarcity of fresh (rain) lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs water collected underground. Therefore, the and jungles. As far as the District of Lakshadweep area shown as irrigated in the statement relates to is concerned, thera is no such land in the islands. the area under coconl:lt nurseries and vegetable Area not available for cultivation gardens where watering is done using pots. The total irrigated area in the rural islands is only The last column of the Village Directory State­ 58.50 hectares. ment relates to the area not available for cultivation in the islands. This includes barren, unculturable Unirrigated area and land put to non-agricultural use. The barren Of the total available land area of 1173.05 and unculturable lands cannot be brought under hectares for cultivation in the rural islands, 1114.55 cultivation unless a lot of expenditure is incurred for hectares of land are unirrigated. This area covers their reclamation. The land under non-agricultural the yielding coconut trees. use includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads Culturable Waste etc. In addition to the above the area held by Those lands which are suited for cultivation but institu:ior:s sush <:;5 WJ:;7 SOj~~, C::;-opera!ive bodies not taken up for cultivation at all or taken up for and Government will also come under this categ:Jry. cultivation once, but not in the successive five years The table 16 gives the distribution of villages or more are considered as culturable waste. These according to land use.

Table-16 Distribution of ViJbges According to Land Use

CD Bleck No. of inhabited Total area Percentage 0f cultivable Percentage of irrigated villages (in hectares) area to total area area to total cultivatable area 2 3 4 5 Minicoy AndroU 484.06 87.94 3.76 Kalpenil< 278.63 89.73 3.80 Kavaraltl Agatti·· 112.56 Amini Kadmat 312.47 83.20 7.31 Kiltan 1 163.37 80.86 6.06 Chetlat 2 113.79 92.54 5,70

.-~---.-- LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 7 1464.~8 86.74· ... 4.99

* Includes area of uninhabited island.

U Land use area of inhabited island Bangaram and uninhabited islands are clubbed with th€t area of Agatti Island (NMCT). Hence, the distribution of land use area of inhabited Village is not available separately, Percentage of cultivable area to total area of the district is calculated excluding the area of Agatti CD Block.

The above table indicates that out of 1464.88 TOWN DIRECTORY hectares of land in the rural sector of the District, The Town Directory Statements give details cn 86.74 per cent are cultivable lands. The percentage status and growth history, physical aspects and of irrigated area to total cultivable area of 4.99 location, municipal finance, civic and other ameni­ indicates the inherent difficulties in the field of ties, medical, educational, recreational and cultural irrigation in the islands due to the absence of river, facilities and details on trade, commerce, industry canal etc. and banking for each town in the district.

30 Census Town urban islands are the same as that of rural islands of the district. Columns 6 to 8 provide the name of There are in all four Census Towns in Laksha­ the Union Territory headquarters, District headquar­ dweep and all are non- municipal towns. The islands, ters, Sub-Divisional/Tahsil headquarters with the Minicoy, Kavaratti and Amini were declared as distance to each town in bracket. Since Kavaratti census towns for the first time in 1981 Census i. the headquarters of Lakshadweep '0' has been followed by the island Agatti during 1991 Census gillen in bracket against Kavaratti town under satisfying the criteria for treating a place as Urban columns 6 and 7. Minicoy is the farthest town from which have been stated earlier. the Union Territory headquarters at a distance of The islands are distinct units and, therefore, in 252 kms. Kavaratti is the Union Territory/Di8trict the case of these towns the entire island is treated headquarters. Amini, Kavaratti and Minicov towns are as urban without causing any area adjustment. the respective Sub-Divisional headquarters under fhe uninhabited islands satellite to these towns still column 8. The Sub-Divisional headquarters of retain their status as rural. For presenting Town Agatti town is Kavaratti, lying at a distance of Directory Statement, each urban island (towns) has 57 kms. The next two columns give information on been taken as ultimate unit. nearest city and railway station with population of one lakh and above. There is no city/railway station The Town Directory data are arranged in State­ at all in Lakshadwelp. The nearest cities/railway ments I-VI and are explained briefly. stations ale situated in the neighbouring states of Statement-I Karnataka and Kerala. Bus route and navigable river/canal etc. in columns 11 and 12 are also The Statement - I shows the status and growth absent in the Islands. history of towns. The first column in the statement is the serial number of the towns in the district. Statement -11 1 The second column gives the class, name and civic All the four towns in this district are non­ administration status of town. In Lakshadweep, all municipal census towns and, therefore, the State­ the four towns come under Class V and are non­ ment-III relating to the municipal finance for the muniCipal. The third column gives the location year 1988-89 is not applicable to this Union code number of each town. There are three elements Territory. for the location code number of a town. The first is Staternent-l V the Union Territory code, second, the District code number and the third is the Town code number. Statement-IV shows the civic and other ameni­ The fourth column provides the names of Sub­ tieq available in the towns. Columns 1 to 4 in the division headquarters. Column 5 is the name of Statement give the serial number, class and name C, D. Block. Each town with its satellite uninha­ of town, civic administration status and population bited islands is a C. D. Block except the C. D. Block of each town. Code NM has been given under Agatti which includes one inhabited island Bangaram column 3 to explain the status of the towns as non­ and attached uninhabited islands. The next column municipal. The 5th column provides Scheduled gives th3 area of the towns. Minicoy stands first in Tribe population only as there is no Scheduled Caste area followed by Kavaratti town. Column 7 provides population in the district. The necessity of pucca the number of households including houseless roads was not felt much in the past. Now, due to households revealed in 1991 Census. Columns 8 the increase in the number of motor vehicles in the to 17 gives the population and the growth rate of islands, efforts have been made to convert the sandy the towns during the Censuses from 1901 to 1991. bicycle tracks into cement concrete roads connec­ The column 18 indicates the density of towns and ting the main circular roads. columns 19 to 21 give the sex ratio from 1971 to The Column 6 shows the total length of the 1991. pucca roads against each town. Of these, the Statement-II figures in brackets give the length of the cement concrete surfaced roads. There is no planned The second Statement furnishes data on system of sewerage in the district and, therefore, physical aspects and location of towns. column 7 indicates open surface drains (OSD). The The first column in the Statement starts with number of latrines waterborne, service and others serial number followed by class and name of town have been given under columns 8, 9 and 10 respec- in th~ second column. Columns 3, 4 and 5 give ·tively. The latrines given under others include only the physical aspects of the towns providing rainfall pit latrines. The water borne latrines are connected and the temperature. The climatic conditions of the to the septic tanks for the disposal of night soil

