DEVELOPMENT SURVEYS OF IN THE LOWER FRASER

Department of Fisheries of c , B.c. CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION l

VEDDER- RIVER 3

STAVE RIVER 10

CHEHALIS RIVER 13

HARRISON RIVER 17 ,, WAHLEACH REACH 22

NORRISH CREEK-INCHES CREEK 25

NICOMEN SLOUGH 29

ADDITIONAL CHUM SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS 32

PRIORITY OF RECOMMENDED DEVELOP:MENT WORK 32

APPENDIX A - MAPS OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS

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List of -Figures

1. Location Map of the System.

2. The Vedder-Chilliwack River System.

3. The Stave River System.

4. The Chehalis River System. 5. The Harrison River System. , 6. Wahleach Reach.

7. The No,rrish Creek System. •

8. Nicomen Slough.

9. The Harrison and Chehalis River Chum Salmon Spawning Areas.

10. The Stave River Chum Salmon Spawning Areas. ·FRASER RIVER SURVEYS

INTRODUCTION

The chum salmon stocks in have declined drastically in the last one-quarter century. For example, in 1941 over 920,000 cases of chums were packed while in 1960 the catch~E only 87,000 cases. There has been some improvement in the last four years which may have resulted from stringent regulations placed on the fishery

in the late 1950 1 s. ~, ot all chum salmon stocks have .)....,..,~...-- responded and .in such cases it is believed the environment is responsible for a relatively low egg-to-fry survival The chum salmon streams contributing to the Johnstone Strait and Fraser River fisheries may be in this position. In view of the success of the Big Qualicum River project in increasing the survival of chum salmon spawn the Department commenced surveys of watersheds contributing chums to the Johnstone Strait and Fraser River areas in order to determine methods of development which may be applied to increase the abundance of this species. The first surveys were undertaken in late 1964 and early 1965 in the lower Fraser River. This report makes recommendations as a result of those surveys. The Fraser River area was given first priority because evidence of damage to spawning areas exists and the stocks are largely responsible for the success of two fisheries. It is anticipated that streams located on Vancouver Island from Cowichan to Campbell River and on the ' ... -2-

mainland from Howe Sound to Bute Inlet will be surveyed by < ) the end of ~ Possible projects for fisheries development in the Fraser River area The preliminary surveys indicated that fresh water survival could be enhanced by undertaking development projects on ~ major river systems and on three minor ones. The four major systems include the Chilliwack, Harrison? Chehalis and Stave and these were selected for detailed studies for the following reasons: 1. The native stocks are of such a magnitude as to make possible significant increases in the abundance of fry; 2. Various practices carried out in regard to flood control, dredging, hydro power and logging have been found to produce excessive mortality during incubation; 3. The average discharges are adequate to provide water /. for ins tall a ti on of auxiliary channels if required. ,I . H .. : .5(" The minor streams include Norrish-Inches, Nicomen Slough, and f bi.;/• j Wah.leach Reach (Figure 1). r fc-c.:a. fl,.'-.__"Jt.., ~ The watersheds mentioned above are described in the following sections along with recommendations for development projects on each system. Photographs are included at the end of each section • ..

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. VEDDER-CHILLIWACK RIVER ( General Description The Chilliwack- is the largest tributary entering the Fraser River from the south between Hope and the sea (Figure 2). The river rises in Chilliwack , which has a surface area of 3000 acres and an elevation of 2030 feet, and flows for 37 miles to join the Fraser River 50 miles east of Vancouver. The drainage area of the river above Vedder Crossing is mainly mountainous and contains approximately 468 square miles, of which 164 square miles lies within the State of . From to Vedder Crossing, a distance of some 28 miles, the stream is known as the Chilliwack River and is confined in a narrow valley. The water surface gradient in this reach is ~ constant and falls an average of seven - feet per 1000 feet. Several major tributaries flow into the river in this area, however, Sweltzer Creek, which drains

Cul1tus Lake, is the only one that supports a run of chum salmon. The river below Vedder Crossing is known locally as the Vedder River and in the first four miles of its course it flows on its old and drops an average of four feet per - 1000 feet. Extensive gravel deposits exist in this area and substantial quantities have been removed by the Municipality of , Chilliwack, Yarrow Freightways and numerous individuals. A request for a Ministerial Order to regulate gravel removal operations is presently being considered. For the last five -4-

miles of its course, the Vedder River is confined between dykes ( and flows across the former flood plain of the Fraser River. The gradient in this reach is low and this has resulted in a considerable amount of silt being deposited in this area. The only tributary of the Vedder River is the which drains adjacent farm land. Chilliwack River and its tributaries has been recommended as a good source of water for domestic purposes to serve the expanding metropolis of the Lower Mainland. A conditional water licence was issued in 1954 to divert 100,000 gallons per day from Liumchen Creek and an application, which has been held in abeyance, was made in 1949 to divert 2,000,000 gallons per day from Tamihi Creek. There has been no further action taken to date in regards to these water licences. Several small diversions have, however, been made from the Chilliwack-Vedder River for domestic and irrigation purposes, the largest of which is the domestic water supply for the village of Yarrow. Extensive logging operations have been undertaken in the watershed, however, present operations are limited. These operations are mainly responsible for a large accumulation of logs and debris in the river and for a log jam, four miles long, near the outlet of Chilliwack Lake. Logging operations and numerous forest fires have denuded many areas in the watershed and are probably the main causes of numerous flash floods reported in past years. The second growth of forest -5- cover is, however, making a good showing in the drainage area and it is anticipated that a more stable runoff will occur in the future. In recent years various agencies have undertaken studies and made attempts to control the river in order to prevent erosion and flooding in the lower reaches during freshet conditions. In 1952, the B.C. Department of Public Works drew up plans for the confinement of the Vedder River in a dyked channel from Vedder Canal to Vedder Crossing. No action was taken, however, on this project which was estimated to cost $500,000. Studies were undertaken by the Water Resources Investigation Branch, Department of Lands and Forests, and this resulted in the publi~ation of a report in May, 1957 entitled "Flood Control and Hydroelectric Power on the Chilliwack River". Briefly, this report envisages a dam at the outlet of Chilliwack Lake for flood control and storage for hydroelectric power and a power tunnel from the lake to a downstream powerhouse near Nesakwatch Creek. A second diversion of the water at Chipmunk Creek would take part of the flow by tunnel to a powerhouse on the Fraser River. Complete flood control would be achieved by a storage dam between Tamihi and Borden Creeks. There has been no further action taken, however, on this proposal. T9-e Municipality of Chilliwack has undertaken a considerable amount of flood control work in the past several years, particularly in the area between the B.C. Electric bridge , I , ' I and Vedder Crossing. It has endeavoured to restrict the river iJ~ -6-

