ISSN 1590-2595 anno 2020 numero 52

MISCELLANEA INGV

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

52 Direttore Responsabile Valeria DE PAOLA

Editorial Board Luigi CUCCI ­ Editor in Chief ([email protected]) Raffaele AZZARO ([email protected]) Christian BIGNAMI ([email protected]) Mario CASTELLANO ([email protected]) Viviana CASTELLI ([email protected]) Rosa Anna CORSARO ([email protected]) Domenico DI MAURO ([email protected]) Mauro DI VITO ([email protected]) Marcello LIOTTA ([email protected]) Mario MATTIA ([email protected]) Milena MORETTI ([email protected]) Nicola PAGLIUCA ([email protected]) Umberto SCIACCA ([email protected]) Alessandro SETTIMI ([email protected]) Andrea TERTULLIANI ([email protected])

Segreteria di Redazione Francesca DI STEFANO ­ Coordinatore Rossella CELI Barbara ANGIONI [email protected]

REGISTRAZIONE AL TRIBUNALE DI ROMA N.174 | 2014, 23 LUGLIO

© 2014 INGV Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Rappresentante legale: Carlo DOGLIONI Sede: Via di Vigna Murata, 605 | Roma ISSN 1590-2595 anno 2020 numero 52 MISCELLANEA INGV

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Editors: Ornella Cocina1, Rosa Anna Corsaro1, Eugenio Nicotra2, Marco Viccaro1,3

1INGV | Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy 2Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy 3Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy

Accepted 26th July 2019 | Accetato 26 luglio 2019 How to cite | Come citare AA. VV., (2020). Abstract Volume, 4a Conferenza A. Ritmann ­ Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020. Edited by O. Cocina, R.A. Corsaro, E. Nicotra, M. Viccaro. Misc. INGV, 52: 1­332.

Cover | In copertna Catania afer the 1669 eupton (Anonymous, ca 1687) 52 Organized by

Comitato Organizzatore

Guido Giordano (Presidente AIV) Carlo Doglioni (Presidente INGV) Francesco Priolo (Retore Università di Catania) Giampietro Giusso del Galdo (Diretore Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche Geologiche e Ambientali UniCt) Augusto Neri (Diretore Dipartmento Vulcani INGV) Stefano Branca (Diretore Osservatorio Etneo INGV) Ornella Cocina (INGV­OE) Rosa Anna Corsaro (INGV­OE) Eugenio Nicotra (UniCal) Marco Viccaro (UniCt, INGV­OE)

Comitato Scientifico

Raffaele Azzaro (INGV­OE) Francesca Bianco (INGV­OV) Claudio Chiarabba (INGV­ONT) Raffaello Cioni (UniFi) Antonio Costa (INGV­BO) Paola Donato (UniCal) Stefano Gresta (UniCt) Francesco Guglielmino (INGV­OE) Federico Lucchi (UniBo) Rosella Nave (INGV­OV) Antonio Paonita (INGV­PA) Marco Pistolesi (UniPi) Massimo Pompilio (INGV­PI) Eugenio Privitera (INGV­OE) Roberto Sulpizio (UniBa) Alessandro Tibaldi (UniMiB) Comitato Logistico

Alfio Amanta (INGV­OE) Mauro Amore (INGV­OE) Pre-editing on line Massimiliano Barone (INGV­AC) Massimiliano Cascone (INGV­PI) Salvatore Mangiagli (INGV­OE) Salvatore Consoli (INGV­OE) Mauro Amore (INGV­OE) Marisa Giuffrida (UniCt) Maria Guarnera (INGV­OE) Editing e impaginazione Salvatore Mangiagli (INGV­OE) Marta Minnit (UniCal) Rossella Celi (INGV­AC) Benedeto Saraceno (INGV­OE) Francesca Di Stefano (INGV­AC) Francesco Zuccarello (UniCt) Barbara Angioni (INGV­RM1) Iozzia A., AlparoneS., Cannata A., GrestaS., UrsinoA. 42 the North-Eastern sectorcaseofstudy Repeating earthquakes atMt. Etnavolcano (Sicily, Italy): Marsala G., MorrealeG., BrighentiF., CarnemollaF., DeGuidi G. during thelast3years (southernunstableslopeofMt. Etna). 41 New dataacquisitionabout space-speedvectorsalongtheTSGAfault Figlioli A., BrighentiF., CarnemollaF., DeGuidiG. 40 The Fiandaca-Pennisishear-zone(Mt. Etna, Sicily) Monitoring ofpost-seismic deformation: Scarfì L., D’Amico S., CannavòS., AlparoneS., LangerH., Tusa G. 39 Moment tensorsolutionsatMt. Etnavolcano Palano M., UrsinoA., SpampinatoS., SparacinoF., Polonia A., GasperiniL. 37 Geodetic andseismicmoment-rates comparison onSicilyChannel(Italy) Taussi M., Agostini S., Mattioli M., PueriniM., RidolfiF., GoriniA., RenzulliA. El Reventador, 35 SumacoandCerroNegrovolcanoes rear arczoneofEcuadorcharacterizedbyslabsegmentation:insightsfrom Different geochemicalandisotopicfootprintsofmagmaseruptedinthe POSTER D’Assisi Tramparulo F., Vitale S., Vona A. Natale J., CiarciaS., GiordanoG., IsaiaR., LucciF., PrinziE.P., with thecarbonatehost-rock 34 evidence oftectoniccontrolondikeemplacementandinteraction The Presenzanodike(Roccamonfinavolcanicarea, southern Italy): Firetto CarlinoM., Scarfì L., BarberiG., ColtelliM., PatanèD. 33 Mapping theb-valueatEtnavolcanousing2005-2018earthquakecatalogue Cavallaro D., FirettoCarlino M., ColtelliM., CocchiL., PatanèD. 31 Volcano-tectonic settingofMt. Etnaoffshore Barreca G., BrancaS., CorsaroR.A., ScarfìL., CannavòF., AloisiM., MonacoC., FaccennaC. 30 andcrustalcollision:isthepreludetoendofvolcanismatMt. Etna? Mantle flow Erbello A., MulunehA., BruneS. Franceschini Z., CioniR., CortiG., SaniF., ScailletS., IsolaI., MazzariniF., DuvalF., 29 of riftinginSouthEthiopia The volcano-tectonicactivityoftheRiribariftandevolution Nicotra E., DonatoP., Viccaro M., Acocella V., DeRosaR. 27 first evidenceofcontinentalbreakupintheNorthernMainEthiopianRift Fissural vs. punctualmonogeneticvolcanism: PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Conveners: LucianoScarfì(INGV-OE), GiovanniBarreca(UniCt) S1. 25 GEODYNAMICS ANDTECTONICSCONTROLLING VOLCANIC SYSTEMS INDEX Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

5 6 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Frontoni A., Vona A., GiordanoG., Viccaro M., Romano C. 61 A casestudy fromMountEtnafor theemplacementofa clastogeniclavaflow Magli A., GiordanoG., SperanzaF., Branca S., RisicaG., SiravoG. 60 intheurban districtofCatania prehistoric lavaflows Paleomagnetic dating and correlationofEtnavolcano(Sicily) Di RobertoA., SperanzaF., RosiM. Malaguti A.B., BillottaE., PistolesiM., LucchiF., Tranne C.A., AlbertP.G., 58 rhyolitic eruptionsofLipari(Aeolian Islands, SouthernItaly) Volcanological andchronological characterizationoftherecent(last2000years) Tortorici G., GiuffridaM., PavanoF., PunturoR., RomagnoliG., SturialeG., Viccaro M., CatalanoS. 56 of thesedimentarysupplyinvolcanostratigraphic successionofMt. Etna Discharge ofvolcanicproductsandclimate-controlled variation Marino C., SteinmannL., Spiess V., SacchiM. Natale J., IsaiaR., Vitale S., D’Assisi Tramparulo F., FerrantiL., 55 insights onthevolcano-tectoniceventsoflast15kyr Correlation betweensubmergedandcontinentalinfillatCampiFlegreicaldera: Totaro F., InsingaD.D., Petrosino P., LirerF. 54 of ND_14/QcoreintheSouthernAdriaticSea The LatePleistocenetoHolocenetephrochronologicalrecord Nomade S., Pereira A., FUTUREtephra-team Monaco L., GiaccioB., PalladinoD.M., GaetaM., MarraF., SottiliG., MannellaG., 52 peri-Tyrrhenian explosivevolcanism implications fortheMediterraneantephrochronologyand The 430-365katephrarecordfromFucinoBasin, centralItaly: Scarciglia F., Mercatante G., DonatoP., GhinassiM. 50 Dandiero basin, Eritrea pedostratigraphic archiveoftheHomo-bearingAalatsection, Pleistocene paleoenvironmentalchangesinEastAfrica:themultiproxy The contributionoftephrostratigraphytoassess Franceschini Z., Scaillet S., CioniR., CortiG., SaniF., ProuteauG., ScailletB., MelakuA.A. 49 Clustered highvolcanicityintheCentralsectorofMainEthiopianRift PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Paola Donato(UniCal), RobertoSulpizio(UniBa), PaolaDelCarlo(INGV-PI) Conveners: StefanoBranca(INGV-OE), RobertoIsaia(INGV-OV), FedericoLucchi(UniBo), S2. VOLCANOLOGICAL FIELDSTUDIESANDTEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY 47 Barberi G., PatanèD., ScarfìL. 45 tomographic resultsoftheTOMO-ETNAseismicactiveexperiment Tectonic andvolcanicstructuresineasternSicilyasimagedby Alparone S., GambinoS., GrassiS., ImposaS., PattiG., UrsinoA. 43 Seismicity alongtheTrecastagniFault(Mt. Etna, Sicily)onFebruary2019 Claudia Spinetti (INGV-ONT), KarenStrehlow(GEOMAR) Emanuela De Beni(INGV-OE), FabioMarchese(UniMib), JoëlRuch(University ofGeneva), Conveners: MarinaBisson (INGV-PI), FabioL. Bonali(UniMib), MassimoCantarero (INGV-OE), ACTIVE 75 VOLCANOES TO RECONSTRUCTTHE TOPOGRAPHYANDTOINVESTIGATE S3. GEOMATICS DISCIPLINES ANDTHEINNOVATIVE UAV-BASED TECHNIQUE Sbrana A., CioniR., MarianelliP., SulpizioR., AndronicoD., PasquiniG. Volcanological mapofthe Somma- Vesuvius Volcano 74 (Italy) Risica G., DiRobertoA., SperanzaF., DelCarloP., Pompilio M., MeletlidisS., Rosi M. 73 on activevolcanoes Assessing thepalaeomagneticvs. radiocarbondatingaccuracy Palaeomagnetic datingofHoloceneeruptions atTenerife (CanaryIslands): Nicotra E., LucchiF., Tranne C.A., de Vita S., Donato P., DeRosaR. 71 of Usticaisland(SouthernItaly) New geologicalmappingandrevisederuptivemagmatichistory Melis R., Smith V., WinklerA. Di RobertoA., Scateni B., AlbertP., ColizzaE., Del CarloP., Di Vincenzo G., GiglioF., MacrìP., 70 its paleoenvironmentalsignificance of Antarctica:volcanologicalreconstructionandhintsfor Holocene caldera-formingeruptionfromMt. Rittmanninthe marinerecord Nocentini M., Petrelli M., SpadiM., Tallini M., ConticelliS. Di SalvoS., ConteA.M., DeinoA., GiaccioB., CasaliniM., CosentinoD., GliozziE., Campanian PlainvolcanismfromL’Aquila 68 lacustrinesuccession, centralItaly A distaltephrarecordoftheearlyLowerPleistoceneexplosiveactivityof POSTER Principe C., Vezzoli L., LaFeliceS. 67 (Southern Tuscany, Italy) Use ofUBSUcartographyonvolcanicdeposits:theexampleMonteAmiata D’Assisi Tramparulo F., DiGiuseppeM.G., IsaiaR., NataleJ., Troiano A., Vitale S. 66 (Campi Flegreicaldera):implicationsforevolutionanderuptivescenarios New insightsonthestructuralsettingofPisciarellifumarolefield Meschiari S., AlbertP., LucchiF., SulpizioR., Smith V., Tranne C.A. 64 and producedwidespreadashdispersals Aeolian Islands(Italy)indicatesVulcano wasfrequentlyactiveover70ka Stratigraphy andgeochemistryoftheBrownTuffsfrom Silleni A., GiordanoG., IsaiaR., OrtM. 63 Campanian Ignimbrite:astudyfromthefieldtovolcanicprocess The transport, sedimentationanddepositionofthe39.8-ka Pensa A., GiordanoG. 62 using charredwoodanalysis Valuation andemplacementtemperaturesreachedbyPDCs offlow Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

7 8 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Giuseppe Solaro(IREA–CNR) Andrea Cannata(UniCt), FlavioCannavò(INGV-OE), Vincenzo DeNovellis(IREA–CNR), Conveners: RaffaeleCastaldo(IREA–CNR), LucianoAttilio MariaZuccarello(UGR), Cantarero M., GrecoF., Vajda P., PapcoJ., ZahorecP., Carbone D. 86 photogrammetry the DEMusingdrone-flown Improving theverticalgradientsofgravityprediction bylocallyrefining Gianardi R., BissonM., Tadini A., AngiolettiA. 85 by usinghistoricalmapsandairborneLiDAR survey From 1876tonowadays:morphologicalchangesofSomma-Vesuvio Palaseanu-Lovejoy M., BissonM., SpinettiC., BuongiornoM.F., AlexandrovO., CecereT. 84 and LiDAR data 10 yearsofmorphologicalchangesatMt. Etnavolcanobyusing satellite POSTER Fedele A., MatanoF., SommaR., SacchiM., Troise C., DeNataleG. using UAV 83 photogrammetry Landform monitoringinPisciarelli(CampiFlegrei)activefumarolicfield Russo E., TibaldiA., BonaliF.L., FallatiL., MarcheseF. 82 high resolutionmodel New insightsondyke-inducedsurfacedeformationrevealedbyUAV-based Kwasnitschka T., StrehlowK., JohnsonJ. Cantarero M., DeBeni E., DiTraglia F., EggersglyssM., HansteenT., HoernleK., Civico R., RicciT., DelBelloE., PizzimentiL., ScarlatoP., Taddeucci J., AndronicoD., 80 and 28AugustparoxysmaleruptionsatStrombolivolcano(Italy)usingUAVs Monitoring themorphologicalchangesassociatedwith3July2019 Treffiletti A., DeBeniE., CantareroM., MessinaA., SiligatoG., BissonM., SpinettiC. 79 comparison ofdifferentmethodologies. Achievement oftopographicdatafromdrones in volcanicareas, Corti N., TibaldiA., BonaliF.L., RussoE., MarcheseF., FallatiL. 78 an examplefromactiveriftinNEIceland UAV-based StructurefromMotiontechniquesappliedtovolcano-tectonics: Cantarero M., DeBeniE., MaugeriR., MessinaA., DiBlasiN., Pellegrino D. 77 technologies mappingandDEMupdatingemployinginnovative New approachesinlavaflow PRESENTAZIONI ORALI N OELN FVLAI YTM 87 AND MODELLINGOFVOLCANIC SYSTEMS S4. ADVANCES INDATA ANALYSIS FOR GEOPHYSICALMETHODS

Silengo M.C., RipepeM., CigoliniC., Laiolo M. instabilityand volcanicprocesses reveals thelinkbetween flank Automatic detectionalgorithm ofrockfallactivitybasedonsingleseismic station Ishikawa A., NishimuraT., Aoyama H., KawaguchiR., FujitaE., MiwaT., Yamada T., RipepeM. 101 in 2014atStromboli Analyses ofgroundtiltassociatedwithordinal explosionsandlavaeffusion Ibanez J.M., BennitezM.C. Zuccarello L., BuenoA., DiazMorenoA., AlvarezI., DeAngelisS., PrudencioJ., Woollam J., 100 A machinelearningframeworktoproducehigh-quality seismicdatacatalogs Cocina O., SaraòA., ScognamiglioL., CannataA., MontaltoP. 99 earthquakes occurredduringtheDecember2018 eruption complete seismicmomentoftheEtnaseismicity: applicationtothe A feasibilitystudyonthenearreal-timecalculation ofthe POSTER Carlino S., Tramelli A., Convertito V., PinoN.A., DeMartinoP., DeNovellis V. 98 seismogenic structures:theexampleofIschiaIsland(SouthernItaly) Integration ofgeodetic, seismologicalandhistoricaldatato characterize Barone A., CastaldoR., FediM., Pepe S., SolaroG., TizzaniP. 96 geometrical constrainingbyusingedge-detectionmethods New approachforthevolcanicsourcecharacterization: Barone A., FediM., CellaF. 95 Poisson’s analysis, independentonthetotalmagnetizationdirection. Detection ofmagnetizationcontrastforTyrrhenianseamountsthrough Langer H., Falsaperla S., HammerC. 94 the importanceofa-posteriorianalyses Advantages andpitfallsofpatternrecognitiontechniques: Chauhan M.S., Cannavò F. application onthedeformationfieldofMt. 93 Etna Bayesian inversionofthegeodeticdata: Neri M., DeNovellis V. the December2018volcano DInSAR analysisandanalyticalmodelingofMountEtnadisplacements: Calusi B., CerminaraM. 90 multiphase mixtures:theEtnaeruption12/01/2011 An algorithmtoderiveradianceandbrightnesstemperaturefrom Paratore M., RapisardaS. Diaz MorenoA., deAngelisS., Zuccarello L., HaneyM., Lyons J., Wech A., FeeD., 89 tracked withinfrasoundarrays - INVITED Insights onpulsatingdegassingandStrombolianactivityatMt. Etna2019 Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann ‐ etnccii 91 tectonic crisis 102 Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

9 10 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Spiess V., SacchiM. Natale J., Vitale S., IsaiaR., D’Assisi Tramparulo F., Ferranti L., SteinmannL., 119 at CampiFlegreicaldera Relationships between faultingandvolcano-tectonicprocesses/events INGV OE-OV Etna-Volcano Deformation Group 118 Etna eruptiveactivity of thelast30years Dynamics ofthe1989fracturesystemandrelations withthe INGV OE-OV Etna-Volcano DeformationGroup 116 the multidisciplinarystudyofPernicana andTrecastagnifaults Dynamics oftheboundariesMt. Etnaslidingflanks: Cannavò F., SciottoM., CannataA., DiGraziaG. 115 The 2018ChristmasEveEruptionatMountEtna An IntegratedGeophysicalApproachtoTrack Magmaintrusion: PRESENTAZIONI ORALI (UniNa) Stefano Vitale Maria GiuliaDiGiuseppe(INGV-OV), EugenioPrivitera(INGV-OE), AntonioTroiano (INGV-OV), Conveners: RobertoIsaia(INGV-OV), MariangelaSciotto(INGV-OE), AndreaCannata(UniCt), 113 AND CONTROL INERUPTIVESTYLE OF STRUCTUREANDDYNAMICS OFACTIVE VOLCANIC SYSTEM S5. MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS FORTHEDEFINITION Cannavò F., FalzoneG., FerroA., GambinoS., LaudaniG., SinghM. The May29 - 110 June5, 2019eruptionatMountEtna Tilt andHR-GPSaspowerfultoolsforvolcanomonitoringsurveillance: Pucciarelli G. 108 Seismic Tomography ofSouthernTyrrhenianbymeansteleseismicdata Bueno A., AlvarezI., DiazMorenoA., DeLaTorre A., LambO.D., ZuccarelloL., DeAngelisS. 107 Infrasound signaldetectionusingmulti-bandanalysis Massaro S., CostaA., CoppolaD., SolovievA., SulpizioR. 106 the caseofSantiaguitolavadome(Guatemala) Detection ofmulti-termperiodicityfromseculareffusiveactivity: Amato G., CannataA., SciottoM., ScolloS. 105 case ofstudythe2013lavafountainsatMt. Etna Deriving volcanologicalparametersfromseismo-acousticsignals: Garcia L., AlguacilG., TitosM., CocinaO., AlvarezI., DeLaTorre A., ZuccarelloL., BenitezM. 104 dissimilarity analysis Automatic S-phasepickingforvolcano-tectonicearthquakesusingspectral De AngelisS., DiazMorenoA., IbanezJ.M. Zuccarello L., BenitezC., MoralesS., AlvarezI., GarciaL., BuenoA., PrudencioJ., TitosM., 103 Machine Learningapproach Automatic LowFrequencyseismicityclassificationusing Vo N.T., Bamber E.C., NonniS., Atwood R., LlewellinE.W., Brooker R.A., MaderH.M., LeeP.D. Arzilli F., LaSpinaG., BurtonM.R., Polacci M., LeGallN., HartleyM.E., DiGenovaD., CaiB., 135 crystallization - INVITED Highly explosivebasaltic eruptions:magmafragmentationinduced byrapid Gabellini P., CioniR., Zuchegna M., RubinoL., PistolesiM. 134 (Aeolian Islands):insightsfrombreccia-bearingblocks Non-explosive magmafragmentationduring the1888-90eruptionofVulcano Aravena A., CioniR., CoppolaD., de’ Michieli Vitturi M., NeriA., Pistolesi M., RipepeM. 133 Insights fromnumericalmodeling Temporal evolution ofeffusionrateduringbasalticeruptions: Sulpizio R., MassaroS., CostaA., CoppolaD., CapraL., LucchiF. 132 insights foreffusive-explosivetransitionsat calc-alkalinevolcanoes Cyclic activityanderuptivestylesatVolcan deColima(Mexico): Costa A. Causes ofciclicityinlavadomeeruptions - 131 INVITED PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Roberto Sulpizio(UniBa) Conveners: MarisaGiuffrida(UniCt), SilviaMassaro(INGV-BO), MaurizioPetrelli (UniPg), THE TRIGGERINGANDEVOLUTION OFVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS129 S6. MECHANISMS, RATES, ANDTIMESCALES OFPROCESSES LEADING Brugnoni G., Renzulli A., DiMuroA., RizzoA.L., ArienzoI. 126 and ultramaficejecta (La RéunionIsland, IndianOcean)asinferredfromsubvolcanic mafic Shallow magmaticcrystallizationprocessesatPitondelaFournaise Di GiuseppeM.G., Troiano A., IsaiaR., NataleJ., D’Assisi Tramparulo F., Vitale S. 125 an applicationtothePisciarellifumarolicfield(CampiFlegrei, Italy) Monitoring activefumarolesthroughelectricalresistivitytomograms: Re G., D’OrianoC., CorsaroR.A., Pompilio M. 123 review toidentifybestpracticesforpetrologicmonitoringofongoingeruptions Integrating petrologicwithgeophysicalandgeochemicaldata:acritical POSTER Di Vito M., MarottaE. Carlino S., Troiano A., DiGiuseppeM.G., IsaiaR., de Vita S., BelvisoP., CarandenteA., active volcano Deep ElectricalResistivityTomography ofthenorthernsectorIschia Carapezza M.L., RanaldiM., SantiA., Tarchini L. Isaia R., DiGiuseppeM.G., Troiano A., D’Assisi Tramparulo F., Vitale S., Avino R., CaliroS., 120 highlighted frommultidisciplinaryhigh-resolutioninvestigations Structure andpresentstateoftheAstronivolcano(CampiFlegrei, Italy) Abstract Volume 4 Iay:a uln fsbufc tutrsadfud iclto 122 circulation (Italy): anoutlineofsubsurfacestructuresandfluids a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

11 12 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 inferences from volcanic bombs 141 inferences fromvolcanicbombs Primerano P., Giordano G., SelvaJ., de Vita S. 152 Ischia Island (Italy) Volume-time distributionoferuptionunitsthe last10kyrsin Petrelli M., ZellmerG. 151 rates andtimescalesof magmatransfer, storage, and eruption Unravelling volcanicplumbingsystemdynamics: Furia F., MessinaM., GiuffridaM., Viccaro M. beneath theEasternVolcanic 149 Zone, SouthernIceland Spatial reconstrunctionandtemporalactivation ofthemagmastoragezones Cortese F., DonatoP., NicotraE., DeRosaR. 147 of thePerciatoeruptivesequenceatSalina(Aeolian Islands, Italy) Preliminary dataresultsonthepre-eruptive mechanismsandtrigger Giuffrida M., NicotraE., Viccaro M. 146 volcanic evolutionoftheislandPantelleria Olivines recordvariabledynamicsofmagmasupplyduringthe Minniti M., NicotraE., DonatoP., DeRosaR. 144 the casestudyofweldedscoriaeVulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) New insightsintopre-eruptivedynamicsofcaldera-formingeruptions: Morreale G., Viccaro M. 143 (Landmannalaugar,Laugarhaun rhyoliticlavaflow southernIceland) Fluorine asadestroyerofsilicatemeltstructures:evidencefromthe1477AD Cardone M., Giuffrida M., NicotraE., Viccaro M. 142 at Holuhraun(NorthernRiftZone, Iceland) Evidence formagmamigrationleadingtothe2014-2015fissureeruption Falasconi A., CioniR., PistolesiM., BernardB., SamaniegoP. Conduit dynamicsinthe1 Borzì A.M., Giuffrida M., ZuccarelloF., PalanoM., Viccaro M. 140 at Mt. Etnavolcano A multidisciplinaryinvestigationoftheDecember24-26, 2018fissureeruption POSTER Pichavant M., DiCarloI., Pompilio M., LeGallN. 139 Experimental simulationofascentandfragmentationStromboliLPmagmas Schmidt B.C., SottiliG. Buono G., FanaraS., MacedonioG., PalladinoD.M., PappalardoL., Petrosino P., volatile (H Degassing ofevolvedalkalinemelts:theeffectdecompressionrateand Zuccarello F., SchiaviF., Viccaro M. 136 Fixing magmaascentvelocitythroughvolatilediffusioninolivinemelttubes 2 O-CO 2 otn 138 ) content st February2014eruptionofTungurahua(Ecuador): Stopponi V., Stagno V., Kono Y., Hrubiak R., Misiti V., ScarlatoP., GaetaM. 166 of melt-rock interaction intheEarth’suppermantle Experimental constraints onmobilityofvolatile-bearingmagmasand timing Capizzi L.S., Stagno V., BosiF., BalliranoP., AndreozziG.B., ScarlatoP. 165 inthe mantle as potentialsourceofmetasomaticB-richfluids Iron-rich tourmalinebreakdownathighpressure andtemperature Marras G., Stagno V., Cerantola V., Perinelli C. 164 clinopyroxenites fromtheHybleanplateau In situMössbauerspectroscopyofcoexisting spinelandclinopyroxeneof Pellerito A., PaonitaA., Correale A., CensiP. 163 application ontwoItalianvolcanoes Redox estimatesthroughtraceelementspartitioning: PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Costanza Bonadiman(UniFe) Conveners: AlessandraCorreale(INGV-PA), Vincenzo Stagno(UniRM1), 161 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONVERSUSPETROLOGICAL PROCESSES S7. THENATURE OFTHEMANTLE:GEOCHEMICALAND Silleni A., Ryan A.G., RussellK.J., Vona A., GiordanoG. 159 on theinterclastviscositycontrast The weldingabilityofpyroclasticdeposits:insightsfromanexperimentalstudy Calabrò L., Giordano G., EspostiOngaroT. 158 Numerical modellingapproach Sedimentation processesinpyroclasticdensitycurrentthrough Di FioreF., Vona A., MolloS., RomanoC. 157 on crystallizationefficiencyandviscous-to-brittletransition effectsofcoolinganddeformationhistory Rheological evolutionoflavaflows: Frontoni A., CostaA., Vona A., RomanoC. 156 Rheological behaviourofparticle-bearingsuspensions Knuever M., SulpizioR., Perugini D., CostaA. 155 and theireffectsoneruptiondynamics Magma - Wall-rock interaction:shorttermchemical&physical processes Frontoni A., Vona A., RomanoC. 154 Experimental studyontherheologyofbubble-bearingmagmas Scarani A., Vona A., Al-MukadamR., DiGenovaD., DeubenerJ. 153 DSCcalibration a flash Estimating fastcoolingratesrecordedbyglass-formingmelts: Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

13 14 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Mereu L., ScolloS., BoselliA., LetoG., ZanmarSanchezR., MarzanoF.S. 183 by dual-wavelengthpolarized lidarat355nmand532 Observing volcanicdispersed cloudduringthe2016Etnaeruption Mereu L., ScolloS., BonadonnaC., DonnadieuF., Lorgeril V.F., Marzano F.S. 181 for thetephramassretrievalsof2013and 2015Etnaparoxysms atL-band andX-band Interpreting andexploitingradarreflectivity D’Amico S., MangiagliS., NapoliR. Suriani G., AndronicoD., LodatoL., MontaltoP., BialeE., CristaldiA., CurrentiG., 180 A multisensorsystemfordetectionandmonitoring ofvolcanicash Gabellini P., CioniR., PistolesiM., GeshiN., BonadonnaC. 179 on ashshapeandtexture at Sakurajimavolcano(Japan):insightsfrom thequantitativeinvestigation Eruptive dynamicsandfragmentationmechanismsofvulcanianactivity PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Giuseppe Salerno(INGV-OE), PietroGabellini(UniFi), FrankMarzano(UniRM1, UniAq) Conveners: StefanoCorradini(INGV-ONT), ClaudiaD’Oriano(INGV-PI), AND CORRELATION 177 WITHERUPTIONSTYLES OF EXPLOSIVEVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS OFVARIABLE INTENSITY S8. ADVANCES INGASANDASHOBSERVATIONS Carnevale G., Caracausi A., CorrealeA., ItalianoL., RotoloS. 174 carbonatites: implicationsfortheirmantlesource Trace elementsandnoblegases(He, Ne, Ar)isotopicstudyofFuerteventura Brombin V., MarzoliA., BonadimanC., ColtortiM. 172 (Northeastern Italy) a garnet signature: Spinel-bearing mantlexenolithsandbasic-ultrabasicmagmaswith Paternostro S., Avanzinelli R., Conticelli S., Vaselli O. 170 the casestudyofRadicofani-Amiata Volcanic System Interaction betweenmaficmantle-derivedandsilicicmagmasinCentralItaly: POSTER Liuzzo M., RizzoA.L., Ventura-Bordenca C. Caracausi A., BafakihS., BoudoireG., ColtortiM., DiMuroA., FacciniB., GrassaF., (Grand ComoreIsland, 168 IndianOcean):Preliminaryresults Gas androckgeochemistryatKarthalaLaGrillevolcanoes Buttitta D., CaracausiA., GiannandreaP., PaternosterM., RizzoA.L., RizzoG. of theratios Combined effectofthedegassinganddiffusionprocessinvariation ftepeorsaso h rdcso on utr 167 of thephenocrystalsproductsMountVulture 3 He/ revision ofthemantlesourcesVeneto Volcanic Province 4 He and 4 He/ 40 Ar* in the fluid inclusions Ar* inthefluid

Venturi S., Tassi F., MagiF., CabassiJ., RicciA., Capecchiacci F., CaponiC., NisiB., Vaselli O. 199 greenhouse gasemissions fromhydrothermalsystems Clues onthepotential roleofmicrobialcommunitiesinmitigating Sortino F., GiammancoS., BonfantiP., LaSpinaA., BottariC., MurèF. 197 fromlocaltectonicactivity possible influence thermal spring(Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy): Chemical anomaliesinthegasphasereleased fromtheSantaVenera alPozzo PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Orlando Vaselli(UniFi) Conveners: CinziaFederico(INGV-PA), MarcelloLiotta(INGV-PA), MarcoLiuzzo(INGV-PA), FROM 195 GEOCHEMICALPROCESSES TOMONITORINGACTIVITIES S11. VOLCANIC ANDHYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: Salerno G., Caltabiano T., MureF. SO Vigliotti L., WinklerA., DelCarloP. 191 Rock magneticfingerprintofexplosiveactivityintheEtnaashlayers Del CarloP., D’OrianoC., AndronicoD., CristaldiA., GabelliniP., Pompilio M., CioniR. 190 and inferencesondifferenteruptionstyles Quantitative analysesofvolcanicashfromEtnavolcano(Italy) Tamburello G., RicciT., Taddeucci J., DelBelloE., ScarlatoP. 189 High frequencyUVcameraimageryofStrombolianexplosiveactivity POSTER Lachatre M., MaillerS., MenutL., Turquety S., SellittoP., GuermaziH. 187 application tothecaseofMountEtnaeruptioninMarch18, 2012 New strategiesforchemistry-transportmodellingofvolcanicplumes: Menut L., CarboniE., SèzeG., LegrasB. Sellitto P., GuermaziH., SalernoG., CuestaJ., EremenkoM., MaillerS., LachatreM., 186 retrievals basedonthermalinfraredobservations processes andestimatingtheirclimaticimpactswithnewsulphateaerosols Tracking volcanicplumedispersion, studyingin-plumechemical/microphysical Caltabiano T., BurtonM. Corradini S., GuerrieriL., StelitanoD., HayeC., SalernoG., ScolloS., PrestifilippoM., MerucciL., Volcanic Cloudmonitoringfromsatellite:the24-30December2018Etnaeruption Tamburello G., D’Aleo R. Delle DonneD., AiuppaA., BitettoM., ColtelliM., CoppolaD., Pecora E., RipepeM., Systematic SO t tasprxsa hsscpue yutailtcmrs184 Mt. Etna’sparoxysmalphasescapturedbyultravioletcameras Abstract Volume 4 2 fu tSrmoioe h 09193 atStromboli overthe2019 flux 2 emissionpatternsprior, during, andafter a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 185

15 16 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Giardino A., MarinoL., Todisco F. de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., MarottaE., Avino R., CarandenteA., BelvisoP., Fabbrocino S., 215 the hydrothermalsystem ofIschiaasatoolforvolcanicriskmitigation characterization andreconstructionof Groundwater flow Tamburello G., CacciaguerraS. 214 A webappforprocessing volcanicgasdatafromMulti-GASinstruments Li Vigni L., DaskalopoulouK., CalabreseS., Kyriakopoulos K., BrugnoneF., D’Alessandro W. 213 Thermomineral watersofGreece:geochemical characterization Pedone B., Pecoraino G., CalabreseS., OliveriY., SalernoF., BruscaL., Li Vigni L. 212 Monticchio lakes Randazzo P., CaracausiA., ApollaroC., CardelliniC., ChiodiniG., PaternosterM., AiuppaA. Brugnone F., D’Alessandro W. Li Vigni L., DaskalopoulouK., CalabreseS., Kyriakopoulos K., Brusca L., BellomoS., 209 of Greece Geochemical characterizationoftraceelementsinthermomineralwaters Romano P., LiottaM. 208 solute geothermometers Exploring geothermalsystems:applicationandlimitsof Ristuccia G.M., Bonfanti P., GiammancoP. 207 Hyblean plateau(Sicily, Italy)fromgroundwater geochemistry Assessment ofthegeothermalpotentialalongnorthernmargin POSTER Rubino C., SortinoF., DonatucciA. 206 continuous monitoringoffumarolicfluids Gas-water-rock interactioninthesummitfumarolicsystematVulcano craterby Granieri D., Carapezza M.L., BissonM., ConteM., RanaldiM., Tarchini L. 204 two decadesofobservationsandpreliminarygashazardassessment Carbon DioxideDiffuseEmissionfromtheSoilatCavadeiSelci(ColliAlbani, Rome): Donatucci A., SortinoF., GiammancoS., BehnckeB., FerlitoC. 203 in MtEtna’ssummitarea Geochemical studyofhightemperaturefumarolesandnon-plumedegassing Temovski M., RandazzoP., Li Vigni L., RmanN., PapicP., StrojA., BorovicS., Persoiu A., BaciuC. Ionescu A., CardelliniC., D’Alessandro W., CaracausiA., Tamburello G., ChiodiniG., 202 of BalkanPeninsula Preliminary resultsofcarbondegassinginthetectonicallyactiveareas Di MartinoR.M.R., CapassoG., CamardaM., DeGregorioS., Prano V. 200 observed intheshallowgroundwaterandsoilgasemissions Evidence ofanewgasinputdeeporiginatVulcano (Aeolian Islands) Preliminary results for cold and thermal waters 210 Preliminary resultsforcoldandthermalwaters Geochemistry of fluids andCO Geochemistry offluids

2 outputinthesouthernApennine(Italy):

Picciallo M., DellinoP., Tramelli A. 235 The Phlegrean Fieldsvolcano-seismic monitoringnetwork De MartinoP., BrandiG., Dolce M., ScarpatoG. 234 deformation oftheCampiFlegreicalderabycGPSdata Ground andseafloor Arienzo I., D’OrianoC., DelouleE., D’Antonio M., Moretti R., DiRenzo 232 A tinywindowontheCampiFlegreifeeding system: ameltinclusionbasedstudy POSTER Balestri G. 230 of theSolfatara(CampiFlegrei, Pozzuoli, Italy)andpotentialriskofcollapse Reconstruction ofthepresencecavitiesin thefirstsubsoilofcraterarea Marino C., FerrantiL., NataleJ., SacchiM., SteinmannL., Spiess V., AnzideiM. 229 based onpaleo-sealevelmarkers Vertical grounddeformation oftheCampiFlegreicalderaoffshoresector Nazzari M., Pappalardo L., Petrosino P. Pelullo C., ArienzoI., CambesesA., ChakrabortyS., D’Antonio M., DohmenR., 228 Agnano MonteSpina(CampiFlegrei, Italy)magmaplumbingsystem inthe Compositionally zonedclinopyroxenecrystalsrecordfluctuations Bonechi B., Perinelli C., GaetaM. ascent rateofaK- basalticmagmafromtheCampiFlegreiVolcanic 227 District Clinopyroxene growthanddissolutionrate:constraintsonthedeeplevel Di SalvoS., Avanzinelli R., IsaiaR., ZanettiA., DruittT., FrancalanciL. 225 Campanian Ignimbriteactivity, CampiFlegreivolcanic field, Italy Crystal-mush reactivationprocessesbymaficmagmarecharge:evidencefromthe Montagna C.P., PapaleP. 224 Time scalesofshallowmagmachamberreplenishmentatCampiFlegreicaldera Morgavi D. 223 the possibletriggermechanisms- INVITED A reviewontheeruptionsofCampiFlegreicalderawithfocus PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Rosella Nave(INGV-OV) Conveners: ClaudiaD’Oriano(INGV-PI), ChiaraMontagna(INGV-PI), IleniaArienzo(INGV-OV), 221 THE STUDY OFAHIGH-RISKCALDERA S12. CAMPIFLEGREI:INTER-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO Brugnone F., CalabreseS., D’Alessandro W., Li Vigni L., ParelloF. Signature ofthe24 Cigolini C., LaioloM., CoppolaD., MassimettiF., SilengoM.C., MadoniaP. 217 In-soil radonemissionsatthesummitofStromboliduring2018-2019 Abstract Volume 4 h hmclcmoiino ukdpsto nteSrcs ra(tl)218 the chemicalcompositionofbulkdepositioninSiracusaarea(Italy) a ConferenzaA. Rittmann th December2018eruptionofMt. Etnaon

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

17 18 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Di MartinoR.M.R., CamardaM., GurrieriS. 250 The monitoring ofhydrogenand carbon dioxideatStromboli volcano Francalanci L., PaternostroS., CasaliniM., BraschiE., Langone A., ZanettiA., Avanzinelli R. 249 summer 2019Stromboli paroxysms Steady-state changesin theplumbingsystemdynamicspriorto Di CarloI., PichavantM., Pompilio M., LeGallN., BuiE., MiglioriniG. 248 a petrologicalperspective Ascent andvesiculationofmagmasduringrecent paroxysmsatStromboli: Corsaro R.A., MiragliaL., ArienzoI., DiRenzo V. 246 paroxysmal explosionsatStromboli The contributionofLPandHPmagmaduring Taddeucci J., JohnsonJ. Hansteen T., HoernleK., DiTraglia F., CivicoR., RicciT., Del BelloE., Pizzimenti L., ScarlatoP., De BeniE., CantareroM., AndronicoD., StrehlowK., Kwasnitschka T., Eggersgl M., 245 morphological changes Stromboli paroxysms2019:volumeestimationand Delle DonneD., Pistolesi M. La MonicaF., Marchetti E., SilengoM.C., RipepeM., AiuppaA., BitettoM., Laiolo M., CoppolaD., MassimettiF., CigoliniC., DellaSchiavaM., InnocentiL., LacannaG., 244 insights onthermalactivity, effusionratesand erupted volume The 2019Strombolieruptivecrisismonitoredfromspace: Ricci T., ScarlatoP., Taddeucci J. Andronico D., DelBello E., CiancittoF., CristaldiA., D’OrianoC., LandiP., Pennacchia F., 243 The 3Julyand28August2019paroxysmsatStromboli De AstisG., Giordano G. July 3andAugust28paroxysms volcano systemfrom The summer2019eruptiveactivityofStromboli:newinsightson Ciancitto F., ColtelliM., PrestifilippoM. forecasting unpredictableevents? visiting thevolcano, howcanwecontributetomitigatetheir dangerousimpact Stromboli paroxysmsrepresentoneofthemajorrisksforpeoplelivingor PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Giorgio Lacanna(UniFi), PatriziaLandi(INGV-PI), MaurizioRipepe(UniFi) Conveners: AlessandroAiuppa(UniPa), DanieleAndronico(INGV-OE), MauroColtelli(INGV-OE), 237 TO EXPAND THEKNOWLEDGEONVOLCANO S13. THESUMMER2019STROMBOLI PAROXYSMS: APRECIOUSOPPORTUNITY D’Assisi Tramparulo F., MeleD., RosiM., SbranaA. Scateni B., PistolesiM., BertagniniA., DiRobertoA., MarianelliP., IsaiaR., 236 textural andgeochemicalstudyreconstructionoftheexplosivedynamics The Solfataravolcano(CampiFlegrei, Italy)eruptivesequence:sedimentological, observations andfielddatacollectionofthe

239 241

Zanchetta G., de’ Micheli Vitturi M. Di Vito M.A., Costa A., BissonM., RuccoI., GianardiR., de Vita S., SandriL., SulpizioR., 264 inthe Campanian Plainandsurroundingareas volcanoclastic massflows A geologicalDATABASE asavalidsupporttoevaluatethehazard from Aravena A., CioniR., BevilacquaA., de’ Michieli Vitturi M., EspostiOngaroT., NeriA. 263 considering channelizationprocessesofPDCs A novelstrategytoenhancekineticenergymodels by PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Conveners: RaffaeleAzzaro(INGV-OE), ChiaraCristiani(DPC) 261 COOPERATE FORFUTURECRISISMANAGEMENT IN VOLCANIC AREAS:HOWSCIENTISTSANDDECISIONMAKERS S14. FROM MULTI-HAZARDS ASSESSMENTTORISKREDUCTION Landi P., D’OrianoC., AndronicoD. 259 features oferuptedmagmaandcomparisonwithothereventssimilarintensity The 3July2019paroxysmaleruptionatStromboli:texturalandgeochemical Innocenti L., Lacanna G., RipepeM. 258 July-August 2019eruptionofStrombolivolcano Seismic interferometryusingdeconvolutiontechniqueduringthe Mari N. 257 Stromboli eruption:insightsfromtheCalabrianbeachdeposits(Italy) Morphological characterizationofbasalticpumicefromthesummer2019 POSTER Bitetto M., LaMonica F.P., AiuppaA. Laiolo M., Massimetti F., CoppolaD., CigoliniC., PistolesiM., RosiM., DelleDonneD., Ripepe M., LacannaG., SilengoM.C., DellaSchiavaM., InnocentiL., MarchettiE., OrtiL., 256 early-warning systemforexplosiveparoxysms The July-August 2019Strombolieruptivecrisisandthe Lacanna G., RipepeM. 255 the Early-Warning system and Genesis oftsunamiwavesgeneratedbyPyroclasticflows Di RobertoA., AndronicoD. Bevilacqua A., LandiP., DelCarloP., NeriA., BertagniniA., Pompilio M., BissonM., 254 explosions atStromboli Probabilistic hazardassessmentofballisticbombsfromparoxysmsandmajor Massimetti F., PistolesiM., RipepeM. Innocenti L., LaCannaG., MarchettiE., SilengoM.C., CigoliniC., CoppolaD., LaioloM., Aiuppa A., BitettoM., LaMonicaF., DelleDonneD., Tamburello G., DellaSchiavaM., CO Abstract Volume 4

2 andSO 2 plume emissions during the summer 2019 Stromboli unrest 252 plumeemissionsduringthesummer2019Stromboliunrest a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

19 20 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Cocchi L., DeRitisR., Ventura G., PassaroS., SacchiM. 280 a newvolcanicstructure offshoreCilentocoast STEP volcanisminthe southernTyrrhenianSea: Sacchi M., PassaroS., MatanoF., MolissoF., FerrantiL., InsingaD., Pepe F. (NYT) caldera, Campi Flegrei, 278 Italy unrest dynamicsinthemarineandonlandsector oftheNeapolitanYellow Tuff The PozzuoliBay:areviewofrecentmorpho-structural evolutionand Passaro S., SacchiM., Vallefuoco M., Tamburrino S., Ventura G. 276 recent discoveriesintheNaplesBay Volcano-sedimentary features intheSomma-Vesuvius offshore: Pensa A., Pinton A., Vita L., BonamicoA., De BenedettiA.A., Giordano G. Atlas 275 ofItalianSubmarineVolcanic Structures PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Riccardo DeRitis(INGV- UniRM2), GuidoGiordano(UniRM3) Conveners: AlessandraPensa (UniRM3), AnnamariaPinton(UniRM3), SalvatorePassaro(CNR), MULTIDISCIPLINARY 273 APPROACHES S15. SUBMARINEVOLCANIC ACTIVITY ANDASSOCIATED HAZARDSFROM Gruppo diLavoroINGV vulcani 272 INGV SocialCommunicationduringStromboli2019crisis Meroni F., AzzaroR., D’Amico S., Pessina V., Torrisi A. 270 method calibrationandfirstresults Simulating damagescenariofortheDecember26, 2018Fleriearthquake (Mt. Etna): Bevilacqua A., Azzaro R., BrancaS., D’Amico S., DeBeniE., FlandoliF., NeriA. 269 a long-termperspective eruptionsmovetogetheron at Mt. Etna(Italy):howearthquakesandflank The powerofstatisticalanalysisasatoolforanintegratedhazardassessment Petrazzuoli S.M., SantoianniF., SommaR., Trocciola A., Troise C., Villani S. De NataleG., BuscemaP.M., CovielloA., DePietroG., GiannolaA., MaurelliG., MorvilloA., 268 for theNeapolitanarea Mitigating thehighestvolcanicriskinWorld: amultidisciplinarystrategy Sandri L., BevilacquaA., SelvaJ., NeriA., CostaA., MacedonioG. 266 exercise atCampiFlegrei Eruption forecastingandhazardassessmentatINGVduringthe2019crisis Gianardi R., MacedonioG., RuccoI., SulpizioR. de’ Michieli Vitturi M., SandriL., CostaA., Di Vito M.A., BissonM., EspostiOngaroT., 265 lahars probabilistichazardmapsatVesuvius A multidisciplinarystudyforthedefinitionof

Di Vito M.,Di Vito VassalloS. Speciale C., de Vita S., Iovino M.R., MantiaF., MentesanaR., Montana G., Battaglia G., 297 other volcanicrocksin Ustica(Italy)duringprehistory Materials andtoolsacross volcanoes:exploitationofobsidianand Di Vito M.A., Aurino P., BoenziG., LaforgiaE., RuccoI. 295 of Vesuvio andCampiFlegreisinceNeolithic Human communitieslivinginthecentralCampania Plainanderuptions Branca S., PriviteraF., PalioO., Turco M. in relationtothegeologicalevolution 293 Prehistoric humanpresenceontheEtnaVolcano (Sicily), Renzulli A., SantiP., GambinT. 291 back tothePhoenicians and tradenetworksintheMediterraneanarea fromtheRomanEmpire Matching lavamillstoneswithvolcanoestounravel transportroutes PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Daniele Musumeci(UniCt), AlbertoRenzulli(UniUrb), MauroRosi(UniPi) Franco ForestaMartin(INGV-PA), MariaClaraMartinelli(ParcoArcheologicodelleIsoleEolie), Luigi Ingaliso(UniCt), SaraTizianaLevi(UNIMORE;CityUniversityofNewYork), Conveners: StefanoBranca(INGV-OE), MauroAntonioDi Vito (INGV-OV), 289 AND OTHERDISCIPLINESFORINTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES WHEN VOLCANOLOGISTS MEET ARCHAEOLOGISTS ERUPTIONS ANDHUMANCOMMUNITIES: S16. HISTORY OFVOLCANOLOGY ANDRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN Passaro S., SprovieriM. 288 on theTyrrhenianSeaSeamount The marinehazardproject(WP1) - Preventingtheeffectsofdeepseamining POSTER Mastroianni F., Fantozzi I., Petrone C.M., Vougioukalakis G.E., BraschiE., FrancalanciL. 287 plumbing systemdynamicspriortothe1650CEexplosiveeruption The Kolumbo submarinevolcano, Greece: Cavallaro D., ColtelliM. 285 southwestern Sicily(Italy)bymeansofbathymetricdataandROV images Morphostructural analysisoftheGrahamVolcanic Fieldoffshore Caruso C.G., LongoM., GattusoA., LazzaroG., RomanoD., ScirèScappuzzoS., ItalianoF. 283 off PanareaIsland hydroacoustic monitoringofthesubmarinehydrothermalsystem Insights ofPanarea-Strombolivolcanotectonicinterconnectionsbypassive De RitisR., Pepe F., OrecchioB., CasalboreD., ChiappiniM., CorradinoM., NicolichR. 281 (Southern TyrrhenianSea) Complex formedalongthenorthernIoniansubductionslab-edges The Diamante-Enotrio-Ovidioseamounts:theeasternmostVolcanic-Intrusive Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

21 22 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 Natale di Pace 313 Natale diPace through thechroniclesanddrawingsofinedited compendiumof Di Vito M.A., Panarello A., PalomboM.R., BidittuI., FarinaroG., MiettoP. 314 on theashesofRoccamonfinavolcano(Central-Southern Italy) Someone walkedonthedivinemountain:fossil tracesandprehistoricpaths Branca S. Descriptions ofEtnaeruptionsattheturn the16 POSTER Principe C., Vezzoli L. 312 development oftheRheoignimbritemodel(AD1958-1975) Born oftheIgnimbriteconceptsand Coltelli M., ManniM., MartinelliM.C. 310 Resilience andadaptationtovolcanoesinMedievalLipari Manni M., RosiM. 308 a reviewofhistoricalsources Origins oftheisletVulcanello (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands): Ingaliso L. The “Historia Aetnae” 307 ofNatalediPace:acasestudy Scalisi L. The discoveredmanuscript. Mt. Etna forNatalediPace306 Musumeci D. 305 Mercalli, Wegener andRittmann’sstudiesonvolcanismorogenesis Scandone R., Giacomelli L., RosiM. 304 which destroyedPompeiiandHerculaneum Death, survivalanddamageduringthe79ADEruptionofVesuvius Di RenzoniA., BrunelliD., LeviS.T., RenzulliA., RosiM., Yoon D. 303 6000 yearsofhumanpresenceandabandonmentsatStrombolivolcano Should Istayorshouldgo? Vezzoli L., PrincipeC. 301 diatomaceous earthoredepositsofMonteAmiatavolcano(Tuscany, Italy) Documents andcollectionsforthehistoryofearthpigments Foresta MartinF., FurlaniS. 299 prehistoric humansettlementsatUstica(Palermo, Italy) the geomorphologicalbackgroundofchoice Life ontheedgeofseainavolcanicisland:

th and17

th centuries de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., BarraD., AielloG. 329 Lacco Ameno(Ischia, Naples) The geologicalsection oftheVillaArbustoarchaeologicalmuseum at Chicco J.M., GiammancoS., MandroneG., NicolosiA., OloccoL. 327 their possiblecorrelationswithMt. Etnaactivity aimed atunderstandingboththeirgeothermal potentialand thermo-physical andgeochemicalmonitoring ofhydrothermalfluids, The “Salinelle ofMt. Etna” Geosite: Todesco M., ErcolaniE. 326 Stromboli 2019 - Thesummercampaftertheeruption Furlani S., ForestaMartinF. 325 Micro erosionratesonvolcanicrocksatUstica(Palermo, Italy) Punturo R., Ortolano G., Visalli R., CaffoS., FerlitoC., CirrincioneR. 324 the exampleofMountGrosso – Mount Gemmellaropath Education andgeotourismattheEtnavolcano: Fonseca F., UrsinoA., IngleseG., NicotraE. 323 Parco Nazionaledell’IsoladiPantelleria(StraitofSicily) new geovolcanologicalpathsofthe Characterization andenhancementoftheGeosites POSTER Punturo R., Pappalardo G., MineoS. 322 and theiruseasbuildingstone The engineeringgeologicalpropertiesofthe1669lavasfromMountEtna Giammanco S., Carbone S. (Paternò andBelpasso, 321 easternSicily)andfutureperspectives Geo-cultural importanceofthe “System oftheSalinelleMt. Etna” Geosite Di Vito M.A., de Vita S., NaveR., UzzoT., Vertechi E., Peluso R., BishopJ. 320 into theheartofcity, ondisplayatthePietrasantabasilica “Naples, history, artandvolcanoes”, anundergroundjourney Giacomelli L., ScandoneR., RosiM. the case of Pompeii - INVITED The lossofgeologicalmemorypastcatastrophes: PRESENTAZIONI ORALI Conveners: ChiaraCardaci(DPC), RosellaNave(INGV-OV), Marco Viccaro (UniCt, INGV-OE) 317 THE VOLCANOLOGICAL EDUCATION A GREAT CHANCEFORTHEMANAGEMENT OFGEOSITESAND S17. LANDSCAPESANDGEO-CULTURAL HERITAGE INVOLCANIC AREAS: Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