31 which is represented by ST (Septic tank latrines) in Table-l 7 column 11 of the Statement. The code Pt given Nnmber of Beds in Medical Institutions in Towns under the same column indicates the disposal of night soil by pit system also. Protected water Class, name and No. of beds in medical supply is available in all the towns The water is civic status of insti tutions per 1,000 stored in over head tanks (OHT) and supplied the town population

"-~~~------~ through taps which is represented by the code T 2 (Tap Water). The capacity of the over head tanks are given in brackets. Other sources of water in Agatti (NM) 2 the towns are: Amini (NM) 2 (i) W - Well water and Kavaratti (NM) 6 Minicoy (NM) 2 (ii) TW - Tube well water/hand pump. Total 3 So far, no fire fighting stations have been esta­ blished irt this Union Territory. Hence the column Besides the medical institutions on the public 14 has been left blank Columns 15-19 furnish sector, one Ayurvedic dispensary with Registered information on number of electric connections for Medical Practitioner is functioning at Agatti town in different purposes such as domestic, industrial, the private sector. In addition to this, there is one commercial and number of street lights in the towns· private Registered Medical Practitioner (Allopathic) Statement IVA in this town. In Kavaratti town two AHopathic Registered Medical Practitionels and one Ayurvedic Statement IVA relates to the civic and other Registered Medical Practitioner are also available amenities in notified slums. This has not been for attending outpatients. One NUrsing Home with prepared since there are no class I or class II towns Registered Medical Practitioner is also functioning and notified slums in the district. in the private sector at Minicoy.

St;,tement~ V The educational facilities available in the towns have been given in columns 10 to 14. Every town Statement - V gives information on medical, has the facility to give education to the children educational. recreational and cultural facilities upto matricUlation without going outside the island. available in the towns. Columns 1, 2 and 3 of the Out of the two junior colleges in the district one is Statement show the serial number, class and name functioning at Kavaratti Town. In addition to this of town and population respectively. In column 4 one Industrial TrainIng Institute is also functioning the details of medical institutions available in the at Kavaratti Town providing courses in Shorthand, towns have been shown using the following codes. Typewriting, Carpentry and Tailoring. College edu­ The figure given in brackets denotes the number of calion facilities at Diploma or degree levels are not institutions. available in the district. The islanders avail the H - Hospital facilities of higher education on the mainland insti­ tutions. The number of educational institutions per D - Dispensary 10,000 population is given in table 18. HC - Primary Health Centrel Primary Health Sub-Centre Table-18 NH - Nursing Home Scbools per 10,000 Popuhltion in Towns A - Ayurvedic No. per 10,000 Population Hom - Homoeopathic .__ ~-v -~" r_:lass, name and ,..:,u QI,) ;.., The number of beds available in the medical C~ .. CiVIC statuI) of IOWD ;;:::J_:: 1';1 ~ "II » institutions noted against column 4 have been given 1-<'00..- 'Ou _"O~ ... V r:;"_ 0 r:;'C ot:::'O til under column The only hospitals available ~o ~u 0 ..... J:l .,.., 0 '0 e 5. 2 in .- ('j ...... Utllo l:: U._ ::z::us:;: ... ·c this territory are functioning in the urban islands rn_ ..... ~~''::: ..::~~ Q.. viz., Kavaratti and Minicoy. The only one Homoeo­ 1 2 3 4 5 pathic Dispensary in the district as a whole is also 2 2 functioning at Amini Town. The Hospital at Agatti (NM) 9 Amini (NM) 2 2 9 Kavaratti, Headquarters island is a referral hospital 2 6 which has the facility to treat 50 patients at a time. Kavaratti (NM) Minicoy (NM) 2 5 The table 18 gives the number of beds in medical institutions per 1000 population. 2 7

