L'utilisation Du Gaz Lacrymogene Cs Ses Effets Toxiques a Plus Ou Moins

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L'utilisation Du Gaz Lacrymogene Cs Ses Effets Toxiques a Plus Ou Moins Association Toxicologie-Chimie de Paris DOSSIER D’INFORMATION 30 A L’UTILISATION DU GAZ LACRYMOGENE CS 2020 SES EFFETS TOXIQUES A PLUS OU MOINS LONG TERME Juin – Alexander SAMUEL Docteur en Biologie Paris Paris - André PICOT ATC Président de l’ATC-Paris Directeur de recherche honoraire du CNRS Expert français honoraire auprès de l’Union européenne pour les Produits chimiques en Milieu de Travail (SCOEL, Luxembourg). En collaboration avec : Dr. Josiane Clépier (aide à la rédaction), Dr. Christiane Blondin (aspects ophtalmologiques), Dr. Renaud Fiévet (étude du métabolisme), Dr. Jaïs Adam-Troïan (Conclusion), Julien Chaize (aspects historiques), +33 6 10 82 44 21 [email protected] +33 6 01 93 20 41 [email protected] Association Toxicologie-Chimie 9 bis rue Gérando, 75009 Paris - FRANCE 07 85 15 72 51 [email protected] http://www.atctoxicologie.fr Association loi 1901 Déclaration d’activité enregistrée sous le n° 11 75 51695 75 - Siret n° 43808949200021 Ce Document est en cours de Relecture, en particulier par des Médecins toxicologues et sera disponible en Version définitive en Juillet 2020 1 L’UTILISATION DU GAZ LACRYMOGENE CS SES EFFETS TOXIQUES A PLUS OU MOINS LONG TERME Table des matières Préface ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1 L’Origine des Gaz lacrymogènes et leur Emploi ............................................................................... 7 A) Les Armes chimiques depuis la Première Guerre mondiale ....................................................... 7 B) Histoire des Grenades lacrymogènes en France ....................................................................... 12 C) Les Grenades lacrymogènes, utilisées aujourd’hui en France .................................................. 17 2 Effets irritants des Gaz lacrymogènes et leur Impact sur la Santé ................................................. 20 A) Généralités sur les Effets irritants et leurs Mécanismes moléculaires ..................................... 20 B) Expositions animales ................................................................................................................. 24 C) Expositions militaires ................................................................................................................ 24 D) Expositions en Milieu Policier ................................................................................................... 25 E) Expositions touchant des Civils ou des Manifestants ............................................................... 25 3 Métabolisation des Principaux Composants du Gaz lacrymogène CS ........................................... 26 A) L’ortho Chlorobenzylidènemalonitrile ...................................................................................... 27 B) Chlorure de potassium .............................................................................................................. 41 C) Résines Epoxy ............................................................................................................................ 41 D) Acide maléique ......................................................................................................................... 42 E) 4,7-Methanoisobenzofuran-1,3-dione (Nadic Méthyl Anhydride) ........................................... 42 4 Conséquences biochimiques sur l’Organisme, du Gaz CS .............................................................. 43 A) Blocage de la Chaîne respiratoire ............................................................................................. 44 B) Stress oxydatif ........................................................................................................................... 46 C) Carbamylation ........................................................................................................................... 48 D) Métaux ...................................................................................................................................... 49 E) Métabolisme ............................................................................................................................. 49 F) Antagonisme .............................................................................................................................. 53 5 Effets indirects du Gaz lacrymogène CS ......................................................................................... 55 A) Effets toxiques caractéristiques ................................................................................................ 56 B) Discussion sur des Evénements pathologiques inattendus survenus chez des Personnes impactées par le Gaz CS ................................................................................................................ 66 C) Effets sur l’Environnement ........................................................................................................ 69 6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 71 2 ANNEXE : EFFETS DIRECTS DU GAZ CS SUR LA SANTE ....................................................................... 93 A) La Peau ...................................................................................................................................... 93 B) Les Yeux ................................................................................................................................... 104 C) La Voie respiratoire ................................................................................................................. 109 D) Effets Gastro-intestinaux ........................................................................................................ 116 E) Effets Cardiovasculaires .......................................................................................................... 117 F) Cancérogenèse ........................................................................................................................ 119 G) Létalité .................................................................................................................................... 120 3 Préface Partir du réel. Sébastien Nadot, député de la Haute-Garonne, titulaire d’un doctorat de l’EHESS Paris. 11 janvier 2020, semaine 61 du mouvement des « Gilets jaunes ». Les manifestants se sont donné rendez-vous dans le centre-ville de Toulouse. Après quelques heures de déambulation, certains se retrouvent place Saint-Georges. Les policiers qui les suivent jettent alors des grenades de gaz lacrymogène dans leur direction. A quelques mètres derrière les manifestants se trouve un espace de jeux avec des enfants. Très vite le gaz se propage sans épargner toboggans et tourniquets. Prise au dépourvu, une maman affolée avec un enfant en poussette quitte la zone à la hâte. Apeurée, une petite fille pleure, figée debout. Un policier se dirige alors vers elle pour l’évacuer de la place. En bon père de famille, il la prend dans ses bras, tente de la rassurer et l’éloigne rapidement des dernières fumées blanchâtres. Les exemples de « dommages collatéraux » dans l’usage de grenades lacrymogènes ces deux dernières années sont légion en France. Impossible d’évaluer le nombre de personnes exposées à ces gaz, qu’il s’agisse des participants à un rassemblement illégal, de ceux qui exercent l’un de leur droit fondamental à manifester sans excès ou des « badauds » pris au piège des hasards d’un affrontement entre forces de l’ordre et manifestants, jusqu’à ces enfants innocents. L’usage de gaz lacrymogène a connu un essor considérable en France ces derniers mois. Est-ce dangereux ? De mai 68 - où l’imaginaire renvoie à un mouvement pacifique alors que les chercheurs s’accordent à dénombrer 7 morts - au mouvement des Gilets jaunes débuté en 2018, une histoire de l’usage du gaz lacrymogène s’est bâtie, avec en toile de fond des phénomènes de violence. Dans cette période, la doctrine du maintien de l’ordre a connu une forte inflexion à la mort de Malik Oussekine, en 1986 : la stratégie devient celle de l’évitement des heurts physiques, la limitation des risques humains, faisant en contrepartie peu de cas des dégâts matériels. Les techniques de dispersion des manifestants – en particulier les usages de lacrymogènes – sont donc devenues essentielles. Aujourd’hui, les formes non homogènes ni encadrées des manifestations des Gilets jaunes, doublées d’une ultra-médiatisation via les réseaux sociaux, ont fait voler en éclat les méthodes de maintien de l’ordre relativement stabilisées depuis plus de 30 ans. L’usage de gaz lacrymogène est-il encore adapté ? Je suis député, « représentant de la Nation », précise la Constitution. Comme des millions de Françaises et de Français, je m’interroge depuis les premières secousses du mouvement des Gilets jaunes. Des actions violentes de manifestants, il y en a eu, beaucoup, beaucoup trop. Jamais acceptables. Pour y répondre, les forces de l’ordre, parfois en grande difficulté, ont usées de stratégies diverses reposant sur la théorie de Max Weber : l’Etat dispose du monopole de la violence légitime. La doctrine du sociologue allemand a même eu droit à une cure de jouvence lorsque le juge des référés du Conseil d’État a refusé, le 1er février 2019, d’interdire le recours par les forces de l’ordre, lors de manifestations, aux lanceurs de balle de défense (LBD), armes non létales controversées. Le juge
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