Q06004.Pdf (2.756Mb)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Q06004.Pdf (2.756Mb) Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Facultad de Química y Farmacia Departamento de Farmacia “Estudios QSAR de la actividad antibacterial usando el método TOMOCOMD-CARDD” “QSAR Studies of antibacterial activity using TOMOCOMD-CARDD Method” Autor: kaloko amirou Tutores. Dr. Yovani Morrero Ponce 2005-2006 "El éxito es aprender a ir de fracaso en fracaso sin desesperarse" Winston Churchill Dedicatoria A mis pades, Elhadj Almamy y Hadja Makhissa, porque en el mundo no hay personas más importante para mi más que ellos. A mi familia, especialmente mi querido hermano Kaloko Alseny, por su cariño, amor y ayuda en mi formación como persona y como profesional; Su ánimo y preocupaciones me han dado la fuerza para seguir hacia delante. A todos mis amigos y amigas por hacer sonreír mi corazón en cada momento. La vida es un camino lleno de sorpresas, y al final nadie lo conoce… Y ella siempre es más de lo que nosotros nos imaginamos… Es por ello que guardo a todas las personas importantes de mi vida en una cajita dentro de mi corazón. Agradecimiento El viaje de miles de kilómetros empieza con un paso, y al finalizar este trabajo doy mis calidos agradecimientos a todas aquellas personas que de una manera u otras unieron sus esfuerzos para terminar mis estudios y contribuyeron a mi trabajo de tesis, en especial: A Dios, quien ha sido mi fortaleza para seguir y sin su ayuda y fuerza no hubiese logrado esta meta. A mis Tutores: Dr. Yovani Marrero Ponce, Msc Luís Alberto Torres Gómez, gracia a su enseñanza, sacrificio y dedicación pude concluir este trabajo. A todos los profesores de la facultad que durante mi transcurso de la carrera supieron guiarme, enseñarme y transmitir sus conocimientos para ser un buen profesional. A todos mis compañeros del aula que me apoyaron durante mi cinco años de la carrera. A mis amigos y amigas que me brindaron ayuda durante mi estancia aquí en la universidad A todos muchas gracias!!! ÍNDICE Pág. RESUMEN GLOSARIO 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1 Objetivos 4 2 REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA 5 2.1 Historia 5 2.2 Definición y características 7 2.3 Espectro de acción 7 2.4 Clasificación y mecanismos de acción 7 2.5 Factores que rigen la sensibilidad de los m.o a los antimicrobianos 8 2.6 Factores que rigen la resistencia de los m.o a los antimicrobianos 8 2.7 Agentes antibacterianos 9 2.7.1 Sulfonamidas 9 2.7.2 Quinolonas 10 2.7.3 Penicilinas 12 2.7.4 Cefalosporinas 15 2.7.5 Otros antibióticos β-lactámicos . Carbapenems (Ej. Imipenem) 18 2.7.6 Aminoglucósidos 18 2.7.7 Tetraciclinas 22 2.7.8 Cloranfenicol 24 2.7.9 Macrólidos 26 2.7.10 Tuberculostáticos 28 3 PARTE EXPERIMENTAL 31 3.1. 3.1 Enfoque Teórico. Definición de los Nuevos Descriptores Moleculares 31 3.1.1 Índices Cuadráticos Moleculares 31 3.1.2 Índices lineales Moleculares 36 3.1.3 Índices Cuadráticos y Lineales Estocásticos 39 3.2 Método Computacional. TOMOCOMD-CARDD software 41 3.3 Análisis Estadístico de los Datos. Desarrollo de Funciones Discriminantes usando 44 ADL 3.4 Base de Datos de los Compuestos Usados en la Obtención de los Modelos ADL- 45 QSAR 4 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN 46 4.1 Desarrollo de Modelos QSAR-ADL 46 4.2 Interpretación en Términos Estructurales de los Modelos Obtenidos 53 4.3 Validación externa y ‘screening’ virtual: Una Promisoria Alternativa para la 54 Selección y el Diseño Racional de Fármacos Antimicrobianos. 5 CONCLUSIONES 64 6 RECOMENDACIONES 65 7 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ANEXOS GLOSARIO NEM Nueva Entidad Molecular ITs Índices Topológicos TOMOCOMD TOpological MOlecular COMputer Design qk(x) k-ésimo Índice cuadrático de la matriz de adyacencia entre vértices de un seudografo molecular QSAR Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships SE Serie de entrenamiento SP Serie de predicción ADL Análisis Discriminante Lineal λ Lambda de Wilks D2 Distancia de Mahalanobis al cuadrado Fexp Razón de Fisher experimental ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a simple quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the classification and prediction of antibacterial activity, so as to enable in silico screening. To this end a database of 2030 compounds, classified according to whether