32 In the private sector, there are 20 Madr8sas and Columns 17 to 20 give information on recrea­ 3 Arabic Colleges where religious education is tional and cultural facilities available in the towns. imparted. The table 19 shows the number of In the strict sense, there is no stadium or cinema Madrasas and Arabic colleges in the town. theatre in the district. However, the figures under column 19 give the details of auditorium and Table-19 community halls in the towns. As regards public Number of Pril'ate ReJigious Educationallnstitutions library and reading rooms, there is one Central Library-cum-Reading Room at Kavaratti. Besides, Name of Town Madrasa Arabic College in all towns one each of the reading room-cum~ (1) (2) (3) library (treated as equivalent to PL(1) and RR(1) ) is also available. Minicoy 4 Kavaratti 7 2 Statement-VI Agatti 3 The Statement-VI in the Town Directory is on Amini 6 trade, commerce, industry and banking facilities. There are in all 30 adult literacy centres in the Columns 3 to 5 portrays the names of three impor­ towns. Of these, the maximum number (13) is seen tant commodities imported, 6 to 8 give the names tat Amini town followed by Kavaratti town (11). But of three important commodities exported followed on the contrary, adult literacy centre is absent at by the names of three most important commodities Agatti town as against 5 in 1980. It is reported manufactured under columns 9 to 11. The last that in spite of wide publicity campaign for adult three columns provide the details of banks and education nobody has come forward for enrolment credit societies in the towns. in adult literacy class at Agatti town during the year Rice, sugar and petrol, oil and lubricants are under report. This might be due to the attainment of saturation point in the case of literacy. the most important commodities imported to the district. Copra, mas and dried fish and coir and Column 16 gives details on working women's fibre are the important commodities exported from hostel in the district. There is one such building in the towns except Minicoy where canned tuna mas, Kavaratti town constructed for this purpose. For and copra are exported. The important commodi­ the time being, this is C1llotted to visitors for short ~ies manufactured are the same as those exported duration on payment or rent. When the Pradesh from the towns. Table 20 shows the most important Council is in session, these are fully reserved for commodities manufactured, exported and imported Pradesh Council Members. in Che towns.

Table~20 Important Commodity Manufactured, Imported and Exported in Towns Class, name and civic Most important commodity status of the town Manufactured Exported Imported 2 3 4 Agatti (NM) Mas and dried fish'" Mas and dried fish" Rice Amini (NM) Copra Copra Rice Kavaratti (NM) Copra Copra Rice Minicoy (NM) Canned Tuna Canned Tuna Rice

-Mas-boiled, smoked and dried Tune. fish.

The only one bank available in this district is Primary Census Abstract Syndicate Bank. Its branches are functioning one The Primary Census Abstract provides a gist of each in every town. The towns are a Iso benefited information relating to area, occupied residential with agricultural credit societies. Credit facilities houses, households, total population, population are available from these institutions both for below 7 years, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Tribe population, literates, main workers, marginal

33 workers and non-workers. As in 1981 Census, the The Primary Census Abstract for the Scheduled main workers are fUrther classified into nine indus­ Caste has not been presented since no caste has trial categories as follows :- been scheduled in relation to this Union Territory. Area lind PopulatioD 1. Cultivators In 1991 Census the islands have been classified 2. Agricultural Labourers into four sub-divisions :­ 3. Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting 8- Planta~ (i) Minicoy tions, Orchards and Allied Activities (ii) Andrott 4. Mining and Quarrying (iii) J<.avaratti and 5. Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and (iv) Amini repairs :- These sub·divisions are analogous to the Tahsils (a) Household Industry in 1981 Census. Each inhabited island with its (b) Other than Household Industry satellite uninhabited islands except Bitra al1d Bangaram is treated as one CD Block. The island 6. Constructions Bitra comes under the jurisdiction of Chetlat and 7. Trade and Commerce Bangaram under AgattL The Village/Urban Primary Census Abstract of 1991 Census have been presen­ 8. Transport. Storage and Communications ted under these nino CD Blocks. 9. Other services. Till 1971 Census. the entire area of Laksha~ The Primary Census Abstract is presented in dweep was treated as rural. For the first time in two parts viz. (;) District Primary Census Abstract 1981 Census three of the islands were treated as urban areas. During 1991 Census also these three and (ii) C. D. Block-wise Primarv Census Abstract. towns continued to exist as such with an addition The District Primary Census Abstract has been of One island Agatti IS town increasing the number generated CD Block-wise with rurallurban break up. of towns to four. The following tabl.s 21 & 22 The CD Block Primary Census Abstract provides show the population and number of villages in the data for ail villages in one part and for all towns in CD Blocks and population and number of towns in another part. 1991 census,

