DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigation of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Under Microfluidic Conditions for the Understanding of Urolithiasis Karol Rakotozandriny

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Investigation of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization under Microfluidic Conditions for the Understanding of Urolithiasis Karol Rakotozandriny To cite this version: Karol Rakotozandriny. Investigation of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization under Microfluidic Conditions for the Understanding of Urolithiasis. Human health and pathology. Sorbonne Université, 2019. English. NNT : 2019SORUS347. tel-03141231 HAL Id: tel-03141231 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03141231 Submitted on 15 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sorbonne Université Ecole doctorale 397 : Physique et Chimie des Matériaux Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Electrolytes et Nanosytèmes InterfaciauX Investigation of Calcium Oxalate Crystallization under Microfluidic Conditions for the Understanding of Urolithiasis Etude de la Cristallisation des Oxalates de Calcium en Conditions Microfluidiques pour la Compréhension de l’Urolithiase Par Karol Rakotozandriny Thèse de doctorat de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux Dirigée par Christian Bonhomme et Ali Abou Hassan Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 27 septembre 2019 Devant un jury composé de : M. Bruno BUJOLI Directeur de Recherche Rapporteur Mme Fabienne TESTARD Chercheur CEA Rapporteure M. Karim BENZERARA Directeur de Recherche Examinateur Mme Christèle COMBES Professeur des Universités Examinatrice Mme Annette F. TAYLOR Professeur des Universités Examinatrice Mme Florence BABONNEAU Directrice de Recherche Membre invité M. Ali ABOU HASSAN Maître de Conférences Co-directeur de thèse M. Christian BONHOMME Professeur des Universités Directeur de thèse Table of content Table of abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 3 General introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1 Literature review ................................................................................................ 9 1. The context of the study .........................................................................................13 a. The nephron: the functional unit of the kidney ........................................................13 b. Development of nephron-on-a-chip technology to mimic the renal function ............14 c. The kidney stone disease: a microfluidic strategy ...................................................19 2. The crystal growth of calcium oxalate systems .......................................................24 a. The calcium oxalate crystals, CaC2O4∙nH2O ...........................................................24 b. The origin of calcium oxalate stone formation .........................................................28 c. In vitro calcium oxalate crystallization methods ......................................................36 3. The hydroxyapatite: a calcium phosphate mineral of interest .................................51 a. The calcium phosphates in the field of biomineralization ........................................51 b. The Randall’s plaque ..............................................................................................54 4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................59 Chapter 2 Calcium oxalate crystallization in a microfluidic platform: proof-of-concept .............................................................................................................................................71 1. Inducing calcium oxalate crystallization under microfluidic confinement .................75 a. The microfluidic methodology .................................................................................75 b. The physicochemical strategy for calcium oxalate crystalluria ................................78 2. Influence of hydrodynamics on calcium oxalate crystallization ...............................88 a. The effect of the hydrodynamics .............................................................................88 b. The growth kinetics of calcium oxalate crystal ........................................................97 c. Numerical approach of calcium oxalate crystallization in a micro-reactor ............. 104 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 110 Chapter 3 Microfluidic and biomimetic approaches of the Randall’s plaque ............... 117 1. The hydroxyapatite: a model system for the Randall’s plaque .............................. 121 a. The Randall’s plaque ............................................................................................ 121 1 b. Towards an in vitro and biomimetic strategy ......................................................... 129 2. The heterogeneous growth of calcium oxalate crystals ........................................ 136 a. Calcium oxalate crystallization under micro-confinement...................................... 136 b. The dissolution rate of the Randall’s plaque-like model regarding calcium oxalate crystallization ............................................................................................................... 146 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 152 Chapter 4 Modulation of calcium oxalate crystallization by additives: the effect of green tea ...................................................................................................................................... 159 1. Effect of green tea on calcium oxalate crystallization under microfluidic confinement ……………………………………………………………………………………………..163 a. The catechins: polyphenolic compounds from green tea ...................................... 163 2+ 2- b. Calcium oxalate crystallization under co-laminar mixing of Ca (GT) and Ox (GT) in green tea solution ........................................................................................................ 165 2. Calcium oxalate crystallization from the apatitic layer mimicking the Randall’s plaque: a preliminary study in presence of green tea ................................................................... 173 a. Heterogeneous calcium oxalate crystallization in green tea solution .................... 173 b. Preliminary investigation under microfluidic confinement ...................................... 176 3. Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 180 General conclusion .......................................................................................................... 183 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 187 2 Table of abbreviations ACO: Amorphous calcium oxalate CAOnh: Anhydrous calcium oxalate CaOx: Calcium Oxalate CaP: Calcium Phosphate CCM: Constant Composition Method COD: Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate COM: Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate COT: Calcium Oxalate Trihydrate EDS: Energy-dispersive X-ray FMCG: Flow Model of Crystallization in Gels GT: Green tea HAp: Hydroxyapatite KS: Kidney Stone Solubility product constant of Calcium Ksp(CaOx): Oxalate MSMPR: Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal OCP: Octacalcium Phosphate Pe: Péclet number Re: Reynolds number RP: Randall’s plaque SBF: Simulated Body Fluid SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy SS: Supersaturation XRD: X-ray Diffraction 3 4 General introduction General introduction Urolithiasis, else known as the kidney stone disease, is the cascade of events occuring in the kidney leading to the pathological formation of solid concretions in the urinary tracts. This disease has been a plague for mankind throughout history1. From ancient Egypt to modern age, major figures experienced the disease such as Ramesses II, Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin or Benjamin Franklin. Over the past fifty years, the kidney stone disease has affected about 10% of the industrialized populations with a global increase in prevalence2. A prevalence study, launched in 2012 in the United States of America, pointed out that men were more likely to develop kidney stones compared to women (10.6% vs. 7.1%)3. Moreover, the same study showed that overweight persons were more affected than normal-weight ones (11.2% vs. 6.1%). The etiology of the disease is complex and can be due to various causes such as low diuresis or imbalance diet4-6. Yet, treatments have been rapidly developed to counter-act the occurrence of kidney stones, e.g. ureteroscopy, shockwave lithotripsy or open surgery. Nevertheless, these treatments represent a physical burden for the patients and an economic one for the health insurance7. Kidney stones are known to exhibit a heterogeneous chemical composition with organic and inorganic species. In-depth chemical characterization of the inorganic compounds showed that calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) crystals stand for ≈ 70%
Recommended publications
  • Bleach Plant Scale Control Best Practices to Minimize Barium Sulfate and Calcium Oxalate Scale, Down Time and Cost