they had antibacterial activity, and for which a total of four TOMOCOMD-CARDD descriptors´s families were calculated, was analyzed. To identify descriptors that allowed separation of the two classes (i.e. those compounds with and without antibacterial activity), analysis of forward stepwise was utilized like variable selection´s method, and models were developed using linear discriminant analysis. Model predictivity was assessed and validated by the used of an external test set, for which predictions were made from the model. The results of the analyses indicated that total and local (heteroatoms and H-bonding heteroatoms) TOMOCOMD-CARDD descriptors, provided excellent separation of the data (>90% y >89% in training and test set, respectively). The models developed are then used in a simulation of virtual search of antibacterial drug-like compounds; >87% of the chemicals used in this simulated search were correctly classified, thus indicating the ability of the TOMOCOMD-CARDD models of finding lead compounds with novel structures and action mode. So, the obtained QSAR model can be applied to a large set of compounds searching for new candidates as antibacterials. RESUMEN El objetivo fundamental de este estudio fue desarrollar simples relaciones cuantitativas estructura-actividad (QSAR) para la clasificación y la predicción de la actividad antibacteriana, de manera que permita el desarrollo de procesos de “screening” in silico. Con este fin, una data de 2030 compuestos, clasificados acorde a su actividad antibacteriana, y un total de cuatro familias de descriptores TOMOCOMD-CARDD, fueron calculados y analizados. Para identificar los descriptores que permitan la separación en dos clases (ej: compuestos con y sin actividad antibacteriana), el análisis de “pasos-hacia-delante” fue empleado como métodos de selección de variables; y entonces los modelos fueron desarrollados usando el análisis discriminante lineal. Para acceder al poder predictivo del modelo, se realizó una validación con una serie de predicción externa. Los resultados de los análisis indican que los descriptores TOMOCOMD-CARDD totales y locales (heteroátomos e H-unidos a heteroátomos), proporcionan una excelente separación de la data (> 90 y >89%) en la serie de entrenamiento y en la serie de predicción, respectivamente. Los modelos desarrollados fueron usados en una búsqueda virtual de compuestos antibacterianos tipo-fármacos; >87% de los compuestos empleados en esta simulación fueron correctamente clasificados, los cual es indicativo de la capacidad de los modelos TOMOCOMD-CARDD en el descubrimiento de nuevos compuestos líderes, desde el punto de vista estructural y de modo de acción. Finalmente, los modelos QSAR obtenidos pueden ser aplicados a grandes bibliotecas virtuales con el objetivo de descubrir/seleccionar compuestos candidatos como antibacterianos. 1 INTRODUCCIÓN La era antibiótica comenzó con el descubrimiento en 1939 y 1940 de los tres primeros antibióticos, tirotricina, penicilina y actinomicina (Morton, 2000). Estos medicamentos fueron catalogados como “balas mágicas” toda vez que se pensó que con su advenimiento había llegado el fin de las enfermedades infecciosas. Sin embargo, muy poco después de su introducción en la práctica médica rutinaria los microorganismos fueron creando diferentes tipos de mecanismos para evadir el efecto nocivo de dichos medicamentos sobre ellos. Actualmente existe una crisis global en el tratamiento de las enfermedades infecciosas debido a la presencia de microorganismos resistentes a la mayoría, si no a todos los antimicrobianos convencionales (Levy, 2001). Tal es el caso de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a Meticilina (MRSA) (Ayliffe, 1997; Livermore, 2000; Tenover y col., 2001; Aucken y col., 2002), Entrococcus resistente a Vancomicina (VRE) (Huycke y col., 1998; Cetinkaya y col., 2000; Murray, 2000; Murray, 1998; Gold y Oellering, 1996), Streptococcus pneumoniae resistente a Penicilina (PRP) (Gold y Oellering, 1996; Appelbaum, 1992), y bacilos Gram (-) tales como Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gold y Oellering, 1996; Livermore, 2002), Klebsiella pneumoniae (Tymms y col., 1995), entre otros. La prescripción innecesaria ha sido reconocida como el principal factor que influye en el desarrollo de resistencia y costo (Ball y col., 2002), aunque otros factores