Table-21 Population and Number of Villages, 1991

SI. No. Name of CD Block· Population of villages No. of villages

------~~-----~--. ..._ ------.-... ~-- P M F Total Inhabited 2 3 4 5 6 7 Minicoy 2 Andrott 9,122 4,563 4,559 I 3 Kalpeni 4,084 2,114 1,970 8 4 Kavaratti 3 5 Agatti 61 53 8 6 6 Amini 7 Kadmat 3,985 2,032 1,953 I 8 Kiltan 3,065 1,544 1,521 1 9 Cbetlat 2,276 1,224 1,052 2 2

LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 22,593 11,530 11,063 23 1

·Excludes Amini CD Block since t\lere is no villaee in th~ Bl("ck.

34 Table-22 not available below the District for the lower units Population and Number of Towns, 1991 the figures furnished by the Lakshadweep Admini­ stration which is the land use area have been S1. Name and Civic Population presented in this volume. 1 he urban area of the No. Administration District is obtained by adding up the urban area of Status of town P M F CD blocks. Rural area of District is derived by

~-----~--- deducting total of urban area from the geographical 2 3 4 5 -_- area. Hence, the area of C. D. Blocks will not 1 Agatti (NM) 5,670 3,011 2,659 add up to the total/rural area of the District.

2 Amini (Nl\1) 6,447 3,274 3,173 Population and Pe~cent"'f,e Dccud:;J Variation 3 Kavaratti (NM) 8,fi77 4,743 3,934 i he population of L'3kshadweep Di5uict on 15t 4 Minicoy (NM) 8,320 4,060 4,260 March, 1991 ;551,707,l')fwhich26618arema!es LAKSHADWEEP ...... -_---_------and 25,089 are temales. The net addition to the DISTRICT 29.114 15,088 14,O2~ population during 1981-1991 is 11,458 pe:scns thereby recording a decennial growth rate of 28.47 NM-Non-Municiral. per cent during the decade as against the growth The total area of lakshadweep 0 is,; let as rate of 26.53 per cent during 1971-i 981. The furnished by the Surveyor General. India is 32.0Km2 table 23 shows the sub-division wise p0IJuiation of which is the geographical area. Since this Mea is 1981 and 1991 Censuses.

Table-~23

Population in 1981 and 1991 CCn:'lUses

Sub- Division Population

- -~--,~~-- 1981 199!

------.. _ --~~----..------Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

2 3 4 5 6 7

Minicoy 6,658 6,658 8,320 8,320

Andrutt 10,355 10,355 j 3,206 ] 3,206

Kavaratti 1r.,715 4, III 6,604 14,408 61 14,347

Amini 12,521 7,154 5,367 15,773 9,326 6,447

LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 40,249 21,620 18,629 51,707 22,593 29,114

All sub-divisions show an increase in total and 24.96 per cent. The reason for the high growth urban population in 1991 Census. There is a rate of population in Kavaratti, the Headquarters decline in the rural population of Kavaratti sub­ island is due to the migration of people from other division since the island Agatti which is a part of islands/mainland on account of Government Kavaratti sub-division, has been treated as Census employment, their families and imported labour. Town during 199~ Censuf. The island Agatti has been declared as Census Town for the first time in 1991 Census which Among the sub-divisions, Kavaratti registers resulted an abnormal increase of urban population the highest growth rate of 34.47 per cent during 8S well. The Table 24 shows the decade variation the decade while Minicoy records the lowest with of population during 1981-1991.

35 Table-21 PerOOlltage Decade Variation of Population, 1!181-91

Sub-division Percentage Decadal Variation (1981-1991) Total Rural Urban

( 1) (2) (3) (4)

