Chronica Annual of the Institute of History University of Szeged Chronica
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2009-2010 VOLUME 9-10. CHRONICA ANNUAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED CHRONICA ANNUM, OF THE INSTITUTE OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF SZEGED HUNGARY Editor-in-chief: Lajos Kövér Editors: Zsolt Hunyadi, Andrea Kökény Editorial Board: László Koszta, Tibor Almási, László J. Nagy, Enikő Sajti, Sándor Csernus Proof Readers: Frederik Felskau (Germany) Pongracz Sennyey (USA) Marie-Madeleine de Cevins (France) László Gálffy, Márta Horváth, Erzsébet Szabó, Endre Hárs Articles appearing in the CHRONICA are abstracted in HISTORICAL ABSTRACT and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE ISSN 1588 2039 Published by the Institute of History, University of Szeged 2. Egyetem u. H-6722 Szeged Hungary e-mail: [email protected] http: / /primus.arts.u-szeged.hu/chronica Printed in Hungary, on acid-free paper by E-press Ltd, Szeged Copyright © 2010, by the authors and the editors i 2011 SZÉP 0 1 LAJOS KÖVÉR Lectori salutem! SÁNDOR LÁSZLÓ TÓTH The White and Black Hungarians 5 LÁSZLÓ BALOGH The Turks in the Vita Sancti Athanasii Athonitae (Vardariota-Turks or Hungarians?) 15 MIKLÓS HALMÁGYI Identität und Fremdheitsvorstellungen in der früheren ungarischen Ge- schichtsschreibung und deren europäische Beziehungen 26 GERGELY KISS Les aspects des activités des légats pontificaux en Hongrie aux XIe-XIIIe siècles 38 ZSOLT HUNYADI Hungary and the Second Crusade 55 ANDREA KISS Fertő River (A Low Water Level Signal or Something Else?) 66 ÉVA TEISZLER Matthias Corvinus und das lateinische Quellenwerk des 15. Jahrhunderts in Ungarn 78 MARTYN RADY Fiscal and Military Developments in Hungary during the Jagelló Period .. 86 ZOLTÁN HOROGSZEGI - KRISZTINA RÁBAI Die linguistischen Lehren eines mittelalterlichen Rechnungsbuches (Das Rechnungsbuch Herzog Sigismunds) 100 VLADIMÍR RÁBIK Character and Appearance of Ruthenian and Wallachian Settlement in Eastern Slovakia in the Middle Ages 107 BEÁTA VARGA Die russisch-ukrainischen Beziehungen vom Andrusower Vertrag 1667 bis zum „ewigen Frieden" von 1686 137 ANDREA KÖKÉNY Oregon Politicians and Newspaper Editors of the Territorial Period 151 ABDALLAH ABDEL-ATY Supplementary to the History of Egyptian-Hungarian Relations 168 JÓZSEF N. SZABÓ Cultural Cooperation between Hungary and Yugoslavia (1945-1948) 177 PETER ÁKOS FERWAGNER Discorde chez les Pieds Noirs (Les partis dans l'Algérie française, 1945- 1954) 190 PÉTER VUKMAN The British Foreign Office on the Situation of the Catholic Church in Yu- goslavia, 1951-53 203 MARTEN SEPPEL Three definite conclusions on indefinable serfdom 213 Theses ZOLTÁN PRANTNER Yemen and the Socialist Countries, 1955-1970 220 BALÁZS SZÉLINGER Hungary and Ethiopia: Formal and Informal Relations, 1868-1941 224 SZABOLCS POLGÁR Eastern Europe and the international trade in the eighth-tenth centuries (on the basis of written sources) 228 Lectori salutem! We invite the gentle reader to welcome this jubilee volume. It was a decade ago that an annual was launched by the Institute of History at the University of Sze- ged - with the appropriate title Chronica. It's been ten years now! Although ten years do not seem much on a chronicler's scale, a decade is still long enough to call for summary and recapitulation. What was the aim in the beginning? What were the motivations behind the project? To what extent were our hopes realized? Was it worth the effort? How should we go on? We could ask a lot of similar questions. We should not spoil this quiet jubilee, still, we have to ask a severe question: was it worth it or is there a point at all in financing a foreign language history journal at own costs in Hungary in the first decade of the 21st century among se- rious financial restrictions? What did the editor-in-chief, Prof. László J. Nagy promise ten years ago? "The individual members and the departments of the Institute have a re- markable international cooperational network, but the aim is to extend these connections to institutional level. With the help of this newly launched annual, foreign historians and readers will be able to gain insight into the research work of the scholars and colleagues of the Institute of History [...] On the other hand, this yearbook wishes to address not only professional historians and scholars, but also the average readers interested in history. The intention is to competently present Hungarian national history to foreigners. First of all, we regard it important that, due to language barriers, Hungarian history is not very much known even for foreign experts. Secondly, the change of the political sys- tem in Hungary undergone in the last decade, and consequently a more open way of thinking makes it possible to publish the results of our research about the