como el uso indiscriminado en la salud animal y la presencia en los residuales de las plantas productoras de medicamentos han sido factores importantes para el desarrollo de microorganismos resistentes (Guardabais y Kruse, 2003). Los diferentes medicamentos que se comercializan internacionalmente para tratar las diferentes enfermedades infecciosas caen dentro de ocho grupos químicos fundamentales: Sulfonamidas, Quinolonas, β-lactámicos (Penicilinas, Cefalosporinas y otros β-lactámicos), Aminoglucósidos, Tetraciclinas, Cloranfenicol, Macrólidos y Lincosamidas (Sherwood, 1997). Aunque existe un amplio arsenal terapéutico en cada uno de dichos grupos químicos, el hecho de estar relacionados estructuralmente, hace que los microorganismos al crear resistencia a uno de los miembros del grupo crean al mismo tiempo resistencia a los demás miembros del grupo, mecanismo que se ha Kaloko Amirou -TOMOCOMD-CARDD: Un Novedoso Enfoque para el Diseño de Antimicrobianos Asistido por Computadora Introducción 2 dado en llamar resistencia cruzada. Así por ejemplo, si un microorganismo determinado se hace resistente al Ciprofloxacino
Recommended publications
  • Compositions Comprising Drospirenone Molecularly
    (19) & (11) EP 1 748 756 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61K 9/00 (2006.01) A61K 9/107 (2006.01) 29.04.2009 Bulletin 2009/18 A61K 9/48 (2006.01) A61K 9/16 (2006.01) A61K 9/20 (2006.01) A61K 9/14 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 05708751.2 A61K 9/70 A61K 31/565 (22) Date of filing: 10.03.2005 (86) International application number: PCT/IB2005/000665 (87) International publication number: WO 2005/087194 (22.09.2005 Gazette 2005/38) (54) COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING DROSPIRENONE MOLECULARLY DISPERSED ZUSAMMENSETZUNGEN AUS DROSPIRENON IN MOLEKULARER DISPERSION DES COMPOSITIONS CONTENANT DROSPIRENONE A DISPERSION MOLECULAIRE (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventors: AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR • FUNKE, Adrian HU IE IS IT LI LT LU MC NL PL PT RO SE SI SK TR D-14055 Berlin (DE) Designated Extension States: • WAGNER, Torsten AL BA HR MK YU 13127 Berlin (DE) (30) Priority: 10.03.2004 EP 04075713 (74) Representative: Wagner, Kim 10.03.2004 US 551355 P Plougmann & Vingtoft a/s Sundkrogsgade 9 (43) Date of publication of application: P.O. Box 831 07.02.2007 Bulletin 2007/06 2100 Copenhagen Ø (DK) (60) Divisional application: (56) References cited: 08011577.7 / 1 980 242 EP-A- 1 260 225 EP-A- 1 380 301 WO-A-01/52857 WO-A-20/04022065 (73) Proprietor: Bayer Schering Pharma WO-A-20/04041289 US-A- 5 569 652 Aktiengesellschaft US-A- 5 656 622 US-A- 5 789 442 13353 Berlin (DE) Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office
    Patented Feb. 11, 1947 2,415,786 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE UNSYMMETRICALLY SUBSTITUTED PPERAZINES Johannes S. Buck, East Greenbush, and Richard Baltzly, New York, N. Y., assignors to Bur roughs Welcome & Co. (U. S. A.) Inc., New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application January 6, 1944, serial No. 517,224 9 Claims. (C. 260-268) 2 This invention relates to N-monosubstituted According to the present invention, these diffi and N-N'-unsymmetrically disubstituted piper culties are overcome by treating piperazine with azines and has for an object to provide new com a halide of benzyl or of a substituted benzyl to positions of the above type and a novel and im form a reaction mixture containing, in addition proved method of making the same. to unreacted piperazine and di-N-N'- Substituted Another object is to provide a method of mak piperazine, a substantial amount of N-mono sub ing and isolating the above substances which is stituted piperazine separating the mono-N-sub Suitable for commercial Operation. stituted piperazine from the unreacted piperazine In our copending application Serial No. 476,914, and the disubstituted piperazine, introducing the filed February 24, 1943, of which the present ap O desired substituent on to the second N' nitrogen plication is a continuation in part and in our atom of the mono-N-substituted piperazine, then Copending application Serial No. 517,225, filed removing the benzyl or substituted benzyl group January 6, 1944, which is also a continuation in by catalytic hydrogenation. part, We have described certain methods for mak As catalysts for this hydrogenation, platinum, ing and isolating substituted piperazines of the palladium and nickel are all suitable, but We pre type fer in general to use palladium since, while CEI-CI equally or perhaps more effective in removing a benzyl group, it is practically devoid of any N /N-R tendency to reduce aromatic rings.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Progress Toward the Asymmetric Synthesis of Carbon-Substituted Piperazine Pharmacophores and Oxidative Related Heterocycles RSC Medicinal Chemistry