Minicoy +24.96 +24.96

Andrott +27.53 +27.53

Kavaratti +34.41 -98.52 + 117 25

Amini +25.97 +30.36 +20.12

LAKSHADWEEP DISTRTCT +28.47 + 4.50 +56.28

The perce-ntage of urban population to the total Tao]e-26 population of the District has increased by 10.03 Percent::lge Distribution of VilIaf;es by ropu)·~tion per cent points from 1981 to 1991. ~e.nsu~. The. entire population of Minicoy sub-divIsion IS ~rba.n Ri:nges, 1991 while in Andrott Sub-division whole population IS Range of No. cf villages Percentage of rural. As in the previous census the precenlaG~ ~f population in each ra]lg-~ vi II ages in each urban population is the lowest in Amini Sub-dlv.l­ range sian 40.87 per cent as against 42.86 per cent In (I) 1981 Census. The table 25 gives the percentage of (2) urban population in ec::ch sub-division in 1981 Bnd <200 14.29 1991 Censuses. 200-49::> 14.2Q 500-1,999 Table--25 200~I-Lf999 4 57.14 5,O()O-9, '199 Percent~be of UrbllnPop~htion in 1981&1991 CC11slises 1428 10,000+ · . . Percentage of urban popUlation S u b -d IVI~lon ____ ----:-:::-~-_ =-_____ Total 7 100.00 1981 1991 (I) (2) ( 1) Out of '} inhabited viliages in Lakshadvveep 4 i. e. 57.14 per cent tie in the size-class of popu­ lation 2000-4999 (Islands of Kalpeni, Kadmat. Minicoy 100.00 100.00 Kiltan and Chettat) and one v;lIag~ each ;n the rang8 of < 200 (Bangaram Island), 200-499 (Bitra Andrott island) and- 5000-9999 (Andrott Island). Kavaratti 61.63 99.58 Distribution of Villages by Density Amini 42.86 40.87 The density of the island i. e. the population by LAKSHADWEEP sq. km. in Lakshadweep depends on the size of the DISTRICT 46.28 56.31 island. The population settlement is found con­ centrated in a particular' area of some iSland while Distribution of ViUages by Population Ranges the rest of the areaiisland is covered with thickly planted coconut trees. The table 27 gives the The percentage distribution of rural population distribl,ltion of villages according to the density of by size group of Villages is given in Table 26. population.

36 Table 27 Table 28

Distribution of Villages by De.nsity Sex-Ratio for Rural Population of C. D. Blocks, 1991

Range of Total No. of Percentage of Density villages in each villages in 51. No. Name of Number of females (Per sq. km.) density range each density C. D. Block per 1000 males range ---~. ~~------1 2 3 1 2 3 1 Andrott 999 0- 10 2 Kalpeni 932 ]1- 20 3 Agatti 151 21- 50 4 Kadmat 961 51~lOO 5 Kiltan 985 101-200 1 14.29 6 Chetlat 859 201-300 301~SOO LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 959 501+ 6 85·71 Not known

Total 7 10000 Table 29

Bangaram, the newly inhabited island in 1991 Sex.Ratio for TowDs, 1'91 Census has the least density (in the range 101-200). This island is exclusively an international tourist Name and civic No. of females centre, the habitation is now limited only to the 51. No. administration per 1eOO tourists and the employees deployed to provide status of town males necessary amenities and comforts to them. 1 2 3 Sex-ratio 1 Agatti 883 Sex-ratio defined as the number of females per 2 Amini 969 1000 males in Lokshadweep District shows a decli· 3 Kavaratti 829 ning trend in the islands though the ratio slightly fluctuates among the islands, males out number 4 Minicoy 1049 females in all the islands (rural and urban) except Minicoy town. In Minicoy island the sex LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 930 ratio is in favour of females i. e. 1,049 females per 1,000 males. A significant number of male workera in Minicoy are found engaged as sailors in Indian as well as foreign ships for the past several years, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe. though it has indeed slightly reduced now-a-days. When we take rural population alone, Andrott has No caste has been scheduled in relation to this got the highest sex-ratio evan though it shows a Union Territory and. therefore, there is no Scheduled decreasing trend compared to the previous census. Caste population in Lakshadweep. The inhabitants The number of females per 1,000 males is the lowest of Lakshadweep who and both of whose parents in Chetlat CD Block exempting Agatt; CD block where were born in those islands are treated as Scheduled the sex ratio is 151, since only the tourist isl and Tribes. There is only one tribe in this Union Terri­ Bangaram remains in the rural portion. Out of the tory, which has no sJ)ecific name. The table 30 four census tows Minicoy has the highest sex"ratio shows the percentage range of Scheduled Tribe and Kavaratti the lowest. The table 28 gives the population to total popUlation in the villages and sex-ratio of the district for CD Blocks (rural) and Table 31 the percentage of Scheduled Tribe popu­ Table 29 for town (urban) separately. lation in towns.