history of Hungary as well as other countries and nations. Our special Central- East European and Hungarian research attitude may contribute to the investiga- tion of world history and may also help in solving certain historical problems." It is in connection with the "was it worth it?" question that the exclamation "we have lived to see it!" gains a special meaning. Yes, we have lived to see it, and it was worth the effort, and our hopes have been realized. There is no reason to feel ashamed. It cannot be denied that the historians of Szeged have shown their work to the world and have been assessed. It is a fact that the volumes of the Chronica can be found on the shelves of the major libraries of the world. It is a fact that this representative publication carries considerable scholarly values. It is a fact that the Chronica has a special barter value. It is a fact 3 LAJOS KÖVÉR that the Chronica has become integral part of the international relations of the his- torians of Szeged. Its strength and in a way its peculiar weakness lie in the fact that it is pub- lished in Szeged. Its strength is that it has proved that the staff of the Institute of History at the University of Szeged made their way even on international ground. With a fashionable and trite phrase of our age: we are competitive and marketa- ble. This is the result of the Chronica's decade, and it is also the token of its future. Besides the words of praise demanded by the jubilee, we also need to find an answer to the question: how to go on. It is a commonplace that the past has a pe- culiar significance for historians. The Chronica's strength and in a way its peculiar weakness lie in the fact that it is rooted in Szeged - we said above. The task, one element of the answer to the question of how to go on, has thus already been given. How can we improve on its weakness? We should open up from provincial- ism, from its Szeged-rootedness and through this opening up the scholarly prod- uct of our significant international relations can get publicity in the Chronica. This lays new tasks on Zsolt Hunyadi who has been doing the arduous job of editing our journal for ten years and Andrea Kökény who has joined him recently. The next volumes are to present the first moves in this direction proving that the val- ues of the past oblige us while we also have to meet new challenges and carry out new and new tasks. What gives rise to optimism is the fact that one of the keys to these tasks at the University of Szeged is in good hands, it is in the hand of the staff of the Institute of History. Lajos Kövér Head of Institute 4 The White and Black Hungarians SÁNDOR LÁSZLÓ TÓTH This study tries to solve a mystery of early Hungarian (Magyar) history; namely the problem of who the White and Black Hungarians were, why they were named so, where they lived and where their territories were. This problem can be connected to the general problem of color symbols in the early Middle Ages,1 es- pecially in the ninth-eleventh centuries, when some sources refer to White or Black Ugrians/Hungarians. First we shall evaluate the sources, then the different hy- potheses about them and, finally, formulate a new possible approach. The few sources on White and Black Hungarians are from the eleventh-twelfth century. The earliest sources are the two reports of Bruno of Querfurt (c. 974- 1009), who was a German/Saxon missionary bishop/archbishop. He spent sever- al years in Hungary during the early reign of the first Hungarian king, Saint Ste- phen (997/1000-1038), and tried to convert the pagan Hungarians. His mission- ary activity began in 1003 and ended between 1004 and 1008. Later Bruno visited Poland, Russia (Rus), he went to the Pechenegs and the Prussians, and suffered martyrdom in March 1009.2 Bruno of Querfurt may be identified with a certain monk named Boniface, who performed missionary work at the lower parts of Hungary in this period.3 He was a prolific writer. In his work about the Polish hermits (written around 1006-1008) entitled Vita quinque fratrum eremitarum he made a personal remark: "neglecting the Prussians, where because of the new 1 L. de Saussure, "Le systeme cosmologique Sino-Iranien," Journal Asiatique 202 (1923), 235-297; for the color symbols H. Ludat, "Farbenzeichnungen in Völkernamen," Saeculum 4 (1953), 138-155; O. Pritsak, "Orientirung und Farbsymbolik," Saeculum 5 (1954), 377-383. 2 D. H. G. Voigt, Brun von Querfurt. Stuttgart 1907; G. Thoroczkay, in Az államalapítás ko- rának írott forrásai. [The Written Sources of the Foundation of the Hungarian State] ed. Gy. Kristó, Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár 15, Szeged 1999, (henceforth: ÁKÍF) . 78-79. 3 For the activity of Boniface, see Legenda S. Stephani regis maior, in E. Szentpétery (ed.), Scriptores rerum Hungaricarum I-II. (henceforth: SRH), Budapestini 1937-1938.