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Langano Encounter 2 Annex 3 Somali / Somalia Participants from Somaliland and Puntland made a point that the realities and situation of the population they represent were taken into special consideration. The following came The out of their inputs and the ensuing discussions: 1. There is a need to include in the analysis of the Horn the special situation of Somali and Somaliland. Langano Encounter 2. One needs to differentiate between Somali, which refers to the people, and Somalia, the state. The latter no longer exists as a central state. Puntland is a separate administrative ‘state’. (18 - 21 March 2002) Somaliland, which is the Northwest part of the former Somalia (though not recognized) has had elections and has set up its own administrative mechanisms. 3. Civil society organizations exist and operate in Somaliland and Puntland. These fill gaps in delivery of essential social services such as education in places where a generation has missed out Proceedings on educational opportunities. They also bring the voices of the people to regional and international conferences. The CSs work in collaboration with international NGOs such as Oxfam Canada, and advocate for conflict resolution and peace. 4. Women are organizing into civil society groups and play active role in public life. In Somaliland By and Puntland, 25 women’s civil society organizations have formed a network called NEGAT. Fetenu Bekele Leaders of CS participate in meetings bringing peace to the agenda. These work to widen the network of women in the Horn to strengthen the women’s voice for peace and development. 5. The warlords that are engaged in clan and/or sub-clam conflicts fighting for resources also attend regional and international conferences on conflict resolution and peace for Somalis and the Horn. These often change hats when they go back ‘home’ because of their desire to sustain their control over resources for the benefits of their families, sub-clans and clans. 6. Women are in the forefront in advocating for peace in Somaliland and Puntland. Their efforts to mobilize local communities to work for conflict resolution and peace, as follow up to their participation in regional and international peace meetings, have often been undermined by warlords who use divisive means to discredit their causes. Such strategies by the warlords have Organized by continued to disrupt local initiatives. Sometimes, those who attend regional and international meetings and bring the people’s voices to the forum face threats back home, as they may be punished for their participation in such meetings. HOACBP/OXFAM Canada 7. What is being proposed currently is political rather than economic policies. 8. Efforts to mobilize and sustain local support for civil society activities in Somaliland and Puntland have been thwarted by the livestock ban. Export of livestock to the Gulf countries was the major, if not the only, source of income of the Somalis. The Gulf countries have banned imports of livestock thus crippling the private sector. CSs that had achieved self-reliance through the support of the local businessmen now face financial uncertainties. 9. International NGOs can help meet the ‘development’ needs of the Somali population by financing activities that seek to meet basic needs such as water, health services, education, etc. The CSs also want these to bring their concerns / voices to the international arena through advocacy work. 10. There is a significant role for the Diaspora. The Diaspora has strong links with the people and is Funded by supportive of the work of CSs. 11. Opportunities for exchange and networking are sought and appreciated by Somali CS. Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) June 2002 Proceedings of the Langano Encounter 57 Table of Contents Salih, Mohamed M.A. 2001. “Islamic NGOs in Africa: The Promise and Peril of Islamic Voluntarism”, 1. Introduction 1 Occasional Paper. Copenhagen: Centre for African Studies, University of Copenhagen. - HOACBP/Oxfam Canada 1 Seligman, Adam 1991. The Idea of Civil Society. New York: The Free Press. - Objectives and expected outcomes 2 Shils, Edward 1991. “The Virtues of Civil Society”, Government and Opposition, Vol 26, no 2 (Winter):3- - Participants 2 20. - Program and Methodology 2 Tarrow, Sidney 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2. Account of Proceedings 3 Tismaneau, Vladimir 1992. Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe after Communism. New York: Free Press. - Opening and Introductions 3 - Welcoming address 3 By Ephrem Tadesse, Program Officer - Opening Address 4 By Rieky Stuart, Executive Director, Oxfam Canada - Introduction of participants and Sharing of Concerns 5 - Participants’ Burning issues and Wishes 6 Burning issues and wishes 6 - Factors that influence the design and approach of HOACBP 7 By Raymond Genesse, Program Manager - How Can Civil Society Rebuild in Africa? 