37 Table 30 Among the rural areas Kadmat CO block has got Proportion of Scheduled Tribe Populatioll to Total the highest literacy rate of 81.35 per cent excluding Population in the Villages Agatti CD block and Kiltan CD block the lowest (75.17 per cent). Out of the four towns Minicoy has Percentage range No. of Percentage of got the highest literacy rate (90.02 per cent) and of Scheduled Villages in villages in Amini the lowest (75.08 per cent). The tables 32 Tribe population each range each range and 33 give the sex-wise literacy rates separately to total population for rural and urban areas. Table 32 1 2 3 Literacy Rates for Rural Population of C. D. Blocks 0-5 by Sex, 1991 (Excluding Children in tbe 6-15 Age Group O~6) 16-25 26-35 Sf. No. Name of CO Percentage of Literates Block 36-50 I 14.29 P M F 51 And above 6 85.71 1 2 3 4 5 Total 7 100.00 1 Andrott 78.63 9U3 66.41 2 ~ alpeni 78.33 88.04 67.76 Table 31 3 Agatti 98.33 98.08 100.00 Percentag of Scheduled Tribe Population 4 Kadmat 81.35 88.80 73.55 5 in Towns - 1991 Kiltan 75.17 83.43 66.72 , Chetlat 80.94 86.69 74.22 Town Total Total ST Percentage of LAKSHADWEEP Popu- Popu- ST Population DISTRICT 78.89 88.66 68.72 lation 1ation to total Popu- lation Table 33 1 2 3 4 Literacy Rates for To"ns~ 1991 (Excluding ------_-- ---_ -- Agatti 5,670 5,349 94.34 Children in the age Group 0-6) Amini 6,447 6,266 97.19 51. Name and civil Percentage of Literates KaYaratti 8,677 7,418 85.49 administration _--_-.------Minicoy 8,320 7,652 91.97 status of Town P M F All Towns 29,114 26,685 91.66 1 2 3 4 5

~--~~~--- 1 Agatti (NM) 81.48 88.42 73.43 All the villages except Bangaram come under the range 51 and above. The population other than 2 Amini (NM) 75.08 87.40 62.59 Scheduled Tribes constitutes only 6.85 per cent in 3 Kavaratti (NM) 86.20 93.83 76.68 4 Minicoy (NM) 90.02 93.45 86.87 the case of total popUlation and 4.94 per ~ent aAd 8.34 per Oint in regard to rural and urban popu­ LAKSHADWEEP 83.99 91.31 76.11 lation respectively Hence, the characteristics of DISTRICT general population largely resemble with those of NM-Non-Municipal. Scheduled Tribe popUlation. Main Workers. Marginal Workers and Non-Worker. Literacy The main workers are those who have worked for the major part of the year i. e.. 183 days, while According to 1991 Census Lakshadweep district those who have not worked for the major part of the has a literacy rate of 66.81 per cent as against 55.07 year i e. those who have worked for Jess than 183 per cent in the previous Census. The increasing days in the year are termed as Marginal workers. trend of literacy is noticed in the case of males and Non-workers are those who have not participated in any work during or part of the reference period and females both in rural and urban areas. For working theycome under the seven broad heads viz. household out the literacy rate children below 7 years of age duties, students, retired persons or rentiers, depen­ was excluded during the current census. Thus, dents, beggars, inmates of institutions and other literacy rate of Lakshadweep district in calculated non-workers. The tables 34 and 35 give the sex-wise as 81.78 per cent. Considering the total population percentage of main workers. marginal workers, the literacy rate of males as well as females are more total workers and non-workers to total population in the urban areas than in the rural areas. separately for rural and urban areas.

38 Table 34

Percentage of MaiD Workers, Marginal Workers and Non-Workers for Rural Population of CD Blocks, 1991

Percentage of SI. No. Name of Main workers to Marginal workers to Total workers 10 Non-workers to CD Block total popUlation total population total population total population P M F P M F P M F P M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 AndroU ]9.04 33.95 4.12 2.61 4.82 0.40 21.65 38.77 4.52 78.35 61.23 95.48 2 Kalpeni 26.74 43.85 8.37 5.63 6.06 5.18 32.37 4991 13.55 67.63 50.09 86.45 3 Agatti 85.25 94.34 25.00 85.25 94.34 25.00 14.75 5.66 75.00 4 Kadmat 21.68 36.76 5.99 1.61 2.46 0.72 23.29 39.22 6.71 76.71 60.78 93.29 5 Kiltan 18.37 32.90 3.62 3.98 7.32 0.59 22.35 40.22 4.21 77.65 59.78 95.79 6 Chetlat 28.47 46.98 6.94 4.48 6.12 2.57 32.95 53.10 9.51 67.05 46.90 90.49

LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 21.93 37.78 5.42 3.35 5.08 1.54 25.28 42.86 6.96 74.72 57.14 93.04

Table 35

Percentage of Main Workerl, Marginal Workeri and Non-Workers for TowDs, 1991

Percentage of N arne and civic Sl. Main workers to Marginal workers to Total workers to Non-workers to administration No. total population total population total population total population status of town P M F P M F P M F P M F 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14

1 Agatti (NM) 28.11 47.89 5.72 4.64 2.16 7.44 32.75 50.05 13.16 67.25 49.95 86.84 2 Amini (NM) 18.88 34.36 2.90 2.15 3.21 1.07 21.03 37.57 3.97 78.97 62.43 96.03 3 Kavaratti (NM) 30.14 49.25 7.09 0.83 1.14 0.46 30.91 50.39 7.55 69.03 49.61 92.45 4 Minicoy (NM) 24.11 40.91 8.10 0.55 0.69 0.42 24.66 41.60 8.52 75.34 58.40 91.48