to one channel by a combination of constructing dykes and by deepening the river bottom. Present work, however, is confined mainly to dyking and riprapping. Three major side channels on the left bank and several minor channels on the right bank c;Yt:--<---/ r I {,?'.-.. " .. ,,"r.. ,. have been blocked offr as a result of dyke construction. Seepage water now accounts for most of the flow in these channels and the volume is dependent on the stage of the river. Surveys are presently being undertaken by the Provincial Water Resources Service with regard to flood control on the Vedder-Chilliwack River. This is in conjunction with recent) announcement (Feb. 6, 1965) that a joint flood control program would be undertaken on this river by the federal and provincial governments. The cost of this development work has been estimated to be $500,000. The average discharge of the Chilliwack River at Vedder Crossing over a period of 26 years was 2350 cfs and the extreme recorded discharge are as follows: daily maximum, 29 December, 1917, 27,000 cfs; minimum, 30 November, 1952, 280 cfs. Spawning populations The Vedder-Chilliwack River is a major salmon spawning stream in the lower Fraser River valley. Up to 1945, peak- . year spawning stocks of chum salmon were recorded in the range of 70,000 - 110,000. Average populations were in the order of 40,000. Since that date the abundance has been roughly one-half of these estimates. (A tag and recovery program for enumeration purposes was recently undertaken by the Fish Culture Development -7-

•. Branch and this has resulted in population estimates ranging from 25 to 50 percent higher than those obtained by visual means).

'. , sometimes numbering close to one-quarter million fish, utilize the stream for spawning in odd-numbered years. Coho and chinook salmon, and steelhead trout also utilize the stream for spawning. The Cultus Lake sockeye run migrates through the Vedder River en route to their spawning grounds. Spawning distribution The major chum salmon spawning takes place between the upper end of Vedder Canal and the mouth of Liumchen Creek, a distance of some six miles. A large portion of this spawning occurs in several side channels between the B.C. Electric bridge and Vedder Crossing (Figure 2). Chum salmon were reported recently to have spawned in a low velocity area immediately upstream from a log jam near the outlet of Chilliwack Lake. An important chum salmon population also spawns in Sweltzer Creek. In former years the area between the B.C. Electric bridge and Vedder Crossing was utilized extensively by pink salmon. In recent years, however, most of the pink salmon have spawned in the upper reaches of this system. Possible factors limiting production Much loss has resulted to the chum stocks by the continual course change in the river which has left many seeded -8- beds high and dry. Serious loss has also occurred as a result of scouring of the spawning beds, gravel removal operations, and the blockage of side channels by the construction of dykes for flood control purposes. In the latter case, an inadequate water supply to these channels is now limiting production. Recommendations

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of are a- be twe.:e'l'l=li.B •- .l-e·e tci-e:--h-r-j;dge-a:n d Y::e:dde-r...- e ro s s i.ng • (2) Initial development work be undertaken in the area between the B.C. Electric bridge and Vedder Crossing. This area has been subjected to the greatest abuse in the past and the majority of the chum stocks to this system spawn here. The river gradient and the abundance of gravel deposits are favourable for ~ development work in this area. (3) Development work be undertaken on the three major side channels located on the left bank which have recently been blocked off by the construction of dykes. This would entail the following items: (a) construction of adequate intakes at upper end of channels; (b) reconstruction of the channel to proper grade and the addition of spawning gravel; (c) construction of dykes to protect the above work. (4) Future development work be considered on the side channels on the right bank between the B.C. Electric bridge and -9-

Vedder Crossing, and in the area between Vedder Crossing and Liurnchen Creek. The presence of spawning chum salmon in the upper reaches of this system indicates that improvements to main stem spawning could be made over an extended area of the Chilliwack River. VEDDER RIVER, Dec. 2 1 1964 View of Vedder River from a location on the left bank approximately one mile below Vedder Crossing (

VEDDER RIVER, Dec. 2 1 1964 Typical view of gravel deposits in lower reaches of Vedder River "'

VEDDERRIVER - Dec. 2, 1964 View of top end of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River above Ford Road "

VEDDERRIVER - Nov. 12, 1964 View of dyke across top end of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River between Brown and Ford Roads

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VEDDER RIVER - Dec. 2, 1964 View of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River above Ford Road

VEDDER RIVER - Dec. 2, 1964 View of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River immediately below Hopedale Road Note: Flow discharging through culvert ""\

VEDDERRIVER - Nov. 12, 1964 View of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River between Hopedale and Brown Roads

.... VEDDER RIVER - Dec. 2, 1964 View of lower end of blocked side channel on left bank of Vedder River between Hopedale Road and B.C.E. Bridge

VEDDER RIVER - Dec. 2, 1964 View of lower end of blocked side channel on right bank of Vedder River - 10-

STAVE RIVER

.General description The Stave River is a large tributary of the Fraser River and flows in from the north approximately 40 miles above Steveston (Figure 3). The river system was developed a number of years ago for hydroelectric power and is now under the control of the B.C. Hydro and Power Authority. The development includes a diversion from the adjacent Alouette River watershed and two hydroelectric plants on the Stave River, namely Ruskin Dam and Stave Falls Dam, which are located li miles and 3i miles respectively from the Fraser River. Each dam is 130 feet high and no fish facilities were incorporated in either structure. The plants are operated according to power demand and thus considerable fluctuations in daily discharges are common. The drainage area ot the river above Ruskin Dam, including the diversion, is 456 square miles. The water discharged from the Ruskin Dam is clear and - under most conditions is drawn from subsurface intakes and therefore is relatively cool. The river below the dam flows on the we.at side of the valley and the gradient in the upper reach is moderate and decreases rapidly as it approaches the Fraser River. The water levels in the lower half of the stream are affected by the stage of the Fraser River, which is dependent upon discharge and height of tides. The upper Stave River area consists of one main channel and several side channels located -11-

i-n a wide flood plain with extensive gravel deposits throughout. An area of some 300 acres on the east side of the valley has been impounded as a part of a residential development to a depth of approximately three feat (Figure 10). A fishway was constructed in the outlet stream to bypass to this area.