    Bleach Plant Scale Control Best Practices to Minimize Barium Sulfate and Calcium Oxalate Scale, Down Time and Cost

    Bleach Plant Scale Control Best Practices to Minimize Barium Sulfate and Calcium Oxalate Scale, Down Time and Cost Michael Wang, Ph.D. Solenis LLC, [email protected] Scott Boutilier, P.Eng. Solenis LLC ABSTRACT Chlorine dioxide used as a delignification agent in the first stage (D0) of a bleach plant is a common practice in North America. Compared to a conventional chlorination stage, using chlorine dioxide at the D0 stage requires a relatively high pH (2.5 – 4.5) to achieve maximum delignification and bleaching efficiency. These operating conditions often result in an increased risk of developing either barium sulphate and/or calcium oxalate scale, depending on the operating pH range. This can lead to significant production losses, extra maintenance costs, high bleaching chemical costs and quality issues. Through process modification, many mills are able to reduce or eliminate calcium oxalate scale formation by running the D0 stage at a relatively low pH. These same mills incur higher costs though as a result of higher acid and caustic costs. For mills with higher barium levels, lowering the pH in the first chlorine dioxide (D0) stage will also increase the risk of barium sulphate scale, particularly if the mill uses spent acid from chlorine dioxide generation. For mills having limited water supply or using water with high hardness, calcium oxalate issues can be even more problematic when those mills operate at the higher end of the pH range (3.5 – 4.5). This paper will discuss how several mills have improved their bleach operation efficiency, reduced down time and decreased maintenance costs with a scale control program that manages both barium sulphate and calcium oxalate scale.
  • Educate Your Patients About Kidney Stones a REFERENCE GUIDE for HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