LAKSHADWEEP DISTRICT 25.53 43.50 6.19 1.18 1.67 1.91 27.31 45.17 8.10 72.69 54.83 91.90

As revealed from the above tables the work Among the rural C. D. Blocks, excluding Agatti, participation rate in the District i. e. the percentage the highest percentage of main workers to total of main workers to total population (rural) is 21.93, population is recorded in Chetlat (28.47). In the for males it is 37.78 and for females 5.42, while for case of male main workers also Chetlat ranks first urban they are 25.53, 43.50 and 6.19 respectively. with 46.98 per cent. But in respect of female Grouping the total main workers and marginal workers Kalpeni has the highest percentage of 8.37 workers of 1991 Census, the percentage of total followed by Chetlat with 6.94 per cent. The same workers to total popu.lation is also high in the urban trend is noticed in the case of total workers. With area compared to rural area. But, there is an regard to marginal workers Kalpeni records the opposite trend in the case of marginal workers and highest percentage in respect of total and female non-workers. population (5.63 per cent and 5.18 per cent) while

39 Kiltan records the highest percentage in respect of female population is the highest in Agatti town i. e. males (7.32). 32.75 and 13.16 respectively, while Kavaratti ranks

Out of the four towns, Kavaratti town, the head~ the first place in case of male population i. e. 50.39 quarters island registers the highest work partici­ per cent. The highest percentage of total marginal pation rate of main workers for both total and male workers and female marginal workers to total popu­ population (30.14 per cent and 49.25 per cent) lation is in Agatti town i. e. 4.64 per cent and 7.44 while Minicoy records the highest female work per cent respectively. But, the highest percentage in participation rate i. e. 8.10 per cent. The lowest regard to the male marginal workers is in Amini work participation rate is noticed in Amini town as r"gards to tota', male and female population. Per­ town. Minicoy records the lowest percentage of centage of total workers to total population and marginal workers to total population.

40 PART A

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

SECTION I

VILLAGE DIRECTORY

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF VILLAGES

1991 Census 1981 Census Nature of Name of village Location Code Location Code habitation Manual Computer Manual Computer 1 2 3 4 5 6 ------.---~-~-----~-- --- _------I. AGATTI CD BLOCK. (32/1/5) Kavaratti Tahsil (Part)

1. Bangaram Inhabited 32/1/3/1 32/01/0030/0001 30/1/3/2 3Oi01/OO30/0002 2. Kalpitti Uninhabited 32/1/3/6 32/01/0030/0006 30/1/3/7 30/01/0030/0007 3. Parali (i) Uninhabited 32/1/3/3 32/01/0030jOO03 30/1/3/4 30j01/0030jOOO4 4. Parali (ii) Uninhabited 32;'1J3/4 32/01/0030/0004 30/1/3/5 30/01/0030iOO05 5. Parali (iii) Uninhabited 32/1/3/5 32/01/0030/0005 30/1/3/6 30/01/0030/0006 6. Tinnakara Uninhabited 32/1/3/2 32/01/0030/0002 30/1 {3/3 30/01/0030/0003

II. AMINI CD BLOCK (32/1/6) Amini Tahsil (Part) No Village

m. ANDROTT CD BLOCK (32/1/2) Alldrott Tahsil (Part)

7. Andrott Inhabitt>d 32/1/2/9 32/01/0020/0009 30/1/2/9 30/0110020/0009

IV CHETLAT CD BLOCK (32/1,9) Amini Tahsil (Part)

8. Bitra Inhabited 32/1/4/4 32/01/0040/0004 30/1/4/4 30/01/0040/0004 9. Chatlat Inhabited 32/1/4/3 32/01/0040/0003 30/1/4/3 30/01/0040/0003

V. KADMAT CD BLOCK (3211/ 7) Amini Tahsil (part)

10. Kadmat Inhabited 32/1/4/1 32/01 i0040/0001 3011/4/1 30/01/0040/0001

VI. KALPENI CD BLOCK (32/1}3) Alldrott Tahsil (part)

11. Cheriyam Uninhabited 32/1/2/2 32/01/0020/0002 30/1/2/2 30/01/0020/0002 12. Kalpeni Inhabited 32/1/2/1 32/01/0020/0001 30/1/2/1 30(01/0020/0001 13. Kodithala Uninhabited 32/1/2/3 32/01 f0020/0C03 30/1/2/3 30/01/0020jOO03 14. Pitti (i) Uninhabited 32/1j2J7 32/0110020/0007 30/1/2/7 30iO 1/0020/0007 15. Pitti (ii) Uninhabited 32/1 }2}8 32/01/0020/0008 30/1/2/8 30/01/0020/0008 16. Tilakkam (i) Uninhabited 32/1/2/4 32/01/0020/0004 30/1/2/4 30/01/0020/0004 17. Tilakkam (!i) Uninhabited 32./1/2/5 32;01/0020/0005 30/1/2/5 30/01/0020/0005 18. Tilakkam (iii) Uninhabited 32/1/2}6 32/01/0020 iOO06 30/1/2/6 30/01/0020/0006 45 ------~- 1 2 3 4 5 6