Spawning populations /"' / I :'1. ) I From 1936 to 1959 the chum populations ranged up to

101 000 with an average of 2500. The stocks in the last five brood years have averaged approximately 15,000 fish. 1/f .~r,ji,rt1 { I l' , Pink salmon are present only in the odd-numbered years and theirabundance is similar to that of chum salmon. Spawning distribution Chum spawning is fairly well distributed in the upper l r•~vre 1c) half of that area between Ruskin Dam and the Fraser River. Pink salmon spawn in this same general area. Possible factors limiting production The considerable fluctuations in discharge have no doubt a detrimental effect on . the chum salmon runs to this system. During periods of high discharge serious scouring of some spawning beds has been reported. In low flow periods certain

side channels are isolated and this pr--0b:ab1~ results in a desiccation of spawn and stranding of emerged fry. Recomrnenda tions (1) Topographical maps be reproduced from aerial photos of entire area of Stave River from Ruskin Dam to the Fraser River. -12-

(2) The Department approach B.c. Hydro and Power Authority with regard to the operation of the Ruskin hydro­ electric installation in order to obtain better environmental conditions during the spavming and incubation period of the

, I salmon. l I .-- t f ~ I. ' ~ :),,. -I ~- I (3) Initially, the construction of a controlled flow spawning channel on the right bank immediately below the powerhouse. (4) Construction of a controlled flow spawning channel on the left bank when spawning area becomes the limiting factor ' to production. ( , , · · STAVE RIVER - January 19, 1965 View of Stave River immediately below-Ruskin Dam

STAVE RIVER - March 9, 1965 View of upper end of left bank channel STAVE RIVER - Jan. 19, 1965 View of Stave River immediately below Ruskin Darn STAVE RIVER March 9, 1965 View of lower end of right bank channel (

STAVE RIVER March 9, 1965 View of top end of right bank channel CHEHALIS RIVER

General description The Chehalis River, which drains an area of 148 square miles is a major tributary of the Harrison River and flows in from the north approximately three miles upstream from Harrison Mills (Figures 4 and 9). .. The river rises in Chehalis Lake, which is situated at the 720 foot elevation and has a surface area of approximately 1650 acres, and flows for some nine miles in the mountainous region. The water surface gradient in this reach is evenly distributed and steep, falling approximately 15 feet per 1000 feet. Several tributaries flow into the Chehalis River in this

section, the largest o~ which is Statlu Creek. From where it emerges from the mountains to its mouth, a distance of some three miles, the river flows in a delta area. The water surface gradient in the upper part of this reach is moderate and decreases rapidly as it approaches the Harrison River. The river is relatively wide and unstable and extensive silting and course change have been reported in past years. There are numerous channels in the delta area, the largest of which is the Old Chehalis River channel. A I • ~~ t.4,• ~. ;f t---.~· I< ;.*· ' • tv ,good flow ·is maintained to this channel as a result of seepage from the main river, however, during freshet conditions the flow is substantially increased by surface runoff resulting in some silting and erosion taking place. Large-scale logging operations have been undertaken in the upper watershed in recent years and this has probably contributed to the unstable condition of the river- The extreme recorded discharges of the Chehalis River are as follows: maximum, 6 January, 1914, 22,000 second­ feet; minimum, 7 September, 1914, 120 second-feet. A park reserve has recently been placed on the right bank of the Chehalis River immediately downstream of the Morris Valley Road bridge. Spawning populations The Chehalis River is one of four major chum spawning streams tributary to the Fraser River. Average populations r from 1934 to 1963 approximated 30,000 fish, maximum ones were ' in the range of 50,000 - 100,000. Present abundance is equal JI to the long-term average. Pink salmon is also a very important species. Greater than 100,000 spawners were observed in the mid 1940's and from 10,000 to 100,000 from 1947 to 1955. The last four broods were estimated to be in the range of 7000 - 12,000. Coho and chinook salmon, and steelhead trout also utilize the river for spawning. The maximum coho populations were in the range of 10,000 - 20,000. Spawning distribution The chum spawning areas are located in the lower reaches of the Chehalis River (Figure 9). Extensive spawning takes place close to the extreme right bank of the river near its -15- mouth. Reports indicate that chum salmon immediately utilize new areas in this location after removal of the overburden. Spring water is evident along the shoreline and this may be v instrumental in the preference of the salmon for this area. The old Chehalis River channel also accommodates a large number of chum salmon. Several side channels located on the right bank of the main stream are utilized to a smaller extent. Pink salmon, for the most part, spawn in the areas utilized by the chum salmon. Possible factors limiting production Major losses have occurred to the salmon populations in the main channel as a result of extensive erosion and scouring of the spawning beds and changes in stream course during freshet conditions. Losses in the side channels can possibly be attributed to a number of factors including superimposition in some years due to the lack of spawning area, silting and fluctuations in discharge. Recommendations (1) Topographical maps be reproduced from aerial photos of the entire delta area below the Morris Valley Road bridge. (2) Stream improvement work be undertaken in the old Chehalis River channel. (3) Studies be made to determine the source and quantity v of underground seepage on the right bank mentioned above where -16-

heavy spawning is reported to take place, and the feasibility of utilizing these flows to provide additional spawning area. (4) Construction of a spawning channel in the area on the right bank of the Chehalis River. The intake would be located near the park reserve (Figure 9), and the channel would extend downstream to the general area where the river makes a sharp bend to the west. It is anticipated that this channel would acconnnodate all the main stem spawners. (5) A recording gauge be installed in the old Chehalis River channel to determine if the discharges are compatible with salmon· survival. (6) Investigate the possibilities of a partial flow control proJect on the Chehalis River.

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CHEHALIS RIVER - March 5, 1965 Several views of Old Chehalis River channel CHEHALIS RIVER - Mar. 5, 1965 View of Chehalis River immediately below Morris Va lley Road Bri dge

CHEHALIS RIVER _- Mar. 5, 1965

View of seepage ~ rea on ( lower right bank of Chehalis River. (Photo Position B - Figure 9)

CHEHALIS RT~ER - Mar. 5/65 View of typical seepag e stream on lower right b ank of Chehalis River. (Note: Heavy spawning is reported in these areas)

I CHEHALIS RIVER_- March 5, 1965 View of the Chehalis River Flats (Photo Position A - Figure 9)

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HARRISON RIVER

General description The Harrison River watershed (Figures 5 and 9) encompasses an area of 3160 square miles and lies between the Coast and Cascade Ranges. It has high winter and sllillmer pre­ cipitation and correspondingly high runoffs.