    Educate Your Patients About Kidney Stones a REFERENCE GUIDE for HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

    Educate Your Patients about Kidney Stones A REFERENCE GUIDE FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS Kidney stones Kidney stones can be a serious problem. A kidney stone is a hard object that is made from chemicals in the urine. There are five types of kidney stones: Calcium oxalate: Most common, created when calcium combines with oxalate in the urine. Calcium phosphate: Can be associated with hyperparathyroidism and renal tubular acidosis. Uric acid: Can be associated with a diet high in animal protein. Struvite: Less common, caused by infections in the upper urinary tract. Cystine: Rare and tend to run in families with a history of cystinuria. People who had a kidney stone are at higher risk of having another stone. Kidney stones may also increase the risk of kidney disease. Symptoms A stone that is small enough can pass through the ureter with no symptoms. However, if the stone is large enough, it may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract into the ureter. Stones that don’t move may cause significant pain, urinary outflow obstruction, or other health problems. Possible symptoms include severe pain on either side of the lower back, more vague pain or stomach ache that doesn’t go away, blood in the urine, nausea or vomiting, fever and chills, or urine that smells bad or looks cloudy. Speak with a healthcare professional if you feel any of these symptoms. Risk factors Risk factors can include a family or personal history of kidney stones, diets high in protein, salt, or sugar, obesity, or digestive diseases or surgeries.
  • DESCRIPTIVE HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL MINERALOGY 1179 but Still Occursregularly

    DESCRIPTIVE HUMAN PATHOLOGICAL MINERALOGY 1179 but Still Occursregularly

    Amerkan Mincraloght, Volume 59, pages I177-1182, 1974 DescriptiveHuman Pathological Mineralogy Rrcneno I. Gmsox P.O. Box I O79, Dauis,C alilornia 95 6 I 6 Absfract Crystallographic, petrographic, and X-ray powder difiraction analysis of approximately 15,000 samples showed that the most common mineral constituents of human pathological concretions are calcium oxalates (whewellite and weddellite), calcium phosphates (apatite, brushite, and whitlockite), and magnesium phosphates (struvite and newberyite). Less are monetite, hannayite, calcite, aragonite, vaterite, halite, gypsum, and hexahydrite."o-rnon of the variables determining which minerals precipitate, the effects of different pH values on deposi- tional conditions are most apparent, and are shown by occurrences and relationships among many of the minerals studied. A pH-sensitive series has been identified among magnesium phosphatesin concretions. Introduction The study was carried out over a period of three The importanceof mineralogyin the field of medi- years.Composition was confirmedby X-ray powder cine lies in the applicationof mineralogicalmethods diffraction and polarizing microscopy;sequence was to study pathologicalmineral depositsin the human arrived at from considerationsof microscopic tex- body. Urology benefitsgreatly becauseconcretions tural and crystallographicrelationships. More than of mineral matter (calculi) are common in the 14,500samples were derivedfrom the urinary sys- urinary system.The value of mineralogicalanalysis tem of kidneys,ureters, bladder, and urethra; the of urinary material was first describedby prien and remaining samples are not statistically significant Frondel (1947). Mineralogistsmay be unawareof and arediscussed only briefly. the variability and nature of such compounds be- Calcium cause reports are usually published in medical Oxalates journals. This investigationreports the mineralogy Whewellite, CaCzOE.H2O,and weddellite, CaCz- and possiblepathological significanceof these min- O4'2H2O,are very uncommonin the mineralworld.
  • 503.Pdf by Guest on 30 September 2021 504 the CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