319 Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

23

Luciano (INGV­OE), Scarfì Giovanni Barreca (UniCt) Conveners: VOLCANIC SYSTEMS S1. GEODYNAMICS AND TECTONICS CONTROLLING Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

25

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Fissural vs. punctual monogenetic volcanism: first evidence of continental breakup in the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift

Eugenio Nicotra1, Paola Donato1, Marco Viccaro2,3, Valerio Acocella4, Rosanna De Rosa1

1Università della Calabria, Italy 2Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 4Università di Roma Tre, Italy

Decoupling between long­term geological processes and human life does not allow scientsts to have direct connecton with tmescales of phenomena related to plate tectonics. This is the reason why, albeit widely accepted all over the world, plate tectonics is stll a model and not an axiom of Earth Sciences. Scientsts watch only a snapshot of a million­years­scaled sequence of events. This is the case of mid­ocean ridges, which are the final result of contnental drifing and magma output at divergent plate boundaries lastng ten­to­hundreds of millions of years. In additon to the temporal issue, in most cases, the transiton from contnental rifing to seafloor spreading is difficult to be studied, as most of these systems are submarine. The East African Rif (EAR) offers the unique opportunity to have a glance on such long­tme processes, as rifing is progressively propagatng from the Afar triple juncton to the south, through the Main Ethiopian Rif (MER) and the Kenya Rif. Volcanism along MER extends for thousands of kilometers, with a decreasing frequency from the Afar depression toward its southern part, mainly due to an increasing rigid behavior of lithosphere and, hence, a higher difficulty for magmas to reach the surface. Volcanic and tectonic manifestatons in the Northern Main Ethiopian Rif (NMER) are spatally clustered into four én­ échelon magmato­tectonic segments, each one characterized by the occurrence of a central silicic volcano in the intermediate part and of tens­to­hundreds of basaltc monogenetc scoria cones (MSC) and associated minor lava flows. A new geological survey and sampling of volcanic products in the Northern Main Ethiopian Rif (NMER) led us to discover the first rifing episode in the area, which occurred around the 1810 CE across the Fantale and Boset volcanoes. The rifing episode developed through a system of én­échelon eruptve fissures (EF) distributed over 7­11 km and with orientaton comparable to the Wonji Fault Belt. The EF basaltc lavas preserve the same petrographic and geochemical characteristcs throughout the NMER. Indeed, they are almost aphyric and bear the typical high­

Ti signature (TiO2 > 3.5 wt.%) of other volcanic products in the area. Central volcanoes and EF are at the center of each tectono­magmatc segment, whereas tens­to­hundreds monogenetc scoria cones (MSC) populate the external portons of the NMER. MSC basaltc tephra are plagioclase­dominated, with a total content of phenocrysts around 30 vol.%. PRIMELT3 and Rhyolite­MELTS simulatons highlighted that both EF and MSC volcanic products have the same parental magma. Afer storage at the Moho level (19­23 km of depth), EF and MSC magmas encountered, however, distnct differentaton and ascent dynamics. EF magmas underwent deep fractonaton of mafic phases and reached rapidly the surface, conditons that lead us to infer a mechanism of magma­assisted rifing for these episodes. Conversely, afer deep fractonaton of mafic phases, MSC magmas have evidence of further storage and crystallizaton histories at 10­ 14 km of depth. From this storage zone, single magma batches can rise either through already existng fractures/faults or newly formed, deep faults associated to the Wonji Fault Belt. 27 28 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 segment. diking/rifing events are especially expected inthecentral area of eachtectono­magmatc already ongoing, which meansthat theprocess cannolonger beconsidered incipient andother rate through tme.Our findingsreveal that theprocess of contnental break­up intheNMERis trends of thedifferentaton andascent dynamicsprimarily dependontheincreasing extensional extension, whereas MSCinthosesegments with lower rates. Within thisframework, variable episodes, take place inportonsof tectono­magmatc segments characterized by major Our modelenvisages that central volcanoes anderuptve fissures, originated through rifing center of calderas of central volcanoes. as evidenced by thecomplete absence of scoria cones within aradius of 10­12kmfrom the Conversely, their plumbingsystems were abletobuffer theascent of thesinglebatches of MSC, edifice, butthey donot show any evidence of mixingor mingling with more evolved magmas. actve magmatc plumbingsystem: therecent EF events have beenabletointrude their central The integraton of allour data alsosuggests that Fantale andKone volcanoes donot have an S1.1 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The volcano-tectonic activity of the Ririba rift and the evolution of rifting in South Ethiopia

Zara Franceschini1,2, Raffaello Cioni2,3, Giacomo Cort3,5, Federico Sani2, Stéphane Scaillet4, Ilaria Isola5, Francesco Mazzarini5, Florian Duval4, Asfaw Erbello6, Ameha Muluneh7, Sascha Brune8

1Università di Pisa, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2Università di Firenze, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 3CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Firenze, Italy 4Insttut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO), Université d’Orléans, France 5Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 6School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, Ethiopia 7School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia 8German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Potsdam, Germany

The relatonships between volcanic actvity and tectonics at the southernmost terminaton of the Main Ethiopian Rif (MER), East Africa, are presented and discussed to define the evoluton of rifing. We provide new constraints on the tming, evoluton and characteristcs of the poorly documented volcanic actvity of the Mega and Dilo­Dukana volcanic fields (VF), near the Kenya­ Ethiopia border. The new data delineate the occurrence of two distnct groups of volcanic rocks: subalkaline basalts, observed only in the Dilo­Dukana VF, forming a lava basement during Pliocene then faulted during a significant rifing phase; alkaline basalts, occurring in the two volcanic fields as pyroclastc products and lava flows from scatered Quaternary monogenetc edifices, which postdated the rifing phase and sealed the rif­related faults. 40Ar/39Ar datng constrain the emplacement tme of the large basal lava plateau to ~3.7 Ma, whereas the youngest volcanic actvity characterizing the two areas dates back to 134 ka for Dilo­Dukana, to as recent as the Holocene for Mega VF. We investgated the Quaternary volcanic actvity of the study area by characterizing the different types of volcanoes, their morphology and spatal distributon. In contrast with other sectors of the rif, we find that this recent volcanism developed along tectonic lineaments independent from those of the rif: our analysis indicates no direct relatons between the Pliocene, roughly N­S­trending major boundary faults of the Ririba rif and the NE­SW­oriented structures feeding the Quaternary volcanic actvity. We speculate that this change in structural trend may be the expression of (1) inherited crustal structures affectng the distributon of the recent volcanic vents, and (2) a local stress field controlled by differences in crustal thickness, following a major episode of reorganizaton of extensional structures in the region due to rif propagaton and abandonment.

S1.2 ­ Presentazione orale 29 30 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 responsible for volcanism evoluton/cessaton alongandnearby subductonsystems. and mantle mobilizaton afer slabdetachingare considered here tobethemainprocesses mobilizaton afer slabdetachment. Thrustng actvaton inthecrustoverlying atravelling mantle and Filicudi volcanic islandsinthe western Aeolian Arc, provide constraints for mantle in thearea. Depleted mantle replaced by aprimary mantle beneath the(today inactve) Alicudi the life of the volcano, representng ahighly­unfavorable scenario for volcanism contnuaton model in which anewly­setled,deep­seated crustalcontracton ishaving astrong impacton strain rate, inflaton process andsoon), seemtoconverge toward theproposed geodynamic the lastthousand years. All theanalyzed data (i.e.geochemistry, deformaton field,seismicity, for theincrease in explosiveness andof thetotal number of lateral eruptons registered during stage beneath Mt. Etna. The combined effect of thetwo processes are here retained responsible consequence: i)magmatc source mixing(island­arc vs. plume) andii)theincepton of acollisional fore­arc mantle. According toour interpretaton, mantle mobilizaton ishaving atwofold gateway inthedescending slabhastriggered afluxtowards thesouthof the warmer andlighter or alternatvely pushedby thesupra­subducton mantle wedge, we argue that theopeningof a sources. Following thesimple assumpton that if aslabretreats itmusteither becompensated Etna (plume­related), two distnctmagmatc systems fed by meltscoming from different mantle volcano. This slaboriginally separated the Aeolian magmatc province (island­arc) from that of that trench­parallel breakoff of thepreviously subductedIonian slabhasoccurred northof the structural interpretaton onavailable tomographic sectonscrossing Eastern Sicily clearly indicate system andonthecurrent stress­state beneath andaround the volcano, respectvely. Geo­ decline. This new interpretaton isprimarily basedonthereconstructon of thelithospheric compositon andintheeruptve style(among many others) aspremonitory signalsof volcano entre geological history of the volcano, reinterpretng somesignificant changes inmagma wider geodynamic context where the volcano issituated. In this work, we have investgated the has beenseenasastand­alone volcanic system anditsevoluton has never beenframed inthe Despite theenormous volume of literature resultng from data interpretaton, todate Mt. Etna data regarding thedeformaton affectng the volcano, lava compositon, lava flows mappingetc. monitoring for hazard aimsover thelast40 years have allowed tocompile ahuge amount of Mt. Etna insouthernItaly isoneof themoststudied volcanoes inthe world andcontnuous 3 2 1 Giovanni Barreca is thepreludetoendofvolcanismatMt. Etna? andcrustalcollision: Mantle flow Flavio Cannavò Università diRoma Tre, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 2 , Marco Aloisi 1 , Stefano Branca 2 , CarmeloMonaco 2 , Rosa Anna Corsaro

1 , ClaudioFaccenna 2 , Luciano Scarf S1.3 ­Presentazione orale 3 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Volcano-tectonic setting of Mt. Etna offshore

Danilo Cavallaro1, Marco Fireto Carlino1, Mauro Coltelli1, Luca Cocchi2, Domenico Patanè1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Geomagnetsmo, Aeronomia e Geofisica Ambientale, Italy

Mt. Etna lies along the Ionian coast of Sicily in a complex geodynamic setng, where the front of the African vs European plates’ collisional belt overlaps the Hyblean contnental foreland crustal block. The Mt. Etna area is affected by strike­slip tectonics, characterized by different shear zones [Fireto Carlino et al., 2019]. Their actvity and mutual interacton led to the formaton of local releasing zones, which favored the emplacement of deep magmatc intrusive bodies and Plio­Quaternary scatered volcanics. Transtensive structures were lately inverted, as evidenced by push­up structures identfied offshore the SE porton of the volcano, resultng in the overall tme­space migraton of the volcanic centres. Strike­slip tectonics locally led to the formaton of shallow neotectonic features along the eastern flank of the volcano (both on­ and offshore), controlling the eastward gravitatonal sliding and producing important seismicity. The available dataset used for this work is composed of a dense set of high­resoluton mult­ channel seismic reflecton, magnetc and gravity data, acquired offshore Mt. Etna during 2014 within the TOMO­ETNA experiment [Coltelli et al., 2016]. The dataset is integrated with high­ resoluton bathymetric data, ROV images, sea­floor samples and other single­ and mult­channel seismic reflecton profiles [Chiocci et al., 2011; Mazzarini et al., 2017]. The main goals of this work are to further improve the understanding of the relatonship between tectonics and volcanism, and to beter characterize the geodynamic asset of Mt. Etna region, specifically focusing on the northern offshore region, which needs to be beter detailed. Bathymetric and seismic reflecton data revealed that the contnental margin offshore Mt. Etna presents a large and uneven bulge, characterized by horsts and grabens, pertaining to the Hyblean foreland domain. These structures are bounded by NNW­SSE and NE­SW lineaments, related to the Malta Escarpment and the foreland flexure beneath the thrust belt, respectvely. To the south, the bulge is characterized by the Timpe Plateau, a rhombohedral Hyblean horst, which shows no evidence of alloctonous nappes related to the Sicilian Apenninic­Maghrebian fold­and­thrust belt. It is strongly affected by strike­slip tectonics, highlighted by a large, wedge­ shaped transpressive push­up, developing along the WNW­ESE trending Aci Trezza Lineament [Fireto Carlino et al., 2019]. The northern porton of the bulge is indeed characterized by the Riposto Ridge (RR), a roughly E­W trending morpho­structural high, extending from the Fiumefreddo­Torre Archirafi coast down to the bathyal plain (1800 m bsl). RR flanks are strongly eroded by a dense network of gullies and canyons, suggestng a long­lastng erosive actvity. The RR shows a high degree of deformaton, due to local push­up­like morpho­structures, which suggest the occurrence of strike­slip tectonics. This deformaton may also favored diffuse gravitatonal instability observed especially along the deepest porton of RR [Argnani et al., 2013]. In addicton, we found evidence of alloctonous nappes of fold­and­thrust­belt in the RR area. The shallow extent of the RR is dissected by a NE­SW trending extensional fault system, representng the offshore contnuaton of the coastal faults, which also influence the seaward gravitatonal sliding of the lower Etna eastern flank. This fault system seems to control the sinuous path of the Riposto Canyon, which deeply cut the nearshore porton of the RR. It 31 32 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 also intheRRarea. We suggest that strike­slip tectonicsmay have played animportant role indriving volcanism portons of theRR[Cavallaro etal.,2016]. very high­frequency RTP anomalies,related toshallow intrusive bodiesonthenearshore reliability of theseismicinterpretaton. In partcular, thereduced­To­the­Pole mapdisplays at theseafloor, where they were alsosampled.Magnetc andgravity data strongly validate the interbedded within thePlio­Quaternary succession, asobserved onseismicprofiles, or exposed developed volcanic bodies, which are theproduct of local eruptons. Submarine volcanics are produces sub­vertcal scarpsoffsetng theseafloor, associated with scatered andlocally well­ S1.4 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Mapping the b-value at Etna volcano using the 2005-2018 earthquake catalogue

Marco Fireto Carlino, Luciano Scarf, Graziella Barberi, Mauro Coltelli, Domenico Patanè

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The cumulatve number of earthquakes and related magnitudes, occurring within a certain tme interval, are arranged along a log­linear trend, following the Gutenberg and Richter Frequency­ Magnitude­Distributon (FMD). The slope of the straight line which beter fits the FMD is defined as b­value and describes the average size distributon of earthquakes. b­value is typically equal to nearly one on a global scale; temporal and spatal variaton of b has shown to document changes in the relevant stress conditons [e.g. Gulia and Wiemer, 2019 and references therein], highlightng crustal regions where the producton of small earthquakes is statstcally higher or lower than the average. Thus, crustal regions showing b­values much less than one are characterized by statstcally reduced numbers of small­energy seismic events, reflectng possible asperites or stress concentraton zones [Wiemer and Wyss, 1997], perhaps linked to variatons in frictonal propertes along a fault. Instead, values of b significantly higher than one, generally characterizing specific regions in volcanic areas, are thought to reflect the local increasing density of smaller faults and cracks around actve magma chambers and fluid­ filled fractures at depth [Murru et al., 2007], resultng in the reducton in shear strength on cracks and fault surfaces, with the consequent preferental producton of small seismic events. Since 2005, the number of statons of the seismic network of eastern Sicily significantly increased, and three­component broadband seismometers, with digital recording systems, were also employed; this resulted in improved accuracy in earthquake localizaton and in the use of the local Magnitude for earthquake­size estmaton. The above characteristcs strengthen the reliability of b­value calculaton since the seismic catalogue afer 2005 is certainly characterized by a lower and more accurate completeness Magnitude. We analyzed the temporal and spatal variaton of b in the Etna area, using a seismic catalogue which includes nearly 10.000 earthquakes occurred between 2005 and 2018. The aim of the study is to highlight high b­value regions, which may reflect the occurrence of actve magma storages at depth, and to investgate eventual precursor of volcanic and seismic actvity by analyzing the temporal variaton of b.

S1.5 ­ Presentazione orale 33 34 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Alessandro Vona Ernesto Paolo Prinzi Italy likely occurred alongapreexistng damage zone inthelate stage of theRoccamonfina actvity. processes of decarbonataton andcarbonate assimilaton duringthedike emplacement, which decrease inthecrystals preferred orientaton. The preliminary results suggest acontributon of moving from thedike core totherim, we observed anincrease of theCaandMg content anda Di­Hd), Plagioclase(An35­45%) with Leucite, Biotte, andoxides inthegroundmass. Moreover, homogeneous magmatc assemblage consistng of large crystals of Clinopiroxene (Aeg­Aug to samples, collected alongthetransect, show variatons instructures andfabric with a defined by recrystallized limestone with afoam structure (skarn). Petrographic analyses of dike contact between themaindike andthehost­rock displays alarge thermo­metamorphic aureole dike ranges between 18and25m.Minor dikes are few meterstotensof centmeters thick. The trending faults, with transtensional andnormalkinematcs, respectvely. The thicknessof main Appeninic trend) andasecondary N­Sdirecton. The dike isfurther dislocated by N­SandE­W characterized by asegmented contact with thecarbonates with adominant NE­SW (i.e., Ant­ along atransect from thehost­rock todike core. Structural data indicate that thedike is petrographic andchemicalanalyses, we collected several samples,inthePresenzano quarry, breccias near Presenzano town, northeasttotheRoccamonfina volcano. In order tocarry out structures are hostedinMesozoic carbonates exposed inthePresenzano quarry and Pleistocene In this study we performed a structural survey onfractures, faults,anddikes. The later 4 3 2 1 Jacopo Natale interaction withthecarbonatehost-rock Italy): evidenceoftectoniccontrolondikeemplacementand The Presenzanodike(Roccamonfinavolcanicarea, southern Università diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse(DiSTAR), Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università diRoma Tre, Italy Università degliStudi delSannio,Dipartmento diScienze e Tecnologie, Italy 1 , Sabatno Ciarcia 3 2 , Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo 2 , Guido Giordano

3 , Roberto Isaia 4 , Stefano Vitale S1.6 ­Presentazione orale 4 , Federico Lucci 1 , 3 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Different geochemical and isotopic footprints of magmas erupted in the rear arc zone of Ecuador characterized by slab segmentation: insights from El Reventador, Sumaco and Cerro Negro volcanoes

Marco Taussi1, Samuele Agostni2, Michele Matoli1, Mateo Puerini1, Filippo Ridolfi3, Andrea Gorini1, Alberto Renzulli1

1Università di Urbino, Dipartmento di Scienze Pure ed Applicate, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pisa, Italy 3Leibniz Universitat Hannover Insttut fur Mineralogie, Germany

Major­trace elements and Sr­Nd­Pb­B isotopes were measured in samples from a collecton of rocks erupted by El Reventador, Sumaco and Cerro Negro volcanoes, located in the rear­arc zone of the Ecuadorian Andes (Northern Volcanic Zone ­ NVZ). Despite being located at the same distance from the trench (~350 km), and only ~30 km far from each other, magmas erupted from these three volcanoes (N­S aligned), exhibit different major­trace element compositons and isotopic signatures. The products of El Reventador actve volcano (the northernmost one) are mainly represented by porphyritc lavas, ranging from basalt to rhyolite, with basaltc­andesite and andesite being the most abundant. They belong to the medium­K to high­K calc­alkaline series, characterized by higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd with respect to those of Sumaco (the southernmost one) but well within the Sr­Nd isotopic range of the Ecuadorian NVZ [Ancellin et al., 2017; Gutscher et al., 1999]. Extrusives of the actve to semi­actve Sumaco volcano consist of high­K alkaline, markedly

SiO2­undersaturated (ofen with modal feldspathoids) rocks ranging from basanite to phonolite. The overall geochemistry of the samples is very different from that observed for most volcanoes of the NVZ. The narrow range of Sr­Nd isotope compositons and the major and trace elements distributons indicate that, besides relatvely low­degree of partal meltng of the mantle source, the Sumaco magmas differentated mainly through crystal fractonaton with probably small contributon of crustal contaminaton, in accordance with the thick (>50 km) and old (Precambrian) contnental lithosphere beneath the volcanic edifice. Cerro Negro (a semi­dormant to dormant volcano), geographically located between the Sumaco and El Reventador is characterized by trachybasalts to trachydacites of the high­K calc­alkaline series and show geochemical features which partally overlap those of the other two volcanoes. The Sr­Nd isotope ratos show a quite large variaton range (i.e. 87Sr/86Sr =0.7053­0.7070 and 143Nd/144Nd = 0.5124­0.5128) and an anomalous negatve correlaton. Although El Reventador, Cerro Negro and Sumaco volcanic products show the typical Nb­Ta­Ti negatve anomaly as the result of the common subducton­related environment, they exhibit, completely different modal mineralogy and trace element geochemistry. Small enrichment in incompatble trace elements with silica increase are typical of El Reventador lavas, especially for LREE (e.g. La, Ce). By contrast, the Sumaco lavas are strongly enriched in all incompatble elements and show very low values of LILE/HFSE and LILE/REE ratos (e.g. Ba/Nb and Ba/La). Products of Cerro Negro distnctly cover the compositonal gap which is present between El Reventador and Sumaco for LREEs abundances and LILE/HFSE and LILE/REE ratos. 35 36 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 represent the­trait d’union­between thetwo other volcanoes. and Bisotopic analyses are on­going) which isjustlocated inatransitonal environment could and high11B)isinvoked assignificant agent of mantle wedge metasomatsm. Cerro Negro (Pb under theElReventador volcano acarbonatc sediment component (with low 206Pb/204Pb 11B­depleted fluidsreleased from subductedaltered oceanic crustandsediments. In contrast, of partalmeltngduetothemetasomatsm of asupra­slab mantle wedge by smallamounts of contnental margin originate. The Sumaco basicmagmasare consistent with very low degrees different extent of metasomatsm inthemantle wedge where thebasicmagmasof theactve subducted slabmay beresponsible for heterogeneous kindof fluidsandmelts which caninduce (Farallon) subductnglithosphericplate. In fact,differences inthegeometry and/or age of the Sumaco) that canproduce alithosphere tearing between the younger (Nazca) andtheolder Grijalva Fault Zone) inthesouthernmostarea of thethree investgated volcanoes (close to be therefore driven by thepresence of thesouthernlimitof theflat­slab Carnegieridge (i.e.the mantle wedge having thesamecharacters. Different geochemical andisotopic footprints might The three investgated Ecuadorian volcanoes grew uponthesamebasement rocks andover a S1.7 ­Poster

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Geodetic and seismic moment-rates comparison on Sicily Channel (Italy)

Mimmo Palano1, Andrea Ursino1, Salvatore Spampinato1, Federica Sparacino1, Alina Polonia2, Luca Gasperini2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Italy

Seismic and geodetc moment­rates comparison can reveal regions with unexpected potental seismic hazard. Sicily Channel represents a region with a potentally moderate seismic hazard, due to the occurrence, in the recent past, of volcanic eruptons sometmes accompanied by significant seismic swarms. By using both historical and instrumental seismic catalogs as well as an update geodetc velocity field we performed such a comparison for the Sicily Channel area. The Sicily Channel is part of the Pelagian block, a contnental crustal porton of the African contnental margin which extends from Tunisia to eastern Sicily and is separated from the Ionian Basin by Hyblean­Maltese Escarpment Fault System. The evoluton of the Pelagian block has been strongly influenced by the complex interacton between the Nubia and Eurasian plates. Since late Miocene, and mostly during the Pliocene, the Sicily Channel has been affected by extensional tectonic processes which leaded to the development of tectonic depressions (e.g. Pantelleria, Linosa and Malta troughs). These depressions have been interpreted as large and discrete pull­apart basins involving deep crustal levels that developed in front of the Africa­ Eurasia collisional belt within a large dextral wrench zone. To investgate the seismic characteristcs of the Sicily Channel, we considered the instrumental seismicity using earthquake data recorded during the period 1983­2018 by the INGV permanent seismic network [htp://iside.rm.ingv.it]. We selected a NW­SE oriented sector with approximate coordinates of vertces: Lat. 37.00 ­ Long. 10.00, Lat. 38.60 ­ Long. 11.55, Lat. 35.68 ­ Long. 16.60, Lat. 33.73 ­ Long. 14.91. The earthquake distributon highlights that seismicity is scant and mainly concentrated along a broad N­S elongated tectonic lineament, extending from Lampedusa Island to the Graham Bank, which marks the segmentaton of the extensional Sicily Channel system into two separate branches. We calculated the seismic moment­rate according to the [Hyndman and Weichert, 1983] formulaton, which was obtained by integratng the cumulatve truncated Gutenberg­Richter distributon up to the maximum magnitude value that could occur within our study zone. As the largest earthquake striking the investgated area had an estmated magnitude equal to 5.1, following [Kijko and Graham, 1998] and [Kijko and Singh, 2011], we assumed a value of 5.6 as possible maximum magnitude. Estmated seismic moment­rate is 3.32·1016 Nm/yr. All contnuous GPS statons installed across the Sicily Channel as well as the ones on southern Sicilian onshore (2001.0­2018.0 tme interval) have been processed by using the GAMIT/GLOBK sofware packages. Afer estmatng the GPS velocites (referred to a fixed Eurasian reference frame), we computed the geodetc horizontal strain­rate tensor on a regular 0.25° x 0.25° grid. The western sector is dominated by a prevailing contractonal field with the minimum deformaton axes having a W­E attude in area comprises between Pantelleria and SW Sicily, and a WNW­ESE attude in area comprises between Pantelleria and Lampedusa. The eastern sector is dominated by a prevailing extensional field with the maximum deformaton axes aligned to the NE­SW directon, coupled with a minor contracton with the minimum deformaton axes having a NW­SE attude. For the area of study, we calculated the geodetc moment­rate 37 38 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 moment­rate is8.95·10 and 20kmfor rocks shear modulusandseismogenic thickness,respectvely. Estmated geodetc according tothe[Savage andSimpson,1997]formulaton, assuming values of 3.3·10 the total deformaton budget measured geodetcally. deformaton occurs mainly alongnarrow actve tectonicareas which are unabletoaccount for the sedimentary sequence uptotheseafloor. These evidences suggest that fully seismic and complex patern of transtensional andtranspressional deformaton ispresently affectng profiles show evidences of actve deformaton alongaN­Strending corridor, where adiffuse of incipient deformatons, while horizontally onlappingtheacoustc basement. Seismicreflecton tectonically actve, since recent sediment fillingthebasindepocenter doesnot show evidence domains. However, seismicreflecton data suggest that thesestructural depressions are not Basin depocenters markfirstorder structural boundariesbetween different morphostructural identfy firstorder morphotectonic domainsandtheir structural boundaries. referenced usingtheopen­source sofware Seisprho.Interpretaton of thesedata allowed to the 70’s. These data, available only inhard copies, have beendigitzed, processed andgeo­ of asetof SPARKER seismicdata acquired by IGM(now ISMAR­Bo) intheSicily Channelduring The morphotectonic domainsover thestudy area have beenanalyzed through interpretaton 17 Nm/yr. S1.8 ­Poster 10 N/m 2

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Moment tensor solutions at Mt. Etna volcano

Luciano Scarf1, Sebastano D’Amico2, Flavio Cannavò1, Salvatore Alparone1, Horst Langer1, Giuseppina Tusa1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2University of Malta, Malta

In a volcano, seismic events can be related to multple processes, such as britle fracture, fluid flow, mass transport and volumetric changes. Therefore, seismic signal analysis and an adequate characterizaton of the seismic source is usually performed to monitor its actvity and to provide a reliable understanding of its internal processes. The earthquake source can be successfully studied through the seismic moment tensor computaton, which also provides additonal hints about non­double couple components of the actng forces. However, this kind of measurement in a volcanic environment is a difficult task due to the complexites of the structural model, to the wave propagaton effects and to the presence of noise in the data. On December 24, 2018 an intense seismic sequence preceded and accompanied the beginning of a flank erupton at Mt. Etna volcano (Italy). The relevant seismicity and the large ground deformaton [Bonforte et al., 2019] are a clear evidence of the impressive dynamics that characterized the volcano during this last erupton which, despite the low volume of magma poured out, can be considered one of the most important ones of the last 30 years. In this study, we analysed the Etnean seismicity and calculated the complete moment tensor of a selecton of earthquakes recorded by the broad­band network of INGV­CT during the last erupton, with the aim of providing new insights into the erupton dynamics. In partcular, we investgated the source mechanisms and the possible involvement of magmatc fluids.

S1.9 ­ Poster 39 40 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52

Università diCatania On 26 On 2 1 Anna Figlioli The Fiandaca-Pennisi shear-zone (Mt. Etna, Sicily) Monitoring ofpost-seismic deformation: 7 finding 15earthquakes occurred indifferent segments of thefault,major onesoccured on We analyzed thehistoricalseismicity of theFiandacaPennisi faultduringthelast150 years, data. ii) mappingof historicalandlastcoseismic fracturing, iii)analysis of geodetc (GPS andInSAR) some results of amultdisciplinary dataset: i)analysis of historicalandinstrumental seismicity, In this work, we focus onare­analysis of data collected duringthisseismiccrisisand we show in thecity of Aci Catena whereas thenortherntpreaching the village of Fleri. fault extends for about8km with aNNW­SSE trending, thesoutherntpof thefaultislocated fault system, was reactvated few hoursafer theintrusion intheSEflankof Mount Etna. This one of themostseismically actve shear zones belongingtotheupslopeextension of the Timpe (Sicily) at adepth lessthan1km[Gruppo Analisi Dat Sismici,2019]. The FiandacaPennisi fault, sequence with maximummagnitudeof 4.8located at 1,5kmNEfrom the village of Lavinaio zone (26December 2018,M Sidebotom, 1985]triggering coseismic andaseismicdeformaton of theFiandacaPennisi shear discontnuites [Griffith, 1921; Tsuchida andNakahara, 1970;Soutas­Litle,1973;Boresi and Etna Volcano hasperturbedandconcentrate localstress fieldalongthe margin of major tectonic et al.,2019],intruded andtheconsequent widespread deformaton of theeasternslopeof Mt. Our data suggest that adike, extending from thesummitarea SE­ward for about2.5km[Bonforte (SNAP) toolbox. interferometry (D­InSAR) processing we usedtheopensource Sentnel Applicaton Platorm 1 A&B satellites acquisitons (C­band). For thedifferental synthetc aperture radar the earthquake effects by SAR interferometry usingtheEuropean Space Agency (ESA) Sentnel­ define thegeometric andtheassociated developed deformaton zone. We have investgated Interferometric data (InSAR) were further usedtosupportprevious investgatons andtobeter more than12cmtowards WNW and10cmtowards ESEdirectons. The postseimicslipof theFiandaca­Pennisi faultresulted inamainly horizontal movement of benchmarks alongtheshear zone, extending theUNICT_NET network [De Guidi etal.,2018]. 26 2018following themethodsalready shown inDe Guidi etal.[2017]. We realized 3geodetc of Catania, startedthesurvey of ground deformaton related totheearthquake of December The day afer theseismicevent, theGEOdynamic andGEOmatc Lab.group of theUniversity 26 December 2018and August 1894earthquakes show similarites[De Guidi etal.,2012]. CRUST, Centro inteRUniversitario per l’analisi SismoTetonica tridimensionale con applicazioni territoriali, Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy th and8 th December 2018theeasternslopeof theMt. Etna volcano was affected by aseismic th August 1894,19 1 , Fabio Brighent , Italy

th June and25 L =4.9)andPernicana Fault (9 1,2 , Francesco Carnemolla th October 1984. The coseismic effects related tothe

th 1,2 January 2019M , Giorgio De Guidi

L =4.1). S1.10 ­Poster 1,2

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

New data acquisition about space-speed vectors along the TSGA fault during the last 3 years (southern unstable slope of Mt. Etna)

Giuseppe Marsala, Gabriele Morreale, Fabio Brighent, Francesco Carnemolla, Giorgio De Guidi

Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy

The eastern southern flank of Mt. Etna is characterized by a complex volcano­tectonic framework that is know from about 30 years. In this area, a series of structural alignment, oriented about WNW­ESE (TSGA System) are present that causing a slow eastward sliding of this area. This effect is caused probably by the intrusion of the magma across the surface, the recent lava covers that rest on the clayey substrate and due to gravity tend to slip the following “inflaton­deflaton cycle” during each erupton phenomena. Several interpretatons of the unstable eastern flank indicate a simple gravity­controlled mechanism enhanced by magmatc intrusions. In order to detect actve deformaton at the southeastern edge of the unstable sector of Mt. Etna two geodetc subnetworks were established in 2010 and 2014 across the fault system We identfied four blocks near the southern boundary of unstable eastern slope (Tremesteri­San Gregorio­Acitrezza fault zone), characterised by different strike and modules of velocity, separated by actve fault segmentswhich are characterised by different kinematcs. We obtained the velocity for each block during the period 2017­2018. The velocity for each block is: A=20,9 mm/a; B=23,2 mm/y, C= 14,3 mm/y; D= 33,5 mm/y, respectvely for A, B, C and D blocks, indicatng that the velocity value increases toward east. Moreover, we calculate the movement of the A, B and D block considering C stable: A = 20.71 mm/y (cVA); B = 22.80 mm/y (CVB); D = 33.3 mm/y (CVD) from west to east, this data confirms that the velocity increase toward east. In conclusion, the horizontal velocity field increases from West to East. Probably it is controlled by both tectonic extension and/or the intrusion of dyke that could cause acceleraton of the phenomenon moreover it is enhanced by the fractured clayey substrate.

S1.11­ Poster 41 42 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 duraton, sometmesequal totheduraton of theearthquake catalog. domain, characterized by theProvenzana­Pernicana faultseismicity, the familiesshow a longer presents earthquakes families, whose events are clustered inshorttmeintervals. In thesecond represented by theMaghrebian Chain,located inthenorth­easternsector of theanalyzed area, emphasizing that thesefamiliesfallinto two mainseismogenetc domains. The firstis Twenty­seven families,characterized by at leastseven events, were analyzed indetail.It is worth less than1.0),andthisindicates that theearthquakes within eachfamily have similar magnitude. values lessthan1.0.Regarding themagnitude, very low values of COV were computed (always unpredictable; others are temporally clustered (values greater than1.0);only afew familieshave recurrence behavior (values of COV approximately equalto1),hence theseevents are and magnitude. As for theinter­tme, theevents belongingtomost familiesshow Poissonian entre analyzed period. The COV (Coefficient Of Variaton) was calculated onboth inter­tme three years, andcanbeconsidered nonburst­type.Only onefamily hasalifetme aslongthe these familiescanbeconsidered burst­type; theremaining 31.3%have alifetme longer than twenty years. In partcular, the68.7%of thefamilieshave alifetme shorter thanthree years, more events. The occurrence lifetme isalsohighly variable ranging from someminutestoalmost 23. Many familiesconsist of only two events (98doublets), andonly 12familieshave tenor earthquakes, were found. The number of earthquakes makingupthefamiliesranges from 2to families of repeatng earthquakes, representng approximately 37%of alltheanalyzed the study area; b) their contnuity of operaton. By usingthemethodof cross­correlaton, 179 statons (EMNR,EZPO, ECBD) for adoublereason: a) their strategic locaton becausecloseto 1 January 2000to4 June 2019(overall 1885events), were analyzed. We have usedthree In this work, theearthquakes of thenorth­easternarea of Mt. Etna volcano, takingplace from network deployed intheMt. Etna area. Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia­ Osservatorio Etneo (INGV­OE) seismicpermanent 18,000 earthquakes were recorded andlocated throughout the whole volcano by theIsttuto place intheform of seismicswarms, even of low energy. During theperiod2000­2019,about represents thenorthernboundary. The earthquakes occurring alongthisstructure mainly take flank iscrossed by several faultsystems; amongthese,theProvenzana­Pernicana fault seismic rates andfocal depths; generally, themagnitude value doesnot exceed 5.0.Its eastern Mt. Etna volcano ischaracterized by several seismogenetc volumes characterized by different 2 1 Adriana Iozzia the North-Easternsectorcaseofstudy Repeating earthquakesatMt. Etnavolcano(Sicily, Italy): Andrea Ursino Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 2 , Salvatore Alparone 2 , Andrea Cannata , Andrea

1 , Stefano Gresta 1 , S1.12 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Seismicicy along the Trecastagni fault (Mt. Etna, Sicily) on February 2019

Salvatore Alparone1, Salvatore Gambino1, Sabrina Grassi2, Sebastano Imposa2, Graziano Pat2, Andrea Ursino1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy

Mt. Etna is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and is considered one of the most interesting natural laboratories for the understanding of eruptive processes and the ascent of magma. The eastern flank dynamics is controlled by several fault systems; among these, the Provenzana­Pernicana fault represents the northern boundary. From west to east, the Ragalna, Tremestieri Etneo and Trecastagni faults which in some places have evident morphological slopes make up the southern boundary of the eastern flank. The associated seismic sources are characterized by extremely superficial foci, which sometimes cause moderate damage to existing structures. Although it has been recognized as a southern boundary, these structural fault systems have not been affected in recent decades by significant seismicity, showing a low rate of occurrence. This characteristic, probably linked to the scarce detection of microseismicity and to the insufficient constraint of the seismic sources, could represent a limit of the current seismological knowledge in this volcano sector. The Trecastagni Fault (TF) is a discontinuity, with an approximately NNW­SSE trend, that develops in the southern flank of Mt. Etna, between the Trecastagni and San Giovanni la Punta villages. The seismicity of the TF is characterized by very shallow earthquakes with typical focal depths of 1­2 km below sea level. Also, south of TF, creep effects are visible along the San Gregorio di Catania fault. In recent years, some minor shallow earthquakes have been felt by the local residents, in particular, on 15 October 2009, at 00:52 GMT, M=2.1 and on 29 October 2010, at 01:37, M=2.2. Ten years after the last flank eruption of 2008­ 2009, on December 24, 2018 an intense seismic sequence preceded and accompanied the beginning of a flank eruption at Mt. Etna volcano. The most powerful event (ML=4.8; MW=4.9) was recorded on December 26 at 02:19 UTC and occurred just below sea level between the villages of Fleri and Pennisi. After this earthquake, the seismicity affected the central areas of the volcano and subsequently it involved more peripheral sectors including the southern structures and among these, the Trecastagni fault systems. The purpose of this research is to study the seismicity occurred along the TF on February 2019 in the post­eruption December 2018 and their possible links with ground deformation data recorded by two extensometric stations operating in this volcano sector. In particular, we focused on three earthquakes that occurred on 6th (23:38 UTC Ml=2.5), 9th (06:02 UTC, Ml=2.9), and 10th (04:00 UTC, Ml=2.4) February 2019 which were felt by the populations living near of the epicenter area. We integrated the seismic data (P and S­phases) recorded by INGV­OE permanent seismic network with those acquired by SGR station, managed by the University of Catania and located near the fault under investigation. The integration of data has allowed improving the main hypocentral location parameters and to better associate these earthquakes with the seismogenic activity of the TF. In the same days, exstensometer data highlighted millimetric variations at both the two stations. In particular, the exstensometers showed a fault dynamic through seismic releases between February 6th and 10th and subsequently, in the period between 10th and 17th February, without seismic activity. 43 44 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 activity of Mt. Etna volcano. geodynamics of thelower southernslopeof the volcano andtolinkit with theeruptive We believe that amultidisciplinary approach will allow tobetter understandthecomplex S1.13 ­Poster processes duringthetme,since itsformaton more than 220kaago. offshore theexistng volcano and which hasbeendisrupted andmodifiedby erosive andtectonic features could berelated toafissural actvity of anancient volcanic edifice which was located anomalies have been found inthesouthernsector of Mt. Etna. Results indicate that theselast Tyrrhenian Fault System, and which extend uptotheIonian Sea.In additon,somehigh velocity depict major discontnuites which characterise the Aeolian area, aspartof theSouthern the Peloritani, thesouthernCalabriaregion andof the Aeolian Archipelago. In partcular, results grid of measure nodes,allows ustoinvestgate incareful detailthecrustalstructure of Mt. Etna, earthquakes recorded by thelocalINGV network. Our tomography, performed with adense acquired duringthe TOMO­ETNA experiment andaselecteddataset of about5,900 we present highresoluton tomographic images obtained usingboth seismicpassive data magmatsm are stllelements inadequately constrained andmater of discussion. In this work, studies, themajor tectonicstructures of thearea andtheir complex interacton with the their understandingare major topicsinthegeological research. Despite thelarge number of that take place here have agreat influence onthetectonicevoluton of theregion; accordingly, geodynamic framework of theeasternSicily andsouthernCalabria. The geological processes very shortdistance (i.e.,that of Etna andof the Aeolian volcanoes) characterise thecomplicated In thecentral Mediterranean region, collision, subductonanddifferent typesof volcanism ina Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Graziella Barberi, Domenico Patanè, Luciano Scarf experiment tomographic resultsoftheTOMO-ETNAseismicactive Tectonic andvolcanicstructuresineasternSicilyasimagedby Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S1.14 ­Poster

45

Paola Del Carlo(INGV­PI) Lucchi (UniBo), Paola Donato (UniCal), Roberto Sulpizio (UniBa), Stefano Branca (INGV­OE), Roberto Isaia (INGV­OV), Federico Conveners: TEPHROSTRATIGRAPHY S2. VOLCANOLOGICAL FIELDSTUDIES AND

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

47

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Clustered high volcanicity in the Central sector of the Main Ethiopian Rift

Zara Franceschini1,2, Stéphane Scaillet3, Raffaello Cioni2,4, Giacomo Cort4,5, Federico Sani2, Gaëlle Prouteau3, Bruno Scaillet3, Abate Assan Melaku6

1Università di Pisa, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2Università di Firenze, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 3ISTO, UMR 7327 INSU­CNRS­BRGM, Université d’Orléans, France 4CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Firenze, Italy 5Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 6School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, ETH

The volcano­tectonic evoluton of the Main Ethiopian Rif (MER) is punctuated with periods of intense silicic volcanism, characterized by large explosive caldera­forming eruptons and the producton of several ignimbrite deposits. These volcanic paroxysms require large volume of evolved silicic magma accumulated in shallow chambers into the contnental crust; however, the relatons between magmatsm and tectonics during rifing, and the influence of the distributon and tming of regional tectonics on the ascent of magma and its stalling in large magmatc reservoirs stll remain poorly defined. We present a new, large geochronological 40Ar/39Ar dataset providing new constraints on the tming, evoluton and characteristcs of volcanism in the Central sector of the MER. Our survey and analyses suggest that, at least along the eastern margin of the rif, actvity was clustered in periods of large magma producton and emission, resultng in the recurrence of intense volcanic phases interspersed with periods of rest of volcanism. Ignimbrites and other volcanic deposits occur in the investgated area, spanning an age interval from 3.5 Ma to as recent as 150 ka. The sector is characterised by the presence of large, variably welded ignimbrite deposits and remnants of several calderas, which testfy the recurrence of silicic flare­ups. We investgate in detail the eastern margin of the rif, where a large volume (hundreds of cubic km), widespread crystal­rich ignimbrite (Munesa Crystal Tuff, MCT; 3.5 Ma) is described. This ignimbrite presents at least two main units: a lower, more than 150 meters thick, densely welded deposit with columnar jointngs, that can be tentatvely correlated to a thick ignimbrite occurring at the botom of geothermal wells in the central part of the rif, and an upper, pumice­bearing, unwelded unit. The MCT emission was followed, afer a long quiescence, by an important phase with the emplacement of both mafic (lava flows and scoria cone) and evolved ignimbritc products between 1.9­1.6 Ma. Two widespread ignimbrite units are in fact present along the same margin, cropping out for several tens of kilometres, so testfying the high volcanicity of this sector of the MER. Afer this phase, volcanism occurred more frequently, possibly with a lower amount of erupted magma and stll alternatng with quiescent periods, clustering at ~ 1.3­ 1.2 Ma, ~ 0.8­0.7 Ma and ~ 0.3­0.2 Ma. These episodes of high volcanic actvity will be compared with the episodic rifing of this sector of the Main Ethiopian Rif.

S2.1 ­ Presentazione orale 49 50 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 univocally asejectedduring auniqueerupton andits age of emplacement remains uncertain, ranging in age between 0.751and0.709 Ma. Despite thisupper tephra cannot beinterpreted uppermost layer, chemically similar toother Pleistocene tephras dispersedinEastern Africa, or distal known deposit.On thecontrary, more thanonecorrelaton ispossiblefor the in thebasaltephras only. However, thetwo basaltephras cannot becorrelated toany proximal and/or shards with rhyolitc compositon inallthesamplesandfew looseclinopyroxenes (augite) dispersive spectroscopy (SEM­EDS).Our results revealed thepresence of vesicular pumices on glassfragments and pyroxenes usingscanningelectron microscopy coupled with energy volcanic layers, basedonmorphologicalobservatons andcompositonal analyses performed Therefore, we triedtoassessthecompositon, potental provenance andchronology of thethree more thanonce becauseof theunavailability of suited, well­preserved, unweathered materials. at thetop(TP3)of the Aalat succession. Indeed, previous datng of intercalated tephras failed reconstructon, we analyzed three tephra layers located at thebotom (TP1, TP2) andespecially late­stage emplacement of thegeological record andaconsequent detailedpaleoclimatc simply considered younger than0.781Ma. In order toobtain suchmissinginformaton onthe upper boundary of the Aalat pedosedimentary archive was not well­constrained: itcould be lattudes [Scarciglia etal.,2018].Despite therobust geochronological frame, theage of the well with aeoliandustfluxes andmarineisotope stages of glacialsandinterglacials at higher red paleosolsasdriven by cyclical changes from dry to wet environmental conditons, which fit investgatons contributed tointerpret thealternaton of cemented calcrete/gypcrete layers and Detailed sedimentological, paleontological, paleoanthropological, pedologicalandstable­isotope chron with reversal geomagnetc field(C1r.1r) andending at 0.781Ma [Ghinassi etal.,2015]. between theterminaton of the Jaramillo event (0.988Ma) andtheupper partof theMatuyama Brunhes chron (C1n) which beginsat 0.781Ma. The Homo­bearing strata occur at theboundary Jaramillo subchron (1.072Ma) with normalpolarity (C1r.1n) andthelower partof thenormal magnetostratgraphy data, the whole succession canbedated between thelower limitof the to yellowish paleosolhorizons [Scarciglia etal.,2018].Based onhigh­resoluton calcic, petrocalcic (calcrete) andpetrogypsic (gypcrete) horizons with Fe­oxide­stained, reddish [Ghinassi etal.,2009,2015].Paleoclimatc changes are clearly recorded by analternaton of environments, possibly controlled by tectonics,despitethe present­day arid,desertclimate deltaic andlacustrineformatons, which indicate apersistence of water­driven depositonal where remains of Homo at about1Ma were identfied. The stratgraphy consists of fluvial, pedostratgraphic succession represents acontnental archive inthe African Rif Valley (Eritrea), ecosystem dynamicsthat involved theHomo erectus­ergaster distributon. The Aalat The climatc changes duringtheEarly­Middle Pleistocene transiton are akey tounderstandthe 2 1 Fabio Scarciglia Dandiero basin, Eritrea pedostratigraphic archiveoftheHomo-bearingAalatsection, paleoenvironmental changesinEastAfrica:themultiproxy The contributionoftephrostratigraphytoassessPleistocene Università diPadova, Italy Università dellaCalabria,Italy 1 , GiuseppeMercatante

1 , Paola Donato

1 , Massimiliano Ghinassi 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 the good correlaton of the pedogenic horizons with major Pleistocene paleoclimatc shifs and corresponding global­scale curve, allowed us to exclude the Silbo tuff (0.751 Ma) as a potental candidate, given the stratgraphic positon of the upper calcrete horizon almost immediately below it and its correlaton to MIS 18 (peaked at ca. 720 ka). Therefore, TP3 could correspond to one of the younger tephras from the Melka Kunture close to this tme interval, such as MK27­ 20 (0.726 Ma) or MK27­09 (0.709 Ma). This new tme constraint to the top of the Aalat secton permited us also to estmate long­term sedimentaton rates for three tme slices across the whole record: 0.83 mm/a during the Jaramillo event, 0.77 mm/a during the final part of the Matuyama epoch, and in the range of 1.34­0.76 mm/a in the final part of the succession.

S2.2 ­ Presentazione orale 51 52 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Fabrizio Marra we alsodeterminedtheglass compositons andthe and/or not suitablefor tephrochronological purposes (e.g., whole rock chemicalcompositon), available geochemical andgeochronological data for thepotental proximal counterpart are scant compositons; andCG­3 includesaseriesof trachytc and/or rhyolitc tephra. Since mostof the associated totheColli Albani actvity;CG­2 includestephra layers with tephritctophonolitc into three compositonal groups (CG): CG­1 includesaseriesof K­foidites andassuchare easily interval, equivalent totheMarine Isotope Stage 11. The 34 tephra layers canbeideally divided in thelacustrinesuccession of theFucino basinspanning thetmeinterval of ca.430­365 ka Here we present detailed geochemical andgeochronological data of 34tephra layers preserved the last430ka[Giaccio etal.,2017;2019]. a near contnuous record of ashfallevents in theregion, including~130tephra layers spanning [Peccerillo, 2017].Recent studieshighlighted thehuge potental of theFucino basintoprovide and Mount Etna, which were characterised by anintense andrecurrent explosive actvity Sabatni, Colli Albani, Somma­Vesuvius, Phlegrean Volcanic District, Ischia, the Aeolian Islands tephra depositonfrom theperi­Tyrrhenian andinsular volcanic districts,including Vulsini, Vico, in intermountain basinsincentral­southern Apennines (e.g. Fucino andSulmona), recorded explosive volcanic actvity [Albert etal.,2019].During theQuaternary, large lake systems hosted useful integratve informaton for abeter reconstructon of thehistory anddynamicsof contrast, distalarchives cancontnuously record sedimentaton of ash(tephra) layers, providing 2014] andtheeruptve history tobeonly partally represented and/or directly observable. In to a volcano causeproximal outcrops tobeofen fragmentary andincomplete [Giaccio etal., such as coarse­grained crystals, proximal outcrops are alsosuitablefor direct isotopic datng techniques, emplacement dynamics,andtheevoluton of the volcanic edifice. Due totheoccurrence of geological record provides fundamental informaton usefulfor evaluatng eruptve and Past explosive volcanism iscommonly reconstructed using near­vent deposits, where the G. Zancheta(Università diPisa). P. Petrosino (Università diNapoli 1),N.Leicher (University of Cologne), B. Wagner (University of Cologne), C. Francesca (Università diRoma 1),I. Arienzo (INGV­Osservatorio Vesuviano), M.D’Antonio (Università diNapoli 1), *FUcino Tephrochronology Unites Mediterranean REcords (FUTURE)team:P. Albert (Swansea University), 6 5 4 3 2 1 Lorenzo Monaco peri-Tyrrhenian explosivevolcanism implications fortheMediterraneantephrochronologyand The 430-365katephrarecordfromFucinoBasin, centralItaly: Alison Pereira

FUcino Tephrochronology Unites Mediterranean REcords (FUTURE)team* CNR, Isttuto Geologia Ambientale Geoingegneria, Roma, Italy Università diRoma La Sapienza, Italy LSCE, Laboratoire desSciences duClimatetdel’Environnement, Saint­Aubin, France Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy 40 Ar/ 39 Ar. However, intense volcano­tectonic andsedimentary processes occurring close 5 3 , FUTUREtephra­team , GianlucaSotli 1 , Biagio Giaccio 1 , Giorgio Mannella 2 , Danilo Mauro Palladino 6 40 Ar/

4 , SebastenNomade 39 Ar ages of someprominent eruptve 1 , Mario Gaeta 5 , 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 units from Vico volcano covering the ca. 430­390 ka tme interval (Vico Period I) [Perini et al., 1997]. The combinaton of data collected from both the proximal and distal sedimentary setngs allowed us to correlate several tephra layers to their volcanic source and, in some cases, to specific eruptve units, thus transferring high­precision 40Ar/39Ar ages determined on the relevant proximal eruptve units into the Lake Fucino succession. This allowed us to develop a robust age­depth model for the 430­365 ka tme interval that provided a fundamental geochronological framework for both the paleoclimatc record and the tming of major and minor explosive events at the various peri­Tyrrhenian volcanic districts, which in turn is fundamental for volcanic hazard assessment purposes. Our data add informaton fundamental to the Mediterranean tephrochronological framework, which is crucial for both addressing paleoclimatc issues, and for a beter understanding of the history of the peri­Tyrrhenian explosive volcanism. From a wider methodological perspectve, our results highlight how a multdisciplinary approach, which integrates data from both distal and near­source volcano­sedimentary records, is pivotal to establish a robust regional and extra­ regional reference tephrochronological framework. This has clear applicatons within the wider context of the Quaternary sciences and volcanology and a systematc future applicaton of this approach to other volcanoes is needed.