The Harrison River is the largest tributary of the F~ ser River below Hope and flows in from the north some 70 miles ~bove Steveston. It rises in Harrison Lake, which has a surface area of 56,000 acres, and flows for approximately 11 miles before joining the Fraser River near Harrison Mills. The water surface gradient of the Harrison River is extremely low. During periods of high water in the Fraser River the water surface drop is only two feet and during low flow periods the maximum drop is ll.4 feet or approximately .2 feet per 1000 feet. Most of this drop is concentrated in a rapids section which is located approximately It miles upstream from the Lougheed Highway bridge. The Chehalis River is the largest tributary of the Harrison River. Smaller tributaries include .Squakum and Morris Creeks. The area on the right bank between Morris Creek and the Chehalis River is low and swampy and most of it is located on Indian Reserve. A number of sloughs, which lead in from the Harrison River, are located in this area. The main source of water to the sloughs is probably from seepage from the main -18-

.Chehalis River. It has been reported that the slough areas never freeze despite severe temperature conditions. Extensive logging operations are being undertaken in the Harrison River watershed, in particular in the Lillooet River valley where the logs are hauled by truck to Harrison Lake, The logs are then towed down Harrison Lake and the Harrison River to markets downstream. A considerable amount of dredging has been undertaken in the Harrison River by the Department of Public Works to facilitate log towing. Studies have been undertaken for the purposes of developing the Harrison River system for flood control. The plans called for the construction of a dam near the outlet of Harrison Lake and a second dam on the lower end of the Lillooet River. This proposal has not been considered further, however, in subsequent studies. The Fraser River Dredging Company of New Westminster, . B.C., has under lease two areas totalling 273 acres on the left bank of the Harrison River near the Lougheed Highway bridge for the purpose of quarring sand and gravel. It is not known what amount of material has been removed to date. Numerous beaver dams are reported each year in the slough areas and these are removed prior to the arrival of the chum salmon. Some improvement work was undertaken in several slough areas in 1964 in the form of bulldozing silt and debris from the bottom of the channels and exposing spawning gravel. This work was subsequently reported to be very successful in that relatively large numbers of chum salmon spawned in these areas. -1.9-

The nattiral storage inherent in Harrison Lake stabilizes the discharge for that system. The average discharge in a period of 10 years was 15,700 cfs. The extreme recorded discharges are as follows: daily maximum, 12 June, 1956, 56,300 cfs; instantaneous minimum, 1 P.M., 29 February, 1956, 2220 cfs. Spawning populations The Harrison River is a very important salmon producing stream ~ith all species being present. The chum populations have been mainly estimated in the range of 20,000 - 50,000. Pink salmon is the most abundant species but appear only in the odd-numbered years. Up to the year 1955, the number of pink salmon averaged approximately 60~000. However, since that time the populations have been at higher levels, reaching a peak of 645,000 fish in 1963. Sockeye, chinook, and coho salmon are also represented by significant numbers of spawners. Spawning distribution The principal spawning areas are located on the right bank of the Harrison River between Morris Creek and the Chehalis River and also in the .sloughs (See Figure 9). Minor spawning areas are located in various side channels of the Harrison River. Possible factors limiting production The most serious threat to the chum salmon stocks in the Harrison River is probably the dredging program being -20- undertaken by the Department of Public Works. In addition to damage caused to existing spawning grounds and the reduction of spawning areas by the deposition of dredged material there is the possibility that water levels in existing side channels and slough areas could be lowered if dredging is permitted to continue. Lower water levels may limit the existing spawning areas and result in mortalities to the spawn in the gravel by freezing. In the extreme case lower water levels may leave some areas completely dry. Fluctuations in flow of the Harrison River may limit the egg-to-fry survival. For example, a survey conducted on March 5, 1965 showed that several side channels on the right bank of the Harrison River were dry despite a relatively high discharge of 7660 cfs. This discharge corresponded to Harrison Lake elevation of 30.5 feet and a river elevation at Harrison Mills of 19.85 feet. The minimum recorded lake elevation and river elevation at Harrison Mills is 27.45 feet and 16.24 feet respectively. High mortalities arising from dessication could thus be anticipated to the eggs and alevins in the gravel. Recommendations (1) Topographical maps be reproduced from aerial photos of the Harrison River and side channels and slough areas. (2) Protection of the Harrison River from further destruction as follows: (a) discussion of policy with Public Works in -21-

regard to dredging; (b) observe log drives and determine the effects on t he s almon runs . (3) Studies be initiated in the slough areas and side channels regarding the effects of water levels on spawning distribution and survival. (4) Provisions be made for an adequate water supply at all times in the side channels on the right bank. (5) Groundwater studies be undertaken to determine the source of underground water to slough areas. If an adequate supply is available then consideration be given to constructing additional channels, or extending and improving existing areas. H.8,RRISON RIVER March 8, 1965 View of entrance to left bank channel (Photo Position C Figure 9)

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J!ARRISON RIVER March 8, 1965 View of upper end of main left bank channel (Note numerous gravel ridges) (Photo Position D Figure 9) (

HARRISON RIVER March 9, 1965 View of left bank channel looking towards the right bank (Photo Position E Figure 9) ' -

HARRISON RIVE~ -, March 5, 1965 View or upper right bank channel looking upstream near lower end (Photo Position F - Figure 9)

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HARRISON R~VER - March 5, 1965 View looking upstream of upper right bank channel (Photo Position G - Figure 9)

HARRISON RIVER - March 5, 1965 View looking towards top end of upper right bank channel (Photo Position H - Figure 9) -22-