    503.Pdf by Guest on 30 September 2021 504 the CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

    Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 2l; pp. 503-508(1983) WEDDELLITE FROM BIGGS, OREGON, U.S.A. J. A. MANDARINO Depdrtmentof Mineralogltand Geology,Royal Ontario Museum,100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Anturio M5S 2C6 and Department of Geologl, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario MSS lAl NOBLE V. WITT I319 N.E. IITth Street, Vancouver,Washington 98665, U.S.A. ABSTRACT coeur r6sineux brun fonc€ renfermant un matdriau organique ind€termin6. Le matdriau brun pdle possddeune The rare mineral weddellite, CaCrOo.(2+x)H2O, has duretdd'environ 4 et une densit€de2.02Q), La weddellite beenidentified from an occurrencenear Biggs, Oregon, est tetra&onale,de grpupe spatial I4/m, o 12,33(2),c U.S.A. Crystal$up to 5 x 5 x 40 mm occur in cavities 7.353(3)A, V 1117.9et, z = 8. L'analysechimique du in nodulesof the so-called"Biggs jasper". The nodules materiau blanc donne CaO 35.4, CzO343,2, }J2O 24.7, are in lake-bottom sedimentssandwiched between basalt somme 103.3%oen poids. La formule empiriqueobtenue flows of Mioceneage. Associated minerals are quartz and d partir de cesdonn€es est Ca1.04C1.97O0.6,2.26H2Oott, whewellite (CaC2O4.H2O).The whewellite appears to id6alement, CaC2Oa.2.26HtO;la densite calcul€e est replacesome of the weddellite.The weddelliteoccurs as 2.020(4).Le mat6riaublanc est optiquementuniaxe ( + ), tan, euhedral crystals and as white, fibrous aggregates d'indices principaux ot 1,524 et e 1.5U. L'indice de surroundingsome of the euhedralcrystals. The euhedral compatibilit6,0.008, indique une compatibilitt supdieure crystalsAre dull to vitreousin lustre and often havea dark de la ddnsitdavec donn6esoptiques et chimiques.
  • Thermogravimetric Analysis Advanced Techniques for Better Materials

    Thermogravimetric Analysis Advanced Techniques for Better Materials

    Thermogravimetric Analysis Advanced Techniques for Better Materials Characterisation Philip Davies TA Instruments UK TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Thermogravimetric Analysis •Change in a samples weight (increase or decrease) as a function of temperature (increasing) or time at a specific temperature. •Basic analysis would run a sample (~10mg) at 10 or 20°C/min •We may be interested in the quantification of the weight loss or gain, relative comparison of transition temperatures and quantification of residue. .These values generally represent the gravimetric factors we are interested in. Decomposition Temperature Volatile content Composition Filler Residue Soot …… TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Discovery TGA 55XX TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Discovery TGA 55XX Null Point Balance TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Vapour Sorption •Technique associated with TGA •Looking at the sorption and desorption of a vapour species on a material. •Generally think about water vapour (humidity) but can also look at solvent vapours or other gas species (eg CO, CO2, NOx, SOx) TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Vapour Sorption Systems TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Rubotherm – Magnetic Suspension Balance Allowing sorption studies at elevated pressures. Isolation of the balance means studies with corrosive gasses is much easier. TAINSTRUMENTS.COM Mechanisms of Weight Change in TGA •Weight Loss: .Decomposition: The breaking apart of chemical bonds. .Evaporation: The loss of volatiles with elevated temperature. .Reduction: Interaction of sample to a reducing atmosphere (hydrogen, ammonia, etc). .Desorption. •Weight Gain: .Oxidation:
  • A Comprehensive Review on Kidney Stones, Its Diagnosis and Treatment with Allopathic and Ayurvedic Medicines