    Volume 11 Number 7 July 2020 RSC Pages 735–850 Medicinal Chemistry rsc.li/medchem ISSN 2632-8682 REVIEW ARTICLE Plato A. Magriotis Recent progress toward the asymmetric synthesis of carbon-substituted piperazine pharmacophores and oxidative related heterocycles RSC Medicinal Chemistry View Article Online REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Recent progress toward the asymmetric synthesis Cite this: RSC Med. Chem.,2020,11, of carbon-substituted piperazine pharmacophores 745 and oxidative related heterocycles Plato A. Magriotis † The important requirement for approval of a new drug, in case it happens to be chiral, is that both enantiomers of the drug should be studied in detail, which has led synthetic organic and medicinal chemists to focus their attention on the development of new methods for asymmetric synthesis especially of relevant saturated N-heterocycles. On the other hand, the piperazine ring, besides defining a major class of saturated N-heterocycles, has been classified as a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry, since it is more than frequently found in biologically active compounds including several marketed blockbuster drugs such as Glivec (imatinib) and Viagra (sildenafil). Indeed, 13 of the 200 best-selling small molecule drugs in 2012 contained a piperazine ring. Nevertheless, analysis of the piperazine substitution pattern reveals a lack Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. of structural diversity, with almost every single drug in this category (83%) containing a substituent at both Received 16th February 2020, the N1- and N4-positions compared to a few drugs having a substituent at any other position (C2, C3, C5, Accepted 27th April 2020 and C6). Significant chemical space that is closely related to that known to be biologically relevant, therefore, remains unexplored.
    [Show full text]
  • A Small Outbreak of Third Generation Cephem-Resistant Citrobacter
    Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 57, 2004 Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications A Small Outbreak of Third Generation Cephem-Resistant Citrobacter freundii Infection on a Surgical Ward Toshi Nada*, Hisashi Baba, Kumiko Kawamura2, Teruko Ohkura, Keizo Torii1 and Michio Ohta1 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya 466-8560, 1Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550 and 2Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya 461-8673 Communicated by Yoshichika Arakawa (Accepted June 11, 2004) Citrobacter freundii is a member of family Enterobacteri- from those of type a and b strains. aceae and has been associated with nosocomial infections As previous studies have indicated, third generation in the urinary, respiratory, and biliary tracts of debilitated cephem-resistance of Gram-negative bacteria are due to the hospital patients. C. freundii has an inducible chromosomally hydrolysis of β-lactams by β-lactamases. These β-lactamases encoded cephalosporinase that can inactivate cephamycins include extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo- and cephalosporins. However, most clinical isolates are β-lactamase, and plasmid-encoded AmpC cephalosporinase sensitive to new third generation cephems and carbapenems. (1-3). ESBL confers variable levels of resistance to cefotaxime, We report here a small outbreak of infection caused by ceftazidime, and other broad-spectrum cephalosporins and third generation cephem-resistant C. freundii on a surgical to monobactams, but has no detectable activity against ward of a university hospital in 2002. We identified four cephamycins and carbapenems, and is relatively sensitive patients with biliary infection and two carrier patients during to sulbactam (1). Plasmid-encoded metallo-β-lactamase July and October.