WAHLEACH REACH

General description Wahleach Reach is a five mile long, low gradient side channel on the south side of the Fraser River. It is located approximately 80 miles above Steveston near Cheam View (Figures 1 and 6). The Wahleach Creek system was developed in 1952 for hydroelectric power and is now under the control of B.C. Hydro and Power Authority. This development included the diversion of water from Wahleach Lake to a powerhouse located near Wahleach Reach. The flow in Wahleach Reach is governed by the stage of the Fraser River as well as the outflow from Wahleach powerhouse · which is located approximately 3/4 mile from the upper end of the reach. The discharge from the powerhouse is dependent upon power demand and maintenance work that may be required on the hydroelectric installation. A smaller channel of Wahleach Reach, approximately one mile long, is known as the Tailrace Section and originates .at the powerhouse outflow. The main source of water to this section, except during Fraser River freshets, is discharge from the powerhouse. The water discharged from the powerhouse is clear lake water as opposed to the silty waters of the Fraser River and therefore is suitable to incubation of salmon spawn. Several small creeks flow into the "Tailrace Section" and during periods of high runoff they deposit significant -23-

amounts of fine material in this channel. The Fraser River also flows into this section in several places during freshet conditions. Gravel deposits that appear ideal for spawning purposes are numerous throughout Wahleach Reach including the "Tailrace Section". The Department of Highways has removed a considerable amount of gravel from bars near the upper end of the reach for road construction. Wahleach Reach area has recently been surveyed to determine the feasibility of log storage. Plans would presumably call for dredging the entire length of the reach. It is not known what party or parties are interested in this proposal. Spawning populations The chum salmon spawning populations have been enumerated here since 1961 by a tag and recovery program. The maximum number of fish has been in the order of 8000. Some pink salmon may also use this area but their abundance is unknown at this time. Spawning distribution Most of the chum spawning takes place in a two-mile section immediately below the powerhouse, including the "Tailrace Section''. Possible factors limiting production The principal factor limiting production in Wahleach Reach is probably the inconsistency of the water supply. As mentioned above, during periods of low stage in the Fraser -24-

River the flow in the channel is at a minimum. In addition, the flow from the powerhouse may not be reliable during certain periods. The material deposited in the "Tailrace Section" by tributary creeks is also a serious factor limiting production. Recommendations {l) Topographical maps be reproduced from aerial photos of entire area. {2) The Department contact B.C. Hydro and Power Authority with regard to the operation of the hydroelectric plant to determine if an adequate flow can be maintained during the chum spawning and incubation periods. (3) Development work in ..Wahleach Reach be initially undertaken in the "Tailrace Section". {4) Construction of an adequate intake at the upper end of the 11 Tailrace Section" to control the flow into the channel. Provisions should also be made for the addition of Fraser River water in event of powerhouse shutdown during critical periods. Further work may include reconstruction of the nTailrace Section" to proper grade; the addition of good spawning gravel; construction of several dykes along the ba~ks of the channel to prevent Fraser River water from entering; and the construction of a flood channel to bypass all flows from tributary creeks. (.5 f"" Development work on the main channel of Wahleach Reach be considered at some future date. (

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WAHLEACH REACH - Novembe r 12, 1964 View of Wah1each Reach immediately below 11 lower end ."' of "Tailrace Section · (Photo Position A - Figure 6) ,.....

WAHLEACH REACH November 12, 1964 View of powerhouse outflow and top end of "Tailrace Section" during high water conditions

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WAHLEACH REACH -·April 7, 1965 View of powerhouse outflow channel during low water conditions (Note - main channel of Wahleach Reach in background) (Photo Position B - Figure 6)

WAHLEACH REACH April 7, 1965 ,Yiew of powerhouse outflow and top end of "Tailra,ce Section" during low water conditions (Photo Position C - Figure 6) ·(

WAHLEACH REACH - .Nov. 12, 1964 View of "Tailrace Section" looking downstream near lower end of channel (

WAHLEACH REACH - Dec. 2, 1964 View looking downstream at upper end of "Tailrace .Section" !

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( WAHLEACH REACH - March 10, 1965 Vi ews of 11 Ta ilra ce Section" looking upstream

Note: Ma terial deposited in chann el by tributary ereeks --25-

NORRISH (SUICIDE) CREEK

General description Norrish Creek has a drainage area of approximately 45 square .miles and flows from the north into Nicomen Slough •· 1· which in turn flows into the Fraser River near Dewdney (Figure 7). The river flows for 11 miles in the mountainous region where it is confined to a steep, narrow valley. The water surface gradient in this reach is very steep. Several major tributaries flow into Norrish Creek including Dickson Creek which drains Dickson Lake. The river flows for approximately two miles from where it emerges from the mountains to Nicomen Slough. The streambed in this area is comprised mainly of coarse gravel. The water surface gradient is relatively steep in the upper part of this reach and decreases rapidly as it approaches Nicomen Slough. The river formerly flowed in the flood channel as indicated on Figure 7. In recent years the river cut new courses into Nicomen Slough and the former flood channel is now utilized only during freshet conditions. Inches Creek, a l! mile long seepage channel of Norrish

Creek, is located immediately to the w~st of the main river and flows into the flood channel. A discussion on this stream is given below because of its significant contribution to salmon production in this system.

Norrish Creek has been subjected to extreme freshets •26-

~n recent years and this has probably been a result, to some extent, of extensive logging operations undertaken in the watershed. Discharge measurements of Norrish Creek were commenced in 1959 and the extreme recorded discharges are as follows: instantaneous maximum, 10:30 A.M., 15 January, 1961, 9800 cfs; daily minimum, 13 August, 1960, 280 cfs. The Corporation of the District of Mission recently obtained a water licence to divert 5 cfs of water from Norrish Creek for domestic purposes. However, it is anticipated that this will not be developed until about 1975. The proposed point of diversion has not been established but it will be somewhere between elevation 475 and 550 feet, approximately 3! miles upstream from the C.P.R. bridge. Spawning populations Chum salmon populations in the range of 2000 - 5000 appeared on four occasions prior to and including 1946. Since that time the spawning stocks have been largely in the range of 100 - 300. The largest pink salmon population was in the order of 5000 - 10,000 fish and occurred in 1945· Since 1947 no more than 300 pinks have utilized the stream in any one year. Coho salmon number up to 500 fish and therefore is the most abundant species at this time. .Steelhead trout in the order of 100 - 300 also utilize the stream. Spawning distribution . The chum spawning areas are located in the extreme lower -27- reaches of the river. Possible factors limiting production The principal factor limiting production in this river is probably the unstable water condition of the stream. Flash floods, which occur mainly in the period from November to February, inclusive, have probably resulted in destroying spawn through shifting of the gravel. Recommendations (1) Topographical maps be reproduced from aerial photos of the lower reaches of Norrish Creek.