S2.3 ­ Presentazione orale 53 54 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 providing anexcellent marinearchive for palaeoclimate research. us toobtain anaccurate chronological framework for theND_14/Q contnuous succession thus obtained inthis work, integrated with anumber of radiocarbon datngs alongtherecord, allowed necessary tocharacterize anddefineproximal counterparts of theseeruptons. The results well definedproximal equivalents; thisconsideraton points outthat new investgatons are eruptons. The products of thisactvity, generally referred toby theacronym “GM”, have not occurrence of explosive actvity at the volcano between Greenish (ca 19kaB.P.) andMercato immediately above the Agnano Pomici Principali tephra, enablingustohypothesize the tephra comparable incompositon totheMercato (ca. 9kaB.P.) deposits. It was found al. [2004]andby Mathews etal.[2015]have alsobeenfound suchasaSomma­Vesuvius related cryptotephra with uncertain source event, already documented inthestudiedarea by Sianiet succession which definitely records thelastca.22kys (Pomici diBase tephra). A number of found thusproviding anexcellent chronological framework for theSapropel S1definitoninthe Mercato (ca. 9kaB.P.) andFiumebianco­Gabelloto (ca. 8.4kaB.P.) cryptotephra have alsobeen eruptons and,for thefirsttme inthisarea, the vesuvian 1631event. The very well preserved 15 ka), Pomici Principali (ca. 12kaB.P.) and Astroni­Agnano Monte Spina (ca. 4.2ka­4.4kaB.P.) plinian events have beenrecognized, among which thephlegraean Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (ca. Holocene. In detail,major marker tephra of theCentral Mediterranean linkedtoplinianandsub­ Flegrei andLipariIsland (Aeolian Arc) volcanic actvity occurred duringtheLate Pleistocene­ alkaline features andtheir chemistry points toacorrelaton with theSomma­Vesuvius, Campi compositon through SEM­EDStechnique. The analysed materials display K­alkaline andsub­ representatve of thestudiedlayers have beencharacterized intermsof major element and selectedmaterials were picked upfor chemical analyses. In total, twenty­one samples characterized by high values of magnetcsusceptbility (up to12cm) were sampledat 1cm­step microscope of samplesprepared for micropaleontological purposes.Stratgraphic intervals have beenrecognized through magnetcsusceptbility meansandobservaton at theoptcal sediment with intercalated one visible tephra andthirteencryptotephra deposits. These laters of 1013mb.s.l.andpenetrated totally a5.35mlongsuccession composed by hemipelagic core was raised intheSouthern Adriatc Sea,offshore theGargano promontory, at a water depth collected intheframe of The NextData Project onboard of Urania RV/CNR (July 2014). The A tephrochronological investgaton was carriedoutonthecomposite marinecore ND_14/Q 2 1 Federica Totaro of ND_14/QcoreintheSouthernAdriaticSea The LatePleistocenetoHolocenetephrochronologicalrecord CNR, Isttuto diScienze Marine, Napoli, Italy Università diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse,Italy 1 , Donatella Domenica Insinga

2 , Paola Petrosino

S2.4 ­Presentazione orale 1 , Fabrizio Lirer 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Correlation between submerged and continental infill at Campi Flegrei caldera: insights on the volcano-tectonic events of the last 15 kyr

Jacopo Natale1, Roberto Isaia2, Stefano Vitale1, Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo2, Luigi Ferrant1, Camilla Marino1, Lena Steinmann3, Volkhard Spiess3, Marco Sacchi4

1Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 3University of Bremen, Faculty of Geosciences, Germany 4CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Napoli, Italy

The Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy) is characterized by over one­third of its extension lying below the sea. In the last 15 kyr the caldera floor has suffered hundreds of meters of ground deformaton alternatng uplif and subsidence episodes in response to the actvity of the volcanic system. The evidence of significant uplifs is witnessed by the occurrence of marine sequences exposed on land, both along a 30 m high La Starza cliff and in numerous well logs. However, most of these sediments are currently hidden below the sea. This work aims to reconstruct the marine counterpart of the infill by using large multscale reflecton seismic data (> 100 profiles) and an accurate seismic facies analysis. The later consisted in the study and comparison of seismic atributes, scaled to the resoluton of the different datasets, to their geological analogs on land. Furthermore, by observing the changes in patern of on­lap terminatons, thickness, amplitude, and distributon of erosive features of different horizons, we tentatvely ascribed these sequences to the well­known contnental deposits. The study of the whole sequence above the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (15 ka) allowed us to gather relevant informaton about the relatonships between stratgraphic record, ground deformaton and sea level changes. In partcular, the reconstructon of buried surfaces gave us hints on the evoluton of the volcanic system including the role of faults in terms of estmaton of displacement and relatonships with the different epoch of major eruptve actvity.

S2.5 ­ Presentazione orale 55 56 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Gino Romagnoli degli Agro­ecosistemi,Italy deglaciaton processes. The climate­controlled variaton of thesedimentary supply combined by periods of intense erosion andclastcproducton, likely corresponding tothemain flows andpyroclastc depositsdrove therapid accumulaton of therelief was cyclically exceeded Our data evidence that intheeasternflank of Mt. Etna, thedischarge of high volumes of lava Mongibello lava products, totheancient alkaline lavas andsedimentary rock. located inthe village shows anupward progressively ageing of theprovenience rocks from the basement­rocks, are dominant. Petrochemical analyses carried outonsamplestookinaborehole far asSanta Venerina, where reddish clay horizons, containing pebblesfrom crystalline the earlier products of theRecent Mongibello. These volcanoclastc depositsare distributedas of conglomerates that infill paleo­channelsentrenched within thelower sequence anddrapes upper sequence, showing radiometric age of about7ka[Calvari andGroppelli, 1996],consists 1996] refers tothelower sequence, which consttutes thebackboneof thealluvialfan. The [Romano, 1982;Calvari andGroppelli, 1996]. A radiometric age of 15ka[Calvari andGroppelli, literature as“Chiancone” [Ritmann, 1973]. This clastc wedge canbedividedinto two sequences between 60and 15ka. The youngest clastcdepositsform a wide alluvialfan, well­known in Branca etal.,2008;De Beni etal.,2011],theSanta Venerina Formaton canbeconfined Considering theage of the volcanic horizons at thetopandat thebotom [Gillot etal.,1994; in asandy matrix, cappedby upper conglomerates, with well­rounded volcanic pebbles. named Santa Venerina Formaton, are madeof lower breccias, showing volcanic blocksimmersed eustatc sealevel riseimmediately before toOIS5.5. The intermediate epiclastc unit,here Acireale Formaton isconstrained between 132kaand125 ka,anditsdepositonrefers tothe marine terrace canbethusatributed totheOIS5.5(125ka). Consequently, theage of the deposits that are covered by alkalinelavas, asold120ka[De Beni etal.,2005;2011]. The deposits. On topof the Timpa of Acireale, the Acireale Formaton underlies coastal marine by centmetric sized clastcconglomerates andbreccias with lava blocksimmersedinfinegrained 2008; De Beni etal.,2005;2011]. It consists of areddish finetuff, containing litlechannelfilled alkaline lavas showing radiometric age from 140kato132[Gillot etal.,1994;Branca etal., horizon, here named Acireale Formaton, covers amarked erosional surface entrenched in deposits form three mainkey­levels, which interrupt the volcanic series. The oldestclastc petrochemical analyses of themaindrilledlithostratgraphic horizons indicates that theepiclastc field mapping,combined with theavailable radiometric age of lavas andtheresults of the easternflankof Mt. Etna andhave beendrilledintheregion of Santa Venerina. The detailed This study focuses ontheepiclastcdeposits which are exposed alongthemainfaultscarpsof 4 3 2 1 Giuseppe Tortorici succession ofMt. Etna variation ofthesedimentarysupplyinvolcanostratigraphic Discharge ofvolcanicproductsandclimate-controlled Università degliStudi diCatania, Centro Universitario per la Tutela elaGestonedegli Ambient Naturali e CNR, Isttuto diGeologia Ambientale eGeoingeneria, Roma, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2 , Giovanni Sturiale 1 , Marisa Giuffrida

3 , Marco Viccaro 1 , Francesco Pavano

1,4 , Stefano Catalano 1 , Rosalda Punturo 1 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 with eustatsm, out of the Etnean area, produced few meter­thick highly discontnuous sequences composed of distnct unconformity bounded wedges that cumulated at the base of slope. Along the coast, the Late Quaternary clastc wedges form distnct marine terraces due to the generalized tectonic uplif of the region. On the contrary, at Mt. Etna the rate of supply was largely higher, due to the impressive relief cumulated by emissions of huge volumes of volcanic products that provided the producton of large amounts of clastc material.

S2.6 ­ Presentazione orale 57 58 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Vecchia tephra hasmore evolved compositons (SiO Major element chemistry andtextural analyses of thejuvenile component indicate that Forgia deposit. (SiO belonging tothedisrupton of intermediate compositon lavas. Monte Pilato tephra products the other eruptons, thetephra consists of highly vesicular juvenile fragments andlithics Lipari was affected by contnuous volcanic actvity from different vents. The erupton of Mt. Paleomagnetc data and14Cdatngs indicate that around AD 1300thenorth­eastern sector of consist of lavas of rhyolitc compositon. with prevailing prolate shape,breadcrust bombsandblock andgrey obsidians. Accidental lithics radiocarbon ( (Rocche Rosse andLami) were carriedout. This data set was integrated with two new (Forgia Vecchia andRocche Rosse lava flows) andtwo explosive, densely welded deposits (major andtrace elements) analyses. Paleomagnetc datng of four representatves effusive studied inlaboratory through sedimentological (grain­size andcomponentry) andgeochemical samples, distributedon16outcrops representng thedifferent stratgraphic sequences, were relatve chronologies tooneanother, andtocharacterize theemplaced tephra. Forty­three microanalytcal, paleomagnetc,andradiometric approach inorder toclarify their absoluteand Here, theproducts of thefour centers have beenstudiedthrough acombined stratgraphic, Vecchia, Lami,andRocche Rosse have remained controversial. and chrono­stratgraphic relatonship between theeruptve depositsof Mt. Pilato, Forgia Whilst theseeruptons represent someof the youngest actvitesinthearchipelago, thetming products (tephra andlavas) were allemitedinthenorth­easternsector inthelast2000 years. Lipari isthelargest islandof Aeolian Archipelago (SouthernItaly). The youngest eruptve 6 5 4 3 2 1 Arianna B.Malagut (Aeolian Islands, SouthernItaly) (last 2000years)rhyoliticeruptionsofLipari Volcanological andchronologicalcharacterizationoftherecent Claudio A.Tranne Ambientale, Italy degrees of alteraton. Tephra resultng from thelocalactvity of Lami(SiO towards thetopof thesequence. Lithics are represented by rhyolitc lava clasts with varying characterized by poorly vesicular juvenile andobsidiansclasts, which become more abundant intermediate lavas. Rocche Rosse tephra products (SiO of beddingof thedeposit. Accidental lithicsconsist of fresh tomoderately altered mafic to vesicularity of juvenile fragments coupled with anincrease inobsidianscontent andanincrease Na Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediGeomagnetsmo, Aeronomia eGeofisica Università diBologna,Italy Università diPisa,Italy Università deglistudidiUrbino CarloBo,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy University of Swansea, UK 2 0+K 2 =74.75 wt.%; Na =74.75 wt.%; 2 0=9.08 wt.%) isrepresented by highly vesicular, fibrous juvenile clastsof gray color, 14

C) determinatons oncharred material from underlyingtheForgia Vecchia tephra 3 , Paul G. Albert 1 , ElisabetaBillota 2 0+K 2 0=9 wt.%) show, from basetotop,asharpdecrease inthe 4 , Alessio Di Roberto 2 , Marco Pistolesi

2 =75.35 wt.%; Na =75.35 wt.%; 2 =74.55 wt.%; Na =74.55 wt.%; 5 , Fabio Speranza 2 , Federico Lucchi 2 0+K20=9.05 wt.%) than 0+K20=9.05 wt.%) 2 0+K 2 0=9.05 wt.%) are0=9.05 wt.%) 6 , Mauro Rosi 2 3 =75.3 wt.%; , 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Pilato occurred during the VIII century, as already suggested by a previous 14C datng and was thus followed by a period of eruptve stasis identfied by a series of visible erosional discontnuites. The actvity resumed during the second half of XIII century with the Forgia Vecchia erupton that included both an explosive and an effusive phase. This was rapidly followed by the Rocche Rosse and Lami eruptons, which went on pene­contemporaneously. While Rocche Rosse occurred in the same area of Mt. Pilato, Lami consists of a local vent on the southern sector of Mt. Pilato cone. Rocche Rosse, Lami and Forgia Vecchia are thus aligned along a N­S fracture line indicatng that their initaton was promoted by the actvaton of the same structural element. The simultaneous actvaton of volcanic vents on Lipari and on the island of Vulcano (Breccia di Commenda erupton) about 8 km to the south, along the same N­ S fissure in turn indicates that the tectonic line had a significant role in the regional character of eruptve actvity.

S2.7 ­ Presentazione orale 59 60 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Ambientale, Italy eastern slopeof the volcano. especially for densely inhabitedareas asCatania and theother citeslocated inthelower south­ distributon andtemporal frequencies, isof fundamental importance for hazard assessment, Datng pasteruptons andaccurate knowledge of anactve volcano like Etna, intermsof spatal ­ 2300BC(Larmisi)and35002000(San Giovanni Galermo). paleomagnetc ages of thestudiedflows to9300BC­4400(Barriera delBosco), 3800BC three lava flows amongthemandbeter correlatng themtothedifferent sites. We restrict the samples collected from several samplingsites with theaimof helpingtofurther distnguish the of years [Speranza etal.,2008].Moreover, petrographic analyses have beencarriedoutonsome the mostpowerful andprecise datng toolsfor volcanic products emitedinthelastthousands paleomagnetc laboratory of Roma. The analysis of paleomagnetcdirectons represents oneof (120 cores intotal), which were demagnetzed by alternatng fieldcleaningat the INGV different sites were sampled(12sitesintotal), andineachsitetenoriented cores were gathered paleomagnetcally studied inorder tobeter date andcorrelate them.In eachlava flow, four of San Giovanni Galermo,emitedbetween 3.9kaBP and122BC[Branca etal.,2011], were the lava flows of Barriera delBosco andLarmisi,bracketed between 15and3.9kaBP, andthat flows reached the Catania area inprehistoric ages, before thebirthof thecity itself. In this work, the lava flow produced duringthe1669 AD erupton [Branca etal.,2016].However other lava The city of Catania, initsmillenary history, was directly damaged by thedevastatng impactof 5 4 3 2 1 Andrea Magli intheurbandistrictofCatania prehistoric lavaflows Paleomagnetic datingandcorrelationofEtnavolcano(Sicily) Gaia Siravo Università degliStudi diFirenze, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediGeomagnetsmo, Aeronomia eGeofisica Università diRoma Tre, Dipartmento diScienze, Italy Università diPisa,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy 2 1 , Guido Giordano 1 , Fabio Speranza

2 , Stefano Branca S2.8 ­Presentazione orale 3 , GildaRisica

4,2,5 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

A case study from Mount Etna for the emplacement of a clastogenic lava flow

Alessandro Frontoni1, Alessandro Vona1, Guido Giordano1, Marco Viccaro2,3, Claudia Romano1

1Università di Roma Tre, Italy 2Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

A lava­fountaining episode occurred on Mount Etna on the 18th May 2016. As a consequence, the summit craters were filled by pyroclasts, tll the formaton of a clastogenic lava flow, which spilled out from the Bocca Nuova crater and flew on the western flank of the volcano. The aim of this work is to understand the rheological behaviour of both the ejected products and the flow. It was performed a suit of high temperature (1050­1100 °C), uniaxial deformaton experiments at a constant strain rate (strain rate 10­4 s­1) on natural crystal­vesicle bearing samples coming from the May 2016 episode. Samples were collected on the summit area (pyroclasts) and along the flow, making a distncton as a functon of the vertcal profile with the distance from the emission point. The rheological behaviour changes progressively in agreement with the variaton of the textural features: vesicles show minimum values along the flow (10­25%) and maximum values in pyroclasts (56%), while crystal content seems not to influence the rheology significantly. A suite of experiments was performed at 3 different experimental temperatures and constant strain rate of 10^­4 s­1, showing deformaton both within the britle and the ductle regime, depending on the increase in vesicle content and temperature: results show that samples having a high vesicle content tend to maintain their britle behaviour, whereas in denser samples, together with the temperature increase, the ductle deformaton dominates. By combining textural and rheological data, field observatons of the 2016 clastogenic lava flow are confirmed. due to sintering and compacton were responsible of a marked decrease in vesicle content from the pyroclasts to the overflowing zone, promotng lava viscous flow, as experiments confirmed. Subsequently, autobreccia formaton due to the britle behaviour were favoured by the down flow porosity increase.

S2.9 ­ Presentazione orale 61 62 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 in different casestudies(Fogo Volcano, Merapi Volcano, Colima Volcano, Do The validity of thisproxy for theemplacement temperature assessment, hasbeenestablished wood (Reflectance analysis ­Ro%) embedded within thepyroclastc deposits. Temperature evaluaton of PDCshasbeenrecently performed usingoptcal analysis of charred among eachother and with thetopography duringflow isstllmater of debate andstudy. Physical propertes variaton suchas velocity, density andtemperature andhow they interact behaviour, our understandingof thesecomplex volcanic processes isstllfar from complete. sedimentological characteristcs of PDCsdepositsandtheatempts of modellingtheir flow (dynamic pressure) andtemperature. Despite our knowledge onstratgraphical and terms of potental damages within their areal extent duetotheir concentraton and velocity Pyroclastc density currents (PDCs) are amongthemosthazardous of all volcanic processes in Università diRoma Tre, Italy Alessandra Pensa, Guido Giordano PDCs usingcharredwoodanalysis Valuation andemplacementtemperaturesreachedby offlow hazard assessment. Temperature estmaton of dynamicPDCstemperature bearsimportant implicaton interms of on thedegree of charcoaling of wood fragment/tree trunk/furniture affected duringtheevent. This study opensapromising new fronter toevaluate themaximumPDCstemperature based estmaton of the total heat dispersionduringthetransiton from flow todepositonconditons. dynamic (flow) regime. The applicaton of such valuable andaccurate methodallows the informaton related not only toequilibrium(emplacement) conditon but,more importantly, to Therefore, within thesamefragment/tree trunk we canextrapolate PDCstemperature process occurred duringandafer thePDCsemplacement. internal carbonificaton at lower temperature canbeatributable toasubsequent heatng of thePDCspassage, when the wood fragment/tree trunk/furniture was stllinsitu; while the The higher temperature of therimcompared tothecore, canberelated tothe very firstmoment exposure, occurred duringdiachronous events of flow anddepositon. trunk thanintheinner part. This bimodalbehaviour canbeatributable tomultpletemperatures the sample.Ro% of thelater usually infer higher temperature ontheedge of thefragment/tree (same Ro% values) from rimtocore andothers with different charringtemperatures throughout Reflectance analysis (Ro%) results display samples with homogeneous charringtemperature This allows ustoreconstruct thethermalanddynamicof PDCshistory at different steps. can record thepossibletemperature fluctuatons incaseof multplepulses event. This peculiarity hasgreat importance intermsof tmingof charringevents, asthecharred wood temperatures experienced by the wood fragment/tree trunk/furniture. Due toitsnot retrograde nature, theprocess of carbonificaton records over tmethemaximum analysis (pTRM). Ercolano­Vesuvius Volcano), resultng comparable with thealready well know paleomagnetc

S2.10 ­Presentazione orale ñ a Juana Volcano, Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The transport, sedimentation and deposition of the 39.8-ka Campanian Ignimbrite: a study from the field to the volcanic process

Aurora Silleni1, Guido Giordano1, Roberto Isaia2, Michael Ort3

1Università di Roma Tre, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 3Northern Arizona Univeristy, USA

Despite the large number of studies, the transport and depositon of pyroclastc density currents (PDCs) have remained a most debated issue in volcanology. Some explosive eruptons withdraw magma volumes of several hundred cubic kilometers, generate very large PDCs and the deposits can extend more than 100 km from their vent. Fundamental questons concern about the long run­out distances and what the propagaton flow mechanism and the physics are behind these very large PDCs. One of these large­volume PDCs is the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI), the case study of this work, related to a caldera­forming erupton that occurred 39.8 ka in Campi Flegrei. The CI is widespread over an area of 7,000 km2, with a final runout of about 80 km and deposits can be found at an elevaton of around 1,000 m above sea level. In spite of the large number of studies, some questons are stll open. The Dense Rock Equivalent (DRE) volume estmates range from 60 to 300 km3. This work presents a new estmate of the volume constrained by an isopach map that reconstructs the paleo­topography during the erupton. The total final volume estmate of the erupton ranges from 415.0 km3 to 527.8 km3 (164.9 km3 ­ 210.7 km3 DRE). This value corresponds to a mass of 4.30 ­ 5.49 x 10^14 kg, a magnitude of 7.7 and a VEI of 7. The thickness data were used to analyze the PDC interacton with the paleo­topography, using the topological aspect rato (ARt). A great effect of blocking is evident in front of topographic barriers, while a strong channeling occurred in the paleovalleys. Three different systems were recognized: a transport system, a sedimentaton system and a depositonal system. The transport system was extremely diluted and an index of a high energy flow, which developed the sedimentaton system as the flow reached the topographic barrier. Depositonal features, including valley­pond deposits with flat tops, the lack of veneer facies and of deposit at steep slopes suggest a near Newtonian behavior of the fluidized granular undercurrents of fine ash partcles downhill generated by the sedimentaton system. The undercurrents have clear signs of a subcritcal flow, thick and relatvely slow. Both the indexes of high and low energy current (as sub and super­critcal flow) suggests that CI can be considered as a new end member of ignimbrites.

S2.11 ­ Presentazione orale 63 64 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 lower unitsby more evolved (exclusively trachytic) compositions. They alsodisplay lower TiO through trachyandesites, tomore evolved trachytes. The UBT are clearly distinguishedfrom BT (26­8ka;UBT) yield K­series volcanic glassesranging from basaltictrachy­andesites, radiocarbon dated to27­26ka.Lower (70­56ka;LBT), Intermediate (56­27ka;IBT) andUpper Epomeo Green Tuff; 56ka) andMonte Guardia pyroclastics from Lipari,thelatter newly BT hadbeenpreviously subdividedonthebasisof theinterlayered Ischia Tephra (Monte analyses have allowed ustofingerprint the three mainstratigraphic macro­units in which the analyses, both temporally andspatially, allow ustorecognize different BT units.Geochemical of thecomplete BT succession. The distinctive chemicalgroupings observed within theglass stratigraphic profiles onthemainislandsof Vulcano andLipari, which are fully representative geochemistry of juvenile glasscomponents for mostBT depositionalunitsfrom exposed Here we present alarge dataset of textural features, andmajor and minor element glass between theislandsandtoproximal vent(s). sedimentological features which make itdifficulttoestablishrobust correlations of units Capo Milazzo peninsula(Sicily). They have very homogeneous lithological,textural and recognized inthepost­80kastratigraphic sequences onmostof the Aeolian Islands andthe The Brown Tuffs (BT) are widespread reddish­brown togrey, ash­richpyroclastic deposits 4 3 2 1 Sara Meschiari over 70kaandproducedwidespreadashdispersals Aeolian Islands(Italy)indicates Vulcano wasfrequentlyactive Stratigraphy andgeochemistryoftheBrownTuffs fromthe extends the timeinterval over which there has beeneruptive activity within theLaFossa corresponding magmatic system haserupted similar meltsover the last24ka. This significantly pyroclastic products (Punte Nere) by theLaFossa cone on Vulcano, indicating the Interestingly, thehomogeneous UBT compositions are fairly similar tothoseof theearly archives across theCentral Mediterranean region. markers derived from theCampanian volcanoes that are alsotraced between sedimentary BT succession allow ustostrengthen their correlation tokey widespread chrono­stratigraphic In addition,new geochemical analysis (glass) of exotic tephra layers interlayered within the volcanic and tectonicevents across whole Aeolian archipelago andsouthern Tyrrhenian Sea. recorded indistalterrestrial and deep­seaarchives, representing apowerful toolfor correlating Vulcano. Thus, theBT unitsare potentially proximal equivalents of distal volcanic ashthat is The glasscompositions provide correlations to well preserved eruption unitsontheislandof marker (Monte Guardia). scoriae on Vulcano, which is stratigraphically higher thantheprevious IBT­UBT boundary in theproximal areas on Vulcano. The IBT toUBT change occurs at the24kaSpiaggia Lunga made itpossibletore­define thegeochemical­evolutionary boundary between IBT andUBT contents andshow aprogression towards more evolved compositions over time. This has Victoria Smith Università diBari,Italy Swansea University, UK Università diBologna,Italy University of Oxford, UK 4 1 , Claudio Antonio Tranne , Paul Albert 2 , Federico Lucchi 1

1 , Roberto Sulpizio 3 ,

2

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Caldera, with deposits displaying similar features to those of the presently active La Fossa cone. According to this new information, the potential scale and impacts of future eruptions from within the La Fossa caldera should be reconsidered.

S2.12 ­ Presentazione orale 65 66 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Pisciarelli, asdescribedfor other hydrothermal systems inthe world. landslide could plugthemudpool,actngastrigger mechanismfor hydrothermal explosions at sediments, similar tothosenowaday forming within theactve mudpool. We suggest that a above thepresent mudpoollevel, we recognized ancient landslidedepositsoverlying mud pool actvity and(iv) steeprelieves surrounding themudpool. Along the slope,at about5meters by different factors, including(i)intense rock fracturing; (ii)hydrothermal alteraton; (iii)mud­ Several landslidescharacterize thehigher partof thePisciarelli fumarole field,likely favoured used tobeter definethestructures at depth, asshown inthree geological cross­sectons. the Pisciarelli mudpool, were carriedoutduringthegeological survey. The results have been volcanic succession (Astroni deposits,4.25ka). Three ERT profiles, two of which passing across sealed by Solfatara deposits(4.28ka); whereas theother two setscross­cut the youngest their relatons with the volcanic sequences reveal that NW­SE andNE­SW trending faultsare (faults) directon map were reconstructed. Cross­cutng faultandfracture relatonships and for conjugate faultsetsindifferent sitesof thearea, andanS3­vector (fractures) and T­axis directons. All theobserved faultsshow normalseparatons. Extensiondirectons were calculated occurrence of four faultandfracture setscharacterized by E­W, N­S,NW­SE andNE­SW stereographic projectons, contour maps,androse diagrams. This characterizaton reveals the related tofaultdamage zones. Meso­scale faultsandfractures were characterized by meansof The rocks, exposed inthePisciarelli area, hostalarge number of faultsandfractures, ofen the geological mapof theSolfatara­Pisciarelli area, as well asthefaultandfracture datasets. results have beencompared andinterpreted with geophysical data. The survey ledustoimprove Campi Flegrei caldera. For thispurpose, we present a volcanological andstructural survey, whose to understandthedynamicprocesses and possible erupton scenarios for thissector of the and fumarolic andhydrothermal actvity. Furthermore, thisstudy could provide basicinformaton studies may bethekey todisclosetherelatonships between structures, asfaultandfractures, of thestructural patern of thearea of fundamental importance. Volcanological andstructural network of INGV­OV isrecording important changes inthearea, makingadetaileddefiniton ruled by acomplex patern of fractures andfaults.Recently, geochemical andseismicmonitoring Campi Flegrei caldera, hostnganintense hydrothermal actvity, whose shallower expression is The Solfatara­Pisciarelli area, with itsfumarole fields,currently isthemostactve sector of the 2 1 Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo evolution anderuptivescenarios fumarole field(CampiFlegreicaldera):implicationsfor New insightsonthestructuralsettingofPisciarelli Jacopo Natale Università degliStudi diNapoli Federico II,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2 , Antonio Troiano 1 , Maria GiuliaDi Giuseppe 1 , Stefano Vitale

2 1 , Roberto Isaia S2.13 ­Presentazione orale 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Use of UBSU cartography on volcanic deposits: the example of Monte Amiata (Southern Tuscany, Italy)

Claudia Principe, Luigina Vezzoli, Sonia La Felice

CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pisa, Italy

The geological units adopted by the Italian Geological Survey in the volcanic stratgraphy and cartography are the Unconformity Boundary Stratgraphic Units (UBSU), which are defined as a rocky body bounded on the top and botom by specific, significant, and demonstrable surfaces of geologic discontnuity. The basic unit is the Synthem, which can be divided into two or more Subsynthems. This cartographic criterium has been applied to the survey of the Monte Amiata volcano. More than 30 litho­stratgraphic units has been mapped, and inside these units, eleven Formatons have been described and formally defined. The use of UBSU criteria made possible to group all these units in only two Synthemes and five Subsynthemes. The limit between the two recognized Synthems corresponds to a significatve geologic discontnuity associated with a saprolitc soil developed by in situ physical disaggregaton of the underlying acidic lavas that consttute the parent rocks. The applicaton of the UBSU stratgraphic units allowed to propose a geological evoluton of the Monte Amiata volcano comprising two main period of actvity that correspond to the older Bagnore Synthem and the younger Monte Amiata Synthem. They are separated by a major unconformity corresponding to a surface of erosion, saprolithic weathering and tectonic deformaton. Into the Bagnore Synthem, there are two Subsynthem. The lower, the Bagnolo Subsynthem comprises several great lava flows characterized by a vitrophyric perlitc groundmass. They flowed for very long distances (up to 8 km) in all the directons (e.g. Sorgente del Fiora Fm., Marroneto Fm., Piancastagnaio fm., Abbadia San Salvatore fm., Vivo d’Orcia fm.). A surface of erosion and unconformity separates the Bagnolo Subsynthem from the overlying Montearioso Subsynthem. It is composed of more confined vitrophyric lava flows (e.g. Tre Case Fm., Quaranta Fm., Castel del Piano fm.) and one exogenous lava dome and coulee (Poggio Pinzi fm.). All the rocks belonging to the Bagnore Synthem show a well­developed weathering that transformed their uppermost porton in a sandy deposit, yellow and reddish in color. The Monte Amiata Synthem comprises three Subsynthems. The lower Valle Gelata Subsynthem is characterized by exogenous lava domes with thick coulees (e.g. Poggio Lombardo Fm., Pozzaroni Fm.) and by long channelized lava flows (e.g. Leccio fm., Coderino fm.). The intermediate Madonna degli Scout Subsynthem is composed of several exogenous lava domes with short coulees (e.g. Poggio della Pescina Fm., Poggio Falco Fm., Corno di Bellaria Fm., La Veta fm., Rifugio Cantore fm.), and minor lava flows. All these units are emplaced upon a morphology that has been moulded by tectonic deformatons. The final Prato della Contessa Subsynthem comprises several exogenous lava domes (e.g. La Montagnola fm., Pianello fm.) and lava flows (e.g. Ermeta fm., Le Macinaie fm., Cancelle fm, Fosso La Cocca fm.) from the volcano summit area, and the lateral exogenous lava dome and coulee of the Trauzzolo Fm.

S2.14 ­ Presentazione orale 67 68 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Domenico Cosentno andesite. Inital calc­alkaline affinity with anintermediate compositon ranging from basaltc­andesite to depth incore CN1, yielded theage of 1.74±0.4Ma. Glassesand whole rock sampledhave a the uppermostandthicker layer SNC2,occurring inboth outcropping succession andat 30m­ and minor orthopyroxene. A preliminary lithology of greyish ashmadeupof moderately vesicular glassshards, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, San Nicandro Formaton. All tephras from core CN1andoutcropping sectonsshare acommon the sedimentary core CN1andintwo outcropping sectonsof thedeep­lake depositsof the Several centmetric thicktephra layers occur intheinterval between 30mand105depth of trending extensional contnental PSCBasin [Nocentni etal.,2018]. including different slope,alluvial, fluvial,deltaicandlacustrinedeposits,hostedintheNW­SE Formaton. The later isadeeplake faciesbelongingtotheoldestsynthem of PSCBasin to laminated whitsh togreyish lacustrine marls andclays belongingtotheSan Nicandro (PSC) Basin, inL’Aquila area, Central Italy. The drilledsedimentary succession consists inmassive A 230m­long sedimentary core (CN1) was bored from thePaganica­San­Demetrio Castelnuovo 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sara Di Salvo lacustrine succession, centralItaly activity oftheCampanianPlainvolcanismfromL’Aquila A distaltephrarecordoftheearlyLowerPleistoceneexplosive Marco Spadi 0.512379±0.000005, respectvely, while inital 0.706574±0.000005 to0.706661±0.000006andfrom 0.512372±0.000006to Campanian Plain, southernItaly [Albini etal.,1980].Based onthispreliminary strong consistence tephras are compatble with the 2Ma old volcanic rocks founded indeepboreholes in both chronology and geochemical (mayor, trace andisotope) compositon of theanalysed conversely, they are within therange of theEarly Pleistocene Campanian volcanism. Specifically, volcanic rocks erupted inthesameperiod Tolfa, Manziana andCerite districts(Central Italy); ratos of SNCsamplessignificantly differ both from Voras rocks (Balkans) and calc­alkaline from Tolfa toCampanianregions [Contcelli etal.,2015].However, Sr­, Nd­, andPb­isotope (Balkan peninsula) [Beccaluva etal.,2007]andalongthe Tyrrhenian margin of the Apennines provenance from the Plio­Quaternary calc­alkaline actvity that occurred inthe Voras region (the two­pyroxene paragenesis with abundant An­rich plagioclase) are strongly suggestve of a and peaksat Pb. These geochemical evidences andthepetrographic features of SNCsamples the primordial mantle display typicalsubducton­related paterns with troughs at Ta, Nb, and Ti, 15.724±0.006, 39.242±0.002and39.365±0.015. Incompatble trace elements normalisedto range, respectvely, between 19.207±0.001and19.263±0.008,15.681±0.001 Università degliStudi dell’Aquila, Italy CNR, Isttuto diGeologia Ambientale eGeoingegneria, Roma, Italy. Università diFirenze, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Università degliStudi diPerugia, Italy Università diRoma Tre, Italy Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, USA, 6 1 , Marco Tallini , Aida Maria Conte 87 Sr/ 86 4 , ElsaGliozzi Sr and 6 , Sandro Contcelli 143 2 Nd/ , Alain Deino , Alain 4 , Marco Nocentni 144 40 Ar/ Nd values of whole rock samplesrange from 39 Ar datng of plagioclasecrystals extracted from

206 Pb/ 1,2 3

, Biagio Giaccio 204 Pb, 2 , Maurizio Petrelli 207 Pb/ 204 2 Pb and , Martna Casalini 208 5 Pb/ , 204 Pb values 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 of geochronological and geochemical data, the investgated tephra succession could represent the first distal evidence of the Early Pleistocene calc­alkaline volcanism of the Neapolitan­ Campanian area. The ongoing investgatons will allow a comprehensive geochronological and geochemical characterisaton of the whole CN1 tephra succession, essental to well constrain the age model of the CN1 succession, with potental implicatons for both Lower Pleistocene central Mediterranean tephrochronology and the volcanological and geochemical evoluton of the earliest Campanian calc­alkaline explosive volcanism.

S2.15 ­ Poster 69 70 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Ritmann was identfied asthetephra source andaHolocene age was determined by the major andtrace element geochemistry andthemineral assemblage of the tephra, Mt. column producing pyroclastc density currents andassociated co­ignimbritc plumes.Based on characterized by renewed efficient magma­water interacton and/or collapse of theeruptve energetc, relatvely dry magmatc Plinianerupton. The finalphaseof theerupton was then sustained, relatvely wet andash­richeruptve cloud. The erupton thenevolved into ahighly dominated by hydromagmatc magmafragmentaton conditons producing aprolonged, the largest Holocene eruptons ever recorded in Antarctca. Erupton dynamics were initally erupton that emplaced ithadbeenof considerable intensity andpotentally represent oneof of considerable thickness,up to80cm. According tothetephra characteristcs anddispersal,the sequences we discovered aspectacular, stratfied primary tephra namedthe Aviator Tephra (AVT) from the Wood Bay area inthe western Ross Sea, Antarctca. In alltheanalyzed sediment tephrochronological andtephrostratgraphical results are from four sediment cores recovered events for theCorrElaton of natural archives intheRoss Sea, Antarctca). These We report here thefirstresults from PNRA ­ TRACERS project (TephRochronology andmArker hazards posedby theash­forming erupton at highsouthernlattudes volcanoes. intensity/magnitude, anderuptve dynamics, andfor theassessment of thepotental volcanic resource of data for volcanological reconstructons includingage andrecurrence of eruptons, Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctca. Consequently, marinetephrostratgraphy offers acritcal deposits from explosive eruptons are preserved intheoffshore sedimentary record of the glacial processes making volcanological reconstructons challenging.Fortunately, pyroclastc The near­source exposure of erupton deposits at Antarctc volcanoes isofen limitedowing to 6 5 4 3 2 1 Alessio Di Roberto hints foritspaleoenvironmentalsignificance marine recordofAntarctica:volcanologicalreconstructionand Holocene caldera-formingeruptionfromMt. Rittmanninthe Victoria Smith Gianfranco Di Vincenzo archives of thisregion. reasonable that itcould becrucial for future synchronizaton between contnental ice andmarine for the Wood Bay area, intheRoss Seabut,considering theproduct nature anddispersalit possibly muchbefore thanpreviously thought. AVT isalsoanexcellent tephrostratgraphic marker the Wood Bay was characterized by openseaconditons at thetmeof thetephra depositon In additon,thetephra provides important paleoenvironment informaton by demonstratng that identfied ontherimof theMt. Ritmann caldera having thesamegeochemical compositon. Ar/Ar methods.Deposits studiedmight belinked to widespread lagbreccia depositspreviously Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy University of Oxford, Research Laboratory for Archaeology andtheHistory of Art, UK Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy CNR, Isttuto diScienze Marine, Bologna,Italy CNR, Isttuto diGeoscienze eGeorisorse,Pisa,Italy Università di Trieste, Dipartmento diMatematca eGeoscienze, Italy 2 , Aldo Winkler , Aldo 1 , Bianca Scateni 4 , Federico Giglio 5 1 , Paul Albert 5 , Patrizia Macrì

2 , Ester Colizza 6 , Romana Melis

3 , Paola Del Carlo 3 , S2.16­ Poster 14 1 C and , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

New geological mapping and revised eruptive and magmatic history of Ustica island (Southern Italy)

Eugenio Nicotra1, Federico Lucchi2, Claudio Antonio Tranne2, Sandro de Vita3, Paola Donato1, Rosanna De Rosa1

1Università della Calabria, Italy 2Università di Bologna, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy

We present a new geological map at 1:10 000 scale of Ustca Island (southern Italy), founded on original geological and structural fieldwork and stratgraphic investgaton carried out during the last decade, combined with a large set of original petrological and geochemical data and the radiometric ages available from the literature. These data have been merged in a revised eruptve and magmatc history of this volcanic island, developed between ca. 737 ka and the last Interglacial Cycle by means of both subaqueous and subaerial effusive and explosive eruptons alternatng with phases of marine erosion related to the Middle­Upper Pleistocene sea level high­stands and intense ENE­WSW­trending tectonic actvity. Fieldwork and stratgraphy are based on 25 lithostratgraphic units as the basic units for mapping the distnct rock bodies, combined with 10 lithosomes defining the distnct eruptve centres vents actve through tme and various unconformity­bounded units (synthems) providing correlatons. In partcular, five synthems (Passo della Madonna, Timpone Basile, Cala della Madonna, Tramontana, Cala Santa Maria) and the informal Paleo­Ustca unit are subdivided by primary marine and subaerial erosive unconformites, in places associated to tectonic phases. The eruptve and magmatc history of Ustca is then interpreted as the tme­stratgraphic succession of five major periods of actvity (Eruptve Epochs, thereafer EE 1­5) separated by erosional stages of quiescence and characterized by distnctve eruptve vents and products. EE 1 (Paleo­Ustca, ~737 ka) comprises hyaloclasttes and pillow lavas erupted from an ENE­ WSW oriented submarine eruptve fissure at progressively decreasing depth. During EE 2 (Passo della Madonna Synthem, 519­476 ka) effusive and explosive actvity occurred in a transitonal shallow submarine/subaerial environment (emerging stage) from different vents and eruptve fissures mostly located along the western and northwestern coast of Ustca island. The bulk of the two main stratovolcanoes of the island, namely Mt. Guardia dei Turchi and Mt. Costa del Fallo, was also built during this epoch. Afer a relatvely short period of quiescence, the actvity of Mt. Costa del Fallo contnued during EE 3 (424­412 ka) with the sub­Plinian explosive erupton producing the Grota del Lapillo pumices tephra and the effusion of the Timpone Tranchina mugearitc lava flows from the summit crater and lateral centresvents in the NW coastal sector. EE 4 occurred from vents located in the NW sector of Ustca, in the area of Punta Testa del Rosso and Passo della Madonna, producing widespread lava flows that presently crop out along the whole northern coast of the island. A subsequent prolonged period of quiescence is recorded in different marine terraces raised at different elevatons up to a maximum of ~100 m asl due to regional tectonic uplif, together with ENE­WSW­trending normal faults with a sinistral horizontal component. Renewed volcanic actvity during EE 5 produced the poorly differentated Na­alkaline pyroclastc products of the Capo Falconiera tuff cone, which was actve during the Last Interglacial cycle (~120 ka) interruptng a period of prevailing marine erosion and depositon. All the Ustca volcanic rocks show a Na­alkaline affinity and range in compositon from basalts 71 72 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 slab duringitssubducton,inageneral intraplate geodynamic setng. degrees of partalmeltngof amantle variously metasomatzed by thedehydraton of theIonian Ustca magmas suggests that they originated from complex processes, includingdifferent Paleo­Ustca tothemostrecent products of CapoFalconiera. As a whole, thegeochemistry of incompatble elements inmafic magmassignificantly increases from theoldestproducts of are scarce or absent, andagapisevident intheSiO the pyroclastc sequence of Grota delLapillo,showing atrachytc compositon. Benmoreites to hawaiites andmugearites. More evolved products are represented by thelight juveniles of 2 range 55­60 wt%. The content in S2.17­ Poster dominated by basaltceruptons. high eruptve frequencies, with thelast3kacharacterized by higheruptve frequency and the Holocene volcanic actvity of Tenerife shows alternatng periodscharacterized by low and least where reliable geomagnetc reference curves are available. The improved framework of it isapplicableonrocks with nearly allcompositons andprovides higher resoluton datng, at palaeomagnetsm canbeconsidered anexcellent complement toradiocarbon method,because provided thefirstage (789­723BC)of theMna Grande erupton. We conclude that short incerttude age ranges (35­545 yrs) were found within thesecond group. Finally, we the others we obtained older or younger ages thantheprevious data. Ages characterized by previously dated by results with thosepreviously obtained by Holocene eruptons, that produced scoria cones andmajor lava flows, and we compare our the knowledge of Tenerife volcanic history. We report onthepalaeomagnetcdatng of nine palaeomagnetsm, increasingly usedinthelast years todate Holocene volcanism, toimprove only by asingleradiometric datng, or theages are simply stratgraphically determined. We apply the volcanological framework for thisarea isstllincomplete. Most of theeruptons are dated The tmingof Holocene volcanic actvity of Tenerife (Canary Islands) ispoorly constrained and 5 4 3 2 1 Gilda Risica dating accuracyonactivevolcanoes (Canary Islands):Assessingthepalaeomagneticvs. radiocarbon Palaeomagnetic datingofHoloceneeruptionsatTenerife Ambientale, Italy Abstract Volume 4 Concerning thefirstgroup, for two eruptons thepalaeomagnetcand Massimo Pompilio Insttuto Geogràfico Nacional, Centro Geofisico deCanarias,Spain Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Università diPisa,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediGeomagnetsmo, Aeronomia eGeofisica Università degliStudi diFirenze, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy 1,2,3 , Alessio Di Roberto a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 14 4 , Stavro’s Meletlidis C, four only stratgraphically constrained, andone was never dated sofar. 4 , Fabio Speranza 5 , Mauro Rosi 14 C method.Four of thestudiederuptons were

2 3 , Paola Del Carlo 14 C ages agree, while for 4 , Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S2.18­ Poster

73 74 MISCELLANEA INGV n.52 living onthe volcano slopesandthenearby plain. absolute relevance for increasing theawareness of theseveral hundred thousandinhabitants important alsofor acorrect disseminaton of theavailable knowledge onthe volcanic area, of directness of themessage brought by thelarge amount of geological informaton are partcularly volcanic hazard assessment of this world­famous volcano. Furthermore, easinessof reading and and are propaedeutc toany further studiesaimedat improving thescientfic knowledge and The mapandthetable well summarize the volcanic evoluton of theSomma­Vesuvius volcano, and intensity occurred duringthelast22kaof actvity of the volcano. and thicknessdata of tephra falloutandPDCdepositsof 20 eruptons with different magnitude lithostratgraphic units. The mainmapiscomplemented with atable reportng areal distributon and caldera development. The geological survey isbasedonrecogniton anddescripton of legend isorganised infour different panels,summarizingthedifferent phasesof the volcano allowing abeter visualizaton of themainmorphological, volcanic, andgeological features. The CARG project. Geological data are represented onto adigitalterrain modelof the volcano, the 1:20,000scale. The mapisbasedon1:5,000fieldmappingcarriedoutduringtheItalian A new version of the volcanological mapof theactve Somma­Vesuvius volcano ispresented at 4 3 2 1 Alessandro Sbrana Volcanological mapoftheSomma- Vesuvius Volcano (Italy) Daniele Andronico Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diBari,Italy Università diFirenze, Italy Università diPisa,Italy 1 4 , Raffaello Cioni , GiuseppePasquini 2 , Paola Marianelli 1

1 , Roberto Sulpizio 3 , S2.19­ Poster

Claudia Spinetti (INGV­ONT), Karen Strehlow (GEOMAR) Fabio Marchese (UniMib), Joël Ruch (University of Geneva), Massimo Cantarero (INGV­OE), Emanuela De Beni (INGV­OE), Marina Bisson (INGV­PI), Fabio L.Bonali (UniMib), Conveners: VOLCANOES TOPOGRAPHY ANDTOINVESTIGATE ACTIVE UAV-BASED TECHNIQUE TORECONSTRUCT THE S3. GEOMATICS DISCIPLINES AND THE INNOVATIVE Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

75

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

New approaches in lava flow mapping and DEM updating employing innovative technologies

Massimo Cantarero1, Emanuela De Beni1, Roberto Maugeri 1, Alfio Messina2, Nicola Di Blasi3, Davide Pellegrino3

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Geomagnetsmo, Aeronomia e Geofisica Ambientale, Italy 3Leica Geosystems part of Hexagon

Etna is one of the most actve volcanoes on the Earth. Its eruptons occur both at the summit and from its flanks. Although in the past 40 years, the average interval between flank eruptons has been only about two years, in the last eight years we assisted at almost 60 eruptons and lava flows emplaced. Considering the huge amount of people living on his flanks and visitng the volcano every year the lava flow monitoring for risk mitgaton and Civil Protecton purposes is one of the fundamental tasks of the Cartographic Laboratory of the Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo. Lately, the request for quickly and low­cost cartographic updates has increased, for this reason, it was necessary to find unusual and innovatve techniques to perform photogrammetry. The approach we present has peculiarites: • quick planning and carrying out of surveys, • low cost • usage of different sensors.

In partcular, we tested the simultaneous use of UAV, high precision GPS, Hi­resoluton camera with GPS integrated, a backpack composed by a reality capture sensor platorm combines imagery and point cloud and a portable imaging laser scanner. This new tool was tested on the summit crater of Etna and in a lava tube. We have reconstructed a georeferenced 3D model of the Monte Intraleo lava tunnel located along the lower West flank of Etna volcano. The survey was performed with a BLK laser scanner and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). We georeferenced the tunnel dense cloud using the entrance of the tunnel dense cloud obtained with both the UAV and the laser scanner. The different dense clouds obtained afer each survey were then elaborated with dedicated sofware that allow their management and overlap. This experiment demonstrated the possibility to obtain high precision 3D models with the most suitable tools on the base of the target and on the disponibility of the tools. This new photogrammetry approach can be applied in any environment where high­precision 3D reconstructon is required to update the topographical changes and to evaluate volcanological parameters such as area and lava volume effusion rate and so on.

S3.1 ­ Presentazione orale 77 78 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Fabio Marchese We appliedthistechniqueinanarea of 9km understanding of geology andaresultng beter geohazard assessment. can allbeusedtoimprove mappingof actve Holocene structures, andthusallowing abeter to obtain highresoluton orthomosaics,Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and3Dmodels, which lava terrains, actve craters, extremely fractured areas). The applicaton of thistechniqueallows geomorphological andstructural data alsoinareas affected by difficultlogistcconditons (e.g. Vehicles (UAVs), represent amoderntooltoovercome theseproblems andtocollect plenty of The Structure from Moton (SfM) techniques,combined with theuseof Unmanned Aerial reachable, or their area istoo wide tobestudied with classicalfieldsurvey only. are very ofen characterized by difficultlogistcconditons, andthusthey are not easily resultng inanincreasing needof animproved geohazard assessment. Unfortunately, thesesites terrains affected by ongoing deformaton both induced by tectonicandmagmatc forces, In geological studies, data collecton andfieldobservaton are essental, especially in volcanic 2 1 Noemi Cort volcano-tectonics: anexamplefromactiveriftinNEIceland UAV-based StructurefromMotiontechniquesappliedto diking work together dictatng thepresent picture of deformaton inthearea. overall directon of extension of 106.4°Nandastretch of 1.015,suggestng that tectonicsand be analyzed inorder toquantfy thepresent strain fieldof the area. Finally, we obtained an statons alongextension fractures, and36offset measurements alongnormalfaults, which can outcropping inthearea, andtocollect atotal of 1359structural data on453different structural derived resultng models allowed ustorecognize with very highdetail allthefractures huge amount of structural data in volcanic areas. In fact,thehighresoluton of theUAV­SfM confirmed that theUAV­based SfM techniqueisconvenient andefficient inorder tocollect a orthomosaic with 2.5cmresoluton, andaDSMof thearea with 10cmof resoluton. Our results Thanks totheSfM workflow, suchphotos have thenbeenusedtoreconstruct ahighquality campaigns insummer 2017and2018, which allowed tocollect atotal amount of 8841photos. The study area hasbeensurveyed with 12different UAV missions, carriedoutduringtwo fractures and29normalfaults). fractures, collectng structural data alongatotal of 546fractures (comprising 517extension by measuringthe vertcal offset alongnormalfaultsandtheopening vector alongextension tectonics andactve tectonics,inorder toquantfy thepresent strain field inthesouthern ThFS Our effort hasbeenfocused onbeter definingstructures whose originisrelated to volcano ­ and dilaton. and by adenseswarm of extension fractures, along which we measured strike, opening directon Holocene lavas (8­10Ka), affected by normalfaults with offset ranging from 0.5to12meters, to theNorthern Volcanic Zone of Iceland. Such area ischaracterized by thepresence of located inthesouthernsector of the Theistareykir Fissure Swarm (ThFS), anactve rifbelonging CRUST, Centro inteRUniversitario per Università diMilanoBicocca, Dipartmento diScienze dell’Ambiente edella Terra, Italy 1 , Alessandro Tibaldi 1 , Luca Fallat 1 l’analisi SismoTetonica tridimensionalecon applicazioniterritoriali 1,2 , Fabio Luca Bonali 2 affected by seismicand volcanic hazard, which is

1,2 , ElenaRusso S3.2 ­Presentazione orale 1,2 ,

, Italy

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Achievement of topographic data from drones in volcanic areas, comparison of different methodologies

Alessandro Treffilet1, Emanuela De Beni2, Massimo Cantarero2, Alfio Messina3, Giuseppe Siligato2, Marina Bisson4, Claudia Spinet5

1Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Geomagnetsmo, Aeronomia e Geofisica Ambientale, Italy 4Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 5Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy

This work wants to show the comparison between different methodologies to obtain Digital Elevaton Model (DEM) trough UAVs calculatng also the errors in the results. In partcular, we want to demonstrate which is the beter technique to face erupton crises, considering the tming and the reliability of the results. To mitgate the risk associated to an erupton it is necessary as much trustworthiness informaton as possible in the less tme possible. We have overflight a carefully selected area characterized by the presence of a relatvely young lava flow easily to reach to allow us to repeat the survey several tmes if necessary. This area had to be well exposed without vegetaton to avoid the problem related to it during the photogrammetric process. The lava flow field had to be included in the area covered by the LIDAR survey of the 2005, used to obtain the summit Etna DEM [Bisson et al., 2008]. We chose this DEM as reference because it was validated with the INGV permanent GPS network. The studied area is located in the Southern flank of Etna Volcano at about 1800 m a.s.l. and is characterized by the presence of a branch of the 2002­03 lava flow. We performed a survey with Real­Time Kinematc (RTK) UAV positoning several Ground Control Points (GCP) homogenously spread around the lava flow unit. Then we ran the images with Structure from Moton (SfM) Sofware comparing three different ways of images process: with RTK correcton, with GCP, without GCP and RTK correcton. The result of this work demonstrates which is the best practce to apply when a lava flow map and a volume estmaton request to characterize an eruptve event. For the volume estmaton is, moreover, necessary a pre­eruptve surface the most accurate and at high resoluton as possible. Ones the best practce will be find it could be applied in every environmental when a rapid and efficient answer to a natural disaster is requested.