    A Comprehensive Review on Kidney Stones, Its Diagnosis and Treatment with Allopathic and Ayurvedic Medicines

    Urology & Nephrology Open Access Journal Review Article Open Access A comprehensive review on kidney stones, its diagnosis and treatment with allopathic and ayurvedic medicines Abstract Volume 7 Issue 4 - 2019 Kidney stone is a major problem in India as well as in developing countries. The kidney 1 1 stone generally affected 10-12% of industrialized population. Most of the human beings Firoz Khan, Md Faheem Haider, Maneesh 1 1 2 develop kidney stone at later in their life. Kidney stones are the most commonly seen in Kumar Singh, Parul Sharma, Tinku Kumar, 3 both males and females. Obesity is one of the major risk factor for developing stones. Esmaeilli Nezhad Neda The common cause of kidney stones include the crystals of calcium oxalate, high level 1College of Medical Sciences, IIMT University, India 2 of uric acid and low amount of citrate in the body. A small reduction in urinary oxalate Department of Pharmacy, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, has been found to be associated with significant reduction in the formation of calcium India 3 oxalate stones; hence, oxalate-rich foods like cucumber, green peppers, beetroot, spinach, Department of Medicinal Plants, Islamic Azad University of Bijnord, Iran soya bean, chocolate, rhubarb, popcorn, and sweet potato advised to avoid. Mostly kidney stone affect the parts of body like kidney ureters and urethra. More important, kidney stone Correspondence: Firoz Khan, Asst. Professor, M Pharm. is a recurrent disorder with life time recurrence risk reported to be as high as 50% by Pharmacology, IIMT University, Meerut, U.P- 250001, India, Tel +91- calcium oxalate crystals.
  • Methods for the Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystallisation and Their Application to Urolithiasis Research

    Methods for the Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystallisation and Their Application to Urolithiasis Research

    Scanning Microscopy Volume 6 Number 3 Article 6 8-12-1992 Methods for the Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystallisation and Their Application to Urolithiasis Research J. P. Kavanagh University Hospital of South Manchester Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Kavanagh, J. P. (1992) "Methods for the Study of Calcium Oxalate Crystallisation and Their Application to Urolithiasis Research," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 6 : No. 3 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol6/iss3/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 6, No. 3, 1992 (Pages 685-705) 0891-7035/92$5 .00 + .00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALLISATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO UROLITHIASIS RESEARCH J.P. Kavanagh Department of Urology, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, M20 SLR, UK Phone No.: 061-447-3189 (Received for publication March 30, 1992, and in revised form August 12, 1992) Abstract Introduction Many methods have been used to study calcium Many different methods have been used to study oxalate crystallisation. Most can be characterised by calcium oxalate crystallisation, some differing in changes in
  • Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms

    Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Dietary Plants for the Prevention and Management of Kidney Stones: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence and Molecular Mechanisms Mina Cheraghi Nirumand 1, Marziyeh Hajialyani 2, Roja Rahimi 3, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei 2,*, Stéphane Zingue 4,5 ID , Seyed Mohammad Nabavi 6 and Anupam Bishayee 7,* ID 1 Office of Persian Medicine, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran 1467664961, Iran; [email protected] 2 Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; [email protected] 3 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416663361, Iran; [email protected] 4 Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua 55, Cameroon; [email protected] 5 Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde 812, Cameroon 6 Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1435916471, Iran; [email protected] 7 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.H.F.); [email protected] or [email protected] (A.B.); Tel.: +98-831-427-6493 (M.H.F.); +1-305-760-7511 (A.B.) Received: 21 January 2018; Accepted: 25 February 2018; Published: 7 March 2018 Abstract: Kidney stones are one of the oldest known and common diseases in the urinary tract system. Various human studies have suggested that diets with a higher intake of vegetables and fruits play a role in the prevention of kidney stones. In this review, we have provided an overview of these dietary plants, their main chemical constituents, and their possible mechanisms of action.
  • TGA Measurements on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