(2) Construction of controlled flow spawning channels in the area adjacent to Inches Creek. INCHES CREEK General description Inches Creek water source is mainly seepage from Norrish Greek and is located immediately to the west· of that stream. - .. It flows for approximately 1000 feet above and 2000 feet below the Canadian Pacific Railroad and enters the present flood channel of Norrish Creek approximately one mile above Nicomen Slough (figure 7). Inches Creek is a pool and riffle type stream and through farm land. Several small tributaries exist in the lower 2000 feet. Beaver dams are common in Inches Creek and these are removed prior to each year's chum salmon run. The flow in Inches Creek is relatively stable. During freshet conditions, however, the flow in Inches Creek is -28- substantially increased by surface runoff from Norrish Creek. Spawning populations Most churn salmon populations have been estimated in the 500 - 1000 range although from 2000 - 5000 are not unusual. Pink salmon, which number a maximum of 100 fish in the odd­ nurnbered years and coho salmon also frequent this stream. Spawning distribution

The chum salmon have been report~d to be well distri­ buted in the stream. Possible factors limiting production A main factor limiting production to the salmon runs is the livestock activity in the stream. This results in pollution of the stream and the destruction of the spawning beds. Recommendations

(l) The Department pu ~pase all property bordering

Inches Creek. . ~ (2) Restrict livestock activity from the area.

(3) The addition of good spawning grave to certain'" . areas of the stream.

(4) Consideration be g~v·en · to ohi[ining a higher

'(ti,..\ discharge of sub-surface water arid enlarging the present ' -~·

\ 'I·

-~-· · ~ :··.· .,i;- ,.. (

I NCHES CREEK March 11,. 1964 View of of Inches Creek and flood chann.el of Norri sh Creek •

...,.

I NCHES CREEK ~ March 11, 1965 View of typical section of Inches Creek NORRISH CREEK - Dec.l, 196Li.

View of Norrish Creek during freshet conditions immediately below the road bridg e

NORRISH CREEK - Ma rch 11, 1965

Views of Norrish Creek flood channel •29-

NICOMEN SLOUGH

General description .. Nicomen Slough is that body of water situated on the right bank of the Fraser River between Dewdney and Lake Errooh (Figure 8). It has a total length of nearly 12 miles and a varying width of 100 - 500 feet. Prior to 1937 it was a side channel of the Fraser River, however, the construction of Bell's Dam in that year at the upper end completely blocked off the inflow. A second dam, which was an extension of a dyke, was constructed in 1949, 3/4 mile below Bell's Dam in order to eliminate the inflow from another channel connected to the Fraser River. A small amount of seepage water through the lower dam accounts for the entire flow in the extreme upper end of Nicomen Slough. During high water conditions in the Fraser River water backs up into Nicomen Slough. The largest tributary of Nicomen Slough is Norrish Creek which flows in from the north approximately three miles from its lower end. Several smaller tributaries enter between Norrish Creek and the top end, the largest is Bell Creek which is located one mile below Bell's Dam. Two small channels formerly flowed into Nicomen Slough from the Fraser River, namely, Quaamitch and Zaitscullachan Sloughs and these have also been dyked at their upper ends. The bottom formation of Nicomen Slough is reported to be made up of gravel. However, during the years that the area -30- has been blocked off a considerable amount of silt has been deposited on the streambed, in many places to a depth of several feet. Considerable plant growth exists throughout Nicomen Slough. The gradient of the entire length of Nicomen Slough is very low, for example, a recent survey showed that in a distance of approximately 2! miles the river dropped 3.4 feet or approximately .25 feet per 1000 feet. There is only one existing water licence on Nicomen Slough and that is for irrigation purposes. The area between Dewdney Bridge and the Fraser River is utilized for log storing and navigation. This area was dredged, probably for navigational purposes, in 1958. Spawning populations A 10,000 - 20,000 chum population was estimated in 1934, however, since that time the majority of the populations have been in the 2000 - 5000 range. Minimum populations are in the order of 300 fish. Pink salmon appear in negligible numbers. A maximum of 500 - 1000 fish was recorded in 1945, however, in subsequent years the population has been in the 1 - 50 range. Up to 1000 coho salmon are present in some years. Spawning distribution The principal chum salmon spawning grounds are located in the upper reaches of the slough. Some spawning does, however, occur in small gravel bars throughout Nicomen Slough. -31-

Possible factors limiting production The main factor limiting production in Nicomen Slough is the lack of gradient and stream flow which combination results in plant growth and silt deposition. Recommendations (1) Topographical maps of area be reproduced from aerial photos of entire Nicomen Slough area. (2) Construction of an adequate intake at the lower dam in order to pass Fraser River water down Nicomen Slough. In conjunction with this recommendation, the dredging of a channel between this dam and the Fraser River so that adequate flows can be maintained in Nicomen Slough at all Fraser River stages. NICOMEN SLOUGH - January 19, 1965 View of Bell's Dam located at upper end of Nicomen Slough (Photo Position A - Figure 8)

r NICOMEN SLOUGH - December 2, 1964 . View of dyke across upper end of Nicomen Slough (Photo Position B - Figure 8) (

NICOMEN SLOUGH - Dec. 2, 1964 ( . View of Nicomen Slough above dyke

NICO MEN SLOUGH - Tiec. 2, 1964 View of Nicomen Slovgh below dyke -32-

ADDITIONAL CHUM SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS

Two other important chum salmon streams were inspected, namely, Sweltzer Creek and Squakum Creek. Both of these streams have been consistent producers in past years and there does not seem to be any need for development work on them at the present time. It has been recently reported, however, that poaching salmon in Squakum Creek is a frequent occurrence and in this regard it is recommended that the Department purchase the adjacent property and fence it off in order to restrict access to this area • . In addition to the aforementioned chum salmon streams, several minor chum spawning areas were inspected. These include the Coquitlam River, Alouette River, , Slough, 'l ) -L": '" - • "' Maria Slough, Hope Slough and Camp Slough. It is recommended

I that no developmen~ work be undertaken in these areas at the present time as· the problems that would have to be overcome are ·very complex before a substantial return to the fisheries can be realized.