S3.3 ­ Presentazione orale 79 80 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Piergiorgio Scarlato due tothe3 July 2019and28 August paroxysmal eruptons, for themorphological variatons The comparison of the mult­temporal DEMs allowed for the evaluaton of the height variatons extracted from available tri­stereo Pleiadessatellite imagery. The obtained DEMs have aresoluton ranging between 0.2 and0.5m. Additonal 1mDEM was lava flows. The presence of the volcanic plumerequired afurther elaboraton of thedensecloud. Structure­from­Moton (SfM) techniques we generated DEMs of thecrater terrace area andof images were acquired usingtwo different UAVs, aDJI Mavic 2Pro anda Wingcopter. Using Five high­resoluton UAV survey campaignshave been performed since May 2019. The aerial the two paroxysms. SdF andouttosea.Important morphological variatons tothecrater terrace were evident afer of theC­Sarea contributed tothegeneraton of apyroclastc flow that traveled againdown the that rose 4kmabove thesummit.Material from theerupton andfrom thecollapse of therim occurred on28 August involving againthetwo crater areas andproducing aneruptve column grown around the vents, partcularly intheNcrater area. The second paroxysmal erupton sector of SdF andby very intense Strombolian actvity by asetof smallscoria cones, which had Between 3 July and28 August, theactvity was characterised by lava flows intheSouthern that traveled down theSciara delFuoco (SdF) andfor several hundred of metersouttosea. explosions andfrom thecollapse of theexternal crater terrace generated two pyroclastc flows fire to vegetaton ontheflanksof the volcano. Volcanic products from thelaterally directed eruptve plumerising4kmabove thesummit(924ma.s.l.) while theincandescent material set both theNorth andtheCentral­South crater areas. The paroxysmal erupton generated an The firstintense paroxysmal eruptve sequence occurred at Stromboli on3 July andinvolved the paroxysmal eruptons occurred intheSummer 2019. We usedUAVs tomonitor morphologicalchanges of theStromboli crater terrace area following to volcanic hazards. surveying of features of interests. In additon,theuseof UAVs reduces theexposure of operators which isespecially usefulfor large­to­medium­scale landscapereconstructon or detailed3D permit arapidly­deployable, low­cost alternatve toclassicalmannedaerialphotogrammetry, (UAVs) have recently become apowerful platorm for aerialdata acquisiton of DEMs. They models (DEMs) iskey tounderstandingactve volcanic processes. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Resolving morphologicalchanges through tmeusingaccurate high­resoluton digitalelevaton 5 4 3 2 1 Riccardo Civico volcano (Italy)usingUAVs July 2019and28AugustparoxysmaleruptionsatStromboli Monitoring themorphologicalchangesassociatedwith3

Kaj Hoernle Emanuela De Beni Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy Boise State University, Departmentof Geosciences, ID, USA GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel,Germany Università diFirenze, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 4 , TomKwasnitschka 1 , TullioRicci 2 , Federico Di Traglia 1 , Jacopo Taddeucci 1 , ElisabetaDel Bello 4 , Karen Strehlow

3 1 , Malte Eggersglüß , Daniele Andronico

1 4 , Luca Pizziment , Jeffrey Johnson 4 , Thor Hansteen, Thor 2 , Massimo Cantarero 1 5 , 4 , 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 occurred in the crater terrace as well as for the simultaneous evoluton of the lava flows. The combined use of UAVs and SfM techniques are crucial for improved capabilites to collect frequent and low­cost measures on landscape changes associated with the rapid dynamics of actve volcanoes. The data collected during these field efforts and the temporal comparisons of the DEMs represent a fundamental contributon to both volcanic hazard assessment and risk mitgaton, and can be used to support civil protecton operatons.

S3.4 ­ Presentazione orale 81 82 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 may helptodecipher geophysical data andsurface structural data during volcano monitoring. occurrence canhelptodetermine how and where magmaispropagatng. Thus, theseevidences comprehension of thesurface deformaton andof thesignificance of strike­slip faultng the hyaloclastte where thedyke thickened. In caseof anactve volcanic zone, the the dyke advancement. This dyke propagaton process was slowed down incorrespondence of originated infront of thedyke tpduringitspropagaton andbeingsuccessively bypassed by SSW graben trend, andextend outward uptoabout17m. We interpret thesestructures as components of moton that are rotated clockwiseandantclockwise respect tothemainNNE­ DSM aseriesof extension fractures with NE­SW lef­lateral andNNW­SSE right­lateral pre andpost­Latest GlacialMaximum units.Moreover, we detectedontheOrthomosaic and produces achange from extension fracturing tonormalfaultng. These structures affect both different rheologicalpropertes: thetransiton from very stff lavas tosof hyaloclasttes patern of surface deformaton occurr incorrespondence of contacts between deposits with The analysis of the very wide area covered by our UAV surveys indicates that changes inthe which occurred in1975­1984(Krafla fire). by northward dyke propagaton from thecentral volcano duringtherecentmost rifingevent, a dyke northward from theKrafla magmachamber. In fact,thestudy area hasbeeninterested grabens with locally floor uplif, which canbeexplained astheeffect of shallow propagaton of deformaton ischaracterised by topographic bulging,parallel extension fractures, andnarrow Digital Surface Model (DSM)have aresoluton of 2.6and10cm,respectvely. This zone of UAV surveys, integrated with alithostratgraphic fieldsurvey. The resultng Orthomosaic and The work hasbeencarriedoutthrough theStructure from Moton technique(SfM) appliedto is related tomagmatc andtectonicactvity. North Iceland Rif, affectng thepre­LGM Hituholar volcano and12kaoldlava field whose origin surface deformaton of a volcanotectonic structure intheKrafla Fissure Swarm, located inthe importance for both volcanic andseismichazard assessments. Here we focus ontheanalysis of Understanding thekinematcs andoriginof structures alongactve rifsisof paramount Università degliStudi diMilano Bicocca, Italy Elena Russo, Alessandro Tibaldi, Fabio Luca Bonali, Luca Fallat, Fabio Marchese UAV-based highresolutionmodel New insightsondyke-inducedsurfacedeformationrevealedby

S3.5 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Landform monitoring in Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei) active fumarolic field using UAV photogrammetry

Alessandro Fedele1, Fabio Matano2, Renato Somma1, Marco Sacchi2, Claudia Troise1, Giuseppe De Natale1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Napoli, Italy

The combined use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and digital photogrammetry (DP) represent a rapidly evolving field of technological applicaton allowing geoscientsts to obtain very detailed spatal data products that are suitable for rapid mapping and analysis of dynamic landscape processes. Our research is commited to actve volcanic areas and is aimed at acquiring tme series of digital data for monitoring the geomorphological evoluton of relevant volcanic structures. The study is focused on Pisciarelli site, a fault­related fumarolic field located a few hundred meters east of Solfatara crater, Campi Flegrei, Italy. This area is characterized by a consistent soil degassing and fluid emission from vents, mostly ephemeral and hot pools. This degassing actvity was episodically accompanied by local seismic actvity and by some macroscopic changes such as the appearance of vigorous degassing vents (T > 110° C) and various mud bubbling pools (T ≈ 90°C). Small explosions probably accompanied these changes. The slopes near the area show relevant instabilites. In order to carry out a short­term monitoring program of the landform changes, caused by the interplay between intensive rainfall and volcanic actvity, we made photogrammetric UAV surveys repeated over tme and produced ortho­mosaic photos and digital elevaton models (DEMs) by using photogrammetry sofware with computer vision technique, i.e. Structure from Moton technique. The ortho­mosaic photos and DEM data were utlized to create an aerial photo interpretaton map and a 3­D map. In this way, we have estmated the area and volume of Pisciarelli fumarolic field and the changes occurred from November 2019.

S3.6 ­ Presentazione orale 83 84 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 approximately 400km derived from Pleiadessatellite images updated to2015. The modelcovers anarea of day. In this work we present a very high­resoluton Mt. Etna Digital Elevaton Model (DEM) a potental hazard for localresidents andhundreds of touriststhat visit the volcano itself every the volcano hasbeenperiodically characterized by explosive andeffusive eruptons becoming This results partcularly truefor actve volcanic areas suchasMt. Etna (Italy). In thelast15 years, topographic data, especially if theseareas are populated andcontain significant infrastructures. The areas characterized by dynamicandrapid morphologicalchanges needaccurate, up­to­date 4 3 2 1 Monica Palaseanu­Lovejoy satellite andlidardata 10 yearsofmorphologicalchangesatMt. Etnavolcanobyusing lava flows emitedfrom 2005to2015. model it was possible toanalyse themainmorphologicalchanges andquantfy the volume of accuracy of 0.78mand1m,respectvely. Comparing suchmodel with the2005 Airborne LiDAR volcano andmostof surrounding areas. The modelischaracterized by a vertcal andplanimetric Maria Fabrizia Buongiorno NASA Ames Research Center, Intelligent Robotcs Group M/S269­3Moffet Field,USA Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy USGS, Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, USA 2 with aspatal resoluton of 2 minvolving thesummitportonof the 3 1 , Oleg Alexandrov , Marina Bisson

2

, ClaudiaSpinet 4 , Thomas Cecere, Thomas 3 , 1 S3.7 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

From 1876 to nowadays: morphological changes of Somma- Vesuvio by using historical maps and airborne LiDAR survey

Roberto Gianardi1, Marina Bisson1, Alessandro Tadini2, Andrea Angiolet3

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 2Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, France 3Università di Pisa, Italy

The eruptve history of a volcano can be investgated by analysing the changes of its topography through tme. This work presents the morphological evoluton of the Somma Vesuvio volcanic edifice from 1876 to nowadays through the reconstructon of topographies derived from historical maps of IGM (Italian Geographic Military Insttute) and Airborne LiDAR data acquired during a survey of 2009­2012. We have focused the atenton on the caldera zone trying to consider the different spatal resoluton and accuracies of the source data. This is a crucial point for comparing several Digital Elevaton Models (DEMs) providing quanttatve analyses with relatve errors estmatons. The analyses performed on GIS platorm (ESRI environment) allowed to compare four DEMs: three DEMs built interpolatng the elevaton data digitalized from 1876, 1906 and 1929 IGM historical maps and a fourth DEM obtained processing the original LiDAR raw ascii data stored in lat long coordinates. The comparison among the DEMs was made analysing the crater centroid spatal positon, the elevaton profiles along 4 directons, and calculatng the volume and surface of the Gran Cono edifice. The results permited to identfy some important volcanic deposits related to specific eruptons, highlight morphological changes of the crater area associated to a probable migraton of its centroid, and show a general increasing in surface and volume of Gran Cono edifice from the 1876 to nowadays. Since most of the results are in agreement with literature data, the approach here proposed could be adopted for studying the morphological changes of other volcanic areas which past topographies are documented by a large amount of historical cartography.

S3.8 ­ Poster 85 86 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Daniele Carbone of thetopo­predicted VGGs inmicro­gravimetric studies. resoluton andaccuracy of theusedDEM.Finally, we discusstheapplicability andsignificance from theconstant value of FAG. We alsoanalyze thesensitvity of the VGG predicton tothe and at Mt. Etna (Italy). We illustrate how strongly andsharply the VGG fielddeviates spatally was verified by in­situobservatons intheCentral Volcanic Complex of Tenerife (Canary Islands) DEM by drone­flown photogrammetry. The predictability of VGGs inregions of rugged relief buildings, etc.). We present thepossibility toimprove the VGG predicton by locally refining the gravimetric monitoringnetworks for benchmarksadjacent toman­madestructures (walls, the roughness of therelief. We quantfy alsotheneedof improving the VGG predicton at quality: resoluton of 5mor beter and vertcal accuracy at theorder of 10cm,dependingon predicton canbecarriedout with adigitalelevaton/terrain model(DEM/DTM) of sufficient by a value basedonthemodelledcontributon of thetopographic massestothegradient. Such in areas with prominent andrugged topographic relief, suchasalpineor some volcanic regions, associated with theuseof theoretcal FAG. The true VGG appearstobebeter approximated, used. We propose analternatve tothispractce which may significantly reduce systematc errors VGG values, theconstant value of thetheoretcal (normal) free air gradient (FAG) iscommonly correctons toobserved gravity or itsspatotemporal changes. In theabsence of in­situmeasured of true vertcal gradient of gravity (VGG). This demandmay beassociated with reductons of or Some 3Dor 4Dmicro­gravimetric surveys andstudiesrequire theknowledge andapplicaton 3 2 1 Massimo Cantarero photogrammetry refining theDEMusingdrone-flown Improving theverticalgradientsofgravitypredictionbylocally Slovak University of Technology, Dept.of Theoretcal Geodesy, Bratslava, Slovakia Earth Science Insttute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratslava, Slovakia Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 1 1 , FilippoGreco 1 , Peter Vajda

2 , JurayPapco 2 , Pavol Zahorec S3.9 ­Poster 3 ,

Abstract Volume 4 Vincenzo De Novellis (IREA­CNR),Giuseppe Solaro (IREA­CNR) (UGR), Andrea Cannata (UniCt), Flavio Cannavò (INGV­OE), Raffaele Castaldo(IREA­CNR),Luciano Attilio Maria Zuccarello Conveners: METHODS AND MODELLINGOF VOLCANIC SYSTEMS S4. ADVANCES INDATA ANALYSIS FOR GEOPHYSICAL a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

87

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Insights on pulsating degassing and Strombolian activity at Mt. Etna 2019 tracked with infrasound arrays

Alejandro Diaz Moreno1, Silvio de Angelis1, Luciano Zuccarello2, Mathew Haney3, John Lyons3, Aaron Wech3, David Fee4, Mario Paratore2, Salvatore Rapisarda5

1University of Liverpool, UK 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 3U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Volcano Observatory, AVO, USA 4University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA 5Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

In the summer of 2019, Mt. Etna experienced an intense Strombolian actvity ­marked by two lava flow episodes­ interspersed with intense degassing. During that tme, we deployed two 6­element infrasound arrays located at less than 1 km from the actve vents of Voragine (VOR) and New­South­East Crater (NSEC). Preliminary analysis using infrasound array processing based on least­square beamforming show how infrasound data can be used to discriminate and track volcanic actvity, from background pulsatng degassing to individual ash­rich explosions, persistent Strombolian actvity, and lava effusion. We also introduce quanttatve assessment of uncertainty on the estmates of source backazimuth and apparent horizontal velocity. Results evidence shifs actvity from one vent to another with backazimuth errors of less than 2°. Moreover, pulsatng degassing from different vents is clearly captured by both arrays with waveforms that reminiscent of stronger Strombolian actvity with smaller amplitudes. The proposed advanced signal processing presented here stands as a powerful standalone tool to locate and track volcanic infrasound signals with potental for volcano monitoring in near­real tme.

S4.1 ­ Presentazione orale 89 90 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 then compared with thedata from ground­based thermalcameras. average TIR images of theEtna erupton of the12/01/2011. The synthetc thermalimages are with the3D ASHEE fluiddynamicmodel[Cerminara, M.etal.,2016]andappliedtothetme­ temperatures measured by themonitoringinstruments. Then, thepresented algorithm iscoupled Moreover, radiometric data hasbeenfitedtoproperly correlate theinfrared radiaton with partcle mixture have beenapproximated tohomogeneous spheres usingtheMie’s theory. absorpton coefficient. The radiatve absorpton propertes of the volcanic cloudof thegas­ wavelength corresponding tothespectral functonfor thequanttes involved, e.g.the spectral response of athermalinfrared (TIR)camera andincludesthedependence onthe paths. More partcularly, themodelestmates themeasured average intensity over thetypical plume models(e.g. temperature, density, grain size distributon) toget theradiance alongoptcal the plumeradiatve transfer neglectngthescatering effect. It usesthe3Dfieldsobtained from thermal images. The electromagnetc modelisbasedontheSchwarzschild’s equaton todescribe of electromagnetc emission­absorpton volcanic data obtained by ground­based andsatellite Startng from thestudy in[Cerminara M.,etal.2015], we present analgorithm for theanalysis M. etal.,2015]. sensors [Prata A.J., Bernardo C.J., 2009;Prata A.J. etal,2014; Valade S.etal.,2014;Cerminara plume propertes, ashpartclesize, erupton source parameters, optcal depth through infrared emissions are usefulfor monitoring volcanic actvity andfor retrieving diverse features asbulk dangerous phenomena suchas volcanic eruptons. In partcular, gasandashthermalinfrared based andsatellite) have akey role toprovide measurements andanalysis for potentally evoluton isessental for volcanic hazard assessments. Remote sensingtechniques(ground­ etc. Estmatng informaton ontheerupton source parameters, thecloudcompositon and around the source, potentally causinghazard andrisktopopulaton, aviaton, infrastructures, of volcanic materials intheatmosphere impactstheatmosphere, the water andtheground of ash,gases(mainly H partcularly, theriseof volcanic plumesdevelops amultphasecloudaspolydisperse mixture Explosive volcanic eruptons emitandinjectinto theatmosphere hot pyroclasts andgases.More Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Benedeta Calusi,Mateo Cerminara from multiphasemixtures:theEtnaeruption12/01/2011 An algorithmtoderiveradianceandbrightnesstemperature 2 O, CO O, 2 , andSO 2 ), andentrained atmospheric air. The injectonandfallout

S4.2 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

DInSAR Analysis and Analytical Modeling of Mount Etna Displacements: The December 2018 Volcano-Tectonic Crisis

Marco Neri1, Vincenzo De Novellis2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto per il Rilevamento Eletromagnetco dell’Ambiente, Napoli, Italy

Mount Etna, a 3,324 m high basaltc stratovolcano located on the eastern coast of Sicily (Southern Italy), is the largest actve onshore volcano in Europe and one of the best­known and most intensely monitored volcanoes of the planet, implying significant recent progress in the knowledge of its dynamics. The increasing availability of space­borne SAR data provides over tme accurate informaton on the volcano morphology and deformaton, partcularly during emergency phases, when it is difficult or even impossible to carry out in­situ surveys. Therefore, a fast availability and processing of the SAR data is crucial to help understanding the on­going volcano dynamic. Since 24 December 2018, a new intense actvity has started at Mount Etna and it has been associated with a relevant seismic sequence that culminated with a Mw 4.9 earthquake, occurred on 26 December 2018 on the lower part of the Eastern volcano flank along the Fiandaca Fault and characterized by a strike­slip mechanism. In this work, we investgate both the volcanic erupton process and the Mw 4.9 mainshock nucleaton by using DInSAR measurements, seismological data and analytcal modelling. In partcular, we first exploit the DInSAR measurements obtained from coseismic SAR data pairs collected by the Sentnel­1 and COSMO­SkyMed satellites from ascending and descending orbits. All of these data have been processed immediately afer their availability and have been shared with the Natonal Authorites to manage the volcano crisis. By benefitng from the availability of different orbits (ascending and descending), we retrieve the Vertcal and East­ West components of the displacements affectng the analyzed area. The obtained results show that the East­West component presents the most significant displacement enttes, whose maximum values exceed about 30 cm towards West and about 50 cm towards East close to the volcano summit. In additon, in the area in which the 26 December main shock occurred, maximum eastward and westward displacements of 12­14 cm and 15­17 cm are observed, respectvely. Moreover, we analyse the distributon of the relocated hypocentres in order to identfy the involved and actvated structures and, to beter constrain the geometry and characteristcs of the main sources, we extend our analysis by applying a modelling approach based on the analytcal method. Therefore, we invert DInSAR measurements to get the combinaton of seismic and vulcanic sources that beter predict the displacement field; non­linear and linear modeling inversions are performed to retrieve source geometries, tensile and shear component distributons. In partcular, our model suggests the existence of two volcanic sources, which allow us to retrieve the surface displacements measured through the DInSAR maps and are consistent with the observed seismic swarm. Furthermore, we exploited the Coulomb Stress Change analysis to understand how the volcanic actvity affected some of the seismogenic structures of this area; our analysis clearly reveals that the intrusion encouraged, with a positve loading, the seismic actvaton of the faults in all the examined areas. The retrieved results permit to speculate on a possible feedback process for Mount Etna 91 92 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 on 26December 2018. faults located inurbanized areas, potentally abletocauseseismicevents like theoneoccurred can produce lava flows that canbury inhabitedareas and(ii)they may trigger themoton of hazard of Mount Etna flankeruptons for thesurrounding towns and villages, because(i)they the entre deforming sector, toward anew tectonicbalance. This picture highlights thepotental border the volcano unstableblocks were induced tomove, accommodatng thekinematcs of deformatons occurred on26December alongtheFiandacaFault, alsotheother faultsthat the ascent andtheemersionof themagmatc dike. However, althoughthemostsignificant between volcanic actvity andflankmovement: mostof theflankdeformatons occurred during S4.3 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Bayesian inversion of the geodetic data: application on the deformation field of Mt. Etna

Mahak Singh Chauhan, Flavio Cannavò

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The geometrical and kinematc source parameters of a magmatc source can be characterized by mathematcal models like sphere and rectangular. An automatc way to search for these parameters is to invert the observed deformaton field while assuming that such kind of models is able to generate the comparable field. Most of the inversion approach iteratvely minimize the error of a misfit (between observed and calculated data) functon and gives the best fit model. Although, this is highly possible to get the models in the same source volume having equivalent misfit error. This is typically an inherent issue of ambiguity in the geophysical interpretaton caused by insufficient spatal resoluton of the source volume, discretzaton of the contnuous field and highly noisy geodetc data. An effectve way to discard these non­ realistc models or in general to address the issue of non­uniqueness is to use a­prior informaton in the inversion algorithm. Nevertheless, the obtained model parameters are the optmal soluton, which fits adequately the observed data and always have some degree of uncertaintes. However, we use the Bayesian inversion for estmatng the uncertaintes associated with each model parameters. This is basically a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for sampling the posterior probability density functon (PDFs) of the source model. MCMC draws the samples from the defined prior distributon iteratvely and accept (or reject) the samples based on the assigned probability through the rato of likelihood value. Since, it is possible to incorporate the standard error of the data in likelihood functon, the samples of model parameters take into account the noise present in the observaton. There are two samplers which is widely used in the framework of MCMC algorithm: Metropolis­Hastng algorithm and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC). In this work, we show the applicaton of both the samplers on the GPS data recorded on the INGV network on Mt. Etna. The only constrain we used is to provide the limits (or bounds) to the search space for each parameter. The algorithm samples from the uniform prior distributon within the given bounds, ofen called truncated uniform distributon. However, MCMC algorithm also gives opportunity to pass a reference or startng model with an assumed mean and standard deviaton. Then, the algorithm starts from the reference model and update it in each iteraton in order to further check the probability of acceptance. We searched by this inversion approach the model parameters of a dike type source in order to model a magmatc intrusion. Though, we first show the results of the synthetc examples simulatng a real case scenario (pre to post scenario) and then apply it on the 2008 and 2018 erupton of the Mt. Etna. We then conclude by comparing the results obtained by the classical inversion approach (patern search algorithm: PSA) with those obtained by Bayesian inversion. We found the resulted posterior distributon of the parameters are more informatve compare to a single best fit model, which explains the overall tendency of the source distributon that can generate the same data. In this case, the results give more confidence to the interpreter and to incorporate more geological and physical informaton in order to reach the final source model.

S4.4 ­ Presentazione orale 93 94 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 for assessingtheclusteringare not available. help theidentficaton of elements which have aclear physical meaning,even when strictrules criteria are not applicable. We further show how theidentficaton of groups of paterns may presentaton we discusstheproblem of choosingthenumber of clustersincases which formal meaningful for theproblem intermsof physical characteristcs of theclusters. In our clustering. In thesecases,users are beter off when asking themselves whether aclusteringis using schemes where centroids are essentally meaningless,asthey are indensity based individually for eachsinglecluster (e.g, GaussianModel clusters,adaptve criteria) as well as unique metric valid for allclusterscanbedefined. Difficultes may arise when metricsare defined Davies Bouldin Index, Silhouete Index) are available for centroid­based clustering where a The validaton of unsupervisedlearningleaves openquestonsas yet. Someformal criteria(e.g. the pitallsarisinginpartcular from ill­definedtargets andunsuitablefeature selectons. a more satsfying result. In example applicatons of patern recogniton techniques, we highlight adjustng somechoices. Sometmes achange of strategy may benecessary inorder toachieve definiton of thetargets, inadequate features, etc.Ofentheproblems can befixed justby reasons for thefailure may provide interestng insights into theproblem, suchasaninappropriate When anapproach doesnot leadtothedesired success, asounda­posteriorianalysis onthe corroborate theresults. scheme. We present casestudiesdemonstratng how sucha­posteriorianalysis helps others, thesocalled“KappaStatstcs” isanelegant way toassessthequality of aclassificaton method istruly effectve, for instance, when arandom guessleadstoahighscore as well. Among classificaton of paterns matches at best. A highscore doesnot automatcally meanthat a In multclassproblems success istypically measured asthescore for which calculated andtarget diagnostcs androbustness with respect tofalsealerts. (ROC) canhelpustofindareasonable compromise between theneedof accuracy of the small percentage of falsepositves that canruinthediagnostcs.Receiver Operaton Curves indicatng animpendingnatural risk. The user of suchatoolneedshighaccuracy as well asa diagnostc toolproviding hints for aseriousdisease,or for anomalousconditons potentally even thoughtheresults mustberevised with acritcalattude. For instance, consider a The applicaton of data­driven approaches tolarge andcomplex data setsisanintriguing issue, 2 1 Horst Langer the ImportanceofA-posteriori Analyses Advantages andPitfallsofPatternRecognitionTechniques: Schweizerischer Erdbebendienst, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH),Zürich, Switzerland Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 1 , Susanna Falsaperla 1 , Conny Hammer

2

S4.5 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Detection of magnetization contrast for Tyrrhenian seamounts through Poisson’s analysis, independent on the total magnetization direction

Andrea Barone1, Maurizio Fedi1, Federico Cella2

1Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Italy 2Università della Calabria, Dipartmento di Biologia, Ecologia e Scienze della Terra, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy

Volcanic systems are nowadays characterized by analyzing several kinds of informaton related to different disciplines of Earth Sciences. Among these, geophysical data represent a good tool to achieve the physical propertes of the volcanic edifices, especially because they allow avoiding the issues related to the in­situ samples collecton. Indeed, conditons for rocks sampling are not always suitable, such as for the seamounts detecton, where, indirect investgatons are preferable. In these cases, potental fields data analysis represents the best choice since they can be measured at levels different from the topographical surface. In this scenario, we use gravity and magnetc field data to detect about the physical propertes of seamounts. In partcular, we perform a combined analysis between the considered anomalous fields through the Poisson’s theorem by retrieving the density and magnetzaton distributons for the Tyrrhenian seamounts. The Poisson’s relaton represents a valid tool to reach this purpose: based on the mathematcal similarites between the directonal derivatve of the gravity and the magnetc fields, this relaton allows retrieving the magnetzaton­to density rato through a combined analysis of the measured anomalies [Garland, 1951]. Currently, the Poisson’s relaton is mainly exploited by comparing the pseudogravity­ transformed magnetc anomalies and the gravity anomaly, or by considering the reduced to the pole magnetc data and the first­order vertcal derivatve of the gravity field. Unfortunately, both the approaches require the knowledge about the source total­magnetzaton parameters, which are crucial informaton to perform the pseudogravity and the reducton to the pole procedures correctly. However, remanent magnetzaton features are rarely available, and so they are assumed to be equal to those related to the total induced magnetc field; this assumpton can lead to wrong interpretatons of the analyzed dataset. For this reason, we here propose other applicatons of this relaton by using different magnetc field transformatons. In partcular, we use and compare the total gradient and the module of the magnetc field with the second­ and first­order vertcal derivatves of the gravity data, respectvely. This approach is simpler because both the proposed transformatons are mostly independent from the remanent magnetzaton directon. Specifically, we first perform several synthetc tests by considering the procedure proposed by [Chandler et al., 2001], employing a moving­data window in order to perform a multsource analysis; the best window size is chosen according to these simulatons. Then, we analyze the anomalies related to several seamounts in the Tyrrhenian Sea; since these volcanic edifices are not always characterized by structural homogeneity, we restrict the analysis to its homogeneous sub­parts. Finally, we retrieve the magnetzaton contrast values for the analyzed seamounts by considering suitable density contrast values. S4.6 ­ Presentazione orale 95 96 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Pietro Tizzani the sill­like source, for which the edge detectonfiltersprovide very satsfying results. Finally, solve critcalaspects related totheuseof theproposed methodology. We especially focus on advantages andthelimitatons which could characterize theseanalyzed cases,showing how to deformaton fieldproduced by both source models.During thisstep, we carefully point out the Multridge andScalFun methodstothesynthetc vertcal and E­W components of theground about thephysical andmathematcal features of theconsidered models. Then, we apply to approximate sillsanddikes, andpipes,respectvely. Specifically, we firstperform a study rectangular tensile­fault[Okada, 1992]andtheprolate spheroid [Yang, 1988],commonly used 1985]. In partcular, we mainly take into account two volcanic source analytcal models:the pressure point source [Mogi, 1958]totheothers, passingthrough thetensile­point one[Okada, volcanic bodies; we show how toextend theproposed methodology from thehydrostatc­ We useMultridge andScalFun methodsinorder todetectandanalyze different typesof detect volcanic structures for deforming calderas by [Pepe etal.,2019]. cases hasbeenshown by [Barone etal.,2019]andtheusefulnessof the THD techniqueto Furthermore, theadvantages of theMultridge methodduringthestudy of complex mult­source poisson rato) andlow signal­to­noiserato of theconsidered dataset [Castaldo etal.,2018]. variaton), thephysical­elastc parameters of themedium(e.g., theshear modulus,lamecostant, spherical source independently from thephysical features of thesource (such asitspressure [Blakely, 1996]methods.Specifically, their validity hasbeenproved for modelingthepoint­ Multridge [Fedi etal.,2009],ScalFun [Fedi etal.,2007]and Total Horizontal Derivatve (THD) such asitsdepth, horizontal positon,morphological features andhorizontal sizes, by using field. In partcular, thismethodology allows theestmaton of thesource geometrical parameters, in order tocharacterize the volcanic bodiesresponsible of theobserved ground deformaton edge detecton­methodsfor exploitng thelarge amount of data recorded by DInSAR technique from themostusedabove­mentoned ones. The considered approach isbasedontheuseof In thisframework, we show theadvances aboutanew modelingstrategy, which isdifferent allow amult­source unrest analysis, which canoccur for complex volcanic systems. they donot guarantee tohave asingleandstablesoluton.Moreover, theseprocedures donot priori informaton andontheconsidered assumptons aboutthephysical scenario; therefore, of theanalyzed volcanic source. Nevertheless, their results strongly dependontheavailable a the optmizaton andtheinversion procedures, which provide aphysical andgeometrical model Currently, theparametrizaton of actve volcanic deformaton sources isperformed by employing for thehazard evaluaton duringthemonitoringactvitesof a volcanic system. reservoirs; thiskindof study represents akey taskfor scientsts since itgives crucialinformaton measurements andGPSdata), have improved themodelingof deepandshallow magma of theground deformaton, acquired both from remote andproximal platorm (e.g., DInSAR a beter characterizaton of the volcanic systems andtheir processes. In partcular, theanalyses In thelastdecades,increasing development of theremote sensingtechnologieshasallowed 2 1 Andrea Barone geometrical constrainingbyusingedge-detectionmethods New approachforthevolcanicsourcecharacterization: CNR, Isttuto per ilRilevamento Eletromagnetco dell’Ambiente, Napoli, Italy Università diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse,Italy 2 1 , Raffaele Castaldo 2 , Maurizio Fedi

1 , Susi Pepe 2 , GiuseppeSolaro 2

, Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 we jointly exploit the use of Multridge, ScalFun and THD methods to analyze the ground deformaton patern of Fernandina volcano (Galapagos archipelago); we detect the geometrical parameters of the deformaton source by examining the vertcal and E­W components of the deformaton acquired by the COSMO­SkyMed satellite constellaton during the 2012­2013 tme period.

S4.7 ­ Presentazione orale 97 98 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 island. dimension andtherelated­maximum magnitudeof thenorthernseismogenic structure of the macroseismic data. The results allowed ustoassessthelocaton, as well asthepossible Casamicciola earthquake andthoseobtained for the1881and1883earthquakes from the between theresults of thegeodetc andseismologicaldata analysis for the2017,Md=3.9, estmate of themagnitudeof historicalevents are crucial. We report afirstcomparatve analysis To thisend,thecharacterizaton of thesource of thehigh­damagingearthquakes andthe represents ahighseismicriskarea. Assessing itsseismicpotental appearsafundamental goal. touristc destnaton for thermalsbaths, hostngmore than3,000,000 visitors per year, thusit to therecent 21staugust2017earthquake. With about 65,000inhabitants, Ischia isapopular earthquakes, catastrophic effects. Both events struckthenorthernarea of theisland,similarly as inthecaseof 4thMarch 1881(Imax 8­9MCS)and28th July 1883 (Imax 10­11MCS) in which volcano­tectonic earthquakes, with low magnitude,generated large damages and,such The islandof Ischia, located intheGulf of Naples, represents apeculiar caseof resurgent caldera 2 1 Stefano Carlino Island (SouthernItaly) characterize seismogenicstructures:theexampleofIschia Integration ofgeodetic, seismologicalandhistoricaldatato Prospero De Martno CNR, Isttuto per ilRilevamento Eletromagnetco dell’Ambiente, Napoli, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 1 , AnnaTramelli 1 , Vincenzo De Novellis

1 , Vincenzo Convertto, Vincenzo

2 1 , Nicola Alessandro Pino S4.8 ­Presentazione orale 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

A feasibility study on the near real-time calculation of the complete seismic moment of the Etna seismicity: application to the earthquakes occurred during the December 2018 eruption

Ornella Cocina1, Angela Saraò2, Laura Scognamiglio3, Andrea Cannata4, Placido Montalto1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, OGS, Trieste, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy 4Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy

In a volcanic area, seismicity is characterized by different types of seismic signals, due to the complex interacton between tectonic stress and volcanic dynamics. Referring to the Etna volcano, seismicity mainly consists in earthquakes associated with the fracturing processes of the rocks and seismic signals mainly caused by fluid dynamics (i.e tremor, LP and VLP events). Complete Seismic Moment Tensor computaton allows to a complete definiton of the seismic source through the inversion of the waveforms recorded by the seismic statons. It permits to calculate not only the seismic source Double Couple component (DC), which allows identfying the nodal planes of the focal mechanism but also the non ­ DC components. Among the later, the Compensated Linear Vector Dipole (CLVD) component can be indicatve of the generaton of lentcular cracks and fluids dynamics, while the volumetric component (ISO) is an indicator of the volume variatons due to explosions or implosions. INGV routnely computes real­tme automatc seismic moment tensor solutons in Italy for Ml greater or equal to 3.5 earthquakes. In this case, the implemented algorithm (TDMT, Dreger et al., 2003), widely employed in many observatories around the world, it is applied mainly to study the DC component of the moment tensor, and the ISO component is constrained to zero. However, for seismicity in a volcanic environment, retrieving the non­DC component is important since it can provide useful insights into the understanding of the source origin and to evaluate the role of magma in the generaton of earthquakes. Therefore, it would be interestng to compute the full moment tensor and to tune the algorithm for this special area. To achieve our goal, we applied the TDMT algorithm to 10 earthquakes with Ml greater or equal to 3.5 occurred in the Etna volcano area during the December 2018 eruptve episode. To calculate the moment tensor, we used different velocity models and staton configuratons to account for the peculiarity of Etna volcano seismicity and we tested the robustness of the retrieved non­DC components. Finally, the obtained focal mechanisms have been compared with independent estmates of fault plane solutons computed by the first polarites analysis.

S4.9 ­ Poster 99 100 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Silvio De Angelis by TEC2015­68752 (KNOWAVES, MINECO/FEDER). Innovaton Programme under theMarie Sklodowska­Curie Grant Agreement no798480,and funded by VOLCANOWAVES project theEuropean Union’s Horizon 2020Research and VOLCANOWAVES (Marie Sklodowska­Curie Grant Agreement no798480). This research is employed toproduce thedatasets for theKNOWAVES project (TEC2015­68752) and format usingautomated machinelearningprocedures. PICOSS isactvely maintained and and Montserrat volcanoes. A high­quality dataset isgenerated andcompiled into astandard In thispresentaton, we demonstrate practcal usecasesof PICOSS sofware onEtna, Colima interface makes iteasy touse both for monitoringtoacademicpurposes. annotate large­scale volcano­seismic data catalogs. PICOSS’ simpleandfriendly graphic user can selectfrom analgorithmic pool,includingdeepneural networks andspectral analysis, to streams usingmanualapproaches, and(c) automatc pickingroutnes. The implemented modules events through unsupervisedlearningprocedures, (b) exploraton andlabelingof raw seismic Signals). This highly­modular framework, permits(a) Segmentaton andclassificaton of seismic volcano­seismic data analysis, namedPICOSS (PythonInterface for theClassificaton of Seismic We present anew open­source framework designedtosupportsupervisedand unsupervised processing toolstoanalyze seismicdatasets at aswifpace while keeping minimumcomplexity. fundamental toequipthegeophysics scientfic community with advanced, state­of­the­art classificaton carriedout by experts hasbecome achallengingtresome task. Therefore, itis acquired by volcanic observatories onadaily basis,manualsuperviseddetectonand detecton andclassificaton of volcano­seismic signals.Due tothebigamount of seismicdata pipelines. Over therecent years, machinelearninghasarisenasasuccessful framework inthe Actve volcanoes produce sheer volumes of seismicdata that require robust data processing 2 1 Luciano Zuccarello high-quality seismicdatacatalogs A machinelearningframeworktoproduce M. CarmenBennitez University of Liverpool, UK University of Granada, Spain 2 , JanirePrudencio 1 , Angel Bueno , Angel 1 1 , Alejandro Diaz Moreno 1 , JackWoollam

2 , Jesus M.Ibanez 2 , Isaac Alvarez 1 , S4.10 ­Poster 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Analyses of ground tilt associated with ordinal explosions and lava effusion in 2014 at Stromboli

Ayumu Ishikawa1, Takeshi Nishimura2, Hiroshi Aoyama3, Ryohei Kawaguchi4, Eisuke Fujita5, Takahiro Miwa5, Taishi Yamada6, Maurizio Ripepe1

1Università di Firenze, Italy 2Tohoku University, Japan 3Hokkaido University, Japan 4Meteorological Research Insttute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan 5Natonal Research Insttute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Japan 6Kyoto University, Disaster Preventon Research Insttute, Japan

Stromboli volcano is characterized by persistent actvites of Strombolian eruptons at summit craters. Furthermore, these normal actvites are frequently interrupted by lava effusions (i.e. 2002, 2007, 2014 and 2019). We performed a temporal tlt observaton at Stromboli from May 2014 to June 2015 to investgate the ground tlt in detail. The period is characterized by inflaton­deflaton ground tlt cycles associated with the ordinary explosions and a deflaton tlt due to lava effusion occurred on August. In the present study, we analyze the tlt record to estmate the possible pressure sources. We used 5 tlt statons at a distance of <1 km from the actve craters. We picked more than 2,000 ground tlt events and extracted tlt amplitude, azimuth and duraton. We used tlt vectors averaged for 680 events recorded in the first half of July to estmate a pressure source of the ordinary explosions. Tilt vectors of the deflaton during the lava effusion is almost same as the ordinary explosion. Best soluton for source parameters was estmated by using FE modeling considering topography of Stromboli volcano. As a result, the size and positon of the source for the ordinary explosions and the lava effusion is almost identcal and located within a source volume of 200x100x500 m with a centroid at 500 m a.s.l beneath the summit craters. We suggest that ground tlt is generated by the same pressure source, which is basically consistent with the picture of a shallow magma storage inferred from the analysis of temporal evoluton of lava effusions occurred in the last 35 years.

S4.11 ­ Poster 101 102 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 magmatc intrusions andmarksthebeginningof aflankinstability state. finding that anintense swarm of highenergetc rockfalls canbeconsidered asprecursor of the analysis of rockfall distributonduringperiodof transiton from explosive toeffusive regimes material and/or thedeformaton exerted by dike intrusion. We have focused our atenton on preceding theonsetof effusive eruptons. This isprobably duetotheoverload of theejected partcular, highenergy events are clustered duringperiodsof strong explosive actvity andthose while more voluminous rockfalls are related tomajor changes inthe volcanic actvity. In period. It was found that seasonal variatons affect theordinary low energy rockfall actvity, thus leadingtotheanalysis of thetmeseriesof rockfall distributonover thepast15­year The method was appliedtotheseismicdata acquired from 2003onwards at Stromboli volcano, from seismicsignalsproduced by other volcanic andtectonicsources, with areliability of 96%. data. The algorithm iscapableof recognising signalsassociated with rockfalls andlandslides mult­frequency analysis and waveform patern recogniton, ispresented andappliedtoseismic duraton, amplitude,andenergy. A new automatc rockfalls detectonalgorithm, basedona that could beusedtoidentfy themandtoanalyse their tming andseismicpropertes suchas Rockfalls andlandslideshave adistnctve seismicsignal,both intmeandfrequency domain, therefore akey factor indetectngflankinstabilitesrelaton tochanges in volcanic actvity. distributon of gravitatonal massmovements, compared toother geophysical parameters, is and characterized by moderate rockfall episodesuptoextensive landslides. Tracing along­term Stromboli volcano hassuchadistnctve steepslope,theSciara delFuoco, which is very unstable 2 1 Maria CristnaSilengo and volcanicprocesses instability single seismicstationrevealsthelinkbetweenflank Automatic detectionalgorithmofrockfallactivitybasedon Università di Torino, Italy Università diFirenze, Italy 1 , Maurizio Ripepe

1 , Corrado Cigolini

2 , Marco Laiolo S4.12 ­Poster 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Automatic Low Frequency seismicity classification using Machine Learning approach

Luciano Zuccarello1, Carmen Benitez1, Sergio Morales2, Isaac Alvarez1, Luz Garcia1, Angel Bueno1, Janire Prudencio1, Manuel Titos3, Silvio De Angelis4, Alejandro Diaz Moreno4, Jesus M. Ibanez1

1University of Granada, Spain 2Observatorio Volcanologico de los Andes del Sur, Chile 3Icelandic Meteorological Office, Iceland 4University of Liverpool, UK

Low Frequency (LF) seismicity plays an undoubted role in understanding the unrest state of a volcano, due to his strictly link with the magmatc dynamics within volcanoes. Besides, LF waveforms vary depending on the source positon and/or source mechanism, and in­depth knowledge of LF waveforms distorton and temporal variaton is crucial for volcano actvity monitoring. Based on the high occurrence in tme of low frequency seismic events acquired by the volcanic observatories, a reliable automatc recogniton system must be implemented in whatever real­tme volcanic surveillance system to perform correct data analysis. Aimed to these purposes, we performed a set of automatc processing tools to characterize LF actvity at two volcano scenarios, Etna and Colima volcanoes. We design a Machine Learning (ML) architecture based on supervised classificaton, in order to build a predictve model from our dataset of labeled observatons. The predictve model is obtained through (i) signals detecton, (ii) feature extracton of the signals in tme and frequency domain, and (iii) the use of an automatc classifier to train the model. Finally, we have clustered LF events into different families allowing us to identfy different temporal evolutons for each LF family, which were not recorded contnuously throughout the period under study. We suppose that the waveforms change and their different tme occurrence can be justfied by structural and/or source mechanism modificaton in the plumbing system, caused by the eruptve actvity occurred at the volcanoes. The proposed approach will open an atractve perspectve toward the applicaton of ML algorithms in seismo­volcanic monitoring and forecastng. This work is supported by the following research projects: TEC2015­68752 (KNOWAVES, MINECO/FEDER); VOLCANOWAVES European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovaton Programme Under the Marie Sklodowska­Curie Grant Agreement no 798480; MINECO Research Grants Jose Castllejo CAS17/00411 and CAS17/00154.

S4.13 ­ Poster 103 104 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Angel De La Torre Programme Under theMarie Sklodowska­Curie Grant Agreement no798480. MINECO/FEDER); VOLCANOWAVES European Union’s Horizon 2020Research andInnovaton This work issupportedby thefollowing research projects: TEC2015­68752 (KNOWAVES, interestng results andpossibilitesof applicaton. improves thesetechniques for thepartcular scenario of volcano­tectonic earthquakes, providing analysis, andasecond onebasedonpolarizaton andkurtosisrate analysis. The algorithm compared totwo well­known S­phasepickers: onebasedonthedampedpredominant period earthquakes from Mt. Etna, carefully picked andlabelledby ahumanexpert. The techniqueis Experiments are performed to testthealgorithm with achallengingdatabase of volcano seismic needs. reliable from non­reliable pickings,andtherefore selectaquality threshold dependingonthe provided (coherent with quality evaluaton performed by humanexperts) permitstodistnguish these low magnitude andshallow events present. Secondly, theautomatc picking­quality the algorithm works satsfactorily for volcano­tectonic events inspiteof thedifficultesthat seismic tomographies. Two mainresults of theexperiments performed are remarkable. Firstly, results dependingontheir applicaton, or togive themdifferent weights when usedasinputfor components of theseismogram. This quality evaluaton isausefultooltodifferentate picking the low or highfluctuatons of thepickinginstant obtained when appliedtoother horizontal horizontal instant power. Then, thealgorithm provides ameasure of itsreliability, grounded on performed inapartcular waveform transformaton that underlinessuch variatons foreseen: phase arrival. A measure of thesechanges, calledspectral dissimilarity, isproposed. Pickingis changes of frequency andamplitudeexpected intheplanetransverse totheray directon at S­ We present anS­phasepickingalgorithm for volcano­tectonic earthquakes, basedonthe 3 2 1 Luz Garcia using spectraldissimilarityanalysis Automatic S-phasepickingforvolcano-tectonicearthquakes Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Icelandic Meteorological Office, Iceland University of Granada, Spain 1 , Gerardo Alguacil 1 , Luciano Zuccarello 1 , Manuel Titos 1 , M.CarmenBenitez

2 , Ornella Cocina

1 3 , Isaac Alvarez S4.14 ­Poster 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Deriving volcanological parameters from seismo-acoustic signals: case of study of the 2013 lava fountains at Mt. Etna

Gabriele Amato1, Andrea Cannata1, Mariangela Scioto2, Simona Scollo2

1Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

To date, in order to mitgate risks during explosive eruptons, the volcanological community uses models to forecast the area that could be mostly covered by volcanic ash dispersal and tephra fallout. Those models need meteorological weather forecasts and erupton source parameters that define the volcanic actvity and are obtained using remote sensing systems as surveillance video cameras. However, ofen the video­surveillance does not allow to reliably monitor the volcano actvity when for example, cloud coverage prevents directly observatons of the summit area. Mainly for this reason, the objectve of this work is to investgate the relatonships between the seismic­acoustc parameters (volcanic tremor and infrasonic signals) and volcanological parameters (e.g. height of the lava fountain), in order to obtain a model that allows us to estmate in real tme some volcanological parameters. We processed data from three different lava fountains of Mt. Etna (Italy), that occurred between April and November 2013 at the New South­ East Crater (NSEC ­ located about 3300 m a.s.l.), through the aid of a sofware implemented in Matlab®. Initally, we carried out an analysis of volcanic tremor and infrasonic signals, recorded by a seismic­acoustc staton of the Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Osservatorio Etneo ­ Sezione di Catania (INGV­OE), to estmate the variaton of amplitude and released energy with tme. Subsequently, we processed videos acquired by two thermal cameras (EMOT and ENT) of INGV­OE located in Nicolosi and Montagnola and estmated the variaton of lava fountain height with tme. Finally, the seismic­acoustc data were compared with volcanological data, with the aim of deriving a model that allows us to estmate the height of the lava fountains startng exclusively from a seismic­acoustc dataset.

S4.15 ­ Poster 105 106 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 for ageneral framework for thecomprehension of eruptve behaviour of andesitc volcanoes. new interestng insights onthenon­linear cyclic behaviour of Santa Maria volcanic system, useful the different sub­regions of themagmafeeding system. Our preliminary findingscanprovide lava dome­forming volcanoes, thecyclic behaviour with different periodicitescanberelated to periodicites, considering quasi­daily and weakly meansof discharge rates. As for many others agreement with long­(ca. 1 year), intermediate­ (ca. 6months) andshort­term(ca. 120days) of almostcontnuous eruptve actvity. For thelast20 years, themethodsshowed good and theMorlet wavelet analysis, we found amult­termcyclic behaviour duringthelastcentury volcanic sources. By usingtwo different methods,suchastheDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Spectro­radiometer (MODIS),thissystem isabletodetectthermalradiaton emitedfrom et al.,2016].Based onthenear­real­tme (NRT) analysis of theMODerate resoluton Imaging Middle Infrared Observaton of Volcanic Actvity (MIROVA) hot­spot detectonsystem [Coppola period (2000­2019) we analysed thethermalenergy spectrumof Santaguito domethrough the satellite thermaldata integrated with publisheddischarge rate data. In partcular, for therecent In thepresent study, we reconstructed thedischarge rates from 1922to2019combining new become increasingly dominant since the1960s, with someextending over ~3kmfrom the vent. explosions of steam,smallpyroclastc flows, rockfalls andfrequent lahars.Lava flows have 1922 anditischaracterized by effusion of blocky domesandlava flows, punctuated by moderate The eruptve actvity at Santaguito volcano (Guatemala) iscontnuous since itsincepton in 4 3 2 1 Silvia Massaro activity: thecaseofSantiaguitolavadome(Guatemala) Detection ofmulti-termperiodicityfromseculareffusive Università diBari,Italy Russian Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Center/Schmidt Insttute of Physics of theEarth, Russia Università di Torino, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy 1 , Antonio Costa , Antonio 1 , Diego Coppola

2 , Anatoly Soloviev, Anatoly 3 , Roberto Sulpizio S4.16 ­Poster

4 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Infrasound signal detection using multi-band analysis

Angel Bueno1, Isaac Alvarez1, Alejandro Diaz Moreno2, Angel De La Torre1, Oliver D. Lamb2, Luciano Zuccarello1, Silvio De Angelis2

1University of Granada, Spain 2University of Liverpool, UK

Infrasound has become an important tool for volcano monitoring during the past decade, owing to its ability to detect and characterize explosive volcanic actvity with high temporal resoluton. The amount of data recorded by volcano observatories makes their manual analysis a challenging, frequently unfeasible, task. The implementaton of automated tools to address this challenge is, thus, vital for effectve monitoring operatons. Here, we present an advanced approach for acoustc infrasound event detecton that overtakes the applicaton of the traditonal short­term average/long­term average (STA/LTA) algorithms, which have shown limitatons when applied in volcanic environments, or more generally to signals with poor signal­ to­noise ratos. Taking advantage of advanced signal processing techniques, in combinaton with a­priori knowledge of recorded explosions, we have implemented a robust infrasound detector, based on adaptve mult­band processing. The algorithm is based on the characterizaton of the shape of the explosion signals, their duraton, and frequency content. We have tested the goodness of our algorithm by using dataset acquired by two different volcanoes: Santaguito (Guatemala) and Etna (Italy) volcanoes. Our encouraging results suggest that real­tme implementatons of detecton algorithms could be crucial to improve existng infrasound datasets and ultmately, increase our ability to monitor unrest at actve volcanoes.