    [Show full text]
  • Sepsis Caused by Newly Identified Capnocytophaga Canis Following Cat Bites: C
    doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9196-17 Intern Med 57: 273-277, 2018 http://internmed.jp 【 CASE REPORT 】 Sepsis Caused by Newly Identified Capnocytophaga canis Following Cat Bites: C. canis Is the Third Candidate along with C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi Causing Zoonotic Infection Minami Taki 1, Yoshio Shimojima 1, Ayako Nogami 2, Takuhiro Yoshida 1, Michio Suzuki 3, Koichi Imaoka 3, Hiroki Momoi 1 and Norinao Hanyu 1 Abstract: Sepsis caused by a Capnocytophaga canis infection has only been rarely reported. A 67-year-old female with a past medical history of splenectomy was admitted to our hospital with fever and general malaise. She had been bitten by a cat. She showed disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ failure because of severe sepsis. On blood culture, characteristic gram-negative fusiform rods were detected; therefore, a Capnocytophaga species infection was suspected. A nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the species to be C. canis, which was newly identified in 2016. C. canis may have low virulence in humans; however, C. canis with oxidase activity may cause severe zoonotic infection. Key words: Capnocytophaga canis, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, sepsis, oxidase activity (Intern Med 57: 273-277, 2018) (DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9196-17) Introduction Case Report The genus Capnocytophaga consists of gram-negative A 67-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with rod-shaped bacteria that reside in the oral cavities of humans general malaise and fever for 3 days starting the day after and domestic animals. Capnocytophaga formerly comprised being bitten by a cat on both her hands. She had a medical eight species (1, 2).
    [Show full text]
  • B-Lactams: Chemical Structure, Mode of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance
    b-Lactams: chemical structure, mode of action and mechanisms of resistance Ru´ben Fernandes, Paula Amador and Cristina Prudeˆncio This synopsis summarizes the key chemical and bacteriological characteristics of b-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbanpenems, monobactams and others. Particular notice is given to first-generation to fifth-generation cephalosporins. This review also summarizes the main resistance mechanism to antibiotics, focusing particular attention to those conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins by means of production of emerging cephalosporinases (extended-spectrum b-lactamases and AmpC b-lactamases), target alteration (penicillin-binding proteins from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and membrane transporters that pump b-lactams out of the bacterial cell. Keywords: b-lactams, chemical structure, mechanisms of resistance, mode of action Historical perspective Alexander Fleming first noticed the antibacterial nature of penicillin in 1928. When working with Antimicrobials must be understood as any kind of agent another bacteriological problem, Fleming observed with inhibitory or killing properties to a microorganism. a contaminated culture of Staphylococcus aureus with Antibiotic is a more restrictive term, which implies the the mold Penicillium notatum. Fleming remarkably saw natural source of the antimicrobial agent. Similarly, under- the potential of this unfortunate event. He dis- lying the term chemotherapeutic is the artificial origin of continued the work that he was dealing with and was an antimicrobial agent by chemical synthesis [1]. Initially, able to describe the compound around the mold antibiotics were considered as small molecular weight and isolates it. He named it penicillin and published organic molecules or metabolites used in response of his findings along with some applications of penicillin some microorganisms against others that inhabit the same [4].
    [Show full text]
  • Transdermal Drug Delivery Device Including An
    (19) TZZ_ZZ¥¥_T (11) EP 1 807 033 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61F 13/02 (2006.01) A61L 15/16 (2006.01) 20.07.2016 Bulletin 2016/29 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 05815555.7 PCT/US2005/035806 (22) Date of filing: 07.10.2005 (87) International publication number: WO 2006/044206 (27.04.2006 Gazette 2006/17) (54) TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE INCLUDING AN OCCLUSIVE BACKING VORRICHTUNG ZUR TRANSDERMALEN VERABREICHUNG VON ARZNEIMITTELN EINSCHLIESSLICH EINER VERSTOPFUNGSSICHERUNG DISPOSITIF D’ADMINISTRATION TRANSDERMIQUE DE MEDICAMENTS AVEC COUCHE SUPPORT OCCLUSIVE (84) Designated Contracting States: • MANTELLE, Juan AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR Miami, FL 33186 (US) HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI • NGUYEN, Viet SK TR Miami, FL 33176 (US) (30) Priority: 08.10.2004 US 616861 P (74) Representative: Awapatent AB P.O. Box 5117 (43) Date of publication of application: 200 71 Malmö (SE) 18.07.2007 Bulletin 2007/29 (56) References cited: (73) Proprietor: NOVEN PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. WO-A-02/36103 WO-A-97/23205 Miami, FL 33186 (US) WO-A-2005/046600 WO-A-2006/028863 US-A- 4 994 278 US-A- 4 994 278 (72) Inventors: US-A- 5 246 705 US-A- 5 474 783 • KANIOS, David US-A- 5 474 783 US-A1- 2001 051 180 Miami, FL 33196 (US) US-A1- 2002 128 345 US-A1- 2006 034 905 Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovid MEDLINE(R)