VII. KAVA RATTI CD BLOCK (32/1/4) Kayaratti Tahsil (Part)

19. Pitti Uninhabited 32/ 1/3/9 32i01/O O30/0009 30/1/3/10 30r01/0030i0010 (Bird's Island)

20. Suheli Uninhabited 32/1 J3/8 32/01/0030/0008 30/1/3/9 30/01/0030/0009 (Cheriyakara)

21. Suheli Uninhabited 32/1/3/7 32;01(0[130/0007 30/1/3/8 30/01/0030/0008 (Valiyakara)

VIn. KILTAN CD BLOCK (32/1(8) Amiui Tahsil (Part)

22. Kiltan Inhabited 32/1/4/2 32/01/0040jOO02 30/1 {4/2 30/01/0040/0002

JX. MINICOY CD BLOCK (32/1/1) Minicoy Tahsil

23_ Viringili Uninhabited 32/1/1/1 32/01 iDOl 0/0001 3011/ 1/1 30/01/0010/0001

Note: Tahsil has, now been renamed as Sub-Division.

46 CODES USED IN THE VILLAGl'; DIRECTORY

Educational

P Primary or Elementary School ." Junior Secondary or Middle School H Matriculation or Secondary School PUC Higher Secondary /Intermediate / Pre-University I Junior College AC Adult Literacy Class / Centre

Medical

PHC Primary Health Centre PHS Primary Health Sub-Centre D Dispensary RP Registered Private Practitioner o Others (First-Aid Centre) Drinkinu Water

T Tap Water W Well Water HP Hand Pump o Others Communications

NW Navigable Waterway (other than river or canal)

Approacb to Village NW - Navigable Waterway (other than river or canal)

Post and Telegraph

PO Post Office TO Telegraph Office PTO Post and Telegraph Office Phone Telephone connection

Power Supply ED Electricity for domestic purpose EO Electricity for other purposes like indu8trial, commercial, etc.

r-----~~------______~ MfNICOY SUB-DIVISION MINICOY ISLAND ". l.,_ \ KARNATAKA LAKSHADWEEP '"",,r. I KANNUR 1\ f',,· I

MIN ICOY SUB·DIVISION ~IHE ' .... ,)·\· ... i ( PONO(HE~iY ) t7"AMlNAOO ( t1' ", I l' IKO!H IIOOE .. ,_/ jl ,) \' '', ) ~ ! t.

y

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LEGEND

BouMary, Villcgewilh Lo cation Code No: ~ Urban are awith location·Code No: [l] REFERENCE Sub.

Based l,I:Dr15U1vey 01o:Jil mapwith the ~rnislion of the Survey or GenQfolof Irdi a

The terrlonal waters bf Indo elt€"dint othe S ~ 1:1 0 ~5tance of tWENe nUUlica l miles rlW5ll'ed from the Qppropmte base nne, VILLAGE DIRECTORY

MINICOY C. D. BLOCK

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ANDROTT C. D. BLOCK

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VILLAGE DIRECTORY

KALPENI C. D. BLOCK

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AGATTI C. D. BLOCK

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SECTION n

TOWN DIRECTORY

NUMBER OF CENSUS TOWNS IN THE DIFFERENT POPULATION SIZE-CLASS IN THE DISTRICT

Population Class No. of Towns

100,000 and above I

50,000 - 99,999 II

20,000 - 49,999 III

10,000 - 19,999 IV

5,000 - 9,9~9 V 4

Below 5,000 VI

LIST OF TOWNS IN mE DISTRIC'l

(1) Minicoy

(2) Kavaratti

(3) Agatti

(4) Amini

91 CODES USED IN TOWN DIREClORY

NM Non.Municipal

System of Sew.raae

OSD Open Surface Drains

Method of disposal of night .oil

ST Septic Tank Latrines

Pt Pit System

Protected Wat.r SuPpJ,- Source and Capacity of Storage Sy.tem

OHT Overhead Tank

TW Tube Well Water/Hand Pump

T Tap Water

VV Well Water

Medical

H Hospital

o Dispensary

He Primary Health Centre / Primary Health Sub-Centre

NH Nursing Home

A Ayurvedic

Hom Homoeopathic

Educational

Sh Type­ Shorthand & Typewriting a Others (Carpentry & Tailoring)

Recreational and cultural facilities

PL Public Library

RR ~eading Room

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