8 By Professor Goran Hyden - The Civil Society Debate 9 Whom or what does civil society include? 9 - Importance of civil society 10 - Risks and Liabilities of involvement in civil society 11 - What can be done to rebuild civil society in Africa? 11 - The empirical condition in Africa 12 - The legacy of authoritarianism 12 - Poverty and vulnerability 13 - The new political dispensation 14 - What can be done? 14 - Filling civil society with a meaning 14 - Showing that civil society can deliver goods 16 - Taking one stop at a time 16 - Providing catalytic institutional support for building civil society 17 - Conceptualization and further exploration 18 By Professor Abdul Ghaffar, Discussant - Reflection and Panel Discussion 20 - Global Experience and African Reality in Realizing development in the continent 22 By Dr. Thandika Mkandawire - Internal Factors 23 - External factors 24 - Trade 26 - Investment 26 Proceedings of the Langano Encounter 56 - What can be done? 27 - Contextualizing and Further Explorations 29 Annex 2 By Dr. Berhanu Nega, Discussant - Reflection and Panel Discussion 32 Reference - On building conceptual framework 34 - Common issues in Horn countries 35 (from Professor G. Hyden’s paper on “How Can Civil Society be Rebuild in Africa”) - Participants Joint Vision for the Horn 36 - Vision of the Horn in 2012 37 Bayart, Jean-Francois 1992. The State in Africa. New York: Longman. - The story- the vision 39 Bell, Daniel 1989. “American Exceptionalism Revisited: The Role of Civil Society”, Public Culture, no - The closing Session 42 95:38-56. - On Lessons and Follow up 42 Blair, Harry 2001. “Is Building Democratic Constituencies Enough? Civil Society and USAID Program - Closing speech 45 Impact in Seven Countries”. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31- September 3. - Conceptual Framework 46 Bratton, Michael and N. van de Walle 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. Annex 1 - List of participants 51 Cohen, Jean L. and A. Arato 1992. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Coleman, James S. 1958. Nationalism in Nigeria. Berkeley, University of California Press. Annex 2 – Reference 53 Dag Hammarskjold Foundation 1995. Autonomous Development Funds in Africa: Report from an Expert Consultation in Kampala, Uganda, 4-6 April 1995. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Centre. Annex 3 - Somalia/Somali 55 Ekeh, Peter 1975. “Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: a theoretical statement”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol 17, no 1:91-112. Hanafi, Hasan 2002. “Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society: A Reflective Islamic Approach” in S. Chambers and W. Kymlicka (eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Hodgkin, Thomas 1957. Nationalism in Colonial Africa. London: Frederick Mueller. Hyden, Goran 1980. Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Hyden, Goran 1997. “Building Civil Society at the Turn of the Millenium” in John Burbidge (ed.), Beyond the Prince and Merchant: Citizen Participation and the Rise of Civil Society. New York: Pact Publications. Inglehart, Ronald 1999. Modernization and Post-Modernization. New York: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Robert H. 1977. Plural Societies and New States: A Conceptual Analysis. Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Jackson, Robert H. and C.G. Rosberg 1982. Personal Rule in Black Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Keane, John 1988. Democracy and Civil Society. London: Verso Press. Linz, Juan and A. Stepan 1996. The Problems of Democratic Consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Madsen, Richard 2002. “Confucian Conceptions of Civil Society” in S. Chambers and W. Kymlicka (eds.), Alternative Conceptions of Civil Society. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Marshall, T.H. 1973. Class, Citizenship and Social Development. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Mkandawire, Thandika and C.C. Soludo 1999. Our Continent, Our Future: African Perspectives on Structural Adjustment. Dakar, Council for Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). Narayan, Deepa, R. Patel, K. Schafft, A. Rademacher, and S. Koch-Schulte 2000. Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? New York: Oxford University Press. Proceedings of the Langano Encounter 55 18. Getachew Desta (M) Businessman and President of Anti Malaria Association’s I. INTRODUCTION Board, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Tel. 518826 E-mail – [email protected]
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