S4.17 ­ Poster 107 108 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 provoked by slabroll­back. A new evidence from thetomography isthepresence of aLVA in could beinterpreted asthe effect of athree­dimensional circulaton of astenosphericflow mentoned have beenestmated by meansof vertcal andtransversal sectons. This evidence arc andthe Aeolian Islands intherange [0.4­0.6]km/s. Extensions of HVAs andLVAs previously Campania with a value of 0.3km/s, separated by alow velocity area (LVA) alongtheCalabrian 400 km,there are two impressive high velocity areas innorthernSicily andalong southern km/s scatered between the Aeolian Islands andCalabria.In thedepth interval from 250kmto Southern Tyrrhenian HVA andtheoccurrence of alow velocity region with maximumof ­0.5 depth of 250km, thetomography evidences asortof “transiton” duetotheabsence of the arc andextends tonorthernSicily beneath the Aeolian arc with amaximumof 0.6­0.8km/s. At the Ionian slab.It is visible both at depth of 50kmandat depth of 100km,beneath theCalabrian Summarising, thehorizontal sectonsshow anevoluton of thehigh velocity body that represents [2008] andCalòetal.[2012]isafundamental landmarkfor thecomparison of theresults. tomography of Southern Tyrrhenian. This work, together with contributons of Chiarabba etal. sectons, choosingastraces thesame illustrated by Montuori et al.[2007],for their teleseismic at fixed lattude respectvely of 39°,39.5°,40°and40.5°.Finally, Ihave made3transversal sectons at fixed longituderespectvely of 14°,15°,15.5°and16°4 WE vertcal sectons an interval of 50kmof depth from eachother. Ihave made8 vertcal sectons,4NS vertcal I have made10horizontal sectonsof finalmodelfrom 50kmof depth to500kmof depth, with it when there are not more significant changes inRMSand variance of theoretcal traveltmes. depth, 17inlongitudeand28lattude. Ihave implemented sixiteratons of thiscode, stopping depth, 0.8degrees inlongitudeand0.4degrees inlattude. Consequently, gridnodesare 10in 500 kmindepth, 7°E­20°Einlongitudeand35°­48°lattude, with agridspacingof 50kmin FMTT was employed for theinversion of thesearrival tmes.Ihave implemented agridof 0­ seismic staton directly connected toISC(Internatonal SeismologicalCentre). The sofware database consists of 1929teleseismsrecorded inperiod1990­2012by 122southernItalian local tomographies of Southern Tyrrhenian show results todepth of 250­300km. The adopted This kindof inversion could provide agood resoluton todepth of 500­600km, whereas previous inversion of travel tmesof teleseismicray paths, travelling intheupper mantle at highdepths. body beneath theCalabrianzone. The new seismictomography, which derived from the included localseismictomographies that have discovered thepresence of highseismic velocity the Calabrianarc sector. The Ionian subductonisdocumented by several previous works, consumed alongthe Tyrrhenian­Apennine system hasbeenconsumed with theexcepton of the Southern Tyrrhenian oceanic back­arc basin. The subductnglithosphere hasbeenmostly seismic tomography is very relevant inorder toinvestgate subductonzones. This isthecaseof model corresponds tothat having theminimum residual. The entre process of operaton of a the observed travel tmesandthesetheoretcal travel tmes. The finaltridimensional velocity iteratve computaton of themtoobtain theso­calledresidual that isthedifference between Tyrrhenian. This tomography was obtained by meansof inversion of teleseismicdata andan The topicof my work isaseismictomography which hasasobjecttheinvestgaton of Southern Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Giuseppe Pucciarelli teleseismic data Seismic Tomography ofSouthernTyrrhenianbymeans

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 the [250; 400] km depth interval with an extension of 100­150 km that practcally splits the Tyrrhenian slab into two parts, in Neapolitan region and in the southern Calabria­northern Sicily region. This evidence is partally in agreement with Chiarabba (2008), that in in his work showed the presence of a “window slab” with an extension of 150 km, in a depth interval included between 100 and 300 km of depth. The presence of this “window slab” could be interpreted as a tear in which unperturbed mantle insert itself.

S4.18 ­ Poster 109 110 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the onesestmated by drone surveys (3.5*10 Regarding themodel variaton in volume, we estmated values smaller (lessthanathird) than and about1.0kmSW respect summitcraters. and elastchalf­space. We obtained adeflatng source located at adepth of about1300masl image theobserved ground deformaton patern under conditons of ahomogeneous, isotropic Using anINGV­OE sofware package, we inverted these variatons (tlt andGPS)inorder to deflaton of theedifice that has accompanied thelava flows duringthefirst20hours. been alsorecorded by highfrequency GPS(HR­GPS)data. Tilt and GPStestfiedaphaseof opening) andendedat about23:00UTC on30May. Changes with roughly thesametmeshave medium alttude. These changes generally startedat about03:00UTC (afer thefissures Minor tltchanges (lessthan1.0microradian) were measured at several statons located at (between theafernoon of 29May andthefirsthoursof 30May). ECP data are very usefultooutlinetheprocesses occurred before theopeningof thefissure 16:45 UTC, abouttwo hoursbefore the volcanic tremor increase. staton of Cratere Del Piano(ECP) showed thelargest changes that startedsince 29May at Tiltmeters recorded changes duringtheMay 29­ June 5,2019actvity. In partcular, thesummit high­rate (1Hz) by usingtheepoch­by­epoch algorithm of Geodetcs ®RTD sofware package. actve volcano. For surveillance purposes,mostof thestatons are processed inreal­tme at With its39permanent statons theEtnean GPSnetwork isoneof thelargest deployed inan movement andmagnetccompass that are abletodetecttdes. high precision (10­8­10­9radians), electrolytc bubblesensorsfor measuringtheangular including three summitstatons. The deeper statons usebiaxialself­leveling instruments with at greater depth: currently sixstatons are 10metersdeepandeight are at 27­30meters base device. Over thelastten years, INGV improved thenetwork through installaton of sensors At present, theMt. Etna permanent tltnetwork consists of 17borehole instruments andalong­ 5. on June of 1700maslandsince June 4,emissionrate at thefissure progressively decreased andstopped northern eruptve fissure was nolonger fed. Lava flow of thesouthernonereached thealttude poured from thetwo fissures untl afernoon of 1 June when thelava flow generated by the In thefollowing days theactvity stabilized andthetwo different lava flows were simultaneously emission of alava flow that expanded alongthe Valle delBove toward Serra Giannicola Grande. fissure openedonthesoutheasternbaseof theNCSEat analttudeof about3050masl, with an a mildexplosive actvity andlava flow towards Valle delBove. At 03.35UTC, asecond eruptve fissure was observed at thenorthernbaseof theNew SECrater (NCSE),at about3150masl with in theearly hoursof 30May at Mt. Etna. In partcular, at 01:20UTC theopeningof aneruptve Following anincrease of volcanic tremor inthelate evening of 29May 2019,anew erupton started Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Giuseppe Laudani,Mahak Singh Flavio Cannavò, GiuseppeFalzone, Angelo Ferro, Salvatore Gambino, surveillance: TheMay29 - June5, 2019 eruptionatMountEtna Tilt andHR-GPS aspowerfultoolsforvolcanomonitoringand ground deformaton. 23:00 UTC of 30May, while thesuccessive lava emissions(May 31­June 4)occurred without however considers theentre periodof actvity. Tilt record adepressurizaton process untl the

6 m 3 , De Beni personalcommunicaton) that

processes. together with HR­GPSdata, important signalstodetectandbeter understand volcanic In conclusion, highly sensitve tltinstruments, with accurate anddeepinstallatons may furnish, Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S4.19 ­Poster

111

Stefano Vitale (UniNa)Stefano Vitale Eugenio Privitera (INGV­OE), Antonio Troiano (INGV­OV), Andrea Cannata (UniCt), Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe (INGV­OV), Roberto Isaia (INGV­OV), Mariangela Sciotto (INGV­OE), Conveners: ERUPTIVE STYLE ACTIVE VOLCANIC SYSTEM AND CONTROL IN DEFINITION OF STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF S5. MULTIDISCIPLINARY INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

113

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

An Integrated Geophysical Approach to Track Magma intrusion: The 2018 Christmas Eve Eruption at Mount Etna

Flavio Cannavò1, Mariangela Scioto1, Andrea Cannata2, Giuseppe Di Grazia1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy

On 24 December 2018, a violent erupton started at Mount Etna from a fissure on the southeastern flank. The intrusive phenomenon, accompanied by intense Strombolian and lava fountain actvity, an ash­rich plume, and lava flows, was marked by significant ground deformaton and seismicity. In this work, we show how an integrated investgaton combining high­rate GPS data, volcano­tectonic earthquakes, volcanic tremor, infrasound tremor, and infrasound events allows tracking the magma intrusion phenomenon spatally and temporally with unprecedented resoluton. Moreover, it enabled showing how the central magma column lowered as a response to the flank erupton and to constrain the zone of interacton between the dike and the central plumbing system at a depth of 2­4 km below sea level. This is important for understanding flank and summit interacton, suggestng that explosive summit actvity may in some cases be driven by lateral dike intrusions.

S5.1 ­ Presentazione orale 115 116 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the coastline; theeastwards moton abruptly disappearsnorth of thefault,producing alef­ InSAR data allows tracking thepath of the Pernicana faultfrom itsconnecton to theNErifto Both faultsshow clear traces onSAR interferograms and Persistent Scaterers (PS)tmeseries. 15 days at theendof 2009. opening trend of about2­3mm/year with someacceleraton leadingupto more than2mmin displacements perpendicular tothefracture. Data recorded by extensometers highlight an sampling, storingdisplacement andground temperature. The two statons measure therelatve sectors. Each extensometer isequipped with adata­logger programmed for 48 data/day and asystem for periodicdirect measurements across thefaultinitscentral andnorth­central The monitoringof the Trecastagni faultisalsoperformed by two contnuous wire extensometers displacements of almost30mm. rate of about10mm/y andepisodicacceleraton on shortsegments of thefault, with has beeninstalledon2009across the Trecastagni fault;thesurveys show amean vertcal slip kinematcs allowing strong constraints insource modellingof slipepisodes. A levelling network Campana). Measures onthisnetwork startedoneightes andprovide ahighdetailon vertcal levelling route crosses thePernicana fault,at analttudeof 1500m asland700m(Rocca The levelling route onMt Etna is150kmlongandconsists of 200benchmarks.Part of the surveys on wide andlocalnetworks. extensometers record onthe Trecastagni fault.Satellite data consist inInSAR data andGPS and satellite ground deformaton data. Terrestrial data consist inlevelling across both faultsand The dynamicsof thesefaultshasbeen analysed by amult­disciplinary approach with terrestrial acceleratons accompanied with shallow seismicity. directly affect roads andbuildings. This faultisaffected by contnuous creep with episodic characterized by evident morphologicalscarpsandnormalright­lateral movements that The Trecastagni faultisaNNW­SSE tectonicstructure developing onthelower southernflank, ESE trending, shows only aseismiccreep with purely lef­lateral displacement. western segment, with dip­slipdisplacement andlef­lateral components. The easternsegment, The kinematcs of thissystem isrelated toshallow seismiccrises(M=4.0)occurring alongthe echelon configuraton, of alef­lateral shear zone that dissectsthenorth­easternflankof Etna. The Pernicana faultsystem isformed by discrete segments, arranged inaright steppingen and southernboundariesof theunstablesector. this context thePernicana andthe Trecastagni­Tremesteri Fault systems identfy thenorthern Mount Etna, seemstohave arole intheeastward movement of theMt. Etna easternflank.In The complex interacton between regional stress, gravity forces anddike­induced rifingof 3 2 1 *G. Aiesi INGV OE­OV Etna­Volcano Deformaton Group* multidisciplinary studyofthePernicana andTrecastagni faults Dynamics oftheboundariesMt. Etnaslidingflanks: S. Gambino B. Saraceno Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 , A. Bonforte , A. 1 1 , F. Guglielmino , R. Velardita 1 , G.Brandi 1

1 , G.Laudani 2 , F. Calvagna 1 , G.Marsala 1 , S.Consoli 3 , F. Obrizzo

1 , G.Distefano 2 , L.Privitera 3 , G.Falzone 3 , G.Puglisi 1 1 , A. Ferro, A. , S.Russo 1 3

, , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 lateral transcurrent kinematcs at a rate of about 20­30 mm/y. The Trecastagni fault shows a main vertcal kinematcs, with an evident downthrow of the eastern side at a rate of about 4 mm/y. Subsidence increase eastwards away from the structure, reaching a maximum rate of almost 10 mm/y. The fault produces a minor increase in the eastwards velocity on its eastern side evidencing also a minor extension of the structure. Episodic acceleratons affect both faults and are visible on some interferograms from different sensors. The dense GPS network is measured periodically and has more than seventy benchmarks. The tme series of this network began in 1988 and from then on its configuraton has been contnuously improved. Two GPS networks lie across the eastern segment of the Pernicana fault. The first one, located in the Rocca Campana area, was installed in April 1997; the second one, located a few kilometers westward, in the Rocca Pignatello area, was measured for the first tme in July 2002 upgrading an EDM network. The aim of these networks is to detail the structural framework and displacements along the aseismic sector of the Pernicana fault. Integraton of this wide spectrum of geodetc data allows strongly constrained ground deformaton patern to be defined and modeled. Furthermore, the very long tme series available for the different datasets on the Pernicana fault, allows its behavior to be investgated in tme and its role and relatonships in the framework of flank instability and eruptve actvity to beter understood.

S5.2 ­ Presentazione orale 117 118 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the structure. because itrepresents apossible way of ascending magmaalsotestfiedby cones alignedalong the flankdynamicsandstrain distributon.It alsorepresents apotental hazard topopulaton The dynamicsof theselast30 years suggests that the1989fracture play animportant role on structure. the tectonicstructures of thelower SEflankconsidering itas well partof theNNW­SSE oriented Several authorsshow asthe1989fracture zone connects thesummitregion of the volcano with and InSAR show signs of thefracture reactvaton duringthe2002and2018eruptons. phases (12­17 July) measuringseveral centmeters of leflateral slip.Distance measurements A network of rod extensometers evidenced thefracture actvaton duringthe2001intrusion the 1991­1993erupton asubsidence of somecentmeters onbenchmarksclosetofracture. Precise levelling discrete measurements revealed, intheperiod4­16October 1989 andduring the linesclosetofracture. During the1989erupton, EDMmeasurements showed variatons of tensof centmeters on 80s; on2003EDMmeasurements have beenreplaced by GPS. levelling, GPS,EDM,andextensometers data. EDMandlevelling measurements beganinthe data collected by thediscrete andcontnuous INGV monitoringnetworks. We considered We investgated the fracture southernbranch dynamicsthrough 30 years of ground deformaton Sapienza), near the1792effusive mouth,andcontnued southward for another 700m. fracture system propagated untl itreached andcuttheSP 92provincial road (Zafferana ­Rifugio a lengthof 7km without eruptve phenomena.Between September, 27andOctober, 3the The NE­SW system was followed by effusive actvity while theNNW­SSE fractures openedfor striking NE­SW andNNW­SSE, andboth startngfrom theSECrater onSeptember, 24. The 1989erupton of Mt. Etna was characterized by theformaton of two fracture systems, actvity beganonMt. Etna andlastedaboutamonth. On September 11,1989,afer four months of Strombolian actvity at thesummitcraters, effusive 3 2 1 *G. Aiesi INGV OE­OV Etna­Volcano Deformaton Group* Etna eruptiveactivityofthelast30years Dynamics ofthe1989fracturesystemandrelationswith B. Saraceno S. Gambino Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 , A. Bonforte , A. 1 1 , F. Guglielmino , R. Velardita 1 , G.Brandi 1

1 , G.Laudani 2 , F. Calvagna 1 , G.Marsala 1 , S.Consoli 3 , F. Obrizzo

1 , G.Distefano

2 , L.Privitera S5.3 ­Presentazione orale 3 G.Falzone 3 , G.Puglisi 1 1 , A. Ferro, A. , S.Russo 1 3 , , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Relationships between faulting and volcano-tectonic processes/events at Campi Flegrei caldera

Jacopo Natale1, Stefano Vitale1, Roberto Isaia2, Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo2, Luigi Ferrant1, Lena Steinmann3, Volkhard Spiess3, Marco Sacchi4

1Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 3University of Bremen, Faculty of Geosciences, Germany 4CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Napoli, Italy

This work focuses on the characterizaton of deformaton structures hosted in the post NYT (15 ka) sequence in both contnental and marine areas of Campi Flegrei caldera. A structural survey has been carried out on the rocks exposed on­land. Measurements of fractures, faults, and sedimentary dikes have been collected and analyzed, as well as their relatonships with the pyroclastc successions. In partcular, we focused on the western and central sectors of the caldera, including the nowadays most actve area of hydrothermal actvity (Agnano­Solfatara). Results indicate the presence of four fracture and fault sets, consistng of older Appeninic/Ant­ Appeninic and younger NNE­SSW/WSW­ENE trends. The former structures generally cut the volcanoclastc succession up to Agnano­Monte Spina (AMS) tephra (4.55 ka); the later faults are hosted within Astroni tephra (4.2 ka). The submerged porton of the caldera has been investgated through multscale seismic lines, which allowed us to map in detail the major fault systems. Two main fault systems have been identfied according to locaton and attudes. The first system is localized in the central part of the caldera, coinciding with the ~15 km2 apical dome area. We recognized high angle faults (dip > 75°) oriented with similar trend compared to the contnental ones. However, the NNE fault set can be divided into two sub­sets, with the occurrence of steeper normal faults in a 2.5 km2 limited area. The observed trends are consistent with that measured on­land. The second fault system consists of the ring faults bounding the Campi Flegrei caldera, depictng an arcuate lineament from Nisida/Bagnoli (to the East) to Bacoli­ Baia (to the West). This ring fault system is characterized by mean dips of 65° and main E­W and NNW­SSE directons. To retrieve the tme frame of actvity of these faults and their relatonships with the major volcanic and sedimentary markers, the later has been interpreted and correlated in the seismostratgraphic sectons through a study of seismic facies with the well­constrained stratgraphy on­land.

S5.4 ­ Presentazione orale 119 120 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 composition. Preliminary results indicate aCO bubbling through thelake have beencollected andanalyzed for chemicalandisotopic and fractures, self­potential, surface temperature, soilCO The analysis of thedifferent anomaly patterns, evidenced by theconcurrent mapping of faults fumaroles, suggest ahydrothermal origin for thesefluids. isotopic composition of CO amount of atmospheric components (Air Saturated Water) andmethane(~0.1%).Carbon Diffuse soilCO in the Astroni volcanic environments. The detectedSP anomaliesare related totheeffects of thehydrothermal systems present area. Furthermore, mappings of thesoilself­potential andtemperature have beenperformed. inverted adopting acommercial 3Dcode, ending inapseudo­3Dresistivity modelof the covering the whole crater. The resistivity data, collected along2Dlines,have beenjointly patterns laying inthefirst100mdepth incorrespondence of anabout1.5xkm2area Astroni crater, aimingtodetectthemainformations, fault,main discontinuities andfluid carried outthrough anelectricalresistivity tomography (ERT) of theshallower partof the DEMs of thestudy area, torealize amapof lineaments. Geophysical investigations have been Exposed fractures andfaultshave beenstudied,as well asthestudy of orthophotos and The structural volcano­tectonic study includesboth fieldsurveys andlaboratory work. reported. domes, andlakes are located, and where very recently hydrothermal emissionshave been circulation, inarecent volcano where different volcanic conduits, smallscoria cones, lava define indetailtherelationships between volcano­tectonic structures, rock bodies,andfluid structural, geophysical andgeochemical data. Another important aimof this research isto structure in­depth andthe volcanic activity of the Astroni volcano, obtained by new In thisstudy, we present new multidisciplinary data aimedtoacquire new insight aboutthe poorly known. been reconstructed, while thestructural settingandpresent state of the volcano isstill very of the Astroni volcano as well asthecharacteristics anddistributionof thedepositshave history characterized by at leastseven distincteruptions. The volcanic andmagmatic history preserved volcanic edifices isthetuff ringof Astroni, which formed after acomplex eruptive major vents opening within thecentral­eastern sector of thecaldera. One of thebest­ The CampiFlegrei caldera was very active duringtheperiodamong5.5and3.8ka, with 3 2 1 Roberto Isaia high-resolution investigations (Campi Flegrei, Italy)highlightedfrommultidisciplinary Structure andpresentstateoftheAstronivolcano Maria Luisa Carapezza of theelectricaltomograms andthegeologic observations, has ledtoafundedstructural Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo Università diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy 1 , Maria GiuliaDi Giuseppe 2 fluxhasbeenmeasured within the Astroni crater, andsamplesof gas 3 , Massimo Ranaldi 2 , similar tothecomposition of thefluidsreleased by theSolfatara 1 , Stefano Vitale 1 , Antonio Troiano 3

, Alessandro Sant, Alessandro

2 rich (~98%)gascomposition with aminor 2 , Rosario Avino 2 flux,coupled with theexamination 1 , 1 , Luca Tarchini 1 , Stefano Caliro 3 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 interpretation, which outlines the circulation of hydrothermal fluids below the Astroni crater through possible active volcano­tectonic structures. This, in turn, will help in developing a more appropriate scenario of volcanic hazard in case of reactivation in this sector of Campi Flegrei caldera.

S5.5 ­ Presentazione orale 121 122 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of theelectricalresistvity over anarea of about3x1.5km Tomography, performed inthis work, give originalhints, obtaining athree­dimensional model circulaton, as well astheseismogenic structures. The results of adeepElectricalResistvity the Ischia northernsector structures, which would berelevant tocharacterize thehydrothermal and theseismicactvity. However, allsuchefforts suffer of thelackof aspecificdefinitonof relatonship between thetectonicevoluton of theresurgent block,thehydrothermal circulaton island. The island volcano­tectonic models,proposed intheliterature, have investgated onthe alteraton of thecrust,that isevident alongthenorthern, western andsouthernsectorsof the the structural boundary of theMt. Epomeo, producing anintense process of hydrothermal occurred duringtheuplif. A robust andhigh­temperature geothermal field was developed along Epomeo) which appearsthepartof theisland affected by larger deformatons andfaultng, Casamicciola Terme. This sector represents thenorthernrimof theresurgent structure (the Mt. (e.g. 1769,1828,1881,1883,2017) which produced many fatalites anddamages at historical andrecent tme,thenorthernsector of theisland was hitby destructve earthquakes well asitsresurgence, are both correlated with thedynamicof ashallow magmabody. During 900 mof uplifoccurred intermitently duringthepast50ka. The volcanism of theisland,as The islandof Ischia isa well­known example of resurgent caldera, which underwent toabout Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Sandro de Vita, Pasquale Belviso, Antonio Carandente, Mauro Di Vito, Enrica Marota Stefano Carlino, Antonio Troiano, Maria GiuliaDi Giuseppe,Roberto Isaia, circulation structures andfluids of Ischiaactivevolcano(Italy):anoutlinesubsurface Deep ElectricalResistivityTomography ofthenorthernsector boundary of Mt. Epomeo. the shallower hydrothermal circulaton, andthemainshallow tectonicstructures of thenorther integrated with thegeological andgeochemical evidences, allows toreconstruct thepatern of 400 m,alongthenorthernsector of theisland. The interpretaton of theelectrical anomalies,

2 , which extends down toadepth of S5.6 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Integrating petrologic with geophysical and geochemical data: a critical review to identify best practices for petrologic monitoring of ongoing eruptions

Giuseppe Re1, Claudia D’Oriano1, Rosa Anna Corsaro2, Massimo Pompilio1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The migraton of magma toward the surface prior to an erupton and the evoluton of the magmatc systems produce signals that can be measured by seismic, geodetc and gas monitoring arrays located around actve volcanoes. The scarce knowledge of the processes controlling the transiton between quiescence and erupton limits our ability to decipher monitoring signals of volcanic unrest, and thus to predict the onset and the characteristcs of eruptons. The unequivocal interpretaton of the pre­ and syn­eruptve processes that generate real­tme signals requires to know the rheological propertes of magma (melt, crystals, and bubble), the depth and geometry of storage zone/s, the structural context of the volcano edifice, as well as their evoluton over the tme. Most of this crucial informaton can be obtained by the petrological monitoring of the erupted products (lava flows and pyroclasts), focusing on the study of their petrography, rock textures and chemical compositons. The key point of the petrological monitoring of an ongoing erupton is to carry out the sampling of eruptve products as regular as possible and to perform rapid laboratory analyses, to address the variaton of petrological parameters over tme. For example, the analyses of tephra, which include grain size, partcles morphology and clast componentry, give informaton on style and dynamic of magma fragmentaton; textural features, which include mineral assemblage and vesicles populaton, as well as chemical analyses provide informaton about pre and syn­eruptve processes that led to magma ascent, such as the involvement of different magma batches or rejuvenaton. This work, which is carried out in the framework of EUROVOLC project actvites, is focused to analyze data of a few case study eruptons, that are selected on the basis of the type of volcanic actvity, availability of real­tme monitoring signals and petrological data productons. This multdisciplinary approach would disclose the linkage between the rock record (petrology of erupted products) and the real­tme (geophysical and geochemical) monitoring, in order to antcipate possible development of an erupton. The cases of study considered include eruptons of Etna (2001), Stromboli (2007­08), Piton de la Fournaise (2007), El Hierro (2011­12), Bardabunga­Holuhraun (2015) and St. Helens (1980). The selected cases of study cover a broad variety of volcanic actvity, among which fissure­fed effusions and lava fountains, ash­rich explosions, submarine, caldera­collapse, and dome­forming eruptons, within different geodynamic context and with different magma compositons, spanning from basalt to trachydacite and rhyolite. The final purpose of this work is to suggest the best practce to be used for petrological monitoring during volcanic crises. To this aim, it is crucial to assess what types of petrological parameters are suitable to reveal possible evoluton of an ongoing erupton together with easiness and speediness of acquisiton for effectve real­tme monitoring. Finally, this work should promote the development of protocols among volcanic observatory worldwide to beter perform petrological monitoring, allowing their interacton on a solid and standardized routne. 123 124 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 during eruptons. decision­makers both intermsof hazard mitgaton before eruptons andof crisismanagement onset andevoluton and will improve thequality of interpretaton, sustainingtheactonsof Acquiring thisknowledge will setthepath for adeeper comprehension of volcanic eruptons S5.7 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Monitoring active fumaroles through electrical resistivity tomograms: an application to the Pisciarelli fumarolic field (Campi Flegrei, Italy)

Maria Giulia Di Giuseppe1, Antonio Troiano1, Roberto Isaia1, Jacopo Natale2, Francesco D’Assisi Tramparulo1, Stefano Vitale2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy

The unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) is characterized primarily by shallow hydrothermal manifestatons, vigorous gas emissions and seismic actvity. The recent literature on the interpretaton of the unrest of the CFc points out the role played by processes involving the area of the Solfatara crater and the nearby Pisciarelli zone, which are the sites presentng the major actvites during the last decade. In order to characterize the fumarole field of Pisciarelli, Electrical Resistvity Tomography (ERT) and Self Potental surveys have been recently realized, taking advantage of the capability of these two techniques to resolve shallow structures, evidencing at the same tme the volumes permeated by hydrothermal fluids. A first ERT prospecton has been carried on in correspondence of a 100 m long survey line, which crosses along the W­E directon the Pisciarelli permanent mud pool and its main fumarole. The survey has been repeated bimonthly, adoptng a tme­lapse approach useful to evaluate the possible influence of seasonal effects on the hydrothermal system. The comparison with temperature, geochemical data and rainfall rates allowed to separate the areas dominated by seasonal effects from areas where deeper injected gasses cumulate in the subsoil. Three further ERT surveys has been performed in order to reconstruct the main Pisciarelli structural setng and the relatonships between the main fractures and faults and the underground fluid circulaton. A mapping of the self­potental anomaly for the whole Solfatara­Pisciarelli area has been also realized. The results of the performed electrical investgatons revealed the occurrence of zones characterized by intense and complex faultng and fracturing processes, affected by a strong fluid circulaton, whose actvity is also testfied by the presence of fumaroles at the surface and strong hydrothermal alteraton of the rocks.

S5.8 ­ Poster 125 126 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 (“oceanites”). between thealkalineandtholeiitcseries,both aphyric (“cotectc basalts”) andolivine­rich transitonal basaltsdefiningadifferentaton trend towards mugearites, intermediate incharacter The constructon of PdF sensustrictostartedat about400/450ka.Its lavas are mainly the basement of PdF. buried volcano, namedLes Alizés youngest, presently actve PitondelaFournaise (PdF, inthesouth­east). A third, poorly known of two juxtaposed volcanic massifs,theoldestPitondesNeiges (inthenorth­west) andthe at the youngest endof thehot spot track, which produced theDeccan Trapps. The islandconsists southernmost partof theMascarene Basin (Indian Ocean), 800kmeastof Madagascar, located Réunion Island isalarge anddominantly effusive basaltc volcanic oceanic system inthe 4 3 2 1 Gaia Brugnoni subvolcanic maficandultramaficejecta Fournaise (LaRèunionIsland, IndianOcean)asinferredfrom Shallow magmaticcrystallizationprocessesatPitondela as pumiceous components inthe products of the PdF caldera­forming eruptons. with small volumes of evolved liquids(lattes/trachytes from petrographic observaton) detected forming events, andtocompare thecompositons of theintersttal glassinthesubvolcanic ejecta These clastspermit totarget the transcrustal plumbingsystem stllactve duringlarge caldera inclusions), with nodisequilibriumtextures induced into thesubvolcanic crystal frameworks. inferred from the abundant quenched basaltcglassentrapped intersttally andinminerals (melt subvolcanic environment of crystallizaton. Cumulate cognates sensustrictoare present, as also porfirogabbros. A wide range of textures intheseejectaresults from variable P­T gradients in the dunites, wherlites, ophitcgabbros, sub­ophitcgabbros, pecilitcgabbros, doleritesand the BAM emphasizes thepresence of many subvolcanic mafic andultramafic igneousrocks: The petrographic study of more thanonehundred samplesrepresentatve of theejecta within rare but very hazardous geological events. one of themostactve basaltc volcanoes of the world, andii)study the magmasdrivingthese crystallizaton; volatle exsoluton andpercolaton; meltandrock assimilaton) occurring below system andallow toi)access toarare snapshot of themagmatc processes (cumulate vs. insitu explosive actvity produced by PdF) involve, asejecta,alarge fracton of thecrustalplumbing Large caldera forming events (e.g., “Bellecombe Ash Member”, BAM, ≈5.5­3.0ka;thelargest members. homogeneous andresult from thehybridizaton process of “tholeiitc” and“alkaline” end­ Magmas stored inthecrustaldepth range anderupted by thesummitarea are quite source heterogeneity andinfluence of clinopyroxene fractonaton at mantle/underplatng depth. moderate chemicalheterogeneity hasbeensince longatributed toacombinaton of slight mantle to themore alkalic(K Ilenia Arienzo Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Insttut dePhysique duGlobedeParis, Observatoire Volcanologique duPiton delaFournaise, France Università diUrbino, Dipartmento diScienze Pure e Applicate, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy

They slightly differ from Les Alizés aphyric basalts(“abnormal group”) that belong 4 1 , Alberto Renzulli , Alberto 2 O ­rich) series, with higher MgO andlower CaO andSiO

was mainly definedthrough exploratory drillingandconsttutes 1 , Andrea Di Muro

2 , Andrea Luca Rizzo

3 , 2 contents. The (EMPA) whereas afluidinclusionchemicalandthermobarometric study (CO glass from thesubvolcanic ejectahasbeenperformed by Electron Micro Probe Analyzer Chemistry of both minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene, feldspar, oxides, biotite) andinterstitial no crystal­liquid fractionation) of theerupted magmas. Other subvolcanic clasts(e.g. dolerites) may simply represent slowly­cooled equivalents (with Abstract Volume 4 basalts”, “oceanites” and“abnormal group”) inferred by theliterature. and “gabbro”) of themainextrusive products of theLaRéunion Island oceanic system (“cotectc the studiedmafic andultramafic ejecta will becompared with those(i.e.“dunitc” to“wherlitc” plumbing system of both PdF andLes Alizés, the whole crystallizaton/fractonaton trends of Moreover, asthelarge explosive event of theBAM could have disrupted thesubvolcanic be alsoperformed. literature hasbeenalsocarriedout.Sr­Nd isotope systematics onrepresentative samples will and the whole compositional spectrumof thePdF andLes Alizés volcanic rocks available from geochemical comparison amongtheanalysed samples(ICP­OES­MS major­trace elements) gases) isongoing onselectedolivine,clinopyroxene, andfeldspar crystals. A comprehensive a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 2 Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 , H 2 S5.9 ­Poster O andnoble

127

Maurizio Petrelli (UniPg), Roberto Sulpizio (UniBa) Marisa Giuffrida (UniCt), Silvia Massaro (INGV­BO), Conveners: EVOLUTION OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LEADING THETRIGGERINGAND PROCESSES S6. MECHANISMS, RATES, AND TIMESCALES OF

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

129

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Causes of ciclicity in lava dome eruptions

Antonio Costa

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Italy

Modern geophysical data recorded during lava dome building eruptons show multple dominant periodicites, ranging from short­term cycles, with tme scales of hours, to long­term cycles, with tme scales of years. Several models, which consider nonlinear dynamics of lava dome eruptons accountng for gas exsoluton, bubble growth, decompression­induced crystallizaton, and effects of magma temperature variaton, have been proposed to explain the observed cyclicity in the last decade. These nonlinear dynamic models show that each of these dominant cycles can be basically atributed to different regions of the volcano plumbing system. Several studies indicate that short­term cyclicity (hours to weeks) is modulated by the coupling between the shallowest and deeper parts of the conduit, with the lower region actng like a capacitor, allowing magma to be stored temporarily in order to be released during the intense phase of the erupton. Regarding long­term cycles (months to years), the periodicity is controlled mainly by the volume of the elastc magma chamber and intensity of magma influx rate. However, in presence of a shallow and a deep reservoir periodicity is also controlled by the degree of connectvity of between the two reservoirs. For a weak connectvity the overpressure in the lower chamber stays nearly constant during the cycle and the influx of fresh magma into the shallow chamber is also nearly constant. For a strong connectvity between the chambers their overpressure increases or decreases during the cycle in a synchronous way. Although real world systems are more complex and have many controlling parameters that may vary simultaneously, model results have important implicatons for the associated volcanic hazards assessments. A volcanic system may be quite predictable when it is within a stable regime, but may become inherently unpredictable when variatons in the parameters move the system towards transiton points and flow regime boundaries. This paper aims to review the state of the art of this topic and present perspectves for further improvements.

S6.1 ­ Presentazione orale 131 132 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Federico Lucchi loading onthe volcano spreading. and data from finiteelement modelling, which provided assessment of theeffect of gravitatonal by meansof numericalsimulatons carriedout with theCPIUDcode, experimental petrology drove thetransiton of the1913erupton from aslow dome extrusion into anexplosive erupton different tmelengthsof cyclicity andafirst­order discussionof thephysical processes that a sub­Plinianexplosive event. We present here aMorlet analysis of erupton rates that unravels provides a well­ documented example of theeruptve styletransiton from domeextrusion to explosive eruptons. The 1913erupton was thelastsub­Plinianevent at Fuego deColima and developing asummit domethat isoccasionally dismantled by Vulcanian and(rarely) sub­Plinian volcano (Mexico) exhibited quasi­equilibriumconditons (at least)inthelastfive centuries, rheology may alsoaccount for possiblechanges ineruptve behaviour. The Fuego deColima modificatons inthedrivingpressure or conduit geometry. Changes inmagmacompositon and Changes ineruptve styleimply variatons inmagmaflow dynamics, which may mirror Examples includeUnzen, Mount St. Helens, Santaguito, Lascar, andSoufrie’re Hills volcanoes. Vulcanian explo­ sive eruptons, andoccasionally tosub­Plinianandeven Plinianevents. partcular, eruptons involving theformaton of lava domescanshow recurrent transitons to Eruptve styletransitons are frequently observed at many volcanoes around the world. In 5 4 3 2 1 Roberto Sulpizio at calc-alkalinevolcanoes (Mexico): insightsforeffusive-explosivetransitions Cyclic activityanderuptivestylesat Volcan deColima Università di Torino, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Università diBari,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra eGeoambientali, Italy Università diBologna,Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy Centro deGeocienciasUNAM,Campus Juriquilla, Querètaro, Mexico 5 1 , SilviaMassaro 2 , Antonio Costa , Antonio

2 , Diego Coppola S6.2 ­Presentazione orale 3 , Lucia Capra 4 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Temporal evolution of effusion rate during basaltic eruptions: insights from numerical modelling

Alvaro Aravena1, Raffaello Cioni1, Diego Coppola2, Mata de’ Michieli Vituri3, Augusto Neri3, Marco Pistolesi4, Maurizio Ripepe1

1Università di Firenze, Italy 2Università di Torino, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 4Università di Pisa, Italy

Effusion rate is the most relevant factor controlling the dynamics and evoluton of effusive eruptons, determining the emplacement conditons, length and morphology of lava flows. Accordingly, during the last decades, several efforts have been performed for the classificaton and interpretaton of effusion rate curves. Here we show the results associated with the systematc applicaton of a recently published numerical conduit model for studying the influence of magma source and feeding dike propertes on the main features of the resultng effusion rate curves (e.g., duraton, erupted mass, maximum and mean effusion rate). We show that the total erupted mass is mainly controlled by magma reservoir conditons prior to the erupton (i.e., magma reservoir size and inital overpressure), whereas conduit processes such as erosion by fluid shear stress along with reservoir propertes can significantly affect the mean effusion rate, and thus they dramatcally influence the erupton duraton. Simulatons reproduce a wide variety of effusion rate trends. These curves were classified in four groups using appropriate characterizaton and clustering techniques, which were associated with the different types of effusion rate curves described in the literature. Results agree with the traditonal explanaton of effusion rate curves and provide new insights for interpretng them, stressing the importance of magma reservoir dimensions, inital overpressure, and inital width of the feeding dike in controlling the effusion rate curve.

S6.3 ­ Presentazione orale 133 134 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 magma. phases of theerupton, that were not abletoproduce anefficient primary fragmentaton of the have beenresponsible for theashemissionactvity which characterized thelower intensity portons of theplug.Gas­driven elutriaton of ashmaterial present inthe fracture network could network issuggested by theco­presence of material derived from theshatering of different fracturing of therigid,hot upper portonof theconduit. Ash transport within thefracture Pyroclastcs infilling of thefractures isinterpreted astheproduct of mechanical,shear­related stratgraphic sequences at different distances from LaFossa cone. characteristcs of ashemitedduringthephases of more intense actvity, collected from two finer­grained material present inthefracture was thencompared with themorpho­textural features of theclast was performed onthefracture­infilling material of different blocks. The A detailedstudy of grain­size, clastmorphology andarrangement, lithologicalandtextural blocks are characterized by thepresence of fractures filled with pyroclastc material. fragments, breccia­bearing, denseblocksare scatered over the whole crateric area. These dense in themagmacolumn immediately prior theerupton. Among thedifferent typesof ballistc system involved intheexplosion andsuggest theexistence of large vertcal andlateral gradients blocks. Bomb andblocktypesare representatve of thedifferent zones of theconduit/plug extensive bombfieldof different types,from theclassicalbreadcrust bombsto very dense The present crater area iscovered by theproducts of the1888­90erupton which includean about thepossiblemechanismsof magmafragmentaton. frequency of occurrence, reaching uptohundreds of events/day, soposinginterestng questons Phases dominated by low­intensity explosions insomecases were characterized by a very high different explosions, which were frequently clustered inphases with similar characteristcs. In their chronicles, actvity was primarily classifiedaccording toascaleof intensity of the masterfully describedinlarge detailsby scientsts like Mercalli andDe Fiore. erupton of Vulcano Island (Italy) represents theprototype of Vulcanian eruptons and was plug/conduit structures duetodegassingandlocalmagmatc gasaccumulaton. The 1888­90 explosions are generally interpreted asrelated tothepartaltotal destructonof domesor frequency of explosions canlargely vary with intervals ranging from minutesto weeks. These amounts of gasandashballistcally ejectcoarse bombsandblocks.During thisactvity, the Vulcanian actvity ischaracterized by therepeated occurrence of explosions which release large 2 1 Pietro Gabellini breccia-bearing blocks eruption of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands):insightsfrom Non-explosive magmafragmentationduringthe1888-90 Università diPisa,Italy Università diFirenze, Italy 1 , Raffaello Cioni

1 , Marzia Zuchegna

1 , Laura Rubino S6.4 ­Presentazione orale 1 , Marco Pistolesi 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Highly explosive basaltic eruptions: magma fragmentation induced by rapid crystallisation

Fabio Arzilli1, Giuseppe La Spina1, Mike R. Burton1, Margherita Polacci1, Nolwenn Le Gall2, Margaret E. Hartley1, Danilo Di Genova3, Biao Cai4, Nghia T. Vo5, Emily C. Bamber1, Sara Nonni5, Robert Atwood5, Edward W. Llewellin6, Richard A. Brooker7, Heidy M. Mader7 and Peter D. Lee2

1University of Manchester, UK 2University College London, UK 3Clausthal University of Technology, Germany 4University of Birmingham, UK 5Diamond Light Source, UK 6Durham University, UK 7University of Bristol, UK

Basaltc eruptons are the most common form of volcanism on Earth and planetary bodies. The low viscosity of basaltc magmas generally favours effusive and mildly explosive volcanic actvity. Highly explosive basaltc eruptons occur less frequently and their erupton mechanism stll remains subject to debate [Szramek, 2016; Moitra et al., 2018], with implicatons for the significant hazard associated with explosive basaltc volcanism. Partcularly, highly explosive eruptons require magma fragmentaton, yet it is unclear how basaltc magmas can reach the fragmentaton threshold [Papale, 1999; Gonnermann, 2015]. In volcanic conduits, the crystallisaton kinetcs of an ascending magma are driven by degassing and cooling [Cashman and Blundy, 2000; La Spina et al., 2016]. So far, the crystallisaton kinetcs of magmas have been estmated through ex situ crystallizaton experiments. However, this experimental approach induces underestmaton of crystallizaton kinetcs in silicate melts. The crystallizaton experiments reported in this study were performed in situ at Diamond Light Source (experiment EE12392 at the I12 beamline), Harwell, UK, using basalt from the 2001 Etna erupton as the startng material. We combined a bespoke high­temperature environmental cell with fast synchrotron X­ray microtomography to image the evoluton of crystallizaton in real tme. Afer 4 hours at sub­liquidus conditons (1170 °C and 1150 °C) the system was perturbed through a rapid cooling (0.4 °C/s), inducing a sudden increase of undercooling. Our study reports the first in situ observaton of exceptonally rapid plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystallisaton in trachybasaltc magmas. We combine these constraints on crystallisaton kinetcs and viscosity evoluton with a numerical conduit model to show that exceptonally rapid syn­eruptve crystallisaton is the fundamental process required to trigger basaltc magma fragmentaton under high strain rates. Our in situ experimental and natural observatons combined with a numerical conduit model allow us to conclude that pre­eruptve temperatures <1100°C favour the formaton of highly explosive basaltc eruptons, such as Plinian volcanism, driven by fast syn­eruptve crystal growth under a high undercooling and high decompression rates [Arzilli et al., 2019]. This implies that all the basaltc systems on Earth have the potental to produce powerful explosive eruptons.

S6.5 ­ Presentazione orale 135 136 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of 1.3­1.7 wt.% intheinner part of theolivineembayments for theFebruary 19,2013and with Fo Mg# 55­61andSca.1500­2900 ppm;thesehave been found inmore primitve olivinecrystals of multple volatle species(i.e.H In additon, possiblechanges of ascent rates over arange of depth canbeestmated by modeling Numerical modelingcanretrieve tmescalesof diffusion,allowing anestmaton of ascent rates. of theembayment toward theouter meltasaresponse of degassing­induced decompression. compositonal gradients of volatle elements that are produced by diffusionfrom theinner part to fixascent rates for someeruptons occurred inarc volcanoes. This approach measures on diffusionchronometry of volatle speciesalongolivine­hostedembayments hasbeenused generally feed weak explosive and/or effusive actvity. A recent approach of investgaton based basic magmaisinvolved or at openconduit volcanic systems, where low viscosity, basicmagmas magma ascent rate isprominent especially in violent eruptve episodesoccurring when only crystallinity, gascontent, size of theconduit andmagmaascent rate. In thisregard, therole of The explosivity of anerupton isdeterminedby many factors,includingmagma viscosity, 3 2 1 Francesco Zuccarello olivine melttubes Fixing magmaascentvelocitythroughvolatilediffusionin type of meltinclusions ischaracterized compositons putinto evidence theexistence of at leasttwo types of meltinclusions. The first microprobe. Water contents inmeltinclusionsrange between 0.3 and2.2 wt.%. Major element elements, Sand Clcontents inmeltinclusionshave beendeterminedthrough electron Raman spectroscopy hasbeenusedfor quantficaton of the water contents, whereas major embayments found intephra erupted duringthe above­mentoned selectederuptons. Micro­ 24, 2018.In thisstudy, we present preliminary results ontheolivine­hostedmelt inclusions and 3) theflankerupton that affected thesoutheasternsector of the volcanic edifice onDecember Crater (NSEC); 2)the violent erupton of theDecember 3,2015 occurred at the Voragine Crater; episodes include:1)theparoxysmal episodeof theFebruary 19,2013at the New SouthEast out arange of ascent rates related tothedifferent explosive intensites. The recent eruptve different explosive intensity from thepost­2011recent actvity at Mt. Etna, inorder tofigure ultrabasic magmashave beeninvolved. We selectedthree eruptve episodescharacterized by some violent manifestatons occurred both inhistoricalandrecent tmes, where basicand volcanoes worldwide. Although itsordinary actvity isStrombolian with effusionof lava flows, We have chosenMt. Etna volcano ascaseof study, which isoneof themostactve openconduit model, canbeconstrained through meltinclusion­basedstudies. and initalpressure before decompression, which are usefulfor theapplicaton of thenumerical to determinetheexsoluton depth for each volatle component. Thus, inital volatle contents recognizing the original volatle contents inthemagma,order totrack thedegassingpath and Quantficaton of volatle speciesdissolved inolivine­hostedmeltinclusionsisnecessary for 48­54 andSca.275­1245 ppm;thesehave beenfound entrapped inolivine crystals with Fo

79 Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Laboratorie Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont­Ferrand, France Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy . The second typeof meltinclusionsshowsK 80­84 . H 2 O measurements along olivine­hostedmelt embayments display averages value 1 , Federica Schiavi

2 O, CO O, by 2 , Marco Viccaro K 2 2 , S) with different solubility anddiffusivites. 2 O ca.2.4­2.9 wt.%, CaO ca.6.0­9.2 wt.%, Mg# O content of ca.1.7­2.1 wt.%, CaO ca.9.8­12.3,

1,3 76­ Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

December 3, 2015 products whereas, the December 24, 2018 products exhibit more water­ depleted concentratons, with average values at 0.3­0.5 wt.%. At present, we are finalizing the

CO2 collecton in melt inclusions in order to beter constrain the degassing path for each eruptve episode. Integraton of the whole dataset obtained on olivine­hosted melt inclusions and olivine melt tubes will furnish important indicatons on potental differences in the decompression­ driven tmescales of degassing for magmas emited with markedly distnct eruptve dynamics at Mt. Etna volcano.

S6.6 ­ Presentazione orale 137 138 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 and H Lucia Pappalardo fragmentaton. content (XH intermediate stepsevery 50MPa), decompression rate (0.01and1MPa/s) andglass volatle super­liquidus temperature (1200°C)changingfinalpressure (from 200to25MPa, with of magma vesiculaton. Partcularly, we performed isothermal decompression experiments at trachytc meltsthrough hightemperature ­highpressure experiments andnumericalmodeling In thisstudy we investgated thehomogeneous bubblenucleaton anddegassingbehavior of be crucialfor volcanic hazard assessment. viscosity. Therefore, expanding theknowledge onkinetcsanddynamicsof their degassingcan volcanoes (e.g. CampiFlegrei caldera, Somma­Vesuvius, Azores islands), despitetheir low remain onhow their degassing works. These magmasfrequently feed many actve high­explosive on evolved alkalinemagmashave beencarriedout,however numerous openquestonsstll the definitonof a well­recognized paradigm of their degassing.Recently someinvestgatons as eruptve style.In thelastdecadesmany studieshave beenfocused onrhyolitc meltsallowing and death”, thusproviding thedrivingforce for eruptons andcontrolling magmaascent as well Volatle exsoluton duringmagmadecompression in volcanic conduit induces bubbles“birth,life 4 3 2 1 Gianmarco Buono decompression rateandvolatile(H Degassing ofevolvedalkalinemelts:theeffect and presence of CO possible enhancingmagmabuoyancy anderupton explosivity. Moreover, faster decompression higher bubblenumber density thaninrhyolitc magmas,especially at slow decompression rates, controlled by inital volatle content andcanoccur with lower supersaturaton pressures and Our results suggest that homogeneous bubblenucleaton inevolved alkalinemeltsismainly provided by 2Dconventonal techniques. tool for the3Dquanttatve analysis of large sample volume at highresoluton, not directly microtextural examinaton was carriedoutusingX­ray computed microtomography, apowerful and chemically (i.e.glass volatle content andnanoliteinvestgaton) characterized. 3D at 200MPa). Experimental samples were 3Dtexturally (i.e.bubbleandFe­Ti oxide parameters) Università diRoma La Sapienza, Italy Georg­August University of Götngen, Germany Università diNapoli Federico II,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2 O­dominated degassingpromote thedevelopment of magmapermeability andinertal 2 O=1, XH 1 , Paola Petrosino 1,2 2 leadtoclosed­system degassingregime, whereas slower decompression , Sara Fanara 2 O=XCO 2 =0.5, XCO

3 , Giovanni Macedonio 2 , Burkhard C.Schmidt 2 =1 saturated fluidsand water­oversaturated fluids

2 O-CO 1 , Danilo M.Palladino 2 3 ) content , GianlucaSotli S6.7 ­Presentazione orale

4 4 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Experimental simulation of ascent and fragmentation of Stromboli LP magmas

Michel Pichavant1, Ida Di Carlo1, Massimo Pompilio2, Nolwenn Le Gall3

1Universite d’Orleans, France 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 3University College London, UK

Both high temperature and pressure isobaric and decompression experiments were performed on Stromboli LP magmas to shed light on magma ascent velocites (u) and on paroxysm incubaton mechanisms and tmescales. The decompression experiments mimic the ascent of LP magmas from their source region up to their intrusion in the HP magma. Either constant u (from 0.25 to 3 m/s) or variable (> 1 and < 1 m/s above and below 50 MPa respectvely) were imposed. All experiments started from a natural yellow pumice and three different melt H2O concentratons (~5, ~2.5, ~1 wt%) were investgated, CO2 being present (800­1100 ppm) in the two less H2O­rich melt series. Most decompression experiments yielded crystal­free glasses except the longest (8.3 h) at 1150°C which crystallized olivine and clinopyroxene. Thus, LP magmas must travel from their source region in < ~10 h corresponding to u > ~0.25 m/s (if assumed constant during ascent). Bubble number densites (BNDs) show the expected increase with increasing u and BNDs in yellow pumices are bracketed by 1.5 and 3 m/s ~2.5 melt series charges. In those, average bubble diameters (D) are lower than in yellow pumices but increase markedly with decreasing u. Natural bubble D are bracketed by 0.64 and 1 m/s ~2.5 melt series charges suggestng that u could decrease at shallow levels < 50 MPa. Most petrological estmates converge toward an average u of ~1 m/s for LP magmas, higher by >1 order of magnitude than geophysical estmates. LP magmas resided at shallow levels for no more than a few h before being erupted as estmated from widths of plagioclase reacton zones experimentally calibrated as a functon of tme. Paroxysm incubaton mechanisms include bubble growth and coalescence, bubble rise by buoyancy, generaton of a new populaton of small bubbles and fragmentaton. Fragmentaton textures range from fluidal to britle depending on the melt H2O content. Paroxysm incubaton involves generaton and overpressurizaton of a gas­rich suspension and should closely follow (~1h) the arrival of a LP magma batch at shallow levels.