    Supplementary material BMJ Open Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily <1946 to September 16, 2019> # Searches Results 1 exp Hypertension/ 247434 2 hypertens*.tw,kf. 420857 3 ((high* or elevat* or greater* or control*) adj4 (blood or systolic or diastolic) adj4 68657 pressure*).tw,kf. 4 1 or 2 or 3 501365 5 Sex Characteristics/ 52287 6 Sex/ 7632 7 Sex ratio/ 9049 8 Sex Factors/ 254781 9 ((sex* or gender* or man or men or male* or woman or women or female*) adj3 336361 (difference* or different or characteristic* or ratio* or factor* or imbalanc* or issue* or specific* or disparit* or dependen* or dimorphism* or gap or gaps or influenc* or discrepan* or distribut* or composition*)).tw,kf. 10 or/5-9 559186 11 4 and 10 24653 12 exp Antihypertensive Agents/ 254343 13 (antihypertensiv* or anti-hypertensiv* or ((anti?hyperten* or anti-hyperten*) adj5 52111 (therap* or treat* or effective*))).tw,kf. 14 Calcium Channel Blockers/ 36287 15 (calcium adj2 (channel* or exogenous*) adj2 (block* or inhibitor* or 20534 antagonist*)).tw,kf. 16 (agatoxin or amlodipine or anipamil or aranidipine or atagabalin or azelnidipine or 86627 azidodiltiazem or azidopamil or azidopine or belfosdil or benidipine or bepridil or brinazarone or calciseptine or caroverine or cilnidipine or clentiazem or clevidipine or columbianadin or conotoxin or cronidipine or darodipine or deacetyl n nordiltiazem or deacetyl n o dinordiltiazem or deacetyl o nordiltiazem or deacetyldiltiazem or dealkylnorverapamil or dealkylverapamil
    [Show full text]
  • 00A-Tytulowe.Vp:Corelventura
    SOCIETY OF ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING ECOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING A CHEMIA I IN¯YNIERIA EKOLOGICZNA A Vol. 19 No. 10 OPOLE 2012 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Witold Wac³awek (Society of Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, PL) – Editor-in-Chief Marina V. Frontasyeva (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, RU) – heavy metals and radionuclides Vasil Simeonov (University of Sofia, BG) – monitoring Maria Wac³awek (Opole University, PL) – alternative energy sources Barbara Wiœniowska-Kielian (University of Agriculture, Kraków, PL) – agricultural chemistry PROGRAMMING BOARD Witold Wac³awek (Society of Ecological Chemistry and Engineering, PL) – Chairman Jerzy Bartnicki (Meteorological Institute – DNMI, Oslo-Blindern, NO) Mykhaylo Bratychak (National University of Technology, Lviv, UA) Bogus³aw Buszewski (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruñ, PL) Eugenija Kupcinskiene (University of Agriculture, Kaunas, LT) Bernd Markert (International Graduate School [IHI], Zittau, DE) Nelson Marmiroli (University, Parma, IT) Jacek Namieœnik (University of Technology, Gdañsk, PL) Lucjan Paw³owski (University of Technology, Lublin, PL) Krzysztof J. Rudziñski (Institute of Physical Chemistry PAS, Warszawa, PL) Manfred Sager (Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, AT) Mark R.D. Seaward (University of Bradford, UK) Pavlina Simeonova (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BG) Petr Škarpa (Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Brno, CZ) Piotr Tomasik (University of Agriculture, Kraków, PL) Roman Zarzycki (University of Technology, £ódŸ,
    [Show full text]
  • Un Novedoso Enfoque Para El Diseño De Fármacos Antimicrobianos Asistido Por Computadora
    TOMOCOMD-CARDD: Un Novedoso Enfoque para el Diseño de Fármacos Antimicrobianos Asistido por Computadora Autora: Yasnay Valdés Rodríguez. Tutores: Prof. Dr. Yovani Marrero Ponce. Prof. MSc. Ricardo Medina Marrero. 2005-2006 La ignorancia afirma o niega rotundamente; la ciencia duda… Voltaire (1694-1778) Quiero dedicar este trabajo a todas aquellas personas que me aprecian y desean lo mejor para mi, especialmente a mis padres. A mi padre Dedico este trabajo con mucho amor, por hacerme comprender que siempre se puede llegar mas lejos, y que no hay nada imposible, solamente hay que luchar... A mi madre Por su infinita bondad, por su sacrificio inigualable. A mis familiares Por todo su apoyo y ayuda que me han mostrado incondicionalmente. A mi hermano Por ser mi fuente de inspiración. A la humanidad “...porque si supiera que el mundo se acaba mañana, yo, hoy todavía, plantaría un árbol” Quiero agradecer a todas aquellas personas que me han ayudado a realizar este sueño: A mis padres por todo el sacrificio realizado, y aún parecerles poco, los amo mucho. A mi madre por estar siempre a mi lado en los buenos y malos momentos ayudándome a levantarme en cualquier recaída. A mi padre por guiarme en la vida y brindarme sus consejos siempre útiles, por darme fuerza y vitalidad. A mi mayor tesoro, mi hermano, que me alumbra de esperanza día a día. A mis tías y primos que me ayudaron mucho, aún estando lejos. A mi novio que me apoyo en todas mis decisiones y con paciencia supo ayudarme. A mis tutores y cotutores que siempre me dieron la mano; especialmente a Yovani por su paciencia, a quien debo gran parte de mi formación como profesional por sus exigencias.