    TGA Measurements on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate

    APPLICATION NOTE TGA Measurements on Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Dr. Ekkehard Füglein and Dr. Stefan Schmölzer Introduction in Germany‘s Erzgebirge Mountain Range. In addition to Whewellite, weddellite is also known as a second mineral Oxalates are the salts of the oxalic acid C2H2O4 (COOH)2 species [1]. (ethanedicarboxylic acid). The calcium salt of oxalic acid, calcium oxalate, crystallizes in the anhydrous form and as a Calcium oxalate is also the main component of kidney stones. solvate with one molecule of water per formula, as calcium oxalate monohydrate CaC2O4*H2O. In thermal analysis, calcium oxalate monohydrate is used to check the functionality of thermobalances. This substance Occurrence and Application has good storage stability; it is not subject to change over time, nor does it have any tendency to adsorb humidity from Although calcium oxalate monohydrate is the salt of an the laboratory atmosphere. These features make it an ideal organic aicd, it can be found in nature as a primary mineral. referene substance for use in checking the temperature-base Figure 1 shows a Whewellite crystal from the Schlema locality functionality of a thermobalance. Measurement Conditions Instrument: TG 209 F1 Libra® Sample: CaC2O4*H2O Sample weights: 8.43 mg (black curve in figure 2) and 8.67 mg (red curve in figure 2) Crucible: Al2O3 Atmosphere: Nitrogen Source: Rob Levinsky, iRocks.com, CC-BY-SA-3.0 Source: Gas flow rate: 40 ml/min 1 Whewellite crystal from Schlema in Germany‘s Erzgebirge Mountain Range Heating rate: 10 K/min (black curve in figure 2) and 200 K/min (red curve in figure 2) NGB · Application Note 0 16 · E · 04/12 · Technical changes are subject to change.
  • New Mineral Names*

    New Mineral Names*

    American Mineralogist, Volume 59, pages 873-475, 1974 NEWMINERAL NAMES* Mrcnapl Frprscnpn Bjarebyite* Borovskite* P. B. MooRE, D. H. LuNo, eNo K, L. KBrsrBn (1923) A. A. Yerovor, A. F. Sroonov, N. S. RuomnEvsKrr AND Bjarebyite, (Ba,Sr)(Mn,Fe,Mg),AL(Olt)s(por)a a new I. A. Buo'ro (1973) Borovskite, PdSbTer, ? n€w mineral. species. Mineral. Rec. 4, 282-285, Zapiski Vses.Mineral. Obshch. 102, 427431 (in Russian). Microprobe pure Microprobe analysis by G. Z. Zecttnan gave (av. 60 area analyses, using metals and BirTer as standards, on 4 grains gave scan) Ba 21.81, Sr O.79, Ca 0.06, Mn 7.15, Fe 6.95, Pd 32.94, 31.90, 32.37, 32.37, av. 32.39; Pt. 1.21, 1.25, 1.23, Mg 0.84, Al 7.01, giving the formula above with pOr and 1.20, av. 1.23; Ni 0.26, O.24,0.26, O.25,av.0.25; Fe OH on the basis of the structure. The ratio Mn/Fe is 0.04, 0.04, 0.06, 0.02, av. 0.04; Sb 1,0.92,10.97, 11.01, 11.00, av. 10.98; variable, indicating the likelihood of the occurrence of an Bi 3.35,3.34,3.34, Fe'g*analogue. av. 3.34; Te 51.86, 52.39, 51.70, 51.93, av. 51.97; sum 100.58, 99.98, percent, Weissenberg and rotation photographs show the mineral 10O.14, 100.11, av. 10O.21 corre- sponding to (Pd" (Sbo to be monoclinic, space grotp P2r/m, a 8.930, b lZ.O73, 6PtowNio orFeo o.) *Bio ru)Te" or, or PdaSbTe+.
  • Calcium Oxalate Crystal Types in Three Oak Species (Quercus L.) in Turkey