S6.8 ­ Presentazione orale 139 140 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 shallow pressurizaton with frequent emissionsof magmaat thesurface. enhances episodesof deepreplenishment andlong­lastngstorage at high depth, rather than the past volcanic actvity, our data supportaplumbingsystem configuraton that currently into thefeeding system. When compared with petrological andgeodetc observatons related to on December 24,2018,hence supportnga20months­long periodof contnuous replenishment edifice was detectedsince April 1,2017andcontnued at constant rate untl theerupton onset km b.s.l., which hasbeeninferred through geodetc data inversions. The inflaton of the volcano 400 MPa. This isinaccordance with theevidence for adeepmagmatc source of inflaton at ca.7 support thereactvaton of the deepestmagmatc environments, located at pressure higher than us todetectthoseenvironments that were reactvated before theerupton. Our petrological data dominant paths of ascent andmechanismsof interacton between different magmas. This hasled diversity of thecrystal chemicalzoning from core torimallowed theidentficaton of some which isbetween 30and40MPa (i.e.,the environment M2). A detailedinvestgaton of the M1b environment at 160­120MPa, whereas theFo70­74 cores cover acompositonal range to theM1aenvironment at 290­230MPa; olivines with Fo76 core compositons belongtothe are representatve of theM0environment located at pressure of 420­380MPa; Fo78 cores refer environment of crystallizaton at ca.650MPa, here indicated asM00;olivines with Fo80­81 cores modeling. For what concerns thepressure, high­Fo core compositons at Fo84 indicate adeep basic (Fo84) toslightly evolved compositons (Fo the presence of magmas with distnctdifferentaton degrees. Olivine cores spanningfrom more and grouped inpopulatons basedontheir core compositons andzoning typesinorder todetect network of Mt. Etna duringthetwo years preceding theerupton. Olivine crystals were selected and integrated together with GPSmeasurements collected from thepermanent monitoring have beencombined. Crystal chemicalzoning anddiffusionchronometry data were elaborated a multdisciplinary approach of investgaton in which petrological andgeophysical observatons To detectdynamics of magmasupply preceding theDecember 24­262018erupton, we propose was erupted duringtheeffusive phase. such asP, T andƒO magmatc environments, which are variably distributedbeneath Mt. Etna. The physical parameters, flows spreading across the Valle delBove, though­notably ­only about1millionof m the summit vents between December 24­26. The Strombolian actvity alongthefissures fed lava propagated southeastward and were accompanied by resumpton of low­intensity explosions at opening of eruptve fissures at thebaseof theNew South­East Crater (NSEC) cone, which rapidly 24 2018,about10 years afer thelastflankerupton of 2008­09. This episodefollowed the both summitcraters andthe volcano flanks. The mostrecent flankerupton occurred onDecember transiton ineruptve frequency andmagnitude,generatng almostentrely effusive eruptons from Since the violent paroxysmal eruptons of May 2016, volcanic actvity at Mt. Etna exhibited a 2 1 Alfio Marco Borzì fissure eruptionatMt. Etnavolcano A multidisciplinaryinvestigationoftheDecember24-26, 2018 Marco Viccaro Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1,2 2 1 , associated toeachenvironment were constrained through thermodynamic , Marisa Giuffrida 1 , Francesco Zuccarello

70 ) reflect crystal residence andgrowth infive

1 , Mimmo Palano S6.9 ­Poster 2 , 3 of lava of lava Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Conduit dynamics in the 1st February 2014 eruption of Tungurahua (Ecuador): inferences from volcanic bombs

Alessia Falasconi1, Raffaello Cioni1, Marco Pistolesi2, Benjamin Bernard3, Pablo Samaniego4

1Università di Firenze, Italy 2Università di Pisa, Italy 3Insttuto Geofisico, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador 4Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, IRD, Clermont Ferrand, France

Mid­intensity explosive events frequently occur worldwide at volcanoes with intermediate to silicic magmas. Textural and compositonal features of the different types of pyroclastc fragments (from ash to bomb­sized) demonstrated to be very useful to get insights into the conduit processes that strongly control the dynamics of these eruptons. We present here data on a vulcanian to subplinian event occurred at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) on 1 February 2014, when three large explosions occurred at intervals of few minutes. These generated short­ lived sustained plumes between 4 and 8 km above the vent. The last erupton was the largest one and culminated with the formaton of pyroclastc density currents (PDC) that reached the base of the edifice, at about 8 km of distance from the vent. Four different types of block and bombs were found in the deposits of these PDC: dense fragments (D), breadcrust bombs (BCB), cauliflower bombs (CFB) and foliated, banded bombs (FB). The ejected bombs represent samples of different parts of the magma in the conduit and preserve informaton that can be used to infer parameters of pre­erupton magma ascent. Samples were analysed for their morphology, density, groundmass texture and compositon. All the different types of bombs have homogenous andesitc bulk­rock compositons but different, highly evolved matrix glass compositons ranging from rhyolitc for BCB to dacitc for CFB and D, suggestng contrastng crystallizaton processes occurring within the conduit. These differences in groundmass glass compositon are also accompanied by important variatons in the textural characteristcs of each type of bomb, thus suggestng the importance of pre­ and syn­eruptve degassing­induced crystallizaton. Coupling all these observatons, we infer an explosive dynamics model for 1st February 2014 event for which a cyclical densificaton of the uppermost porton of the conduit allowed localised pressurizaton. The simultaneous ejecton of different types of bombs reflects the existence of crystallinity and volatle gradients into the conduit during magma ascent, which strongly controlled erupton dynamics.

S6.10 ­ Poster 141 142 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 from August 31,2014toFebruary 27,2015,emitng1.6±0.3km the largest andmostexceptonal examples. The mainphaseof theHoluhraun erupton lasted Holuhraun, within theBárðarbunga volcanic system (Northern Rif Zone of Iceland), was oneof beneath central volcanic edifices. In thisframework, the2014­2015fissure erupton at developing from fissure swarms connected insome way tomainbasaltcmagmareservoir/s The mostcommon typeof basaltc volcanism alongtheIcelandic rifzones are eruptons 3 2 1 Massimiliano Cardone fissure eruptionatHoluhraun(NorthernRiftZone, Iceland) Evidence formagmamigrationleadingtothe2014-2015 assessment. forward toareliable characterizaton of the volcanic eruptve behavior andtherelated hazard petrological constraints onmechanismsof meltstorage andtransport markasignificant step transport totheHoluhraun erupton site. When combined with monitoring data available, our the transport history of magmasthrough theplumbingsystem andtotrack finally thelateral reconcile theolivinearchive with existng seismicandgeodetc determinatons inorder totrack zonaton isevaluated considering itstme­dependent diffusive relaxaton. Here, we aimto detailed pre­eruptve picture of magmadynamicsisfinally obtained when theolivinechemical olivine crystals experienced uptotwo storage events between nucleaton anderupton. A more residence andpassage of crystals through different storage zones. Based onour observatons, Fo plateaus incore­to­rim intermediate portonsof olivinecrystals andusedthemtotrack the reservoir in which crystals initally nucleated andgrew. We recognized compositonally­distnct a narrow compositonal range between Fo78­82 indicatng acommon deep­seated magmatc preserve records of amultlevel plumbingsystem through their Fe­Mg zoning. Cores cluster in and transport history preceding thissix­months­lastng fissural erupton. Coexistng olivines the firsteruptve stage toprovide athorough space­tme reconstructon of themagmastorage In thisstudy, we usethecompositonal andtemporal record of olivinecrystals erupted during region, insteadof anarrow, mid­crustal depth interval. dynamics at Holuhraun stllquestonif theerupton was fed from amult­level magmastorage lateral movements toward theerupton site. At present, existng studiesonthedeepmagma model of inital vertcal magmaascent within theBárðarbunga plumbingsystem followed by conjuncton with theevidence for lateral migraton, somepetrological constraints supporta transport history of magmasalongtheDyngjuháls fissure swarm before theerupton. In migraton of seismicswarms andassociated ground deformatons well tracked thelateral geophysically monitored inreal­tme since thefirstsignalsof volcanic unrest. Indeed, the central volcano andpropagated northeastward over ca.48 km. The entre event was in 1783­1784. The erupton followed adyke intrusion that originated at thenearby Bárðarbunga more than84square km,thusmakingtheIceland’s largest lava flow fieldsince theLakierupton Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università dellaCalabria,Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 , Marisa Giuffrida 1 , Eugenio Nicotra

2 , Marco Viccaro 3 of lava spreading across S6.11 ­Poster 1,3

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Fluorine as a destroyer of silicate melt structures: evidence from the 1477 AD Laugarhaun rhyolitic lava flow (Landmannalaugar, southern Iceland)

Gabriele Morreale1, Marco Viccaro1,2

1Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

Viscosity of volcanic products chiefly depends on compositonal factors of the magma. The silica content is the most prominent among these influencing factors, being silicon the most abundant element actng as network former in common natural magmas. Rheological behavior of basic magmas (i.e., SiO2 45­52%) with viscosites around 10­102 Pa s is therefore markedly different if compared with that of more evolved magmas (e.g., rhyolites with SiO2 73­77% and viscosites of 105­108 Pa s). Other elements, however, can have dramatc effects on the degree of polymerizaton of silicate magmas and on their final modes of emplacement, even when they are in minor concentratons. Among volatle elements, and halogens in partcular, fluorine produces strong depolymerizaton through the substtuton of F for oxygen via the exchange operator F2O­ 1, with effects becoming increasingly more pronounced for highly polymerized melts. Although the important role of fluorine has been so far recognized especially for the petrogenesis of basic magmas, dramatc rheological consequences also affect more evolved magmas. Indeed, fluorine is the most soluble elements among volatles, which means it has the opportunity to be exsolved only in part during magma ascent and remains concentrated into the residual melt with significant amounts even during syn­eruptve conditons. In this study, we have taken into consideraton the Laugahraun lava flow (Landmannalaugar, southern Iceland), which was erupted around 1477 AD from the Brennisteinsalda in the area of the Torfajökull volcanic center. Torfajökull is located at the intersecton between the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) and the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ), and is characterized by one of the most impressive calderas (i.e., diameter of 18 km) among the Icelandic volcanoes. Although the obsidianaceous Laugahraun lava flow has rhyolitc compositon, it has an odd aspect rato if compared to other rhyolitc flows worldwide being characterized by mega­ropy lava structures that suggest peculiar rheological behavior during the emplacement. Ten samples from various portons of the lava flow have been therefore collected during the field survey conducted on July 2017, and they were investgated through XRF and mass spectrometry for what concerns the major and trace element abundances in order to verify the potental compositonal effects on the viscosity. In this regard, chlorine and fluorine concentratons have been also determined on the same samples, which were collected respectvely through standard XRF and Ion Selectve Electrode coupled with potassium hydroxide fusion. Both major and trace element concentratons are clustered within a narrow compositonal range (among LILE, Ba ca. 500 ppm; among HFSE, Zr ca. 650 ppm; among LREE, La ca. 80 ppm, Ce ca. 170 ppm; among MREE, Sm ca. 12 ppm, Eu ca. 2.5 ppm; among HREE, Yb ca. 6 ppm, Lu ca. 1 ppm). Fluorine concentratons span in the range 2000­2500 ppm, values about five tmes more than common values observed in rhyolitc products. Our data suggest that the rheological behavior of the rhyolitc lava flow of Laugarhaun in Landmannalaugar could have been influenced by the high content of fluorine stored into the melt structure. Importance of our findings consists in the determinaton of how compositonal factors can dramatcally affect the behavior of lava emplacement in specific setngs developing uncommon flow dynamics. S6.12 ­ Poster 143 144 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52

concern the Spiaggia Lunga deposits, whose stratgraphic column is thebestpreserved, rejuvenaton processes progressively actedduringthe whole duraton of the erupton. For what reservoir. This isalsoshowed by whole­rock compositons, which suggest that magma magma andaslightly more basic,buthoter andricher in volatles, meltentering themagma trigger of eacherupton would berelated toa“criptc” mixing between aresiding shoshonitc the welded scoriae, andof therelated eruptve scenario of caldera­forming processes. The Results of thisanalysis allowed todraw thepre­eruptve dynamicsleadingtothe formaton of stratgraphic positonof eachsample within thedepositof eacherupton. > 500µm), inorder torelate their frequency (and thentheir related magmatc process) tothe plagioclases. So, we definedtheabundance of eachtexture inmore than 2000 crystals (length significance of eachtexture hasbeendeterminedthrough compositonal profile core­to­rim on crystals; 4)resorbed envelops and5)meltinclusionlayers. The volcanological andpetrologic of crystal textures, namely:1)oscillatory zoning; 2)strongly resorbed cores; 3)coarsely­sieved of their whole rock compositons. Textural analysis on plagioclaseshighlighted 5different types textural andcompositonal (EMPA) studiesof plagioclasecrystals found within thescoriae, and a magmareservoir producing caldera collapses. The study hasbeencarriedoutby meansof welded scoriae­forming eruptons, inorder toevaluate if they can berelated totheemptying of The present study isfocused on thepre­ andsyn­eruptve processes which actedduringthese forming adensity­stratfied scoria flow. basaltc ignimbritesor, alternatvely, welded scoriae produced by lava­fountaining actvity and produced a50­m­thicksequence of depositsinterpreted inliterature as“lava­like” welded occurred ca.24ky alongafracture located inthe western partof theisland. This erupton density currents. The most voluminous depositsbelongtotheSpiaggia Lunga eruptve unit, base, followed by cross­laminated tuff layers linked totheemplacement of dilutepyroclastc excepton of Saraceno unit,thedepositsof theseeruptons show apomiceous falllayer at their Luccia, Spiaggia Lunga, Quadrara stratgraphic units) andof “LaFossa” (Saraceno unit). With the erupted from fractures located alongthepresent borders of theCaldera of “Il Piano” (i.e.,Monte emplacement of massive reddish andpoorly­to­strongly welded shoshonitcscoriae, mainly Between 48and8ka, volcanic actvity at Vulcano has beencharacterized by therecurrent deposits are ofen obscured by later volcanic andtectonicactvity. of mechanismsof caldera collapse isnotoriously difficultbecauseproximal caldera­forming deposits, their stratgraphic positonandtheir eruptve dynamics.In additon,theunderstanding faults. However, acertain ambiguity stllremains abouttheidentficaton of therelated volcanic depressions named“Il Piano” and“LaFossa”, formed by several semi­circular segments of border morphology of theislandof Vulcano hasbeen interested by theformaton of two maincaldera potentally hazardous intermsof civilprotecton. Within thelast50ky of volcanic actvity, the the roof of magmachamber, isofen accompanied by highly­energetc eruptve events, The generaton of calderas, generally related tosyn­ andpost­eruptve phasesof collapse of Università dellaCalabria, Italy Marta Minnit, Eugenio Nicotra, Paola Donato, Rosanna De Rosa (Aeolian Islands, Italy) eruptions: thecasestudyofweldedscoriae Vulcano New insightsintopre-eruptivedynamicsofcaldera-forming

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 plagioclases registered a major event of decompression on the magma plumbing system during the intermediate phases of the erupton. We relate this event to the collapse of a porton of the Caldera of “Il Piano”, as also suggested by the occurrence of a brecciated epiclastc deposit interbedded within the scoriae deposits. These data also agree with literature numerical simulatons, which predicts rapid increases in magma decompression and mass discharge rates at the onset of caldera collapses. Afer this major event, up to seven minor events of collapse have been registered by plagioclase crystals, finally leading to the south­western­most volcano­ tectonic collapse of “Il Piano” caldera. Future studies will be devoted to the determinaton of tmescales of these magmatc processes in order to achieve a complete eruptve scenario of these highly energetc, and potentally hazardous, eruptons.

S6.13 ­ Poster 145 146 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 secton of theplumbing system. albeit magmasencountered more favorable conditons for migratng throughout theupper crystals indicate that thesupply of themafic magmagreatly decreased afer theGT erupton, MPa) crustalreservoirs. The sequence andtmescales of magmatc events recorded by olivine which contrariwise highlight magmadynamicsinvolving more evolved andshallower (<500 tmescales (>2 years) are muchlonger thanthoserecorded by thepost­GT crystals (1­8months), residence at intermediate crustallevels (between 510and390MPa). Estmated transfer the plumbingsystem at pressure between 315and215MPa, with litleor noevidence of from adeepstorage zone closetothe crust­mantle boundary towards theshallow sectonof of theisland.Over thisperiod,olivineprofiles document preferental routes of magmatransfer the dominant role of aprimitve, highmagnesianmeltduringtheolder (>45ka) volcanic history internal dynamicsof theplumbingsystem. A large number of Fo87­88 olivinecrystals support Results provide good indicatons of how theGT ignimbriterepresented aturningpoint for the emplacement of theGT ignimbrite. erupted duringtheancient >45ka) andmostrecent (<45ka) eruptve perioddividedby the processes, enablingustoclarify thedynamicsthat basaltcmeltsexperienced before being awareness of therates of Fe­Mg diffusioninolivinehasledustoextract thetmingof magmatc mixing processes of differently­evolved magmabatches. This informaton, together with the document protracted periodsof storage at magmatc temperatures, as well asinteracton and characteristcs of thehostmelt. We usedcompositonal profiles across zoned olivinesto which hasproved tobea valuable tracer of thechanges incompositon andphysical and transport history of basaltcmagmasfollows theanalysis of Fo zoning inolivinecrystals, compositons andthemicro­chemical variatons of minerals. The reconstructon of thestorage different sitesontheisland were sampledandinspectedfor whole rock major andtrace element major changes intheplumbingsystem dynamicsover tme,basaltcrocks outcropping at signatures together with thechemicalrecord preserved in volcanic minerals. In order todetect before andafer theGreen Tuff (GT) erupton (ca. 45ka), discussingtheobserved geochemical changed over tme.Here, we investgate acomprehensive suiteof basaltcrocks emplaced about thestorage andtransfer conditons of mafic magmasandhow their evolutonary paths ignimbrite depositsassociated tolarge scaleexplosive eruptons, whereas litleisstllknown setng. A number of investgatons andchemicalanalyses were carriedoutonfelsic rocks and intriguing casestudy for researchers approaching tothestudy of volcanism incontnental rif The large variety of volcanic rock compositons anddepositsat Pantelleria make theislandan 3 2 1 Marisa Giuffrida volcanic evolutionoftheislandPantelleria Olivines recordvariabledynamicsofmagmasupplyduringthe

Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università dellaCalabria,Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 , Eugenio Nicotra 2 , Marco Viccaro

1,3

S6.14 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Preliminary data results on the pre-eruptive mechanisms and trigger of the Perciato eruptive sequence at Salina (Aeolian Islands, Italy)

Franco Cortese, Paola Donato, Eugenio Nicotra, Rosanna De Rosa

Università della Calabria, Italy

The island of Salina, located in the central porton of the Aeolian archipelago, is the final result of the super­impositons of several eruptve centers along a 230 ky tmespan. Each of them has a peculiar geochemical and petrographic signature and, consequently, specific eruptve dynamics and depositonal mechanisms. One of the most intriguing features of the island is the presence of two volcanic edifices, Fossa delle Felci and Porri volcanoes, having similar size, height and morphology: the similarity led the ancient Greek people to name the island “Dydyme”, i.e. the “Twin mountains”. These two volcanoes also experienced periods of contemporaneous actvity with different geochemical compositons of the emited products. The last phases of actvity of Porri volcano has been characterized by Strombolian actvity at its top, and by the emission of some lava flows which always reached the sea and are up to 50­m­ thick in some flat areas. Afer a period of ca. 15 ky of rest, volcanic actvity started again on the lower western flank of the Porri volcano. During this period, three major eruptve events occurred, namely: I) Perciato and Faraglione (ca. 30 ky ago), II) Lower Pollara (ca. 27 ky ago) and Upper Pollara (ca. 15 ky ago). The present study focuses on the deposits of the Perciato eruptve unit, whose products form a ca. 50­m­thick sequence cropping out in the homonymous Punta di Perciato at Pollara and in the near Faraglione rock. The base of the volcanic sequence at Punta Perciato directly overlies one of the last lava flows of Porri volcano, and it is formed by a ca. 10­m­thick alternaton of poorly welded and unsorted Strombolian scoriae and thin lava flows, ofen brecciated. In its intermediate portons a pink­to­red altered tuffaceous layer crops out. The Perciato sequence contnues with a 20­m­thick lava flow, forming a spectacular rock arch at Punta di Perciato. This lava flow is surrounded by roof and top brecciated scoriae, and directly underlies the products of Lower Pollara. On the products of this volcanic sequence whole rock (XRF) analysis have been performed, together with textural and analytcal (EMPA) investgatons. Textural analysis and core­to­rim compositonal profile on plagioclases highlighted 5 different types of crystal textures, namely: 1) oscillatory zoning; 2) strongly resorbed cores; 3) coarsely­ sieved crystals; 4) resorbed envelops and 5) melt inclusion layers. Plagioclase crystals with oscillatory zoning, and flat compositonal profiles in terms of An and FeO, have been related to quiet crystallizaton processes in a basic magma reservoir located at intermediate crustal levels (< 11 km). Strongly resorbed cores and coarsely­sieved crystals are related to different ascent rates in water­undersaturated levels of the magmatc plumbing system. Resorbed envelops, which are characterized by an increase of the An content at relatvely constant FeO, have been explained with the crystallizaton of a more anorthitc porton of plagioclase due to the ingress of a new magma with a similar whole compositon of the resident one, but hoter and volatles­ richer (i.e., criptng mixing, an event of magma recharge in a closed­conduit system). Finally, melt inclusion layers are classically related to rapid decompression, with a consequent fast growth of the crystals, which incorporate magma droplets. Once that the significance of each texture has been determined, we have defined the abundance 147 148 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 devoted totherecogniton of allthepre­eruptve mechanismsandof their tmescales. which were quietly residing andcrystallizing at mildly crustallevels. Further analysis will be triggered theascent of themore evolved magmasof thePerciato andFaraglione lava flows, eruptve event, or afer abrief periodof quiescence, asmaller pressure drop would have also due totheflankcollapse of the western sector of thePorri volcano. During thelate stage of the in respect tothePorri’s magma, was triggered by asuddendrop of lithostatc pressure, probably Lower Pollara erupton. The ascent of abasaltcmagma, with adifferent geochemical signature the onsetof anew eruptve center, lateral with respect tothePorri volcano, andpreceding the possible (and preliminary) scenario which might explain thePerciato stratgraphic unitinvolves become dominant (75­87%)inthePerciato lava flow. Although more analyses are necessary, a plagioclase crystals inthelower andintermediate sequence reach values of 37­63%,they sequence andsuddenly decreases to2­11%inthePerciato lava flow. Albeit oscillatory zoned increases from 25%at thebaseupto45% intheintermediate portonsof thestratgraphic the meltinclusionslayers. In partcular, theabundance of plagioclase with melt inclusionlayers to their stratgraphic positon. The two dominant plagioclasetextures are oscillatory zoning and of eachtexture inmore than5000crystals (length>500µm), inorder torelate their frequency S6.15 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Spatial Reconstrunction and Temporal Activation of the Magma Storage Zones Beneath the Eastern Volcanic Zone, Southern Iceland

Francesco Furia1, Mirko Messina1, Marisa Giuffrida1, Marco Viccaro1,2

1Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

Iceland is the subaerial expression of the Mid­Atlantc Ridge (MAR), along which the Eurasian and North American plates are moving apart at about 20 mm per year. Here, the spreading plate boundary volcanism is complicated by the interacton with an inferred mantle plume. The major volcanic lineaments in Iceland are represented by an axial zone, which is delineated by the Reykjanes (RVZ), the Western (WVZ), the Northern (NVZ) and the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ), running westward from the east coast. These zones are connected across central Iceland by the Mid­Iceland Belt (MIB). The EVZ includes many volcanic systems, some of which were partcularly actve in historical tmes. These are the Vestmanneyjar islands, Hekla, Torfajökull, Eyjafallajökull, Katla and Grimsvötn. In this study, we used published geophysical and petrological data to reconstruct the depth of the Moho beneath the EVZ varying from ca. 20 to 25 km b.s.l. [Tarasewicz et al., 2012; Matson, 2003; Darbyshire, 2000], as well as to define the spatal distributon of the major magmatc storage zones below the EVZ volcanoes. The deepest magmatc reservoir below the recently actve Vestmanneyjar Islands (Surtsey and Heimaey) is at 30­35 km, whereas two shallower reservoirs were detected at ca. 20 km and 10­15 km through seismic and magneto­telluric methods [Gebrande, 1980; Matsson, 2005]. Ground deformaton data indicate that the volcanic actvity at Hekla, which is located between the EVZ and the South Icelandic Seismic Zone (SISZ), is fed by a 24 km­deep magmatc source. One of the most complex storage systems, made up by multple reservoirs at variable differentaton degrees, has been recognized at Eyjafallajökull volcano. Here, the plumbing system extends from ca. 24 km bsl up to 5 km below the summit crater (Sigmundsson, 2010). The Icelandic lithospheric crust gets thicker to 25 km beneath the Grimsvötn ­ Laki and the Barðarbunga systems in the southeastern part of the island. The Grimsvötn ­ Laki system is characterized by several magma batches distributed between 30 and 1 km below the summit, which have been selectvely reactvated during the historic Laki erupton (1783­84). The Barðarbunga volcanic system is characterized by two deep basaltc reservoirs, with distnct E­MORB and N­MORB signature, and by several shallower batches distributed between 20­22 km and 10 km b.s.l. Beneath Katla volcano, seismic investgatons allowed the identficaton of a single magma reservoir at depth of ca. 2­3 km [Oladotr et al., 2008]. Depths of magma reservoirs related to the EVZ volcanic systems have been also correlated with Fe­Mg diffusion modelling calculatons in olivine crystals with the aim to provide a picture of how mechanisms of magma storage and transfer changed along the EVZ, and how they could be influenced by volcano tectonics. Results indicate rather homogeneous tmescales of magma migraton along the EVZ, which are on the order of 30­40 days for magmas rising up from the upper mantle. Moreover, our petrological data suggest that mechanisms of magma supply are mainly governed by volcano tectonics. This statement is based on the almost totally absence of reversely­zoned olivines associated to the deepest storage zones. Contrariwise, we have evidence of mixing processes involving the slightly more evolved and shallower reservoirs, which 149 150 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 should rely onadeepawareness of magmasupply dynamicsthroughout thecrust. the WVZ are alsoexpected for aproper reassessment of the volcanic riskinIceland, which Future investgaton of processes of magmamigraton andevoluton alsoalongtheNVZand occur with tmescalesontheorder of 1­2 weeks. S6.16 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Unravelling volcanic plumbing system dynamics: rates and timescales of magma transfer, storage, and eruption

Maurizio Petrelli1, Georg Zellmer2

1Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy 2Massey University, Volcanic Risk Solutons, New Zealand

Unravelling the rates and tmescales of crustal magma transfer, storage, emplacement, and erupton is of paramount importance to beter understand subvolcanic processes, characterizing volcanic hazards, and developing mitgaton strategies. Here, we review the most relevant open questons in this field. Results highlight long storage tmescales in deep (i.e., ~20­30 km) crustal hot zones. Estmated ascent velocites from deep reservoirs to shallower systems span a range of ~10 orders of magnitude, being a functon of the thermo­ physical parameters of the ascending magma (e.g., density, viscosity, and overpressures in the reservoirs) and the host rocks. At mid­ to upper crustal levels (i.e., ~15­20 km), we elucidate the paradigm of cold storage of magma mushes, which can be unlocked during short­term events to form ephemeral magma chambers. Unlocking tmescale estmates range from minutes to kyrs, indicatng a variability of about ~8 to ~10 orders of magnitude. This large variaton results from the interplay among many processes, ofen non­linearly coupled, occurring before an erupton. For example, exsolved volatle species have a significant role in controlling pre­ eruptve dynamics and relatve tmescales. They increase the buoyancy of magmas, affect phase equilibria, promote convectve dynamics, and may ultmately trigger eruptve events. As a consequence, understanding the role of volatles in subvolcanic magmatc processes, including ascent rates, storage mechanisms, and relatve tmescales, will be paramount for future studies.

S6.17 ­ Poster 151 152 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 A.D. hasbeencharacterized inrespect toother periodsof quiescence inthepast. eruptve volume hasbeenidentfied andtherole of thelastperiodof quiescence, since 1302 with arelatvely decreasing inthenumber of highmagnitudeevents. The preferred size of From thereconstructon isevident theacceleraton intheerupted volumes inthelast3kyrs, occurred inthelast10kyrsis49, with 34eruptons inthelast3kyrs. phreatomagmatc, andmixed for theexplosive eruptons. The total number of eruptons Eruptons have beenfirstly classifiedindomesandlava flows for theeffusive andmagmatc, calculated by adispersal­basedmethodology. to evidence inthefield,DEMandaerialphotos. Explosive eruptons volumes have been vectorialized base,onthebasisof theextent identfied by de Vita etal.,[2010]andaccording flows volumes have beencalculated above thebaseof thelava by reconstructng the TIN of the Different methodology hasbeenappliedfor effusive andexplosive eruptons. Lava domesand calculaton of eacherupton. In this work, a volume­tme distributoninthelast10kyrshasbeenperformed, by the volume qualitatve andtheuseof theexistent data debatable. combined dataset inorder toproduce hazard maps,are relatvely poor andtheanalysis are only In theexistng literature aboutIschia island,ahigh­risk volcanic environment, works which system. forecastng isnot possible,sothefirststepischaracterizaton of thehistory of a volcanic duraton are essental questonsthat thescientfic community hastoanswer. Deterministc The needtoassessthelocalizaton andthetmingfor next eruptons, their typology andtheir 3 2 1 Paolo Primerano in IschiaIsland(Italy) Volume-time distributionoferuptionunitsthelast10kyrs Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Università diRoma Tre, Italy 1 , Guido Giordano

1 , Jacopo Selva, Jacopo

2 , Sandro de Vita 3 S6.18 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Estimating fast cooling rates recorded by glass-forming melts: a flash DSC calibration

Alex Scarani1, Alessandro Vona1, Raschid Al­Mukadam2, Danilo Di Genova2, Joachim Deubener2

1Università di Roma Tre, Italy 2Clausthal University of Technology, Germany

The study of the thermal evoluton of pyroclasts is fundamental for the understanding of volcanological processes. For instance, the thermal evoluton of pyroclastc density currents directly influences their final run out distance. Similarly, the heat transfer between hot partcles and colder ambient air in a convectve plume strongly controls the cloud evoluton. Since the heat amount available in the system strongly impacts on deposit characteristcs, the study of pyroclastc material is fundamental to get informaton on their thermal history and ultmately reconstruct eruptve dynamics. In the last decade, few studies dealt with relaxaton geospeedometry techniques using a Differental Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) on volcanic materials. This methodology allows to access the thermal history of glassy phases, by revealing the kinetcs of cooling across the glass transiton. Common DSC devices explore limited cooling rates (below 0.5 K/s) and ofen need large extrapolatons to be applied to cooling rates affectng natural pyroclastc materials. In this study we introduce the use of a new device, the Flash­DSC, only applied so far in the field of material sciences. Through flash DSC analysis it is possible to widely increase the investgated cooling rates ranging from 3 to 30000 K/s. Therefore, it represents a major improvement for the study of fast­ and hyper­quenched glasses, and beter captures the cooling rates experienced by volcanic materials following both sub­aerial and submarine eruptons. We conducted Flash­DSC tests using the so­called “unified area­matching approach”. This methodology uses two heatng cycles performed at the same heatng rate (in this case 1000 K/s). The second cycle is a cooling­heatng matching cycle (always at 1000 K/s). The area­ difference between measured heat capacites of the two cycles can be used to determine the fictve temperature of the naturally­cooled glass. A simple relaton links the fictve temperature to melt viscosity and cooling rate across glass transiton. Therefore, if the viscosity is known, the cooling rate can be retrieved. Preliminary analysis on standard and synthetc glasses (DGG­1, Diopside and Phosphate) allowed to model successfully cooling rates up to 1000 K/s representng a remarkable improvement for relaxaton geospeedometry methodology, with promising implicatons for the study of volcanological processes and materials, which will be the object of future investgatons.

S6.19 ­ Poster 153 154 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 (constant strain rates of 5*10 at anexperimental temperature of 850°C,followed by uniaxialdeformatonal experiments strain rates, by performing suitesof insitudegassingexperiments of cylindricalrhyolitc samples The aimof this work istounderstandthecomplex dependence of the viscosity on vesicles and magmas appearsfar from beingavailable. beter understood,amodelfor thecomprehension of therheology of thebubble­bearing the samplesduringexperiments. So, while theinfluence of crystals inmagmarheology is the investgaton of thebubble­bearing magmasare duetotheoutgassing of thegasphasefrom crystal­bearing magmas,duetoaminor complexity inperforming experiments. Difficultes in systems. To date, scientfic community triedmostly tounderstandtherheologicalbehaviour of melt, crystals andbubblesisprimary tounderstandthephysical mechanisms within the volcanic phase within magmas. The comprehension of therheologicalbehaviour of thesemixtures of Volcanic actvity consists of a wide range of eruptve styles, which are controlled by thegas Università diRoma Tre, Italy Alessandro Frontoni, Alessandro Vona, ClaudiaRomano Experimental studyontherheologyofbubble-bearingmagmas rate of 10 rate the sameporosity at different strain rates canbeidentfied: viscosity reaches apeakfor astrain low amounts of vesicles (0­20%).For higher vesicularites, anon­linear trend of viscosity under Preliminary results show acomplex patern duetotheinitalincrease of relatve viscosity for [Quane etal.,2004]at chosenexperimental temperatures (720­800°C). regime of deformaton. wider range of strain rate, tryingtocharacterize thetrend of the viscosity within theductle Further investgatons will focus onthedefinitonof therheologicalbehaviour of magmasat a response asafunctonof thestrain rate. strain rate, the viscosity decreases. There istherefore acomplex dependence of therheological ­4 s ­1 . The general trend shows that, above the20%threshold porosity, at constant ­5 , 10 ­4 and10 ­3 s

­1 ) through the Volcanology Deformaton Rig S6.20 ­Poster

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Magma - Wall-rock interaction: short term chemical & physical processes and their effects on eruption dynamics

Marco Knuever1, Roberto Sulpizio1, Diego Perugini2, Antonio Costa3

1Università di Bari, Italy 2Università di Perugia, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Italy

The interacton of magma with wall­rock is an unavoidable process within the Earth’s system. From the generaton of the magmas in their source regions and their migraton through dykes, sills and conduits, untl their final ascent to the Earth’s surface, magmas are interactng with the surrounding solid country rock. The most common effects of magma ­ wall­rock interacton is the erosion of wall­rock, and therefore changes in the geometry of the feeding dyke and the volcanic conduit, and the release of fluid phases through physical or chemical interacton, e.g.

CO2­release during carbon assimilaton. Stll the interactons of magma with wall­rock are comparably underinvestgated, mostly due to the lack of direct observability of the physical and chemical processes involved. Experiments at atmospheric pressure were conducted with natural magma and carbonate samples from the Avellino erupton of Mt. Somma­Vesuvius (3945 ± 10yr cal BP), Italy. We plan two different experiments: in the first, a carbonate wall­rock was placed in a crucible and covered with magma; in the second, we added the carbonate wall­rock to the magma already being in the crucible. The relatve amounts of CO2 staying dissolved in the magma, in the bubbles and being outgassed were quantfied and the samples were analysed with microtomography. Previous studies on long­term interactons suggest that the carbon assimilaton rate (i.e. how fast a carbonate wall­rock can be assimilated) is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the magma.

For relatvely high viscosites, the release of CO2 can lead to local overpressurizaton of bubbles eventually leading to more pulsatng and gas­driven explosions. For relatvely low viscous magmas the CO2­bubble transfer is more effectve eventually sustaining an explosive erupton. There are field evidences that even very short­tme interactons (i.e. seconds to minutes) of magma and carbonate wall­rock can lead to increased vesiculaton and therefore significantly influence important erupton parameters like degassing, rheology and magma ascent dynamics. The study of the physical and chemical interacton processes is therefore important for hazard assessment.

S6.21 ­ Poster 155 156 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 systems with crystals having A.R. of 1,2,4and9at astrain rate of 5*10 data with A.R>1, sothat we were abletoadapt thefunctonalshapeof theequaton tomodel all thestrain rates of volcanic actvity. The constructon of thedatabase allowed usalsotocollect at different strain rates, which iscurrently inprogress. One stepforward will consist inmodellingmagmatc suspensions with crystals having an A.R>1 of crystal content (1­80%)andunder different strain rates (between 10 to forecast therheologicalbehaviour of crystal­bearing magmatc systems, valid for a wide range a wider variaton of thefitngparameters from theequaton of Costa etal.,2009. This allows us The modelhasbeenappliedtoadataset includingmostof literature rheologicalpapers,providing oped by Costa etal.,2009. describing theeffectve relatve viscosity asafunctonof crystal fracton andstrain rate, devel­ shaped (A.R.1)crystal­bearing magmas,basedonthefour parameters semi­empiricalformula, In this work, we present somepreliminary results aimedat modellingthe viscosity of round­ several studieshave beenperformed inthisatempt. able toreproduce therheologicalbehaviour of magmaseemsfar from beingavailable, though magma controls the variaton of viscosity within the volcanic conduit. To date, aphysical model strain rate and vesicle andcrystal contents, includingthe aspectrato (A.R.)of thecrystals) of tems. Chemical(compositon anddissolved volatles) andphysical parameters (temperature (T), The viscosity of magmaplays aprimary role inforecastng volcanic hazard inactve volcanic sys­ 2 1 Alessandro Frontoni Rheological behaviourofparticle-bearingsuspensions Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Università diRoma Tre, Italy 1 , Antonio Costa , Antonio 2 , Alessandro Vona

1 , ClaudiaRomano ­7 ­4 and10 s­ 1 . 1 S6.22 ­Poster 2

s ­1 ), covering Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Rheological evolution of lava flows: effects of cooling and deformation history on crystallization efficiency and viscous- to-brittle transition

Fabrizio Di Fiore1, Alessandro Vona1, Silvio Mollo2, Claudia Romano1

1Università di Roma Tre, Italy 2Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy

We present a detailed study on the effects of cooling rate and shear rate on the crystallizaton kinetcs and rheological evoluton of a phono­tephrite magma. Experiments were designed to mimic the dynamic conditons experienced by natural flowing lava through controlled cooling­ rate and shear rate conditons in a concentric cylinder set­up. Startng from a superliquidus state, a series of dynamic experiments were performed under: i) different cooling rates (from 1°C/min to 20°C/min) at constant shear rate (5 s­1) and ii) variable shear rates (from 0.1 s­1 to 20 s­1) at constant cooling­rate (1°C/min). All experiments were terminated at various degree of undercooling related to the different experimental conditons, when the cut­off temperature

(Tcut­off) representng the magma complete solidificaton (i.e., “rheological death”) or britle response was reached. In controlled cooling­rate experiments, a minimum of 10°C/min is needed to actvate crystallizaton. At higher cooling rates > 10°C/min) crystallizaton is suppressed due to strong disequilibrium (unrelaxed) melt conditons. At lower cooling­rates (from 1 to 10°C/min) the onset of crystallizaton and viscous­to­britle transiton occur at higher temperature with decreasing cooling rate value. In controlled shear rate experiments, the effect of strring strongly promotes crystallizaton by shortening nucleaton incubaton tme. As a consequence, crystallizaton onset and viscous­to­ britle transiton is achieved at higher temperature (only for strain rates >1 s­1). Results indicate that both thermal and deformaton histories exert a primary control on the kinetcs of the crystallizaton process, on the magma rheological evoluton and hence modulate the lava flow capability. In partcular, both strain and cooling rates play a fundamental role on the viscous/britle threshold that is responsible, for instance, of the transiton of lava surface morphology from pahoehoe to aa.

S6.23 ­ Poster 157 158 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 applicaton toproblems of volcanic hazard assessment are finally discussed. cases are illustrated, to verify anddemonstrate themainfeatures of thismodel.Potental effect of thetopography onthepropagaton of PDCs were simulated inthiscase.Benchmark scenarios of theSoufrie’re Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Flow runout,sediment concentraton and model was first verified usingtwo simples’ casesastestngdata. Then, it was appliedtoeruptve to perform simulatons over realistc topography without anexcessive computatonal cost. This model isabletotackle with complex 3Dgeometries with localmeshrefinements, allowing us rheology todescribeboth theconcentrated (basal)anddiluteportonsof aPDCs. The numerical have testedanew multphaseflow modelabletoconsider frictonaltocollisional partcle complex non­linear rheology, andmoves over a three­dimensional topography. In this work, we multphase gas­partclefluid whose dynamicsevolve over a wide range of scales,involve a To date, several critcalissuesarise with numericalsimulaton of PDCs, which involve a the internal PDCdynamics,tocharacterize their transport anddepositonprocesses. the parental flow conditons. The aimof this work istoquantfy, through numericalmodelling, or translate thesedimentary records of pyroclastc density current depositsina way toquantfy and their dynamicsare stllincomplete. Furthermore, we donot yet understandhow tointerpret deposits, andtherecent advances inlaboratory experiments, our comprehension abouttheflow volcanic eruptons. Despite our knowledge of thesedimentological characteristcs of PDC Pyroclastc density currents (PDCs) are themostdestructve phenomenaassociated with 2 1 Laura Calabrò numerical modellingapproach Sedimentation processesinpyroclasticdensitycurrentthrough

Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Università diRoma Tre, Italy 1 , Guido Giordano 1 , Tomaso Espost Ongaro

2 S6.24 ­Poster pyroclastc materials shouldnot bedisregarded. natural pyroclastc bodies,theeffect of bubbleoverpressure, as well asthedifferent nature of non­porous ashmatrix. Therefore, we suggest that for themodellingof welding processes in controlling theresultant effectve viscosity, that canexceed insomecasesthe viscosity of the same tme,theconfined geometry strongly favors theonsetof bubbleoverpressure, primarily porosity loss,since radial bulgingisinhibited by theconfined set­upof theexperiments. At the pyroclastc welded deposits.During the deformaton, thesamplesaccommodate thestrain by matrix, react asrigidbodiesandthey are undeformed, equivalent toundeformed lithicsin fractons, with the formaton of fiamme.Lapilli with thehighest viscosity, higher thantheash With increasing deformaton, thestrain isthendissipated inboth theashmatrix andthelapilli immediate reacton totheincreasing stress, with anincrease in viscosity uptothe0.05of strain. ash shards andtheflatening of pumices (fiamme). The presence of lapilligenerated an experiments are comparable to welding natural textures, showing for example thealignment of of different size andnature (as crystals, lithicsandjuvenile). The textures produced by these different compositon toreproduce the welding process of pyroclastc depositsmadeof partcles set of high­temperature deformaton experiments onconfined cores of looseashandlapilliof lapilli­sized clastsembedded within theash­matrix isnot well constrained. Here we present a transiton temperature. In thisframework, theeffect of thepresence andnature of different the relatve contributons of emplacement temperature, load(i.e.,accumulaton rate) andglass During welding, pyroclastc depositsshow acomplex rheologicalbehavior mainly controlled by 2 1 Aurora Silleni experimental studyontheinterclastviscositycontrast The weldingabilityofpyroclasticdeposits:insightsfroman Abstract Volume 4 University of Britsh Columbia, Canada Università diRoma Tre, Italy 1 , Amy G.Ryan a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 2 , Kelly J. Russell

2 , Alessandro Vona 1 , Guido Giordano Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S6.25 ­Poster

1

159

Costanza Bonadiman (UniFe) Alessandra Correale (INGV­PA), Vincenzo Stagno (UniRM1), Conveners: PETROLOGICAL PROCESSES AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION VERSUS S7. THE NATURE OF THE MANTLE:GEOCHEMICAL

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

161

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Redox estimates through trace elements partitioning: application on two Italian volcanoes

Andrea Pellerito1, Antonio Paonita2, Alessandra Correale2, Paolo Censi1

1Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy

Redox conditons of magmas sources can be considered as one of the most complex issues of petrology [Carmichael, 1991; Evans, 2012]. Oxygen fugacity (fO2) controls the speciaton and behaviour of multvalent elements (i.e. Fe2+ and Fe3+) during mantle meltng and mineral crystallizaton. The strong dependence of the vanadium parttoning between olivine and silicate melt on redox conditons is demonstrated by many studies [Canil, 1997; Canil and Fedortchouk, 2000; Davis et al., 2013; Laubier et al., 2014; Mallmann and O’Neill, 2009, 2013; Shishkina et Ol/melt al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019], and it allows to use the vanadium partton coefficient (DV ) as sensitve oxybarometer in magmatc systems. With the objectve to compare the redox conditons of the mantle associated to different geodynamic systems, we applied available oxybarometers, involving vanadium, to two basaltc products: FS erupton from Mt. Etna [Coltelli et al., 2000, 2005; Kamenetsky et al., 2007; Correale et al., 2014] and Vateliero erupton (VAT) from Ischia Island [D’Antonio et al., 2013; Moret et al., 2013]. These two eruptons, dated 4000 (FS) and < 2600 (VAT) years B.P., respectvely, have been selected as considered among the most primitve of the studied volcanic systems. Being the olivine crystals in equilibrium with the magma from which have been crystallized, the measurements of the olivine­melt partton of vanadium allowed us to trace the redox conditons existng when the olivine crystals were formed. To achieve this goal, extensive analysis of the major and trace components of olivine and melt inclusions were conducted by Electron Probe Micro­Analyzer at the Insttut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO) and by LA­ICPMS technique at the Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) ­ Palermo. Our results suggest that the average redox conditons of Mt. Etna magma source atest at NNO+1.8 (±0.25) (where NNO is a Ni­NiO oxygen buffer and the numbers refer to the log units of fO2 deviaton from the buffer). These results are in according to previous works where NNO>+1 was reconstructed by Cr­spinel compositon [Kamenetsky and Clocchiat, 1996] or S6+/Stot up to NNO+1.8 [Métrich et al., 2009]. Ischia results show more oxidized conditons than Etna, as expected for subducton­related magmas [Mungall, 2002; Kelley and Cotrell, 2009; Brounce et al., 2014]. Indeed, compared to the typical intraplate magmatsm, slab­derived components containing H2O should oxidize the source mantle wedge. Results obtained for the source of Ischia magmas are atested at NNO+2.1 (±0.3) and are comparable to those from a previous work [NNO+2 up to NNO+3; Moret et al., 2013].

S7.1 ­ Presentazione orale 163 164 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Preliminary results show that themeasured Fe sofware package [Prescher etal.,2012]. transmission integral with anormalized Lorentzian­squared source linesshapeusingtheMossA scale was calibrated using25microns thicknatural α­Fe foil. Spectra were fitedusingafull X ray beam was focused toanarea of 15x10microns usingKirkpatrick­Baez mirrors. The velocity transducer driven with asinusoidal wave form [Potapkin etal.,2012]at room temperature. The France) usingthe111Bragg reflecton of a57FeBO3 singlecrystal mounted ona Wissel velocity and Chumakov, 1996]ID18of theEuropean Synchrotron Radiaton Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, synchrotron Mössbauer source spectroscopy (SMS)at theNuclear Resonance Beamline [Rüffer The ferric iron content of clinopyroxene andspinelsinglecrystals was determinedby insitu pyroxenite xenoliths hostintheMiocene Hyblean tuff­breccia pipeof Valle Guffari (Sicily, Italy). In thisstudy, we determinedtheiron oxidaton state of coexistng spinelandclinopyroxene clinopyroxenites. 2019]. To date, however, nooxy­barometer hasbeentestedtocalculate theoxygen fugacity of sensitve minerals like spinelandclinopyroxene whose crystal chemistry isknown [Stagno, thermobarometers that require theaccurate measurements of ferric andferrous iron of redox [Stagno etal.,2019]. The mantle redox state iscommonly determinedthrough theuseof oxy­ of C­O­H volatles andtherole that thesemight have ondeepmeltngprocesses through tme The knowledge of theglobalEarth’s mantle oxidaton state isneededtomodelthespeciaton 2 1 Giulia Marras clinopyroxene ofclinopyroxenitesfromtheHybleanplateau In situMössbauerspectroscopyofcoexistingspineland experimental data [Luth andCanil,1993]. potental oxy­thermobarometer for clinopyroxenites supportedby thermodynamicmodelsand measurements of ferric iron of clinopyroxene with thoseavailable inliterature and3)totesta model therelaton between ferric iron of spinelandclinopyroxene, 2)tocompare our spinel andcpx are here usedtodeterminetheir crystal chemistry. Our data will beused1)to typical spinelsfrom mantle rocks [Stagno, 2019].In additon,theferric iron content of both European XFEL GmbH, Hamburg, Germany Università diRoma La Sapienza, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy 1 , Vincenzo Stagno, Vincenzo 1 , ValerioCerantola Mössbauer were collected within about1­2hrs.

3+ /ΣFe

rato inspinelfalls within therange of 2 , CristnaPerinelli S7.2 ­Presentazione orale 1

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Iron-rich tourmaline breakdown at high pressure and temperature as potential source of metasomatic B-rich fluids in the mantle

Luca Samuele Capizzi1, Vincenzo Stagno1, Ferdinando Bosi1, Paolo Ballirano1, Giovanni Batsta Andreozzi1, Piergiorgio Scarlato2

1Università di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy

Boron is among those light elements that are considered to act as contaminants of the Earth’s mantle through metasomatc fluids [Palmer and Swihart, 1996; De Hoog and Savov, 2017]. The presence and abundance of boron in fluids has been widely related to its incorporaton and abundance in serpentnite rocks [Tenthorey et al., 2004], hydrous minerals like phengite [Hermann et al. 2013] and lawsonite [Vitale Brovarone et al., 2014] through breakdown processes during subducton. However, the finding of tourmaline within assemblages of UHP metamorphic [Lussier et al., 2016; Korsakov et al., 2019] rocks suggests a possible role of borosilicate minerals in the origin of B­rich fluids at high pressure and temperature. Tourmaline from metamorphic assemblages can contain up to ~14 wt% B2O3 (i.e. > 80 wt% of the whole­ rock B), ~4 wt% H2O and ~2 wt% F, representng an important carrier of volatle elements. In this study we explored the possibility that B­rich fluids might form as consequence of redox­ driven decompositon of tourmaline at high pressure and temperature. We investgated the structural stability of natural schorl tourmaline with ~19 wt% FeO. The experiments were performed using the Walker­type mult anvil press (840t) at a fixed pressure of 1 atm, 3.5 and 6 GPa and temperatures between 500­1000 °C with duraton between 2 and

10 hrs. The fo2 in these experiments was internally buffered by adding 20 wt% of either Re+ReO2

(1:1 mole rato) or Ag2C2O4 and graphite. The recovered quenched products were then polished and analysed by scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe and X­ray (powder?) diffracton for both textural and chemical characterizaton. Our preliminary data show a gradual decrease schorl within the investgated experimental conditons, resultng into a gradual increase of Si and Fe as consequence of the crystallizaton of new tourmaline, unknown volatle­bearing phases and Al­rich phases also like kyanite, mullite, corundum and almandine garnet as a functon of increasing temperature. Additonal phases like Fe­rich jadeitc pyroxenes might form as result of oxidaton of Fe2+ to Fe3+ of the startng material. Our experiments provide an experimental evidence of the gradual release of water and B through structural weakening of Fe­rich tourmaline and offer an alternatve explanaton regarding the origin of B­rich fluids at local scale upon subducton at high pressure and temperature.