PRIORITY OF RECOMMENDED DEVELOPMENT WORK

Development work on chum salmon spawning . streams in order to increase the abundance of this particular species should be . undertaken in the following order of' priority. A brief discussion on the merits of the proposed development work on each stream supporting this order is also included. ------

-33-

1. Vedder-Chilliwack River Development work on the Vedder-Chilliwack River was given top priority as it is anticipated that for relatively low cost the resultant benefits to the fisheries would be high. Furthermore, in recent years some of the spawning grounds and spawn have been destroyed and this no doubt has had a considerable effect on the abundance of present stocks. 2. Stave River Development work on the Stave River was given high priority as it is anticipated that a controlled flow spawning channel would make a significant increase to the runs to this system by eliminating present losses resulting from the extreme fluctuations in water levels. The silt free water is also an importantfactor in that the survival from egg to fry in the channel would be high and the maintenance to the channel would be low. Furthermore, the cost of developing a controlled flow channel on the right bank would be comparatively low as the excavation required would be a minimum. 3. Chehalis River Development work on the Chehalis River was given fairly high priority in order to reduce the significant losses that occasionally occur to the salmon stocks as a result of excessive scouring of the streambed and changes

' .... 34-

in stream course. It is anticipated that the runs to the Chehalis River could be increased significantly if controlled flow spawning grounds were provided. 4• Harrison River Development work on the Harrison River should be initially undertaken on the side channels on the right bank to ensure an adequate water supply during the incubation and emergence stages. Development work on the various slough areas eould be considered at some future date as the present stocks do not utilize all the available spawning area. Regardless of priority, close liaison should be maintained with the Department of Public Works regarding their dredging program and the resultant effects on the fisheries. Stream improvement work should be undertaken on an annual basis on the slough areas to ensure that adequate spawning grounds are available to the chum

_<;,l".,, , _salmon stocks o 5. Wahleach Reach Small chwn salmon populations frequenting this system, low stream gradient and the uncertainty of the water supply are factors responsible for the fairly low priority rating given to development work in Wahleach Reach. Development work can be considered, howe·'fer, if an adequate water supply is ensured from the powerhouse outflow. -35-

~. Norrish Creek Development work in the Norrish Creek area was recommended on the basis of the consistent productivity of Inches Creek in supporting a small but important run of churn salmon. It is felt that the construction of similar controlled flow spawning channels in this area would be beneficial. Regardless of priority. the Department should immediately purchase the property adjacent to Inches Creek in order to restrict livestock activity from the area. 7. Nicomen Slough Development work in Nicomen Slough was given low priority as there are numerous problems to overcome in order to provide an adequate spawning area for chum salmon. The recommended development work could• however. be undertaken at some future date. REACH

HOUSE

CH/LL/WACK

SCALE ABBOTSFORD 0 4 \l 12 MILES IE:::::::==:===tl====::::::E!==:==:3 CAN ADA -·-·- ·USA- ·- ·- · - ·- ·- ·-·- ·- ·-·-·- ·-·-·-·-· - --·- ·-·-·- ·- ·- ·-·-

J..n,_,h..~.,, ~ FIGURE Location map of ttre-· F--r-e-s-er R+ver---system I ' I

/' _..,..- - -- ' \. LEG END __ _ , I N CHUM SA LMON SPAWN ING AREAS ------DR,AINAGE AREA ( / SCALE I , 1/2 0 MILES ' ,/ I l I \ I \\ ...J L I -, r I / / / / - --- -.- -/ ,NADA HIGHWAY / .

I "--\ I \ ,/ / I ( ( \ I \ l I

\ I ___ ,_,,;, I } I ------~ -/ -- ) _,.,,,. / I' ./') \ ------...... _, \

'I - ,. \ ,,----:.--- ' '-.../' C'-1'! "'<"-t- ( I

i\ ....,,. "'0 ~ "'0 "Z ~ .. "' "" "'l>.,._ ~ "'---.., ~ EFfJ CE '{}, p/lL "-:i:. "' ""' "'"'.,._

~ ~ ~ ~ ".,, "'';.

~ ------...... --..... INTE RNATI ONAL BOUNDARY '------i ----~------r' I

Th~ v~rf rf ~r - r.hil l i1a1nrk LEGEND

CHUM SALMON \ ------Dfl_AINAGE I SCALE ( 1/2 0 \ i

' / /----~-' TRANS- CANADA HIGHWAY / . I / / ,/ ( \ \ I } ------.....___ ---- ______..;.-.. ___.,,,,,,..------~ ------/

/ / ,/ /

( I ! \ \ \ I I I \ \ ------'\ ------__ ___ .l_ ------.., ------7------!.. ~ '------'~N!T,!.0!!,A L B.£U~D,!R'L.- 1 \/otitior - f'hilli1&1nrlt / f \ \ \ \ )'" \~ I ' I. I I I ,/<' ' .... - - - I I - I ...... I ' I ~ ~ «:~ I Iv"? I c.i"

L. A K E ,· . s f /). v f: ' , y \ r ) ' \ \ . ~ /:\D / { _B_O_.- ~ I '-' ...... __,,/~ ..... ' \ ~ ... ,' .. . --~ \ \ I -. \ \ l ...... __ I - \ ~ \ . ' •' \._ ' -- I ,.- / . - .. .,\ ... ~'-· .. - "( .... \ . -- ' i .: \ ~ \'-. ·----- . -

The Stave River System / / / I /<' \ ' .... - -- I I \ I \ \ < DAM I ) ' ' ,.. ,... -- J. ~ I I / ·- !.. Q f /; /,: ( ) I f / I

I \ ~ -- I . / ' I ' ' ~ - / I ; I -- ' / I -' ' I I I - . --____)._), ) ·r---' \

I L A K E \ ( r -- rt>..;£ \. s W I NSLO W - I , ' I I :--, .· --~ _. ./, ,. ' )) '\ ' ' ~. I I " , ' ' " f \ '\ ~ l -. ' \ ·,,__ :,_ - // ...... ' - _ .. - - ~- -- ' ' ------\I - \ " ------~ ------/ " ( I SC A LE , l / e 0 2MILES .. - - ' ... ~ L .... - ~·..... ', . : -... ____ ,,,,..,,,.. / NOTE : :, ·; ----- _. See figure 10 for chum salmon spawn in g areas ' l I ---- - ~ ~. -· ------WATER SHED BOUNDARY

The Stave River System FIGURE 3 ------··---\ ---..__ ~ ------I ' --- ' ___ ( 1' ' / ------' - - - -· ·- )I ---r)\ , /, - -. / _.- · ~?