    [Show full text]
  • EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
    Ref. Ares(2019)6843167 - 05/11/2019 31 October 2019 EMA/CVMP/158366/2019 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use Advice on implementing measures under Article 37(4) of Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products – Criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans Official address Domenico Scarlattilaan 6 ● 1083 HS Amsterdam ● The Netherlands Address for visits and deliveries Refer to www.ema.europa.eu/how-to-find-us Send us a question Go to www.ema.europa.eu/contact Telephone +31 (0)88 781 6000 An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2019. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Introduction On 6 February 2019, the European Commission sent a request to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for a report on the criteria for the designation of antimicrobials to be reserved for the treatment of certain infections in humans in order to preserve the efficacy of those antimicrobials. The Agency was requested to provide a report by 31 October 2019 containing recommendations to the Commission as to which criteria should be used to determine those antimicrobials to be reserved for treatment of certain infections in humans (this is also referred to as ‘criteria for designating antimicrobials for human use’, ‘restricting antimicrobials to human use’, or ‘reserved for human use only’). The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) formed an expert group to prepare the scientific report. The group was composed of seven experts selected from the European network of experts, on the basis of recommendations from the national competent authorities, one expert nominated from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), one expert nominated by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), one expert with expertise on human infectious diseases, and two Agency staff members with expertise on development of antimicrobial resistance .
    [Show full text]
  • Ehealth DSI [Ehdsi V2.2.2-OR] Ehealth DSI – Master Value Set
    MTC eHealth DSI [eHDSI v2.2.2-OR] eHealth DSI – Master Value Set Catalogue Responsible : eHDSI Solution Provider PublishDate : Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 1 of 490 MTC Table of Contents epSOSActiveIngredient 4 epSOSAdministrativeGender 148 epSOSAdverseEventType 149 epSOSAllergenNoDrugs 150 epSOSBloodGroup 155 epSOSBloodPressure 156 epSOSCodeNoMedication 157 epSOSCodeProb 158 epSOSConfidentiality 159 epSOSCountry 160 epSOSDisplayLabel 167 epSOSDocumentCode 170 epSOSDoseForm 171 epSOSHealthcareProfessionalRoles 184 epSOSIllnessesandDisorders 186 epSOSLanguage 448 epSOSMedicalDevices 458 epSOSNullFavor 461 epSOSPackage 462 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 2 of 490 MTC epSOSPersonalRelationship 464 epSOSPregnancyInformation 466 epSOSProcedures 467 epSOSReactionAllergy 470 epSOSResolutionOutcome 472 epSOSRoleClass 473 epSOSRouteofAdministration 474 epSOSSections 477 epSOSSeverity 478 epSOSSocialHistory 479 epSOSStatusCode 480 epSOSSubstitutionCode 481 epSOSTelecomAddress 482 epSOSTimingEvent 483 epSOSUnits 484 epSOSUnknownInformation 487 epSOSVaccine 488 © eHealth DSI eHDSI Solution Provider v2.2.2-OR Wed Nov 08 16:16:10 CET 2017 Page 3 of 490 MTC epSOSActiveIngredient epSOSActiveIngredient Value Set ID 1.3.6.1.4.1.12559.11.10.1.3.1.42.24 TRANSLATIONS Code System ID Code System Version Concept Code Description (FSN) 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01 A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 2.16.840.1.113883.6.73 2017-01
    [Show full text]