S7.3 ­ Presentazione orale 165 166 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Valeria Misit carbonate­silicate toCO liquidus minerals of asuiteof volatle­bearing mantle meltsranging incompositon from We investgated experimentally the viscosity, meltstructure andchemicalcompositon of volcanoes dependsontheir rheologicalpropertes with respect tothe surrounding mantle. to extensive melt­rock interacton (i.e.metasomatsm), or sustainthefeeding system of actve conditons [e.g. Hauri etal.,1993;Coltort etal.,1999]. Whether they stagnate at depth, leading 2015]. These magmasplay akey role for thechemicalheterogeneites observed at mantle gravity­driven melttransportaton, which was estmated to vary from ~60to0.2g·cm Our viscosity data allowed thecalculaton of thehydrostatc meltmobility, proportonal tothe such asSi4+, Al3+ inthemeltincreases andconfirmed by structural changes at atomic scale. progressive formaton andconnecton of silicate tetrahedra astheabundance of network formers two orders of magnitudeinthecaseof ultrabasic andbasaltcmelts. This was atributed tothe Results obtained show viscosites from 0.02Pa·s for carbonate­silicate meltsthat increase upto temperature andchemicalcompositon. 35° todeterminethestructure factor andinteratomic distances asafunctonof pressure, energy dispersive X­ray diffracton technique(EDXD) with a2­thetaangleranging from 3°to viscosity by usingtheStokes law. Melts inthePEP were further investgated by mult­angle images necessary totrack thefallof aplatnum sphere through theliquidsampleandcalculate the fallingsphere techniqueby meansof insituultrafast radiography torecord aseriesof X­ray HPCAT (Advanced Photon Source, Illinois, USA). Viscosity measurements were performed using the Paris­Edinburgh press (PEP)combined with synchrotron radiaton at beamline16BM­Bof carried outat pressures of 0.4­6.3GPa andtemperatures between 1050and~2000°Cusing by low degree of partalmeltngof carbonated rock assemblages cancontain CO high as40 wt% andH are characterized by alarge amount of volatles suchasCO Magmas produced at pressures, temperatures andredox conditons of theEarth’s upper mantle 4 3 2 1 Veronica Stopponi upper mantle magmas andtimingofmelt-rock interactionintheEarth’s Experimental constraintsonmobilityofvolatile-bearing rich andSiO depth. Calculatons suggest that, despitefast tmingof mantle infiltraton by themore volatle­ through mantle lithologiesasafunctonmeltfracton, grain size, chemicalcompositon and within thecompositonal range presented inthisstudy andtomodeltheir migraton rate volcanic systems suchasMt. Etna and Alban Hills. flow regime andlow meltfractons involved. We will discussfurther results applicabletonatural High Pressure Collaboratve Access Team (HPCAT), X­ray Science Division, Argonne Natonal Laboratory, Illinois Geodynamic Research Center, EhimeUniversity, Matsuyama, Japan Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy Università diRoma La Sapienza, Italy 2 ­poor melts, their migraton upward results inlongresidence tmesduetoporous 2 , Piergiorgio Scarlato

1 , Vincenzo Stagno, Vincenzo 2 O upto4 wt% astestfiedby mineral­hosted meltinclusions[e.g. Green, 2 andH 2 O­bearing ultrabasic andbasaltcmelts.Experiments were 2 , Mario Gaeta 1 , YoshioKono

1 3 , Rostslav Hrubiak 2 andH 2 O. In fact,magmasformed S7.4 ­Presentazione orale 4 , 2 amount as ­3 ·Pa ­1 ·s ­1

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Combined effect of the degassing and diffusion process in the variation of the ratios of 3He/4He and 4He/40Ar* in the fluid inclusions of the phenocrystals of the products of Mount Vulture

Dario Butta1,2, Antonio Caracausi1, Paolo Giannandrea2, Michele Paternoster1,2, Andrea Luca Rizzo1, Giovanna Rizzo2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy 2Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Dipartmento di Scienze, Potenza, Italy

Mount Vulture is a Pleistocenic volcanic complex located in the southern part of the Apennine chain (Italy). Its last erupton occurred ~140ka ago. Its products have peculiar petrologic characteristcs, not least the trace element patern and isotopic features that are intermediate between intraplate and subducton­related signatures. Hence, its magmatsm is different from Italian Quaternary volcanoes that are characterized by affinites related to subducton. Furthermore, it is located at the eastern border of the Apenninic front far from peri­Tyrrhenian volcanoes and its origin and magmatsm are mater of debate [Peccerillo, 2017 and references therein]. The differences between Mt. Vulture magmatsm and peri­Tyrrhenian ones could be justfied by different magmatc sources feeding volcanism in the Italian peninsula. Here we are going to discuss about new helium (He) isotope data, together with the Ne and Ar isotopic signature, in fluid inclusion of pyroxenes and olivine phenocrysts of most the Mt. Vulture volcanites, in order to constrain the features of the mantle source during its eruptve history. The 3He/4He rato of the samples varies from 2.83 to 6.74 Ra (Ra is the 3He/4He in atmosphere, 1.39x10­6) and the 4He/40Ar rato varies from 0.63 to 33.16. This variability has been interpreted as subducton­type effect or heterogeneity of the mantle source [Caracausi et al., 2013]. Ne isotopic signatures overlap the air compositon and some samples show Ar isotopic signature different from air. Magmatc processes (e.g., diffusive fractonaton and magmatc degassing) can also explain the variability of the 3He/4He rato and of the noble gases relatve abundance (e.g., 4He/40Ar). Indeed, the degassing process, the outgassing process combined with the mass­ dependent fractonaton, afer volatle trapping and during magma residence in the plumbing system prior to erupton, can produce variatons in the 3He/4He and 4He/40Ar*. This can occur during disequilibrium open­system degassing of the eruptng magma He and Ar diffusion through the phenocrysts within sub­solidus magma conditons. Several studies have previously modelled He isotope fractonaton due to the faster diffusion of 3He than 4He, moreover both of them are faster in the diffusion than Ar (temperature­dependent process). Assuming an Arrhenius temperature dependence, a slight He isotopic fractonaton can be observed (up to 15% at 1200°C) [Trull and Kurz,1993] and by vacancy diffusion mechanisms theory, the Ar diffuses up to 3.16 tmes slower than helium. Using the same approach, we calculate the fracton of lost He and the effect on the 3He/4He and on 4He/40Ar. Calculated values well fit with unique mantel source can explain the high variability of 3He/4He at Vulture volcano.

S7.5­ Presentazione orale 167 168 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Here we alsoreport thefirstdata of carbonisotope signature of CO with aHe isotopic signature that isintherange of thosein volcanic products of thelasterupton. 5.1Ra to 6.3Ra; Classetal.,2005),indicatng that Karthala volcano isstlldegassing volatles 8Ra). These values overlap thosemeasured inolivinephenocrysts from Karthalaproducts (from isotopic signature inair) butlower thanthetypicalMORBrange (Mid Oceanic Ridge Basalts, (hereafer He) isotopic signature inthefumarolic gases that are upto5.8Ra (Ra beingtheHe tectonic discontnuites that cross theKarthala volcano. The highest volcanic CO systematc inOpx and Cpx from theLaGrille xenoliths show higher variability thanLaGrille the mantle­derived volatles emitedat Karthala volcano. The preliminary results of Sr­Nd­Pb volcanism are heterogeneous and/or b) additonal processes modify thepristnesignature of than LaGrille values suggestng that a) the mantle sources feeding Karthala andLaGrille mantle reservoirs. He isotopes in volatles from Karthala fumaroles andfluidinclusionsare lower Grande Comore whose ratos are indistnguishablefrom thoseof volatles intypical MORB­type signature. Here we report thefirstever Ne and Ar isotope data onthefluidsandenclaves of range that overlaps theSCLM(Sub Contnental Lithosphericmantle) andtheMORBmantle orthopyroxene isingood agreement with that from literature [Class etal.,2005]andfallsina The He isotopic signature influidinclusions(up to7.4Ra) inolivine,clinopyroxene and analyzed for noblegas(He, Ne, and Ar) andradiogenic isotopes (Sr, Nd, andPb) measurements. Island. Olivine, clinopyroxene andorthopyroxene (hereafer Ol, Cpx and Opx) crystals were volcano have beenstudied with theaimat characterizing themantle below Grande Comore been measured intheKarthalacrater. Ultramafic mantle xenoliths from theLa Grille alkaline geochemical surveys onGrande Comore, through fumarole gases,rock samplingandCO to theactvity of amantle plumeand/or torifing.In 2017and2018, we performed two Magmatc andactve seismicity alongtheComoros volcanic chainhave been atributed either Reunion Island) andproduced at least34eruptons since 1800 with astrong societalimpact. one of themostactve volcanoes of theIndian Ocean (together with PitondelaFournaise at La Grille andKarthala,thislater recording thelast volcanic actvity in2007.Karthala volcano is it islocated between Madagascar andEast Africa. It iscomposed by two shield volcanoes, La Grand Comore isthe youngest islandof theComoros volcanic chain(western Indian Ocean) and 4 3 2 1 Antonio Caracausi (Grand ComoreIsland, IndianOcean):Preliminaryresults Gas androckgeochemistryatKarthalaLaGrillevolcanoes Andrea Di Muro Claudio Ventura­Bordenca CO vary from ­5.0to­3.9‰andfallinthetypicalrange of mantle­derived material. The diffusive CO Choungou­Chagnoumeni). These areas occur alongthemainarea (northern rif)of anomalous measurements from soil. The two mainfumarolic areas are at the volcano top(Soufrière and The fumarolic gasesare CO Observatoire Volcanologique duPiton delaFournaise, La Réunion, IPGP ­Paris, France Università degliStudi diFerrara, Dipartmento diFisicaeScienza della Terra, Italy Observatorie Volcanologique duKarthala, Moroni, République Fédérale Islamique desComores Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy 2 2 fluxonGrande Comore Island. Collected fumaroles hadamaximumtemperature of 96°C. fluxmeasurements allowed recognizing that anactve degassingoccurs alongthemain 4 , Barbara Faccini 1 , Shafik Bafakih 1 2 ­dominated. We report thefirstmeasurements of thehelium 3 , Fausto Grassa 2 , Guillaume Boudoire

1 , Marco Liuzzo 1 , Massimo Coltort 2 1 infumarolic gasesthat , Andrea Luca Rizzo 2 fluxes have 3 ,

2 flux 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 bulk lavas [Class and Goldstein, 1997; Class et al., 1998]. As a whole, Cpx and Opx samples have Sr­Nd isotopic ratos that fall along a mixing between Depleted Morb Mantle and Enriched Mantle reservoirs.

S7.6 ­ Presentazione orale 169 170 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 differentated (i.e.,high silica) andpartally crystallised, high­Kcalc­alkaline magmaandamafic The overall geochemical andisotopic features agree with amixingprocess between ahighly Amiata magmatc reservoir. clinopyroxene­liquid, andolivine­liquid) provide theP­T conditons range of theRadicofani­ Geothermobarometric calculatons onmineral­liquid pairs(e.g., plagioclase­liquid, indeed, range incompositon from potassic trachybasalt (absarokite) toolivine­latte. mafic termshostedby finalolivine­lattc lava flows. Fine­grained rounded magmatc enclaves, tmely reverse differentaton pathway isobserved amongmagmatc enclaves, with themost and compatble elements passingfrom early trachydacites tofinalolivine­lattes. The same magma emplacement, which isaccompanied by decrease of silicacontents andincrease of MgO early Radicofani basaltcandesite. A reverse differentaton pathway isobserved with tmeof reservoir triggered thepouringoutof the viscous trachydacitc resident magmaderived by the which partally mixed andmingled. The arrival of mafic magma within thedifferentated magma the fresh mafic hot magma was injectedinacooler andpartally crystallised differentated one, The occurrence of rounded magmatc enclaves testfiestheoccurrence of aprocess in which member. among Monte Amiata rocks pointng toapossibleundisclosedmafic, silica­undersaturated end groundmasses. Peculiarly, rounded mafic enclaves contnue thelinear correlatons observed Monte Amiata massive lava flows anddomesdisplay large sanidine megacrysts setinglassy by theoccurrence of: The mainpetrographic characteristcs of theRadicofani­Amiata Volcanic System are represented Monte Amiata volcano, between 305and231ka. and 1299ka,2)alate periodin which arenewal of volcanism brought tothebuiltupof the period characterised by theerupton of theRadicofani monogenetc volcano, between 1326 The Radicofani­Amiata volcanic system characterised by two mainperiodsof actvity:1)anearly 3 2 1 Simone Paternostro Volcanic System in CentralItaly:thecasestudyofRadicofani-Amiata Interaction betweenmaficmantle-derivedandsilicicmagmas CNR, Isttuto diGeologia Ambientale eGeoingegneria, Roma, Italy CNR, Isttuto diGeoscienze eGeorisorse,Firenze, Italy Università degliStudi diFirenze, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy • • • • the mafic ones. final mafic olivinelattc lava flows with rounded micaceous magmatc enclaves beside enclaves with decreasing emplacement age; latte andolivinelatte, with anincremental abundance of rounded mafic magmatc massive lava flows anddomesranging incompositons from trachydacite totrachyte, magmatc enclaves; characterised by thepresence of abundant upper crustxenoliths andrare rounded basal trachydacitc rocks derived by differentaton from theRadicofani mafic magmas, Radicofani monogenetc volcano; mantle derived olivine­bearing basaltcandesitetoshoshonitelavas andscoria at the 1 , Riccardo Avanzinelli

1,2

, Sandro Contcelli 1,3 , Orlando Vaselli 1,2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 ultrapotassic one, possibly leucite­bearing. The absence of leucite in the less differentated enclaves is likely due to crystallisaton depression of silica undersaturated minerals due to the high­silica actvity imposed by the high­silica end member. Sr­Nd­Pb and trace element distributon are compatble with the occurrence of two mantle derived mafic end members in the Radicofani­Amiata system. An early silica saturated calc­ alkaline to shoshonitc mafic magma that produced the differentated Amiata trachydacitc rocks and a late mafic silica­undersaturated magmas, similar to that of Mont Vulsini, that mixed and mingled within the upper crust to define the entre compositonal spectrum of Amiata rocks and enclaves. These data support the occurrence of a transiton, during the Pleistocene, from silica­ saturated to silica­undersaturated magmas producton by partal meltng of the upper mantle beneath Central Italy possibly due to arrival of a CO2­rich metasomatc agent.

S7.7 ­ Poster 171 172 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 dragged at depth by thesubducting Tethys slab. Probably, during theascent of the mantle mantle source was possibly derived by thebreakdown of carbonates of metasediments bearing garnetperidotite mantle source. The carbonatitic metasomatic agent of the VVP magmas may beformed by ~1.5­4%degrees of partialmelting of acarbonated phlogopite­ suggesting signature of carbonatitic metasomatic enrichments. Therefore, VVP basic­ultrabasic in themantle source andii)enrichments inBa, Sr, andP, anddepletionsinZr, Hf, and Ti, pointing tothe presence of aresidual K(Rb)­bearing phase(i.e.,amphibole and/or phlogopite) source. Moreover, thesebasic­ultrabasic magmatic products exhibit i)depletioninKandRb, in particular their steepM­HREEprofiles suggest apossiblepresence of garnetinthemantle Consistently, trace element patterns andratios of anew suiteof VVP basic­ultrabasic rocks, melting of sources located at shallow depth inthespinelstability fieldare unlikely. In thisnew geodynamic framework, considering theupwelling of deepmantle, decompression magmatism andextensional deformation intheoverriding Adria plate [Brombin etal.,2019]. escape anditsupwelling from thefront of theslab, which may have triggered intraplate 2019]. The roll­back of the European slabprobably induced the sub­slabmantle material magmatism inthelate Paleocene, i.e.,before thesupposedslabbreak­off [Brombin etal., European slab[Hua etal.,2017]andnew geochronological evidence for onsetof VVP has beenproposed considering new geophysical evidences for anunbroken subvertical samples from typicalOIBtrace element patterns. However, recently anew geodynamic model hydrated carbonated components assource for VVP magmas,tojustify thedeviations of VVP Beccaluva etal.2001andBrombin etal.2018invoked aspinellherzolite enriched with interpreted asremnants of thepotential VVP mantle source by several authors.In particular, by thespinelperidotite mantle xenoliths carriedby nephelinitesandbasanites, which were decompression meltingof aspinel­lherzolite mantle source. This hypothesis seemedconfirmed occurred at ~35Ma. In thiscontext, mantle flow upwelling would have induced the suggest mantle upwellings through slab window(s) after theEuropean slabbreak­off, which intraplate­related magmatic activitiesnear asubductionzone. Macera etal.[2003, J. Geodyn.] Brombin etal.,2019]).Different interpretations were given toexplain theoccurrence of this contents, highLREE/HREEratios, andrelatively low LILE/HFSE ratios [Beccaluva etal.,2007; magmatic products have trace element signatures typicalof intraplate magmas(e.g., highHFSE compositions includingultrabasic, basic,intermediate, andacidrocks. The leastevolved and Euganean Hills. The VVP magmasspandominant alkalinetorare sub­alkaline developed within several volcanic districts: Val d’Adige, Lessini Mts., Marosticano, Berici Hills, From late Paleocene toearly Miocene, duringthe Alpine orogeny, the VVP magmatic activity of the widest Cenozoic magmatic districtsof Adria microplate located near the Alpine chain. The Veneto Volcanic Province e.g.,[Beccaluva (VVP; etal.,2007]),innortheasternItaly, isone 3 2 1 Valentna Brombin Veneto Volcanic Province(NortheasternItaly) with garnetsignature:arevisionofthemantlesources Spinel-bearing mantlexenolithsandbasic-ultrabasicmagmas Università diPadova, Dipartmento diGeoscienze, Italy CNR, Isttuto diGeoscienze eGeorisorse,Padova, Italy Università diFerrara, Dipartmento diFisicaeScienze della Terra, Italy 1 , Andrea Marzoli, Andrea 2,3 , Costanza Bonadiman

1 , Massimo Coltort

1 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 flow spinel peridotites were removed and ferried to the surface. Therefore, this study provides a revision of the nature and evolution of VVP mantle source, which was indirectly influenced by the subduction events, with melting occurring probably in the garnet stability field.

S7.8 ­ Poster 173 174 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 carbonattes show low ≈ 6.66Ra (Ra isthe He isotopic signature inatmosphere); clinopyroxenes analyses from La pyrochlore isthemainmineral repository of REEs (sum REE=21.7 wt %), with very highLREE Trace elements were determinedby LA­ICP­MS oncalciteandpyrochlore. Results show that in fluidinclusionof carbonattc complex minerals from Punta delaNao (Fuerteventura). research shows new measurements of trace elements and,for thefirsttme,noblegasesdata Fe­Ti oxides andaccessory minerals, suchaszircon, barite,monaziteandpyrochlore. This Fuerteventura. Mineralogy consists of calcite,aegirine­augite,albite,K­feldspar, biotte, apatte, melteijites­ijolites, nepheline­sienites,sienites) crop outalongthe western coast of swarms. Ca­carbonattes (sövite) andtheir related alkaline­silicate rocks (clinopyroxenites, Mesozoic sediments, basaltsandtrachytes, ultramafic tofelsic intrusives andcarbonattc dike due totheproximity tothe African Plate [Arevalo etal.,2013]. This volcanic islandconsists of Fuerteventura islocated onatransitonal, oceanic tocontnental, crust(Moho depth ≈20km), found at Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) andCape Verde islands[De Ignacio etal.,2006]. Carbonattes are very rare inoceanic environments andinthe Atlantc Ocean they canbeonly 2 1 Gabriele Carnevale Fuerteventura carbonatites:implicationsfortheirmantlesource Trace elementsandnoblegases(He, Ne, Ar)isotopicstudyof Silvio Rotolo than 500. These elevated values of respectvely 1120.7and1582.6.Calcites values of petrogenetc process that originate carbonattes, where acloserelatonship with their associated Isotopic studies incarbonattes have been specifically focused on theresoluton of (i)the are well­solved respect tothosefrom amantle source. the samesamplesisindistnguishable from theair compositon andincontrast the Ar isotopes Contnental LithosphericMantle (SCLM,6.1Ra ±0.9).However, theNe isotopic signature in lower thanthetypicalMORBmantle source (8Ra ±1),andit isintherange of theSub atmospheric contaminaton. The values of He isotopic rato (6.66Ra intheclinopyroxenites) are Trials carriedoutinclinopyroxenes from clinopyroxenites reveal thepresence of clinopyroxenes from carbonattes (Ajuy, Punta delaNao) were alsoanalysed. performed by crushingclinopyroxenes (augites) separates from clinopyroxenites. Calcitesand that have fuelledMiocene magmatsm, asresulted from noblegases(He, Ne, Ar) isotopic study, by clinopyroxenites from amafic­ultra mafic complex (Mezquez), remnants of magmachambers other related alkaline­silicate rocks [Muñoz etal.,2005].More primitve rocks are represented of thealkaline­carbonattc complex (age 25Ma), althoughthey are almostcontemporary with The fieldrelatonships of thecarbonattes suggest that they represent thelatest intrusive event anomalies (Sr/Sr* =28.3­58.7). negatve Eu anomaliesdoalsooccur (Eu/Eu* =0.77 ­0.94)andtheseare coupled with highSr phenocrysts REEpaterns are highly enrichedinallREEs (sum REE=1186­2943ppm). Small ( 695) andaslightly steeper patern (La/Yb) ≈ Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Università degliStudi diPalermo, Italy N 3.87 Ra). =71214andCe 4 He/ 1 20 Ne ratos inclinopyroxenes from clinopyroxenites andcarbonattes are N 1 =62803(chondrite normalized) with respect toHREE(Yb , Antonio Caracausi , Antonio 3 He/ 4 He ratos (≈ 4 He/ 2.23 Ra), while calcites 20 N 2 =71if compared tocalcite(La/Yb)N =58.Calcite , Alessandra Correale, Alessandra Ne ratos inthestudiedsamplesexclude any He

4 He/ 20 Ne ratos incarbonattes are higher 3 He/ 2 4 , Laura Italiano He ratos are alitlehigher N 3 He/ =997,LuN = 2 4 , He ratos

3 Preliminary results show that on (ii)themantle source(s) potentally involved intheir petrogenesis. alkaline silicate rocks isusually implied. The abovementoned studieshave beenfocused as well by pastsubductonevents andsomeprocesses changed their originalcompositon of the and suggest that Fuerteventura carbonattc magmasoriginated inamodifiedmantle, probably Abstract Volume 4 He/ 4 He ratos andtheir magmatc primary fingerprint. a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 3 He/ 4 He ratos are slightly lower thantypicalMORBmantle values Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S7.9 ­Poster

175

Frank Marzano (UniRM1) Giuseppe Salerno (INGV­OE), Pietro Gabellini(UniFi), Stefano Corradini (INGV­ONT), ClaudiaD’Oriano (INGV­PI), Conveners: ERUPTION STYLES VARIABLE INTENSITY AND CORRELATION WITH OF EXPLOSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSOF OBSERVATIONSS8. ADVANCESGAS ANDASH IN Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

177

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Eruptive dynamics and fragmentation mechanisms of vulcanian activity at Sakurajima volcano (Japan): insights from the quantitative investigation on ash shape and texture

Pietro Gabellini1, Raffaello Cioni1, Marco Pistolesi2, Nobuo Geshi3, Costanza Bonadonna4

1Università di Firenze, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2Università di Pisa, Dipartemnto di Scienze della Terra, Italy 3Geological Survey of Japan, AIS, Tsukuba, Japan 4Université de Genève Département des Sciences de la Terre, Switzerland

Since many years, the study of products associated to ash­dominated eruptons has grown contnuously. Morphological and textural features of volcanic ash are considered as an important tool to investgate the dynamics of explosive actvity, partcularly that characterized by high­ transients both in style and intensity. Ash features like shape and internal texture of grains are proved to efficiently record changes in magma propertes, from its ascent into the conduit untl fragmentaton, and give first­hand insights onto the dynamics controlling the fragmentaton mechanisms. Secondary processes, like the prolonged transport into volcanic clouds, or intra­ crateric recycling of juvenile material, are important in modifying the ash features, and their effects are ofen superimposed on the original matrix. The recent actvity of Sakurajima volcano (Japan), lastng almost contnuously from 1959, is well known for being characterized by high­transients both in style and intensity of the eruptve actvity, and for this reason it was selected here as a case­study to investgate the relatons between the styles of actvity and the processes of ash formaton. Cycles of vulcanian explosions commonly repeat at Sakurajima, startng with contnuous and low intensity ash puffing to weak ash emission not associated to explosive actvity, followed by ash dominated, strong Vulcanian explosions and closed by prolonged phase of ash ventng. At present, these cycles are generally repeatng at a rate of 1 or 2 large explosions every few days. To understand the complex relatons existng between the eruptve dynamics and the conduit processes controlling the erupton, we investgated the texture and the external shape of thousands of ash fragments resultng from the whole cycle of a large vulcanian explosion observed at Sakurajima volcano during 2014. The resultng ash samples have been analyzed and compared in order to understand the mechanisms controlling ash formaton and the eruptve dynamics as well. The links existng between the intra­eruptve dynamics and magma fragmentaton processes have been discussed analyzing the variatons of the main physical characteristcs of the ash during the different eruptve phases. As a result, the large database of morpho­textural informaton on ash allowed us to interpret the observed eruptve dynamics in terms of the conduit processes that accompanied the erupton during the different phases of the vulcanian cycle. These appeared as mainly regulated by the contnuous degassing and consequent pressure accumulaton at the top of a rigid and viscous magma column, whose upper portons tend to be destructed and partally removed during stronger vulcanian explosions.

S8.1 ­ Presentazione orale 179 180 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Full HD visible and/or IRcamera. the ash weight, which doesnot require sophistcated scalesandsensors,butonly alow­cost into algorithm theinnovatve method“Pixel Digital Weight” we conceived, toaccurately measure small size devices, for volcanic surveillance purposes. Therefore, thenext goal will beintegratng Measuring theash weight inaremote andreliable way isafurther key challenge, even more for informaton startng with theashpictures acquired insideour devices. this isthebestapproach tocarry outthebinarizaton of bi­modalimages toget dependable class pixel intensity variance, or equivalently, maximizinginter­class variance. In our opinion, adaptvely findstheoptmal image threshold. This threshold isidentfied by minimizingintra­ foreground (dark ashpartcles), we determineanautomatc gray scaleimage thresholding, which To distnguishimages pixels into two classesdata, background (white collectng surface) and the ashamount intheground exceeds apre­specified value of interest. We are developing analgorithm for ashdetectontoreceive alertsandmonitoringdata when The mainchallenges are: with the versatle andstableLINUXOSsuchasRaspbian. computatonal power without influencing system costs anddimensions.SBCs will beequipped as Raspberry Pi, Arduino or Nvidia Jetson Nano, toobtain anembeddeddevice with appropriate We will employ aready touseandlow energy consumpton “single­board computer” (SBC),such at INGV­OE (in wireless mode), andestablishingacellular communicaton system. will beavailable through remote access connectng thesystem directly totheacquisiton center process andshare data acquired tomonitor large areas affected by ashfallout.Collected data practcal point of view, we want toimplement a Wireless Sensor Network inorder torecord, manage informaton andalertscausedby ashfalloutinthebest way. From atechnicaland and monitoringof volcanic ashinsensitve andurbanareas (highways, airports, etc.), inorder to low energy consumpton andsmallsize wireless electronic mult­sensor system for thedetecton dell’Università edellaRicerca” (MIUR), we are performing aninnovatve andextremely low cost, Within theframework of Ash­RESILIENCE, project fundedby “Ministero dell’Istruzione Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Rosalba Napoli Antonio Cristaldi,GildaCurrent, Salvatore D’Amico, Salvatore Mangiagli, Giuseppe Suriani, Daniele Andronico, Luigi Lodato, PlacidoMontalto, Emilio Biale, volcanic ash A multisensorsystemfordetectionandmonitoringof • • tools. promotng innovatve sofware solutons,usingpowerful opensource image processing maximize reliability; decreasing theoverall complexity of thesystem usingfewer sensorsandmechanicsto

S8.2 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Interpreting and exploiting radar reflectivity at L-band and X-band for the tephra mass retrievals of the 2013 and 2015 Etna paroxysms

Luigi Mereu1, 5, Simona Scollo2, Costanza Bonadonna3, Franck Donnadieu4, Valentn Freret Lorgeril3, Frank Silvio Marzano1,5

1Università di Roma La Sapienza, DIET, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 3Universite de Geneve, Departement Sciences de la Terre, Switzerland 4CNRS, IRD, OPGC, LMV, Universite Clermont­Auvergne, France 5Università dell’Aquila, CETEMPS, Italy

Mt. Etna, located on the east coast of Sicily (Italy), is one of the most actve volcanoes in Europe. The most distnctve phenomena associated with the actvity of Etna are represented by lava fountain paroxysms generatng volcanic plumes, sometmes characterized by a significant tephra discharge rate (e.g., [Andronico et al., 2015; Corsaro et al., 2017]). Paroxysms at Etna mostly consist of sustained jets of fluid lava, propelled into the atmosphere from summit craters or lateral vents and driven by expanding gases, which commonly occur at basaltc volcanoes [Calvari et al., 2011]. The coeval magma fragmentaton gives rise to tephra plumes ascending to alttudes up to 15 km a.s.l. Weather radar scanning systems can be exploited to monitor a volcanic plume in 3­D, measuring the reflectvity due to small lapilli and coarse ash at a fairly high spatal resoluton (less than a few hundred meters) and every few minutes [Marzano et al., 2006 a, b]. Weather radars can provide data for estmatng the plume tephra volume, total mass and height using the volcanic ash radar retrieval (VARR) method for single­ and dual­polarizaton systems at S, C and X band [Marzano et al., 2013; Marzano et al., 2016; Mereu et al., 2015]. A Doppler fixed­pointng radar at L band (VOLDORAD­2B), oriented towards the volcano summit craters, is able to follow the plume column dynamics in real tme at high rate (0.2 s) providing both tephra power returns and Doppler velocites mainly due to lapilli and bombs [Donnadieu et al., 2012; 2015; 2016]. A primary objectve of modern volcanology is the quantficaton of the magnitude and the intensity of an erupton in order to characterize both erupton and plume dynamics and beter forecast tephra dispersal and sedimentaton. Typically, an early erupton detecton and forecast of the tephra plume dispersion can be released within few minutes to a few hours of an erupton, when the scanning radar is operatng near the volcanic source, exploitng the radar ability to probe the area affected by the volcanic explosion. Ground­based weather radar systems can also provide data for determining the ash volume, total mass, and height of erupton clouds [Marzano et al., 2012]. In this work, we analyse two Etna paroxysms that occurred in 2013 and 2015 and observed by the X­band MWR (Microwave Weather Radar) and L­band VDR (VOLDORAD­2B; Donnadieu et al., [2016]) radars: i) the explosive actvity of 23 November 2013 from the NSEC and lasted for about an hour. This erupton has been widely analysed in previous works, focusing on the eruptve processes and features retrievals [Marzano et al., 2019]; ii) four lava fountain episodes that occurred at Voragine between 3 and 5 December 2015. Four methodologies have been tested and improved in the calculaton of the mass erupton rate using X­band MWR and L­band VDR radar data: TPA (Top Plume Approach), MCA (Mass 181 182 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 cm at Xbandand0.9cmat Kaband)together with lidar instruments at different wavelengths. eruptve parameters, alsoby combining radars at different wavelengths (23.8cmat L band,3.1 studies shouldbeanalysed inorder totestandimprove the various approaches inestmatng consistent monitoringof thetme­varying actvity of explosive volcanic eruptons. Other case these casestudiesindicates that ground­based radars canbeexploited toprovide aself­ operatng both individually andinsynergy with other sensorsand/or methods. The analysis of the comparison between different parametric andnumericalmodels,confirming itspotental in show how themethodsbasedonpolarimetric radar inX­band canprovide promising results in from which theincandescent region height HIRisderived applyingtheBernoulli equaton. We the space­tme evoluton of theerupton plumeandtheability of VDR todetecttheexit velocity, approaches exploit, dependingonthecase,X­band MWRscanningcapabilitestodetect Contnuity Approach), SFA (Surface Flux Approach) andNSA (approach near thesource). These S8.3 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Observing volcanic dispersed cloud during the 2016 Etna eruption by dual-wavelength polarized lidar at 355 nm and 532 nm

Luigi Mereu1,5, Simona Scollo2, Antonella Boselli3, Giuseppe Leto4, Ricardo Zanmar Sanchez4, Frank Silvio Marzano1,5

1Università di Roma La Sapienza, DIET, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 3 CNR, Isttuto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale, Potenza, Italy 4Isttuto Nazionale Astrofisica INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico, Catania, Italy 5 Università dell’Aquila, CETEMPS, Italy

Volcanic emissions represent a well­known hazard mainly for aviaton safety that can be reduced with real tme observatons and characterizaton of eruptve actvity [Boselli et al., 2018]. In recent years, lidar system has been widely used to study volcanic aerosol clouds produced by major volcanic eruptons [Pisani et al., 2012]. Lidar techniques are a powerful method for monitoring the dispersion of a volcanic cloud in the atmosphere because of their profiling capability at very high range resoluton. Lidar observatons can provide plume geometrical propertes (i.e., top, botom, and thickness), aerosol dynamics, and microphysical propertes if advanced mult­wavelength Raman Lidar systems are used [Winker, 2003]. Using the depolarizaton channel, it is also possible to distnguish various shapes of ash partcles [Gasteiger et al., 2011; Gobbi et al., 1992; Mereu et al., 2018]. The capability of Lidar systems to detect the finest partcles in volcanic plume and reliably estmate the ash concentraton mainly depends on instrumental characteristcs and the type of explosive actvity. For typical ground­based dual­polarized lidars, the evaluaton of the aerosol backscatering and depolarizaton coefficients may be carried out only in those regions where the lidar signal is not extnguished inside the volcanic plume optcal thickness. In this work, we analysed the explosive actvity produced in the afernoon of 18 May 2016 at Mt. Etna, in Italy, from the New South East Crater (NSEC). Lidar measurements were performed in Catania, about 30 km from the Etna summit, pointng at a thin volcanic layer, clearly visible and dispersed from the summit craters at the alttude of 3­4 km above sea level. Both the aerosol backscatering and the calibrated partcle linear depolarizaton values profiles at 355 nm and 532 nm of wavelength, respectvely, were obtained using different pointng elevaton angles 20, 30, 40 and 90 degrees. This is the first study that combines dual­polarized lidar measurements at Etna volcano. The Maximum­Likelihood (ML) and Mult­Regressive (MR) approaches are implemented in this analysis in order to check the potentality and differences of both methods, retrieving the mean diameter and concentraton retrievals. Our methods show encouraging results and can improve the estmaton of volcanic ash concentraton in atmosphere.

S8.4 ­ Presentazione orale 183 184 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 SO During paroxysmal actvity on3­5December 2015,theSO average), and was preceded by onsetindegassingactvity at thesamecrater 4days before. Mt. Etna’s paroxysmalphasescapturedbyultravioletcameras 2014, December 2015,andMay 2016).Results revealed systematc SO degassing periodically interrupted by intense paroxysmal lava fountaining events (in August to theendof 2016. Volcanic actvity at Mt. Etna was characterized by persistent open­vent cameras, tocharacterize changes indegassing dynamicsat Mt. Etna volcano from summer 2014 The SO and post­eruptve degassingregimes. during, andafer Etna’s paroxysmal phases,allowing ustoidentfy thresholds between pre­ syn­ We usedtwo andahalf years longSO 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dario Delle Donne Systematic SO

to our understandingof itsshallow plumbingsystem. seismic) evidence, allow ustofully characterize theEtna’s degassingdynamicsandcontribute Taken together, our observatons, when combined with independent geophysical (thermal and detectable SO degassing ~2tmeshigher thanthe2016average (~18kg/s) andpreceded by mildbut kg/s, two days before. The May 16­252016 paroxysmal actvity was characterized by intense VOR crater, and was preceded by asizableincrease from 10kg/s (end of November) upto45.5 was alsoassociated with intense syn­eruptve SO mass was ~1700tons(in3h). Paroxysmal explosive actvity at NSE crater on11­15 August 2014 Coppola Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Università diFirenze, Italy Università di Torino, DST, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Università diPalermo, DiSTeM, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy 2 degassingrate was ~158kg/s, thepeakemission was ~260kg/s, andthetotal released SO 2 fluxtypically peaked duringalava fountain: inthe18May 2016example, theaveraged 4 , Emilio Pecora 2 flux increases more thanonemonth before itsonset. 1 2 , Alessandro Aiuppa emissionpatternsprior, during, and after 3 , Maurizio Ripepe 2 fluxrecord, obtained usingpermanent ultraviolet 2 , Marcello Biteto 5 , Giancarlo Tamburello

2 degassing(at 30­40kg/s levels onadaily 2 fluxes peaked at 54­103kg/s from 2 , Mauro Coltelli S8.5 ­Presentazione orale 2 emissionpaterns prior, 6 , Roberto D’Aleo 3 , Diego 7

2

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Volcanic Cloud monitoring from satellite: the 24-30 December 2018 Etna eruption

Stefano Corradini1, Lorenzo Guerrieri1, Dario Stelitano1, Catherine Haye2, Giuseppe Salerno3, Simona Scollo3, Michele Prestfilippo3, Luca Merucci1, Tommaso Caltabiano3, Michael Burton2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy 2University of Manchester, UK 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The monitoring of volcanic eruptons has been greatly improved thanks to the technological advances of remote sensing systems. Nowadays, the real tme monitoring of volcanic eruptons offers a powerful tool for the risks mitgaton on local populaton and airspace, as also for the analysis of the processes connected with the preparatory phase of an erupton. In partcular, the use of geostatonary satellites in the thermal infrared spectral range, gives the unique opportunity to follow the entre evoluton of a volcanic event during both day and night. Moreover, the higher sensitvity of polar satellite and ground based systems, improves the reliability of the quanttatve estmatons and gives a comprehensive characterizaton of the phenomena investgated. On the morning of 24th December 2018, the explosive actvity at the summit craters of Mt. Etna suddenly increased and an eruptve fracture opened at the base of the South East crater. The erupton produces a volcanic cloud that dispersed south­eastwards of the volcano. The explosive th regime decreased in the late afernoon of the 24 but a significant SO2 and ash emission contnues untl 30th December. The overall event has been monitored, in near real tme, by SEVIRI on board the MSG geostatonary satellite. The SEVIRI measurements allowed the detecton of the volcanic clouds, the estmaton of the volcanic cloud height, ash mass, aerosol optcal depth and effectve radius, SO2 mass and fluxes. The results indicate a volcanic cloud alttude at about 8 km asl the 24th December and between 4 to 5.5 km for the rest of the period. The volcanic cloud ash and SO2 were totally collocated with an ash amount generally lower than th SO2, except during the paroxystc phase the 24 December. A total amount of 4 and 2.5 Mt of

SO2 and ash respectvely were emited during the entre eruptve period, and the fluxes reaches peaks of more than 500 kg/s and 200 kg/s for SO2 and ash respectvely. All the products have been compared with the retrievals obtained from ground based and satellite systems. The SEVIRI volcanic cloud alttudes have been compared with the results obtained from the ground based

VIS camera operatng in Catania while SO2/ash masses and fluxes tme series have been validated with the results carried out from the ground based FLAME network and the satellite measurements collected by the NASA­Terra/Aqua­MODIS and Sentnel5p­TROPOMI polar systems. The analysis indicates good agreement between the satellite and ground based retrievals demonstratng the ability of SEVIRI to characterize the eruptve events in near real tme.

S8.6 ­ Presentazione orale 185 186 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 observatons, called AEROIASI­SA. Comparisons with simultaneous andindependent SO studied with anew spectral fitngalgorithm usingthehigh­spectral­resoluton IASI Second, amedium­sized tropospheric erupton from Mount Etna volcano (18March 2012)is tropospheric ­lower­stratospheric aerosol perturbatons from volcanoes oncloudsoccurrence. detecton from SEVIRIare alsogiven, towards theidentficaton of the impactof upper­ with our new product. Perspectves of coupling theseobservatons with high­alttudeclouds combined estmaton of SO eastern Mediterranean) for moderate volcanic eruptons. Finally, future perspectves onthe 2019]. We show that thebuildupof theSSA plume,from SO the high­temporal­resoluton geostatonary SEVIRIobservatons, ispresented [Guermazi etal., and tracking of thestratospheric SSA plumefrom Nabro volcano erupton (summer 2011),using be studiedandestmated. Two examples of thesesynergies are presented. First,thedetecton their climatc impacts(both direct andindirect, through theinteracton with cloudsfields) can chemical/microphysical evoluton processes from gaseousSO existng products, theatmospheric lifecycle of volcanic sulphur emissions,thein­plume et al.,2019]. We show that usingthesenew products, incombinaton with complementary and abroadband radiometer, SEVIRI(Spinning Enhanced Visible andInfraRed Imager) [Guermazi resoluton sounder, IASI(Infrared Atmospheric SoundingInterferometer) [Sellito etal.,2017], we have developed new SSA detectonandretrieval algorithms for both ahigh­spectral­ (SSA) from thermalinfrared (TIR)nadir­viewing satellite instruments [Sellito andLegras, 2016], Basing onaunitary theoretcal basisfor theobservaton of volcanic secondary sulphate aerosols 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pasquale Sellito based onthermalinfraredobservations climatic impactswithnewsulphateaerosolsretrievals chemical/microphysical processesandestimatingtheir Tracking volcanicplumedispersion, studyingin-plume Elisa Carboni as mult­spectral/instrumental coupling for volcanic plumesobservatons are discussed. the regional shortwave direct radiatve forcing (a regional forcing of ­0.8 W/m of theinjectedsulphur massisconverted topartculate mater, afer ~24hours) andtoestmate informaton pieces todescribe thegaseous­to­partculate volcanic sulphur massbalance (60% morphology both horizontally and vertcally. This methodprovided, for thefirsttme,crucial observatons andsimulatons show that AEROIASI­SA correctly identfies the volcanic plume Maxim Eremenko Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire deMétéorologie Dynamique,Paris, France Université Pierre etMarie Curie, Paris, L aboratoire deMétéorologie Dynamique,France Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Natonal Centre for Earth Observatons, Harwell­Oxford, UK Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire deMétéorologie Dynamique,Palaiseau, France Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Université Paris­Est Créteil, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire desSystèmes Atmosphériques, Créteil, France 4 , Geneviève Sèze 1 , Henda Guermazi 1 , Sylvain Mailler 2 andSSA amounts in volcanic plumes[Sellito etal.,2019],as well 5 , Bernard Legras 3 , Mathieu Lachatre 1 , GiuseppeSalerno

6

3 , Laurent Menut 2 , Juan Cuesta , Juan 2 2 emissions,canbereconstructed emissionstoSSA partculesand S8.7 ­Presentazione orale 1 , 3 2 , isexerted inthe 2 plume plume Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

New strategies for chemistry-transport modelling of volcanic plumes: application to the case of Mount Etna eruption in March 18, 2012

Mathieu Lachatre1, Sylvain Mailler1,2, Laurent Menut1, Solène Turquety1, Pasquale Sellito3, Henda Guermazi3

1LMD/IPSL, École polytechnique, Université Paris Saclay, ENS, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Palaiseau, France 2Université Paris­Est, École des Ponts ParisTech, France 3Université Paris­Est Créteil, Laboratoire Inter­Universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), France

Atmospheric modelling is a useful tool to study and forecast atmospheric compositon and the atmospheric evoluton of natural and anthropogenic pollutant emissions. It allows to study large scale events such as dust storms or volcanic eruptons, which emit large amounts of plume­ confined partculate mater and gases that can be transformed and transported in the atmosphere over hundreds of kilometers. However, to study more precisely these events, different issues have to be addressed. One notable example of these issues is the well­known excessive numerical diffusion in the Eulerian models; this needs to be dealt with in order to avoid excessive plume dispersion, which can cause a misrepresentaton of the plume three­ dimensional morphology and subsequent geographical extent of its impacts. This work focuses on a partcular erupton case of March 2012 from the Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy), which released about 3kT of sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere. This plume has been observed and tracked with satellite instruments for several days. Nevertheless, the numerical simulaton of this plume, with CHIMERE atmospheric chemistry­transport model, proved difficult due to the mentoned issue with numerical diffusion. Thus, we have included a new antdiffusive transport scheme in the vertcal directon and a new strategy to be able to use directly the vertcal wind field provided by the forcing meteorological model, and not a reconsttuted wind field as it is the common approach in chemistry­transport models. With these improvements, we were able to more satsfactorily simulate the dispersion of the volcanic plume for this event. In this talk, we examine and quantfy the improvement brought by these two new developments into a state­of­the art chemistry­transport model, as well as the effect of an increase in the number of model vertcal levels. In additon, sensitvity tests have been performed to evaluate the impact on volcanic plume injecton alttude and its inital spreading profile (single alttude emission; FWHM =100m; FWHM=200m). Tests on alttude plume injecton have shown alttude to be the most sensitve parameter, and allowed us to start our developments with a realistc volcanic emissions representaton. In oppositon, tests on plume vertcal profile shape for the injecton in the atmospheric column have shown that the simulatons are weakly sensitve to this parameter. The use of the new antdiffusive vertcal scheme, instead of the classical vertcal scheme, has been shown to bring the strongest improvement in our model outputs. To a lesser extent, a more realistc representaton of the vertcal wind field has also been shown to reduce plume spreading. In summary, we show that these two improvements (beter vertcal scheme and vertcal wind representaton) bring an improvement in the representaton of the plume which is as strong as the improvement brought by a brutal­force approach (i.e. increasing the number of vertcal 187 188 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 This work isalsopartof theFrench fundedproject DGA TROMPET. levels), but without anadditonal burden incomputatonal power. S8.8 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

High frequency UV camera imagery of Strombolian explosive activity

Giancarlo Tamburello1, Tullio Ricci2, Jacopo Taddeucci2, Elisabeta Del Bello2, Piergiorgio Scarlato2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy

Strombolian explosions are intermitent mild eruptons ejectng variable proportons of bombs, ash, and gas. Recent measurements have shown that the SO2 flux during such explosions starts impulsively (duraton, 15 to 30 s) and decays with a minutes­long coda, abd that partcles ejectons fluctuate at even shorter tme­scales. Common UV camera systems measure SO2 fluxes at about 1 Hz and can potentally lose significant gas variatons during explosions. Here we developed a portable UV camera system that can measure SO2 volcanic flux with a temporal resoluton up to about 50 Hz. We tested this new system at Stromboli in May 2019 in tandem with high­speed thermal infrared and visible imagery. Our new, high temporal resoluton SO2 flux measurements provide beter understanding of the complex, highly dynamic processes of Strombolian explosive actvity.

S8.9 ­ Poster 189 190 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 represents themost hazardous ashfracton for thehumanhealth. studied) are characterized by alarge percentage of partclesfiner than30microns, which actvity between January andFebruary 2019(i.e. thelower intensity actvity amongthose previously known for Etna eruptons, isthat mostof thesamplesrelated totheashemission different eruptve dynamics. Another interestng result of thisstudy, contrastng with what reflects the nature andthecharacteristcs of thefragmentaton mechanismsinvolved inthe more irregular respect tothat related tolower intensity styles(ash ventng). This possibly also shape of theproducts related tohigher­intensity actvity (sub­Plinian andStrombolian) resultng the different eruptve styles. Ash shapesresult primarily controlled by vesicularity, with the highlighted asubstantal difference mostly incircularity andsolidity between theproducts of shape of hundreds of thousandsof partcles was collected for thesamesize interval. The analysis (Malvern Morphologi 3GSE@DST­University of Florence). Quanttatve informaton onexternal Grain size andpartcleshape were analyzed to10phi(1micron) usingastatc partcleanalyser the volcanic ashcloudsformaton andtransport intheatmosphere. geochemical features are considered essental for themonitoringandforecastng actvitesof environment andthehumanhealth of theerupted ash. All theabove­mentoned textural and the related mechanismof ashgeneraton. We alsoevaluated thepotental impactonboth the compositon inorder toidentfy features typicalof eachstyleof erupton andassociate themto On thesesamples, we performed analyses of grain­size, external shape,componentry and

spanning different orders of magnitude(10 (from 4to14kmabove sealevel), as well erupted tephra volume andsedimentaton rate duraton of theactvity (lastngfrom few tensof minutesuntl several days) andcolumn height These events are significantly different intermsof intensity andmagnitude, well depictedby and thefollowing ashemissionsfrom theNorth­East Crater during January andFebruary 2019. crater, the24December 2018powerful Strombolian actvity from theNew South­East Crater, volcano, includingthe2002flankerupton, the2015sub­Plinianerupton from the Voragine and Napoli. To thisaim, we selectedashsamplesproduced by different eruptve stylesat Etna the two mainmetropolitan areas inItaly having actve volcanoes within their territory:Catania the project istostrengthen theresilience totephra falloutfrom explosive volcanic eruptons of funded by MIUR(Italian Government) and working for theperiod2018­2020. The maingoal of We present preliminary results obtained intheframework of the Ash­RESILIENCE project, 3 2 1 Paola Del Carlo and inferencesondifferenteruptionstyles Quantitative analysesofvolcanicashfromEtnavolcano(Italy) Pietro Gabellini Università diFirenze, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy 3 1 , Massimo Pompilio , ClaudiaD’Oriano 1 , Daniele Andronico 1 , Raffaello Cioni 2 ­10

6 m 3 and10­10 3 2 , Antonino Cristaldi , Antonino 5

g/h, respectvely). S8.10 ­Poster 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Rock magnetic fingerprint of explosive activity in the Etna ash layers

Luigi Vigliot1, Aldo Winkler2, Paola Del Carlo3

1CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Bologna, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Geomagnetsmo, Aeronomia e Geofisica Ambientale, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy

A detailed rock­magnetc study was carried out on ash samples produced by different types of Etna explosive actvity to test the use of the magnetc propertes as discriminatng factors among them. Samples include tephra belonging to: • Plinian Biancavilla erupton (Y1 tephra; age 16­18 ka) collected in marine core ET97­70 (Jonian Sea); • sub­Plinian basaltc eruptons of late Holocene age (TV, FS, FL, FG layers + other sub­ Plinian deposits) collected in outcrops on the volcano flanks; • recent explosive actvity (1990­2002) including few samples belonging to ash­rich jets and plumes ejected during the October­December 2002 [Andronico et al., 2009].