    Calcium Oxalate Crystal Types in Three Oak Species (Quercus L.) in Turkey

    Turk J Biol 36 (2012) 386-393 © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/biy-1109-35 Calcium oxalate crystal types in three oak species (Quercus L.) in Turkey Bedri SERDAR1, Hatice DEMİRAY2 1Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Botany, Trabzon - TURKEY 2Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, İzmir - TURKEY Received: 30.09.2011 ● Accepted: 17.02.2012 Abstract: Crystal types from 3 oak species representing 3 diff erent sections of the genus Quercus were identifi ed. Crystals were studied with scanning electron microscopy aft er localisation by light microscopy. Th e crystals were composed of calcium oxalate silicates as whewellite (calcium oxalate monohydrate) composites. In Quercus macranthera Fisch. et Mey. subsp. syspirensis (C.Koch) Menitsky (İspir oak) from the white oaks (section Quercus: Leucobalanus), whewellite and trihydrated weddellites coexisted. Axial parenchyma cells included 30 crystal chains with walls as chambers in uniseriate ray cells; some cells had many crystals without any chambers and were small. Long thin crystals were found adherent to the membrane in the tracheary cell lumens of latewood. Quercus cerris L. var. cerris (hairy oak/Turkey oak) from the red oak group (section Cerris Loudon) is extremely rich in rhomboidal crystals. In species Quercus aucheri Jaub. et Spach (grey pırnal) from the evergreen oak group (section Ilex Loudon) rhomboidal crystals were found in axial parenchyma and multiseriate ray cells. Lignifi ed wall layers were not observed around the crystals with chambers. Key words: Calcium oxalate silicate, crystals, crystal morphology, Quercus, Turkey Introduction some Araceae (e.g., Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (2). Most plants invest considerable resources in In monocotyledons 3 main types of calcium oxalate cytoplasmic inclusions such as starch, tannins, crystal occur: raphides, styloids, and druses.
  • Triamterene Bladder Calculus

    Triamterene Bladder Calculus

    TRIAMTERENE BLADDER CALCULUS JAY B. HOLLANDER, M.D. From the Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ABSTRACT-A case report of triamterene bladder calculus is presented. Triamterene containing antihypertensiues should be used with caution in patients with predisposition to farm stones. Triamterene is a commonly used potassium- urinary tracts; the calcification was in the blad- sparing natriuretic used alone (Dyrenium) or in der (Fig. 1). The patient underwent cystolitho- combination with hydrochlorothiazide lapaxy of a large, multifaceted bladder stone. (Dyazide) to treat hypertension. Triamterene Stone analysis was performed with 4.1 g of and its metabolites are excreted in the urine. stone analyzed. It was composed of calcium Triamterene can be a cause of urolithiasis with oxalate monohydrate and uric acid surrounding an estimated incidence of 0.5 cases per 1,000 a nidus of triamterene and its two major metab- persons taking the medication.’ Reported is a olites, parahydroxytriamterene and parahy- case of a bladder calculus in a Dyazide user, droxytriamterene sulfate. The nidus of triam- Stone analysis revealed a nidus of triamterene terene represented 20 per cent of the total stone and its two major metabolites. The patient had weight. On subsequent follow-up, obstructive continued symptoms of prostatism with ele- voiding symptoms persisted as did elevated vated post-void residuals after cystolitholapaxy post-void residuals. Transurethral resection of Incomplete emptying may have been a factor in the prostate was performed with an unre- the formation of his bladder calculus. Despite markable postoperative course. The patient’s the rarity of triamterene urolithiasis, it is rec- blood pressure has been managed without ommended that Diazide users who may be at triamterene since his cystolitholapaxy and has risk for stone formation be screened periodi- had no further problems.