'.~ I ' ) / ' I l ' ,~ - ' / ,'

I I I I l \ ..>. \"}) Y'-i­ \ <.P \ ' ) I I I I Io ,~ l> · lo ~ l> I I ' \ I I I , I ' I I r ,I I ' \ H A RR IS O N LAKE I ' I \ I SC ALE \ \-5-.{t. 1"' 2 \)- II \. -- _,,,_, - - ..... __ _....--e HARRISON HOT SPRINGS \ \ ,,..-- '- I \ / --', I R OUN DAR I // CHEHALIS WATER SHED B y ,. AGASSIZ INDICATED IONVER FIGURECH UM SPAWNING \ 9 . \

The Chehali s- ~R~·iver:--:~~------System ------z C::::>- ~ ~ ( ~ ' ~ ' I "'--- ' I "\/ I ~ ' ' \>' ~ / ' '\$>' , ' I \ I I ' , ~- , , 0i / ' -_, ,,,. - .... - - ~ ' '1" ~ ~~ ,/ ~ / \.i' . -- .. ( ~ ,/ \ -,

\

' I I

/ 10)> 1z )> ~ Ii: I I ... ' I I I I I I ' I I I r I I 1 ' \ HA RRISON L AKE I I \ I SCA LE 1 \ ,~ \1'~ \)... I \ - - _,,,...... --, .,.---.HARRISON I -- HOT SPRINGS \ \ ' I --', I WATERSHED BOUNDARY ,. AGASS IZ NOTE CHEHALIS SPAWN ING AREAS INDICATED RIVER CHUM ON FIGURE 9 .

The Chehalis River Svstem FIGURE 4 r, ' "- __..---, \ - \ '------\ ----- ' / '-- ---" ( 1 ' I - --- I ~ \ \ (,~ "\.. _..r-'---- ' '\ ) / '--- , ...... ______,,... __ .../ "' \ '1 ,/' ( \ \ \ ' \ \

GREEN _L/ -- - - - .....______.... ,.---._ / \,__ _\ / \ \ . / "'- ___ _,/ \ ------'-.. I ./ - \ '- _,/ \ -, .. _.,,.- ' -- - \ \ \ /~--- '-../ \ \ \ \ __ _

\ .___, I

4Et:3 :::Ji:2=i;l:I' =:i:O==:==:==::=i4t=====i:B==:==:==:==i!l2 MIL ES

LEGEND A ------WATER SHED BOUNORY

NOTE . HARRISON RIVER CHUM SPAWNING AREAS INDICATED ON ACCOMPANYING SHEET

FIGUR E 5 The Harrison River System I ,/ ~ \ / I I \, \ ' '-----" l "' '/ ( / -- __ j '-----~

I I I I ' \ GREEN \ _/ __,, , ,..--- , "'' L ------______I \ ---- -\ \ ,,,.------\ "- \ / \ - ---- \ ___ /' / ' _,,/ \ / --- / .. ___ _...... / "- / / ./

4 3 2 .1

~HAR

The Harrison River System SEABIRD ISLAND

FRASER RIVER

ISLAND

---~------/ -- / - " ,/ / " '- "' / / I / / \ I ( / / \ I \ I I I \ / / / ( / I ~ ) / I ( I I \ \ I I ~ I ( SCALE ( I 1/2 0 2 MILES \ ,, \ \ I LEGEND / \ DRAINAGE AREA I \ SPAWNING AREAS / I . ./ \ ' Wahleach ' Reach FIGUR.E 6 /

" ' '

I

_,,..-- '~ . ' . \ ·r ' I '

( ' '

\ '.\ , ' \ SC A L E ' \ I 0 I M ILE ' Lg I '\ ~: >??? M AIN SPAWNIN G AREA ------WATER SHED BOU NDARY

The N orrish Creek System / , I ----<" -- \ ,· ~ - ' I ' ' ''I ''''I -..'.; "' 'I .. ( I ... ,' ) / /

. '

J \ I I I /' ',I\',. .. , / , ' I I )' I • I I I I I

,' ------'· --. , /:I \ \ \

\ ' I I \ I \ , I \ l '- \ ' - --,.., -') - ' ------~ - __/ I \ I I \ ' \ 1 ~I \ SC ALE \ ,' / \ 0 MILE \ \ I

~!\??/ MAIN SPAWNING AREA -- - WATERSHED BOUNDARY

The N omsh· Creek System FIGURE 7 <(- " (.,

/

I I I I ' I ' I ,.1.. - - .... ,,,, - I ' ' I ' ,, ' ' ' ' ,• ' ,.- ...... , - ... ~ I

/ /~ /· ,' /'' 'I ,· . _..-;--. ,, I ). ' .

0 M E N

s

/

Nicomen Slouqh FIGURE S ~ · c.,

' ' ' ' , ' \ ' .t. - - - "" I ' ' I ' ' \ / ' ',. I - ... - ~~ ,

,_, I ,, I

I ' \ \ ' \ I ' LOUGHEED_ -- - - c. P. R ·

CHILLI WACK I S L A • l.R.

-----,RS' c c

R /

,.

------'------:------~N icemen Slough I I I I I I I I I I I I I I / I _,. _,. / / / / / ,/ /-- -- / /

I \ \ I \ I I -- I \ I \ ELBow CR. Ol d Chehalis \ \ ',\~ River channel I /,1 I / I \ I / I I // I / / I IR.4 / / / / / / / / / / .,.,... -----,...:. _____ ---.,.,... / . -- -- ...... , ' --- ______-- I '

/ ,' bank cha nnel / APPROX. SCALE / A HARRISON MILLS I I I I I I I I I / / / / ,r-- / ' . --- ~ ~~6 ....,.-::- -/'~\------. /" /, \Approx. location of -..<>~eV;;- ,,,,1 / ~k reserve ,,,, / / "1io<~...- ;;,.-- / - , / / - /

I \ ~' \ \ ' \ I I ' I \ \ I ELBow CR. Ol d Chehalis \ \ ' - -_/River channel I / /1 " ' 1,R. 5 I , \ j : / I . '!. \ ' I / I ' I / I / / I .. :..w, _•.• '\ "\:------\, / / / LR.4 / \ I I / / . \· / - / / ::.: ~.. ------,,,.,,:.._____ / .••.. ..u.:•.. \ \ ' -- --- \ ' . ..,.. """ )

• ••••

bank channel

APPROX . SCALE lf'.l FEET.2000 (_, 1000 - 500 01 1ooci I -, b@ I \ 1.R.6 , ', ' , LEGEND \ / ' , HARRISON R~~~R SPAWN ING A 'v

SWAMP AREA

FIGUR E 9 The . Harrison and Chehalis River Chum Salmon Spawning Areas

_I (") l> c (f) fT1 ~ l> -< ( "

0 Cl o o RUSKIN = 0 0

IMPOUNDMENT AREA

0- ~~d /tf} 8

~t:f ,fv ~ ao DIKE ,!.1. ;>l.l .)ti. ~ ;!.! *

SPAWNING AREA

APPROX . SCALE IN FT 1000 500 0 1000 2000 b3 b3 I I I

Figure 10 STAVE RIVER CHUM SALMON SPAWNING AREAS