1916 Victoria Crosses, Western Front
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1916 Victoria Crosses – Western Front Private William Jackson VC, 17th Battalion, AIF Bois Grenier, France, 25/26 June 1916 https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/P01383.006 Not yet 19 when awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), Private William Jackson was the youngest member of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) to receive the award during the First World War. Enlisting in Hay, New South Wales, in February 1915, he served with the 17th Battalion on Gallipoli before arriving in France in March 1916. Forming part of the 2nd Division, the 17th Battalion was among the first Australian units to file into the trenches of the Western Front after entering the so-called “nursery” sector near the town of Armentières. Throughout May and June the Australians carried out a program of patrolling and trench raiding to gain experience before moving off to the Somme. The 17th Battalion conducted one such raid on the German positions outside Bois-Grenier on the night of 25/26 June 1916. After five minutes in the enemy trenches, in which time the raiding party had killed and captured a number of enemy troops, the men were returning across no man’s land when they were subjected to retaliatory German artillery fire. Jackson got back to the Australian positions safely with a German prisoner in tow, then immediately went back out into no man’s land to assist in bringing in a wounded man. Jackson was himself severely wounded by a German shell that took off his arm, after which he returned to the Australian trenches, sought medical attention, and then went out again to help recover the remaining wounded. Private Jackson was subsequently awarded the Victoria Cross – the first such award given to an Australian on the Western Front. After a lengthy period in hospital in England, he returned to Australia and was discharged from the AIF. He died in Melbourne in 1959. Jackson’s VC was recently donated to the Australian War Memorial, and will soon go on display in the Hall of Valour. Private John Leak VC, 9th Battalion, AIF Pozières, France, 23 July 1916 https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/P02939.009 After several weeks in the relatively quiet “nursery” sector near the town of Armentières, troops of I ANZAC were sent south in July 1916 to participate in the British offensive on the Somme. On the night of 22/23 July 1916 troops of the 1st Division succeeded in capturing the town of Pozières, impeding any further progress towards the high ground at Thiepval. Troops of the 9th Battalion were involved in bitter fighting for the area to the east of the village, known as the OG (Old German) lines, where they were locked in a fierce grenade duel with German troops. In the course of the fighting, and under his own initiative, Private John Leak leapt from the trench where he was taking cover, ran forward under heavy German machine-gun fire, lobbed three grenades into an enemy-occupied position, and, after they exploded, jumped in and bayonetted the survivors. He was wiping the blood off his bayonet with his slouch hat when his platoon caught up with him. Originally from England, Leak had migrated to Queensland, where he worked as a teamster in the years before the war. He enlisted in the AIF in January 1915 and served on Gallipoli before arriving in France in March 1916. After his VC exploit at Pozières, Leak was wounded at Mouquet Farm in August 1916 and gassed at Hollebeke in Belgium in March 1918. He returned to Australia in 1919 and died in South Australia in 1972. Leak’s VC is privately held. Lieutenant Arthur Blackburn VC, 10th Battalion, AIF Pozières, France, 23 July 1916 https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/J03069A Having been called to the bar in Adelaide less than a year before the war, Arthur Blackburn enlisted in the AIF in August 1914 and was an original member of the 10th Battalion. He served on Gallipoli, where at the landing on 25 April 1915 he distinguished himself by becoming one of the few Australians to reach Third Ridge, some 2,000 yards inland from Anzac Cove. Commissioned in the field in the week before Lone Pine, he became a platoon commander and remained on the peninsula until the evacuation in December 1915. Blackburn was awarded the Victoria Cross for leading four separate parties of bombers against the OG lines at Pozières. Many of the men in his parties became casualties of the enemy’s machine-gun and artillery fire. By rushing a barricade and bombing the enemy with grenades, Blackburn went on to capture some 300 yards of trench in one of the most formidable German strongholds in the Pozières area. Blackburn was soon promoted to captain, but was thereafter evacuated sick to London and repatriated to Australia, where he was discharged from the AIF. He later served in the Citizens’ Military Forces and went on to command the 2/3rd Machine Gun Battalion in Syria during the Second World War. In February 1942 Blackburn and his men were among the 7th Division troops landing at Java to prevent the Japanese advance along the island. By then a brigadier, Blackburn commanded the formation “Blackforce”, but was compelled to surrender on 12 March 1942. Blackburn spent the remainder of the Second World War as a prisoner of the Japanese, enduring the privations of captivity in Singapore, Japan, Korea, and Manchuria. After his release from captivity and return to Australia, Blackburn went on to have a long and successful career in the public service. He was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1954, and died in November 1960. Blackburn’s VC is currently on display in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. Private Thomas Cooke VC, 8th Battalion, AIF Pozières, France, 24–25 July 1916 (posthumous) https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/A02649 Originally from New Zealand, Thomas Cooke settled in Melbourne with his wife and two children in 1912. He worked as a builder in the years before the war, and after enlisting in February 1915 served briefly on Gallipoli with the 24th Battalion. He was later transferred to the 8th Battalion, before travelling to France and the Western Front. Cooke formed part of a Lewis gun team manning an isolated outpost during the bitter fighting at Pozières. The team came under a spate of heavy German fire, after which Cooke was the only man left alive and without serious wounds. Against all odds, Cooke remained at his position, firing his Lewis gun against repeated German counter-attacks, until he was finally killed. His body was never recovered from the battlefield, and as such his name is listed on the Australian National Memorial to the Missing at Villers- Bretonneux, alongside the 10,700 Australians killed in France who have no known grave. Cooke’s VC is currently held by the New Zealand Army Museum at Waiouru, New Zealand. Sergeant Claud Castleton VC, 5th Machine Gun Company, AIF Pozières, France, 28 July 1916 (posthumous) https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/H06769 The Australians suffered more than 5,200 casualties in just three days of fighting at Pozières. The 2nd Division took over the sector on 27 July, and the following evening launched a costly and unsuccessful assault on the German-occupied defences to the east of the village. Assaulting troops of the 5th Brigade (comprising the 17th, 18th, and 20th Battalions) were caught in the open by devastating German machine-gun fire, and their attack was temporarily driven back. Many of the wounded lay out in the open or sought shelter in nearby shell holes. Sergeant Claud Castleton went out repeatedly under heavy machine-gun fire to retrieve the wounded. He was on his third journey back to the Australian lines, a wounded man on his back, when he was shot and killed. Originally from England, Castleton was a school teacher who arrived in Australia in 1912 and travelled the country extensively. He was in Port Moresby when war broke out, and after volunteering his services was placed in command of Papuan troops for coastal defence duties. He returned to Australia in March 1915, enlisted in the AIF, and served on Gallipoli with the 18th Battalion from August to the evacuation in December. He transferred to the newly raised 5th Machine Gun Company and sailed for France in March 1916. Castleton’s body was recovered from the Pozières battlefield and today rests in the Pozières British Cemetery at Ovillers-la-Boisselle. Castleton’s VC is on display in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War Memorial. Private Martin O’Meara VC, 16th Battalion, AIF Pozières, France, 9–12 August 1916 https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/P02939.010 Australian troops captured the OG lines in early August, after which the focus of operations in the area shifted north in an effort to drive towards the high ground at Thiepval. The German defences at Mouquet Farm impeded any Australian progress and became the scene of heavy fighting over the next three weeks. By the time it was over the 2nd Division had suffered 6,500 casualties in just 12 days in the line. The 4th Division filed in to the trenches at Pozières on 4 August and was heavily involved in the bitter fighting in the approaches to Mouquet Farm. For four days, Private Martin O’Meara, a regimental stretcher-bearer of the 16th Battalion, carried urgently required water, ammunition, and grenades up to the front line, and on each return trip brought back the wounded – all the while under sustained German machine-gun and artillery fire.