To beter discriminate the magnetc propertes of the explosive disintegraton of newly erupted magma, the two end members of the juvenile ash, tachylite (microlite­rich) and sideromelane (glassy clasts), were separated from recent ashes (2002 erupton) and from the old FG tephra (122 BC Plinian erupton). The samples are characterized by coercivity of the remanence (Bcr) to coercivity (Bc) ratos ranging from 2 to 6, defining three main groups according to the positon in their Day­Dunlop plot. These groups represent variable magnetc grain sizes corresponding to the old, historical and recent actvity. Thermomagnetc curves indicate that Ti­rich ttanomagnettes with Curie temperatures <300°C dominates the recent ashes and samples collected from the Y1 tephra. On contrary magnette or Ti­poor ttanomagnette (Tc ~ 540­570°C) occur in most of the late Holocene tephra (TV, FS, FL) suggestng minor or missing Ti­substtuton for this class of samples. Only the FG tephra (122 BC) escapes to this figure and highlights the prominent presence of ttanomagnette. The presence of this mineral masks the Verwey transiton in low temperature experiments. Concentraton related magnetc parameters (magnetc susceptbility, ARM, SIRM) of the samples belonging to the Y1 tephra clearly recognize the stratgraphy of the Unit D (D1a­ D2a­D1b­D2b) observed in the fallout deposits of the Biancavilla erupton [Coltelli et al., 2000]. A significant peculiarity in the studied samples is given by the presence of wasp­waisted hysteresis loops in the recent ashes (including the tachylite) whereas only the plinian FG tephra among the old tephra exhibits similar loops that can depend on two magnetc components with contrastng grain sizes or coercivites. The later is supported by the FORC diagrams where the Bc distributon spreads up to 0.2T, pointng out the presence of a harder magnetc fracton. However, Mossbauer data carried out at low (20K) and room temperature (300K) do not show the presence of antferromagnetc minerals. The scatering within the Day plot of the samples belonging to the recent actvity could be the result of the intense fragmentaton that usually characterizes the most explosive volcanic explosions. The magnetc signature of the fragmentaton could be present in the magnetc grain size, but the magnetc propertes may be 191 192 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 respect totheexplosive actvity related toash­jetsandplume. factor distnguishingtheproducts of Hawaiian fountains andtheStrombolian actvity with differences inthemagnetcpropertes of thetachylite andsideromelane represent adiscriminant breakdown of thesolidsolutonbetween ulvospinel (Fe also affected by low temperature modificaton suchasoxidaton or exsoluton duetothe 2 TiO 4 ) andmagnette(Fe S8.11 ­Poster 3 O 4 ). The SO2 flux. actvity andthebalance between erupted anddegassedmagmainverted from theobserved late September. Here we’ll discussthepotental correlaton between SO2­gasandtheeruptve spring andsustained values between July and August. SO2fluxreverse gradually thistrend in emission rate, showed variaton coherent with theeruptve actvity with stages of increase in explosion in June andtwo paroxysmsin July and August. Degassing regime reflected intheSO2 an increase intermsof frequency andintensity of explosions, eventually followed by amajor of peopleandscientst intheisland.Over the2019,ordinary strombolian actvity displayed of higher intensity ‘major’ andparoxysms, with dramatc effect ontheexposure and vulnerability volcanoes. Nevertheless, theordinary explosive actvity israndomly interrupted by explosions made Stromboli auniquetouristcatracton andanopen­laboratory todevelop andstudy actve strombolian explosions. This eruptve styletogether with theeasy access of the volcano, has Stromboli ischaracterised by persistent eruptve actvity consistng onrhythmic andmoderate Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Giuseppe Salerno, Tommaso Caltabiano,FilippoMurè SO Abstract Volume 4 2 flux atStrombolioverthe2019 flux a ConferenzaA. Rittmann

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S8.12 ­Poster

193

Marco Liuzzo (INGV­PA), Orlando Vaselli (UniFI) Cinzia Federico (INGV­PA), Marcello Liotta (INGV­PA), Conveners: MONITORING ACTIVITIES FROM GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES TO S11. VOLCANIC AND HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS: Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

195

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Chemical anomalies in the gas phase released from the Santa Venera al Pozzo thermal spring (Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy): possible influence from local tectonic activity

Francesco Sortno1, Salvatore Giammanco2, Pietro Bonfant2, Alessandro La Spina2, Carla Botari2, Filippo Murè2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The site of Santa Venera al Pozzo, on the lower east flank of Mt. Etna volcano, near the town of Acireale, is known for its slightly thermalized, mineral­rich water springs since antquity. The site was interpreted by scholars as a Roman “stato”, mainly composed of a thermal bath with different pools and some other Greek­Roman buildings. The study area is affected by several tectonic faults; actually, some archeological ruins are affected by remarkable fractures probably related to the AD 251 earthquake, suggestng the occurrence of a capable fault zone through the area. Recent studies have shown that significant soil CO2 emissions occur both from the major faults and diffusely around the main thermal water springs, thus suggestng a fault­driven migraton of geothermal fluids. In order to study possible influences of strain release on the output or on the chemistry of the emited fluids, we set­up a monitoring system that measures in contnuum water temperature and the chemical compositon of the free gas released from water in a drilling made near the main water spring. Water temperature was measured using a Tynitag Plus2 sensor/datalogger, setng an acquisiton frequency every 15 min. The gases emited are a mix of air, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane and sometmes hydrogen sulfide. The chemical and isotopic compositon of the emited fluids suggest that these are fluids that do not have a volcanic origin. Methane, which is the most abundant gaseous species, has a thermogenic origin, carbon dioxide has an organic origin while the presence of hydrogen sulfide is related to the increase of methane concentratons. Variatons in the chemical compositon were realized with a CMS (cromatography monitoring staton) that allows the analysis of natural gases (every 30’) with high sensitvity and accuracy. During the acquisiton period variatons in the chemical compositon were observed on some occasions and in partcular before, during and afer the earthquake of 12/26/2018 related to a kinematc tectonic stress that produced a greater permeability and a consequent greater release of fluids. In partcular, before the earthquake the methane displayed a sharp increase, while on the occasion of the seismic event a doubling of concentratons was observed. Hydrogen sulfide is present before and shortly afer the seismic event is well correlated with methane concentratons. It can be hypothesized that both species are related to a hydrothermal system and the measured concentratons are modulated by the emited gas flow. Hydrogen sulphide generally, due to its high solubility in water, is removed from the interacton by a superficial aquifer present in the area of the thermal spring while its presence is detected when the gas flow increase and it is only partally dissolved in water. The recorded water temperature showed a long­term seasonal variaton, mostly evident during the summer period, and shorter daily variatons. However, two anomalous changes were observed during the occurrence of two earthquakes on October 6th, 2018 and on December 26th, 2018. Both variatons consisted of sudden drops in the temperature values, followed by a 197 198 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 that inturnhaspromoted agreater emissionof cold gas. release of tectonicstress andpermeability changes that may have causeda water tabledrop epicenter 7.5kmNW of themonitoringstaton. This suggests acloseconnecton between occurred onDecember 26th,2018 with aMw 4.9earthquake alongtheFiandacafault, with Etna), with epicenter located 18.5km west of themonitoring staton, andthesecond one which one onOctober 6th,2018 with aMw 4.6that struckthetown of Ragalna (SW slopeof Mt. Both anomaliesseem well correlated with localseismic events above mentoned, asthefirst slower recovery (9and7hour­long, respectvely) toprevious values. S11.1 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Clues on the potential role of microbial communities in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from hydrothermal systems

Stefania Venturi1, Franco Tassi1, Francesco Magi1, Jacopo Cabassi2, Andrea Ricci3, Francesco Capecchiacci4, Chiara Caponi1, Barbara Nisi2, Orlando Vaselli1

1Università di Firenze, Italy 2Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pisa, Italy 3Università di Bologna, Italy 4Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy

Volcanic and hydrothermal areas are sites of intense diffuse soil degassing, largely contributng to natural emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. While deep magmatc and hydrothermal sources sustain the rise of CO2­ and CH4­rich fluids towards the surface, the effectve fracton of deep­sourced gases able to escape to the atmosphere through diffuse soil degassing is largely affected by secondary processes occurring at relatvely shallow depths. Although posing challenges to life, hydrothermalized soils stll harbor a variety of microbes (i.e. extremophiles) able to take advantage of the harsh conditons offered by solfataric fields. For instance, the occurrence of methanotrophic actvity in soils from hydrothermal areas, documented by several authors, could virtually control and limit the emission of GHGs from volcanic and hydrothermal systems. In order to evaluate the impact of shallow biogeochemical processes on diffuse gas emissions, chemical and carbon (in CO2 and CH4) isotopic compositons of intersttal soil gases, as well as diffuse CO2 fluxes, from three hydrothermal systems in Italy (i. Solfatara Crater, Campi Flegrei; ii. Monterotondo Maritmo, Larderello geothermal field; iii. Baia di Levante, Vulcano Island) were investgated. Despite being characterized by a large supply of hydrothermal fluids, as indicated by soil CO2 fluxes up to 2400, 1920 and 346 g m­2 day­1, 13 respectvely, CO2 enrichments were recognized in intersttal soil gases with respect to fumarolic fluids, suggestng the occurrence of autotrophic CO2 fixaton processes in the soil 13 system. On the other hand, soil gases were enriched in CH4 and characterized by higher

CO2/CH4 ratos with respect to those recorded in fumarolic discharges, pointng to the occurrence of CH4 consumpton by methanotrophic actvity, as supported by isotope fractonaton modeling. The geochemical evidences confirmed the key role that methanotrophs play in regulatng the release of GHGs from volcanic and hydrothermal environments.

S11.2 ­ Presentazione orale 199 200 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 zones (CO groundwater have beencompared with theCO investgated alsofor chemistry andheliumisotope rato. Finally, thedata from shallow which were collected through apassive samplingtechnique. The dissolved gasphasehasbeen been compared with themeasurement of thesameparameters inthegasesdissolved in waters, groundwater were computed from the TDIC, basedontheequilibriummodel. These data have groundwater. The partal pressure andthecarbonisotope compositon of CO fify­two sampling points. The data analysis revealed that thelarge partof CO carbon isotope compositon of CO the discharged fluidsoriginate. In volcanic zones, thegasesreleased from magma(e.g. H vary widely intheir appearance andreflect thetypeof hydrothermal reservoir from which fumaroles or hot springs,are often theuniqueaccessible expressions of suchsystems. They circulation warm therocks hostingthe water. The resulting surface manifestations, e.g. Hydrothermal systems develop ina variety of geological settings where heat flow andfluid Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Sofia De Gregorio, Vincenzo Prano Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martno, Giorgio Capasso,Marco Camarda, and soilgasemissions Vulcano (Aeolian Islands)observed intheshallowgroundwater Evidence ofanewgasinputdeeporiginat origin intheshallow levels of thesoils(δ The spatal analysis of the CO > ­3.0‰ vs PDB). CO degassing zones coincides with thearea of thehighpartal pressure of dissolved CO CO m temperature ranges from 20.0°Cto58.8 °C,pH from 6.29to7.95andconductvity from 0.12 distributed inthe Vulcano Porto area. The data collected inthefieldindicate that water (September andNovember). The samplinggridof groundwater consists of seventeen wells The surveys for theshallow groundwater have beenperformed in2015(May) and2018 inorganic carbon(TDIC),theamount andtheisotopic compositon of theCO This study focuses onthe chemical­physical parameters of thegroundwater, thetotal dissolved soil gasemissionsandgroundwater monitoring. Protection Agency encompass volcano surveillance programs from INGV, which accomplishes system of LaFossa cone. The riskmitigation andmanagement actionsfrom theCivil residential andtouristfacilitiesthere expose peopletogashazards duetotheactive volcanic availability of several water wells regularly accessible inthetargeted area. Furthermore, processes occurring intheshallow groundwater of the Vulcano Porto becauseof the volcanic­hydrothermal system. In particular, thisstudy focuses onthegas­water interaction interaction between magmatic gasesand water of various originscanbeinvestigated ina volcanic edifices. The islandof Vulcano isanexcellent natural laboratory where the toward theearth’s surface andthehydrothermal systems develop at various depth inthe S /cm to34.10m 2 2 emitedby soils of the Vulcano Porto. , sulfur andother gascomponents) interact with water of meteoricoriginduringascent 2 flux>117gm S /cm. During thesamesurveys, thecoupled approach of CO ­2 d ­1 2 fluxfrom thesoilsindicates that thelocaton of theanomalous ) of Palizzi andFaraglione are fed by deep­origingases (δ

2 from thesoilshasbeenappliedover asampling gridof 13 C (CO2)

2 fluxandthecarbonisotope compositon of <­14.0‰ vs PDB), while twoanomalous 2 2 2 2 hasbiogenic fluxandthe dissolved in dissolved in 13 C 2 (CO2) 2 in O, O,

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 groundwater. Furthermore, the monitoring of chemical­physical parameters of the groundwater indicates an increased input of gases from deep origin which produced the changes observed during September 2018 in the shallow hydrothermal system and the soil gas emissions. These changes agreed with the remarkable chemical and isotopic variatons observed in the crater fumarolic field (see Bolletno Vulcano September 2018 and Bolletno Vulcano November 2018 ­ htps://www.pa.ingv.it/index.php/category/bolletni/). The applicaton of isotope and chemical­physical parameters of groundwater and those of soils gas emissions offers a unique opportunity to model in detail the circulaton of fluids in a volcanic­ hydrothermal system and results an effectve tool for volcano monitoring.

S11.3 ­ Presentazione orale

201 202 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Giancarlo Tamburello dissolved gascompositon, carbon­13from CO collected for water chemistry, water stableisotopes, carbon­13from TDIC, dissolved H2S, Serbia, Macedonia andCroata visitng andcollectng more than350 sites. Water samples were (Romania andBulgaria), Apuseni Mountains, CiucBasin andHerculane Graben), Slovenia, Central During thefieldinvestgaton, we visited Romania (Mangalia and Tyulenevo coastal area CH stll un­quantfied indetail,toCO is known for itshighcarbonEarth degassing(both CO tme, thegeogenic carbonemissionfrom theBalkan Peninsula (southeastern Europe). This area In theframework of aDeep CarbonObservatory supportedproject, we investgated for thefirst tens tohundreds of square kilometers. investgatons, becausespringsare representatve of their catchment area that canextend from tectonically actve areas mostof theCO amount of deepCO regional aquifers hostedby thepermeableformatons of theactve orogens. Quantfying the The deeply derived CO 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Artur Ionescu in thetectonicallyactiveareasofBalkanPeninsula Preliminary resultsofcarbondegassing this tectonically actve area. The availability of thisdata isthefirstatempt inquantfying thecarbonflux with real data from gas samplesfor compositonal, isotopic andnoblegasanalyses. noble gases(He, Ne, Ar). For thosesites were alsofree gas was present, theteamcollected free Lorenza Li Vigni Aurel Persoiu springs anddrillings), CO isotopic compositon of dissolved carbon). We investgated thermalmanifestatons (thermal for quantficaton andfor determiningtheoriginof carbon(especially for what regards the Università diPalermo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Universita diPerugia, Perugia, Italy Babes­Bolyai University, Cluj­Napoca, Romania Geological Survey of Croata, Zagreb, Croata University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana,Slovenia Isotope Climatalogy andEnvironmental Research Centre, ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Insttute of Speleology Emil Rachovita, Cluj­Napoca, Romania 4 andkarstspringsfrom tectonically actve areas. 10 1 , CarloCardellini , CalinBaciu 6 , Nina Rman 2 dissolved into groundwater canrepresent apowerful toolfor regional 2 4 from tectonically actve areas iscontributng inasignificant proporton, , Giovanni Chiodini 2 emission(includingdry and wet moffetas), thermal wells containing 1 7 , Petar Papic 2 2 , WalterD’Alessandro Earth degassing.Several studieshighlighted how inthese 2 isdissolved inthegroundwaters circulatng inthelarge 4 , Marjan Temovski 8 2 , Andrej Stroj, Andrej andCH

2 4 andCH from dissolved gases,andfor dissolved 3 , Antonio Caracausi , Antonio 9 , Stassa Borovic 4 ), butlacksthenecessary data 5 , Paolo Randazzo S11.4 ­Presentazione orale

9 , 3 , 6 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Geochemical study of high temperature fumaroles and non-plume degassing in Mt Etna’s summit area

Alessia Donatucci1, Francesco Sortno2, Salvatore Giammanco3, Boris Behncke3, Carmelo Ferlito1

1Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

A campaign of geochemical measures was carried out in the summit area of Mt Etna during the summer of 2019 in order to study both high­ and low­temperature fumaroles and the geometry of diffuse degassing areas there present. The aims were: i) to improve our knowledge about the geochemical characteristcs of non­plume degassing; ii) to define the extension of the shallow hydrothermal system around the summit craters of the volcano; iii) to assess all possible interactons between the shallow hydrothermal system and deeper melt through which the gas flux takes place; iv) to monitor the temporal evoluton of the gas emissions, trying to discriminate between shallow­related variatons and those related to deeper contributons. The study was conducted through: i) gas sampling of high temperature fumaroles within a fracture on North­East Crater (NEC) and along the crater rim of Voragine (VOR); ii) measurements of soil CO2 flux and soil heat flux on the summit area, partcularly along the rims of Central Crater (Bocca Nuova [BN] and VOR) and NEC, and also along the flanks of the summit cone; iii) installaton of a permanent staton for contnuous monitoring of the concentratons of

CO2 and H2 in a steaming fumarole (T° of about 90 °C) inside the uppermost crater formed during the 2002 flank erupton, on the upper north side of the volcano. This site has contnued producing gaseous emissions even afer the end of the 2002 erupton and the gas emission has been found to be directly linked to the degassing of the summit area. This work shows the preliminary data acquired during the geochemical survey, summarised as follows: i) high temperature fumaroles show an average C/S rato of 6.3, but this rato changes from one crater to another; ii) the diffuse CO2 flux combined with soil heat flux allowed identfying areas with a greater component from direct magmatc degassing. These areas are mostly located on the rims of the craters, but some isolated anomalous points were found in places where recent eruptve products have buried old volcano­tectonic fractures or old fumaroles; iii) the temporal evoluton of the gases from the 2002 crater shows a strong positve

H2 peak and a negatve CO2 peak at the onset of Strombolian actvity at the NEC (on the night of 8­9 September 2019). Several cyclic variatons in the compositon of gaseous species were also observed, with daily period, as well as changes in the CO2/H2 rato that will deserve further studies in the follow­up of this research.

S11.5 ­ Presentazione orale 203 204 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Massimo Ranaldi dei Selcitomodel air CO value of 5.6td We used thedensedataset of CO by “fresh” waters of therains. periods, when probably deep risinggasesare dissolved insidelocalshallower aquifers refilled seem fair. On the contrary, surveys characterized by low emissionare typically linked torainy Albani area, asthehighestemissionof January 2006,butthiscorrespondence doesnot always Some periodscharacterized by highemissionare clearly linked toseismicevents of theColli surface. crossing thetarget area, actsaspreferental pathway for themigraton of thedeepgasto We argue that thelocalNW­SE elongated eruptve fissure, startng from the Albano lake and elongaton NW­SE. maps show typically ahighly emissive area intheinternal sector of theinvestgated grid, with signals, evaluatng thespatal andtemporal variatons of theCO We considered, with statstcal andgeostatstcal procedures, thefeatures of theacquired (2003­2008 period). 5000 m Surveyed area includesafixed gridof 120points, regularly distributedover anarea of about cows andsheep. lethal accidents by gas inhalaton have occurred toahumananddozens of animalsincluding lake. Cava deiSelciisadensely inhabitedzone about20kmfrom thecenter of Rome, where of theremoval of thelow permeability surface cover madeof lahar depositsfrom Albano crater Colli Albani quiescent volcano, ischaracterized by apermanent gas emissionasconsequence about theprocesses occurring at depth. Cava deiSelci,located onthenorth­western flankof Albani) with themainaimof investgatng if thesurface phenomenacould provide informaton Carbon dioxide fluxfrom thesoilhasbeenregularly monitored inthearea of Cava deiSelci(Colli 3 2 1 Domenico Granieri preliminary gashazardassessment (Colli Albani, Rome):twodecadesofobservationsand Carbon DioxideDiffuseEmissionfromtheSoilatCavadeiSelci is highly fluctuatng, with amaximumemissionof 26.1td densely inhabited area. To this purpose, we appliedtheDISGAS (DISpersion of GAS) numerical and someenvironmental parameters that canpotentally influence theCO The seriesof theCO parameters (inpartcular rainfall). to tectonics,seismicity, localsoilpropertes (e.g., hydraulic conductvity) andmeteorological temporal seriesof anautomatc permanent staton that contnuously measured theCO of theregular gridandthesurroundings for atotal of more than1100measurements, andthe additon, we analysed thedata of alarge survey (performed inMarch 2011),includingthearea Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy 2 , where soilCO −1 inDecember 2003;theestmated meanCO 2 , Luca Tarchini 1 2 , Maria Luisa Carapezza output,obtained through thesequental Gaussiansimulaton approach, 2 2 dispersionin theneighbouringsof the natural emission,includingthe flux was measured 51tmes from May 2000toOctober 2019.In 2 outputandmeteorological measurements collected at Cava 2

2 , Marina Bisson

−1 in January 2006andaminimum 2 is12td 2 degassingprocess inrelaton 1 , Michele Conte −1 (1=4.8td 2 diffusedegassing 3 , −1 ). All the ). All 2 flux Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

code coupled with the Diagnostc Wind Model (DWM). CO2 concentratons in air were determined for different CO2 emission rates: the mean, the minimum, and the maximum flux, as well as the global flux obtained by the large survey of March 2011 (about 40 t d­1 of CO2), under different wind conditons.

Maximum CO2 concentratons in air (about 1000 ppm above the local background CO2) are predicted inside the sector of the gridded area, in correspondence with the maximum CO2 emission from the soil, as well as in some spots located in the village of Cava dei Selci.

Even considering the maximum CO2 emission rate measured in the last twenty years and the most unfavourable atmospheric conditons (i.e. low wind and atmospheric stability), results of the simulatons indicate that predicted concentratons are below the “hazardous” threshold of

5000 ppm of CO2. In any case, the actual gas hazard could increase for the presence of other not included sources of gas, for processes of gas accumulaton inside basements or morphologically depressed sites or if the natural CO2 flow rate increase to 4/5 tmes the current one, for example as consequence of seismic events.

S11.6 ­ Presentazione orale 205 206 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 could allow usto verify what has beenobserved andbeter study thehypothesized processes. water interacton processes never highlighted with discontnuous measures. A longer installaton Although theacquisiton tme was shortthesemeasures allowed todisplay that therock­gas­ perfectly, thequantty of dry gasesandinpartcular of CO quantty of gasemited. This hypothesis was supportedsince, although theinstrument worked resultng inapartalremoval of thesolublegases andconsequently produces adecrease inthe temporary interacton with thefumarole feeding system inthesummitarea of the volcano, species emited.Rainwater infiltraton occurs mainly through thebotom crater andproduces a hypothesized in which therains interfere considerably with theconcentraton of thesingle dissoluton for thehighsolubility of thisgasin water. A general system hasalsobeen H compositon were observed, not related toatmospheric pressure buttotheamount of rainfall. high temperature fluid.During theshortacquisiton period, variatons inthechemical 5 minutesinorder tohave tmely andprecise informaton onthe variatons of thechemistry in fluids (from theF0fumarole, located ontherimof the Vulcano crater) that acquire data every analysis. Aims of thisapproach was tocreate asystem of contnuous monitoringof thefumarolic of installingachromatographic system with sensitvity andaccuracy typicalof laboratory Monitoring System) was installedonthe Vulcano crater with theaimof verifying thepossibility environmental factors(rains, tdes,temperature). In May 2019,aCMS(Cromatography can beatributed to volcanic actvity butnot enoughisknown abouttheinfluence of and consequently thesamplingfrequency is variable. Fast variatons inchemicalcompositon and their traces, inhightemperature fluids,butrequires thepresence of anoperator onfield Gougel, 1975;Sortnoetal.,2006] allows thesamplingof themainandminor gascomponents, fumaroles iscurrently performed usingtheGiggenbach method. This method[Giggenbach and occur through spectacular phenomena. The geochemical monitoringof high temperature diffused soilgases,fumaroles andplumegasesare very common onour planetandofen they phenomena (presence of magmatc intrusions, crustaldiscontnuites etc.). The emissionsof the fluids, andtheir emissionrange from theearth’s crust,are strongly dependent onlocal evoluton of themonitored natural system. In fact,thechemicalandisotopic compositon of if correctly interpreted, cangive important indicatons onthestate of actvity together with the and intheflow of natural fluidsreflect themutatons of equilibriumconditons and,therefore, basic role inthestudy of complex natural systems. The changes inthechemicalcompositon The contnuous monitoringof geophysical andgeochemical parameters hasalways played a 3 2 1 Cosimo Rubino Vulcano craterbycontinuousmonitoringoffumarolicfluids Gas-water-rock interactioninthesummitfumarolicsystemat Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy Università deLa Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 2 S concentratons display decreases duringthesinglerain event probably duetotherapid 1 , Francesco Sortno 2 , Alessia Donatucci , Alessia

3 2 had decreased considerably. S11.7 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Assessment of the geothermal potential along the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (Sicily, Italy) from groundwater geochemistry

Gloria Maria Ristuccia, Pietro Bonfant, Salvatore Giammanco

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

We describe the geochemical characteristcs of ground water samples collected in 23 water wells located on the northern margin of the Hyblean plateau (East Sicily). This area, mostly made of highly permeable carbonate rocks, is rich in hydrothermal groundwaters at low temperature (T<50°C at outlet) and it is also an actve sismogenetc zone, being it crossed by several ENE­ WSW­directed tectonic structures that drove magma to the surface during Upper Pliocene and Pleistocene. Our samples show a surface temperature lower than 40°C and chemical features that suggest complex mixing between rainwater, CO2­rich groundwater, steam­heated groundwater and geothermal waters. Some samples show evidence of strong interacton with

CO2, whose origin is from mantle degassing, as indicated by carbon isotopes. Other samples indicate interacton with condensed geothermal brines. Geothermometric estmates, mostly based on the quartz geothermometer, suggest maximum reservoir temperature between 100 and 120 °C.

S11.8 ­ Poster 207 208 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 need of cautousness when usingthediagram toestmate temperature of hydrothermal systems. order toavoid over­interpretaton of theanalytcalresults. The obtained findingshighlight the temperatures obtained from geothermometry equatons requires tobecritcally evaluated in processes are involved (e.g. seawater, cold brines,connate waters), interpretaton of atained [Giggenbach, 1981]. Alternatvely, if theequilibriumisonly partally atained or other equilibrium (i.etheof athermodynamically stablemineral phase with water) is compositon isusedtoclassify groups of water andtheir origin,andtoprove if water­rock Giggenbach [1988]includedseveral constraints for itssuccessful applicaton. Thermal­water for theinnovatve approach tostudy geothermal systems. The approach proposed by of theNa­K­Mg thermaldiagram of Giggenbach [1988].Its useis widespread around the world of thetemperature. In this work we present detailsof methodsandsomeapplicaton examples conditons. If theequilibriumisatained, geo­thermometers canprovide arealistc evaluaton dissoluton, precipitaton andexchange processes under given temperature, pressure andsalinity Under equilibriumconditons, water­rock interacton impliesthesimultaneousexistence of well astoestmate deep water temperatures androck­water equilibriumat deepconditons. represent oneof themajor toolsfor theexploraton of thesubsurface geothermal resource as of complex chemicalreactons andheat transfer from magma.Solutegeothermometers Volcanic­hydrothermal systems are characterized by multphasefluidflow processes responsible Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Pierangelo Romano, Marcello Liota solute geothermometers Exploring geothermalsystems:applicationandlimitsof

S11.9 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Geochemical Characterization of Trace Elements in Thermomineral Waters of Greece

Lorenza Li Vigni1, Kyriaki Daskalopoulou2, Sergio Calabrese1,3, Konstantnos Kyriakopoulos4, Lorenza Brusca3, Sergio Bellomo3, Filippo Brugnone1, Walter D’Alessandro3

1Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Italy 2GeoForschungs Zentrum, Potsdam, Germany 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Palermo, Italy 4Natonal and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Trace elements have a fundamental role in natural and anthropogenic systems. In waters, they present a great variability of concentratons that mostly depends on the degree of gas­water­rock interactons and geochemical conditons such as pH, temperature, redox and/or exchange reactons, etc. Even though, they are present in very low contents in host­rocks, elevated concentratons in ground or surface waters may have a hazardous impact on human and animal health and thus, it is important to both quantfy and try to understand their behaviour in natural systems. Here we present the results of about 300 cold and thermal mineral waters collected along the entre Hellenic territory. Physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductvity and Eh) were measured in situ, whilst samples were analysed by Ionic Chromatography (IC) and Inductvely Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP­MS) for their major and trace elements’ content. The great variability in hydrogeological setngs justfies the wide range of temperatures (6.5 ­ 98°C) and pH (1.96 ­ 11.98). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) values also covered a wide range, from 0.06 to 43 g/L. Based on the combinaton of pH, T and TDS, samples were subdivided into

5 classes: i) thermal waters; ii) thermal waters affected by sea water contaminaton; iii) cold CO2­ rich waters; iv) hyperalkaline waters; and v) acidic waters. The great variability in chemical compositon of the sampled waters is reflected in the large range of trace element contents (four to five orders of magnitude). Thermal waters affected by seawater contaminaton show the strongest enrichments in Li (up to 17,600 μg/L), B (up to 38,200 μg/L), Sr (up to 80,000 μg/L) and Rb (up to 9230 μg/L), mostly deriving from water­rock interacton.

Cold CO2­rich waters display elevated concentratons of Mn (up to 3970 μg/L), Ni (up to 111 μg/L) and Fe (up to 218,000 μg/L), whilst at the water outlow an extensive precipitaton of iron oxi­hydroxides is observed. Hyperalkaline waters are generally strongly depleted in trace elements due to the precipitaton of secondary minerals, however they are enriched in Al (up to 421 μg/L). Aluminium becomes soluble at extreme pH conditons and therefore also acidic waters present enhanced concentratons (up to 100,000 μg/L). Acidic waters show also enrichments in Fe (up to 58,400 μg/L), Mn (up to 15,600 μg/L) and Ni (up to 101 μg/L). In some cases, the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) fixed by the Directve 98/83/EC for drinking water (and subsequent updates), are strongly exceeded in the under investgaton waters. Such elevated concentratons of harmful elements may create hazards to human health either via direct consumpton of cold mineral waters or through mixing of highly mineralized waters ­ even in small proportons ­ with shallow groundwater. For instance, As (MCL 10 μg/L) in the sampled waters reaches concentratons up to 1820 μg/L that derive from high temperature water­rock interacton within the hydrothermal circuit.

S11.10 ­ Poster 209 210 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of CO groups onthe basisof their major element chemistry:Ca(Mg)­HCO associated heat [Mamyrin and Tolstkhin, 1984]. The collected water have beendividedin3 key tracer for recognizing thecontributons of crustalandmantle components andthe understanding theoriginfor regional thermalism.In thiscontest, helium hasbeenusedasthe Regional aquifers, inpartcular, candissolve large amounts of CO faults systems that are weakness zones inthecrustbecauseof theenhanced permeability. thermal waters southern Apennine(Italy):preliminaryresultsforcoldand link was identfied between CO meteoric origin. Helium andneonisotopes indicate our samplesfall inthefieldof ASW (Air Meteoric Water Line(EMMWL, Gat andCarmi,[1970]; Rindsberger etal., [1983])indicatng its SO and robust CO oceanic lithosphere setng(e.g., Foley andFisher, [2018]andreferences therein), butanactve present natural CO Although central toour understandingof planetary evoluton over geological tme,pastand 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paolo Randazzo andCO Geochemistry offluids Giovanni Chiodini Here we present preliminary results of ageochemical study onCO processes. defining theoriginof thedissolved gases,quantfying theCO We collected andanalysed 45samples,both cold and thermalgroundwaters, with the aimof and reference therein]. historical andrecent earthquakes have beenrecorded (magnitude upto5.2)[Prest etal.2013 Italy (Basilicata­Calabria area). The investgated area isatectonically actve region, where is causedby CO al., 1999and2004;Caracausi andSulli, 2018],that are punctuated by CO few studieshave targeted CO [e.g., Chiodinietal.,2000;Burton etal.,2013andreferences therein]. Unfortunately, relatvely Studying regional aquifers andtheir mainspringsisthuskey toestablishingregional CO evidences for deepdegassingprocesses at regional scale[Chiodini etal.,2000]. Mantle degassingandCO different modesandat different rates. manifestatons are clear hints for anomaloustransport of deepCO including cold gas vents, degassingsoilsandCO Università degliStudi dellaBasilicata, Dipartmento diScienze, Italy Università dellaCalabria,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Università degliStudi diPalermo, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra e delMare, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Università degliStudi diPerugia, Dipartmento diFisicaeGeologia,Italy 4. The 2 degassinginactve tectonicregion canfurnishnew tool to investgate theseismogenetc

δ 8 O andδDisotopic signature of groundwaters fallsclosetheEastern Mediterranean 2 degassingalsooccurs inseismically/tectonically actve regions [e.g., Chiodiniet 2 1 being emitedfrom theEarth’s interior indifferent geodynamical contexts, in , Antonio Caracausi , Antonio 2 5 fluxes are poorly quantfied [Berner eLasaga,1989]. This limitedknowledge , Michele Paternoster 2 emissionsfrom theEarth’s mainly occur in volcanic regions, in young 2 degassingfrom worldwide non­volcanic areas. Furthermore, a 2 output andseismicity [Chiodini etal.,2004],sothat thestudy 2 , Carmine Apollaro 6 , Alessandro Aiuppa 2 outputinthe

2 ­rich springs[Barnes, 1978]. These 3 , CarloCardellini 2 outputat regional scaleand 2 1 3 toward thesurface through 2 , Mg(Ca)­HCO degassinginthesouthern 2 providing geochemical 2 ­rich manifestatons, 4 , 3 andCa(Na)­ 2 budgets budgets Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Saturated Water), with the excepton of the thermal waters. The later identfy mixing between atmospheric and a radiogenic end member, but these also exhibit trace mantle contributons This could be related to the rise of fluids through the faults present in the area (e.g Pollino fault, Sibari fault). Coupling Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (TDIC) and δ13C compositons we 13 identfied 2 groups of waters (i) infiltratng waters, with low δ CTDIC, and (ii) a group of samples 13 with more positves δ CTDIC and higher TDIC, indicatve of outgassing of deeply sourced CO2. By applying the carbon mass balance approach proposed by Chiodini et al. and considering the hydrogeological parameters of the studied springs, a first estmate of the deep CO2 flux has been atempted. In additon, the final objectve of the study is also to make an estmate of the regional CO2 budget, characterise the geodynamic setng and identfy the possible relatonships with seismicity that could beter explain the role of fluids in seismic events.

S11.11 ­ Poster 211 212 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Francesco Salerno high CO maximum depth of 36minitsnorthernpart. The two lakes solubilisehighlevel of gases. The m. The two lakes have different morphologicalcharacteristcs: LPMhasanarea of 160.000m Mn. In Both lakes’ Fe andMn increase with thedepth. elements. Instead inLMG,themore concentrated trace elements are Li, Ti, Cs,Rb, Ba, Fe and LMP, B, V, Mn, Zn, Sr, Cr, Fe andMn show higher concentratons respect theother trace Cu, Zn, As, Se,Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs,Ba, Pb,Bi andU)have different characteristcs. In alkaline compositons. On thecontrary, traces elements (Li,Be, B, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, LMP andLMG waters inLangelier­Ludwing classificatve plot have both bicarbonate earth­ halocline isdifferent inboth lakes, In LMP, thesaltconcentraton increases with thedepth. of electricalconductvity isgreater ranging from 339to1456microS/cm. For thisreason, the electrical conductvity varies litle with depth (411 ­526microS/cm). Instead, inLMP, therange layer of lake. This phenomenon makes thehot layer upper thecold layer. In LMG,therange of 6m. In summer, theboth lakes are mostly layer becausethesunenergy warming thesurface in depth duetoanoxia phenomenon. The two lakes have asimilar thermoclinelayer, around ­ mV and between ­144mV and141mV. inLMGandLMP respectvely, beingthenegatve values 6.5 and8.6inLMP andbetween 6and7.6inLMG. The range of Ehisbetween ­152and258 the range of temperature is 5.6°Cand20°C.Lakes show different range of pH beingbetween The physical­chemical parameters show thedifferent layers inMontcchio Lakes. In both lakes laboratory of INGV (Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia) inPalermo. at different depth by amultparametric probe. The major andtrace elements are analyzed inthe 20 intotal: tenfrom LMP andtenfrom LMG. The physical­chemical parameters were measured profiles. Montcchio Lakes were sampledin June 2018. The samples,taken indifferent depth, are Eh andpH) andthechemicalcompositon of major andtraces elements alongtwo bathymetric In thisstudy we investgate thephysical­chemical parameters (electrical conductvity, temperature, degassing. anomalous highflows of CO localized intheMt Vulture (Basilicata), aQuaternary, not actve volcano, characterized by The Montcchio lakes (Piccolo Lake (LPM)andtheGrande Lake (LGM)) have formed intwo maars Bolsena lakes, Vico, Bracciano, Montcchio lakes, Mezzano, Martgnano, Albano, Nemi, Averno. this past volcanism are thenumerous crater lakes inLazioandCampania. The mostfamousare a limnicerupton. Italy ischaracterised by anintense volcanic andseismicactvity. Evidences of gases andsolubilisingtheminto the water. An overpressure of thedissolved gasescangenerate people andthousandsof animalsdied.Crater lakes are abletostore magmatc andhydrothermal generate liminicexplosions, like asthedisaster of Nyos lake (Cameroon 1986),in which 1476 The crater lakes are anatural hazard for thepopulaton livingnear thembecausethey can 2 1 Brigida Pedone Monticchio lakes a steepfloor andamaximumdepth of 38m. The LGM hasanarea of 380.000 m Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Università degliStudi diPalermo, 2 tenorsandthehigh values of He 1 , Giovanella Pecoraino 2 , Lorenzo Brusca

2

emitedby soils. They are separated by anisthmusof about200 Dipartmento diScienze della Terra edelMare, Italy 2 , Lorenza Li Vigni 3 2 /He , Sergio Calabrese 4 isotope ratos are ascribabletoadeepmagmatc

1 2 , YgorOliveri 2 , S11.12 ­Poster 2 , andthe 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Thermomineral waters of Greece: geochemical characterization

Lorenza Li Vigni1, Kyriaki Daskalopoulou2, Sergio Calabrese1,3, Konstantnos Kyriakopoulos4, Filippo Brugnone1, Walter D’Alessandro3

1Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Italy 2GeoForschungs Zentrum, Potsdam, Germany 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy 4Natonal and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panestmioupolis, Ano Ilissia, Greece

Many geothermal areas of Greece are located in regions affected by Miocene or Quaternary volcanism and in contnental basins characterised by elevated heat flow. Moreover, the majority of them is found along the coast as well as in islands of the Aegean Sea and thus, thermal water is ofen brackish to saline due to marine intrusion into costal aquifer. In the present study, almost 300 thermal and cold mineral water samples were collected along the Hellenic territory with their physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electrical conductvity and Eh) and the amount of bicarbonates (ttraton with 0.1N HCl) being determined in situ. Additonally, gases, found either in free or dissolved phase, were sampled. Both water and gas samples were analysed at the INGV­Pa laboratories for major ions (Ion Chromatography), silica (Inductvely Coupled Plasma ­ Optcal Emission Spectrometry), chemical compositon of free and dissolved gases (Gas Chromatography) water isotopes (O and H) and carbon and helium isotopes of free and dissolved gases (Mass Spectrometry). The temperature of the investgated waters ranges from 6.5 to 98°C, pH from 1.96 to 11.98, whilst Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from 0.06 to 43 g/L. Based on the temperature parameter, waters can be divided into four groups: i) cold (< 23 °C), ii) warm (23 ­ 40 °C), iii) thermal (40 ­ 75 °C) and iv) hyperthermal (> 75 °C). In terms of pH, most results vary from 5.5 to 8; few springs show either very low pH (< 4) suggestng interacton with H2S­rich gases or very high pH values (> 10) proposing serpentnizaton processes. Regarding TDS concentratons, collected waters can be subdivided into low salinity (up to 1.5 g/L), brackish (up to 20 g/L) and saline (up to 43 g/L). The medium ­ high salinites can be justfied by mixing with sea water and/or strong water­rock interacton processes. Isotope compositon of O and H ranges from ­12.7 to +2.7 ‰ SMOW and from ­91 to +12 ‰ SMOW respectvely and is generally comprised between the Global Meteoric Water Line and the East Mediterranean Meteoric Water Line. Only few water samples show a positve shif for δ18O possibly related to high temperature water­rock interacton processes.

Carbon dioxide (18 ­ 997,000 μmol/mol) or N2 (1100 ­ 989,000 μmol/mol) or CH4 (< 0.5 ­ 13 913,000 μmol/mol) are the prevailing gas species found in the studied sites. The δ CCO2 values ranged from ­20.1 to +8.5 ‰, whilst the isotope rato of He from 0.21 to 6.71 R/RA.

S11.13 ­ Poster 213 214 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 for sharingknowledge ontheprocessing of suchdata. very useful toolavailable for thescientfic community andapotental future onlineplatorm monitoring of actve volcanoes worldwide, we are confident that this web appmay represent a that theMult­GAS instrument isplaying anincreasingly important role inthegeochemical easily calculate gasmolar ratos andtoperform automatc batch analysis onlarge dataset. Given single or multpledata filesasplaintext tables(e.g. CSV format). The processing toolsallow to installaton required) uponregistraton with ausernameandpassword andupload their own instruments (aka Mult­GAS). Users canaccess tothe web app via internet connecton (no programming language that allows toprocess volcanic gasdata acquired with sensor­based Here we report onaninteractve web appdeveloped with theShiny package of theR Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna, Italy Giancarlo Tamburello, Stefano Cacciaguerra Multi-GAS instruments A webappforprocessingvolcanicgasdatafrom

S11.14 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Groundwater flow characterization and reconstruction of the hydrothermal system of Ischia as a tool for volcanic risk mitigation

Sandro de Vita1, Mauro A. Di Vito1, Enrica Marota1, Rosario Avino1, Antonio Carandente1, Pasquale Belviso1, Silvia Fabbrocino2, Antonio Giardino2, Lucia Marino2, Fabio Todisco3

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2Università di Napoli Federico II, DISTAR Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Italy 3Geologo Professionista, Napoli, Italy

The volcanic system of Ischia is characterized by an intense hydrothermal actvity, documented since the early 16th century by the study of Iasolino [1588], which represents the first systematc analysis of the thermal springs of the island for therapeutc purposes. Later studies partally contributed to the enhancement of knowledge on the volcanic, hydrogeological and hydrothermal features of the island, highlightng the strong interacton between hydrothermal flowpaths and volcano­tectonic processes. The reconstructon of the hydrothermal system becomes, therefore, a fundamental element for territorial planning, not only in terms of management of the huge water and geothermal resource, but also and above all in a perspectve of preventon and mitgaton of volcanic risk. Thermal springs, fumaroles and clay deposits due to the hydrothermal alteraton of volcanic products testfies for the existence of an actve deep hydrothermal system. However at Ischia the geochemical characterizaton of fluids and groundwater, performed through sampling and analysis of a discrete number of scatered springs, wells and fumaroles, has been used for the definiton of the origin and structure of hydrothermal systems as a whole, as the hydrogeological informaton is incomplete. Moreover, volcanic hydrothermal systems, such as that characterizes the island of Ischia, are partcularly difficult to analyze and outline, as the groundwater resources are the result of an artculated and dynamic interacton among meteoric water, sea water and fluids of deep origin. In such cases, the need for an interdisciplinary approach is evident, involving knowledge and research methods ranging from geology to volcanology, geophysics, geochemistry, mineralogy and hydrogeology. With partcular reference to the functonal and structural representaton of the geothermal system of the island of Ischia and the resultng correlatons with the volcano­tectonic processes, the examinaton of previous informaton highlights the need to update and improve the knowledge on groundwater hydrodynamics and mineralizaton processes. Therefore, the present work represents a strong interdisciplinary acton that, startng from the design and implementaton of a database on the existng geological/volcanological and hydrogeological informaton, contributes to highlight the critcal issues, define an operatng scheme of the hydro­geo­thermal system of the island of Ischia, and upgrade its hydrogeological, geochemical and volcanic monitoring system, in order to contribute to the mitgaton of volcanic and related risks. The knowledge of groundwater dynamics and pathways, in fact, is of fundamental importance for understanding the water/magma interacton processes in case of re­alimentaton of the shallow magmatc system, and the assessment of the possibility of phreatc explosions occurrence. Moreover, the knowledge of the thermal fluids’ circulaton and the related rock alteraton processes is of paramount importance in the definiton of the mechanic characteristcs of rock masses and their proneness to failure. 215 216 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 groundwater flow conditons. the definitonof thehydrogeological complexes andadvancing theknowledge of the The preliminary results allowed therealizaton of anew hydrogeological mapof Ischia, improving at Ischia andisintegrated with theactonsplannedfor theDPC­INGV 2019­2021conventon. This research well fitsinto theframework of theongoing studiesonmult­hazard assessment S11.15 ­Poster

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

In-soil radon emissions at the summit of Stromboli during 2018-2019

Corrado Cigolini1, Marco Laiolo1, Diego Coppola1, Francesco Massimet1, Maria Cristna Silengo2, Paolo Madonia3

1Università di Torino, Italy 2Università di Firenze, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy

An automated radon staton was operatve at the summit of Stromboli volcano during 2018­ 2019 (PZZ staton) untl mid­July 2019, and overlapping the onset of the paroxysmal explosion of July 3. The utlized electronic radon dosimeter performs passive measurements on the released alpha partcles from soil. These are recorded and automatcally processed by a multchannel analyzer that subdivides the counts into Regions of Interest (named ROIs). Therefore, the actvity of the radon gas can be retrieved by using the counts of 222Rn, 218Po and 214Po. Similarly, the counts for 220Rn (thoron) and 212Po can be measured. Radon data were collected with soil­air temperatures and have been compared with other environmental parameters (air temperature, pressure, humidity and rainfalls) and the satellite MIR­MODIS thermal data collected by the MIROVA system (www.mirovaweb.it). Radon concentratons were fluctuatng from 5000 to about 10000 Bq/m3 during late spring of 2018, and they were up to about 20000 Bq/m3 during late November 2018. Since then radon was oscillatng within 22000 and 10000 Bq/m3 during late December 2018. Then it followed an overall decreasing trend untl February 2019 with a minimum value slightly above 3000 Bq/m3. During March­May 2019 the signal shows several peaks (up around 30000 Bq/m3) with alternatng values well below 6000 Bq/m3, and reaching two minima ranging 510­280 Bq/m3, respectvely. Before and during the onset of paroxysmal explosion of July 3, 2019, radon data were fluctuatng between about 6000 and 12000 Bq/m3 well below the anomalous values recorded in February­March 2007. Thus, it is not excluded that the absence of precursory signals is likely due to the fact that the summit fracture zone, where the staton is located, has undergone self­sealing (as indicated by the fluctuatng signal with very low radon emissions during March­May 2019). The thermal values recorded by the MIROVA system during the whole period are essentally below 3 MW, with very few sporadic anomalies ranging 18­20 MW, and this is substantally consistent with the tmeseries of radon emissions being typical of a rather mild Strombolian actvity. However, on June 29, 2019, the thermal signal reaches 36.5 MW and drastcally increases afer the onset of the July 3 explosion. It is interestng to note that the radon signal is decoupled from temperature data partcularly during the late spring­summer season and the contributon of atmospheric pressure marginally affect radon emissions. Future work should be oriented in experimentally tracking the signature of the isotopes of the radon progeny on selected samples of the last eruptve cycle.

S11.16 ­ Poster

217 218 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Siracusa area(Italy) the chemicalcompositionofbulkdepositionin account for asignificant percentage respect tothe worldwide average volcanic budget. The SO flux from Mt. Etna’s plumehasbeenroutnely measured by theINGV since 1987.SO event, are: 18.2 µg/lfor Aluminium, 0.009µg/lfor Thallium, while Tellurium was always under trace elements inthesamplescollected inthe area of Siracusa, intheperiod before theeruptve elements, suchas Aluminium, Thallium and Tellurium. The mean concentratons of theselected The effect of thedescribederupton isalso visible inthehighconcentratons of sometrace as CO monitored volcanoes of theplanet.It is widely recognized asabigsource of volcanic gases,such Mt. Etna, intheeasterncoast of Sicily (Italy), isoneof themostactve andmostintensely 2 1 Filippo Brugnone Signature ofthe24 On themorningof December 24 and globalscale. Mt. Etna isalsoconsidered ahuge source of many trace elements totheatmosphere onregional distances andcover wide areas of theMediterranean region. during eruptve events. During eruptve periods,Etna’s emissionscanbedispersedover long between 600to25000Mg/d; fluxes greater than100000Mg/d were prevalently measured During theeruptve period(from 24 major ioncontents andfor alarge number of trace elements by ICP­OES andICP­MS. both wet anddry depositon(bulkcollectors). All thecollected water samples were analysed for network of 12pluviometers;thecollectors were openduringtheentre exposure tme,receiving on thenortherncoast of Sicily. Atmospheric precipitatons were monthly collected through a a city ontheeastcoast of Sicily, about80kmSSEof Mt. Etna, and inthearea of Milazzo, acity From June 2018to June 2019,atmospheric precipitatons were collected inthearea of Siracusa, plume, dispersedby the wind into theS/SEdirecton. the summitcraters produced acontnuous strombolian actvity generatng a very denseash volcano, through a2kilometres longfracture intheNNW ­SSEdirecton. At thesametme, This erupton was related toanintrusion of amagmatc dike onthehigheasternflank of the Francesco Parello emited volcanic gases (HF, HClandSO mg/l), Chloride(up to124mg/l)andSulphate (23.1 mg/l). These ionsderive mainly from the event are characterized by highconcentratons of somemajor ions,suchasFluoride (up to0.88 The samplescollected inthestudy area of Siracusa duringtheperiodstraddling theeruptve (island of Malta). following days, theplumereached distances of more than300kmfrom theemissionpoint as dry and wet depositonalsointhearea of Siracusa. During theerupton event andinthe of Etna’s plume were carriedfor longdistance from theemissionpoint, andthey were deposited Siracusa and Augusta, and1.6mminPalazzolo Acreide). As aconsequence, gasesandpartcles the North directon andthere were light rainfalls inthemonitored sites(between 0.2mmin Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Università diPalermo, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra edelMare, Italy 2 , SO 2 andhalogens, tothetroposphere intheMediterranean basin,anditsgasemissions 1 1 , Sergio Calabrese th

December2018eruptionofMt. Etnaon th 2018,amoderate lateral erupton of theMt. Etna started. th to27 2 1,2 ). , WalterD’Alessandro th December 2018),theprevailing winds blew from

2 , Lorenza Li Vigni 2 fluxranges 1 , 2

the major contributors tothechemistry of rainwater, especially duringeruptve periods. In conclusion, closetoactve volcanic areas, volcanic emissionshave tobeconsidered among respectvely. trace elements: 24.2µg/l,0.026µg/land<0.004for Aluminum, Thallium and Tellurium is not visible inthesamplescollected inthat area, asshown by themean values of theselected of theerupton, hasnot beenaffected by theplumeandtherefore thesignature of theerupton The study area of Milazzo, duetotheprevailing winds from theNorth directon duringtheperiod volcanic ashes. Aluminium isarefractory element that was probably released by thedissolutonof therelated While Thallium and Tellurium are highly volatle elements typically enrichedin volcanic emissions, 0.025 µg/lfor Tellurium, therefore showing astrong enrichment. collected duringtheeruptve event reach 152µg/lfor Aluminium, 0.16 Âg/l for Thallium and the detectonlimit(0.004µg/l);concentratons of thesameelements inthesamples Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S11.17 ­Poster

219

Ilenia Arienzo (INGV­OV), Rosella Nave (INGV­OV) Claudia D’Oriano (INGV­PI), Chiara Montagna (INGV­PI), Conveners: TO THE STUDY OF A HIGH-RISKCALDERA S12. CAMPIFLEGREI: INTER-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

221

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

A review on the eruptions of the Campi Flegrei caldera with focus on the possible trigger mechanisms

Daniele Morgavi

Università di Perugia, Dipartmento di Fisica e Geologia, Italy

The Campi Flegrei caldera is a nested structure, which formed during two main collapses associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite (39 ka) and Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (15 ka) eruptons. Volcanism in the last 15 ka occurred within the younger caldera, and was concentrated in three epochs separated by two periods of quiescence. The last event occurred in AD 1538, with the formaton of Monte Nuovo. The volcanism of the Campi Flegrei ofen shows evidence of magma mixing. Noteworthy, most violent and catastrophic volcanic eruptons on the Earth have been triggered by refilling of a felsic volcanic magma chamber by a hot and more mafic magma. Famous examples include Vesuvius 79 AD, Krakatau 1883, Pinatubo 1991, and Eyjafallajokull 2010. Since the first hypotheses about the origin of mixed igneous rocks, a plenty of evidence of magma mixing processes, in all tectonic environments, throughout geological tmes, has accumulated in the literature allowing this natural process to be definitely embedded in the constellaton of the most fundamental petrological processes playing a key role in triggering volcanic eruptons. Here we present a combined review on the volcanological, petrographic and geochemical investgatons on volcanic rocks that have revealed compositonal variatons at different length­scales pointng to a complex interplay of fractonal crystallizaton and mixing/mingling during the evoluton of the Campi Flegrei magmatc feeding systems. Furthermore, we will also discuss the evidences of internal and external trigger of several volcanic eruptons and the possible hazard implicatons for the Campi Flegrei magmatc system.

S12.1 ­ Presentazione orale 223 224 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 evoluton of volcanic unrest crises worldwide. the boundariesof themagmatc system cansubstantally improve our ability toforecast the tme scalesfor convectve processes tobeeffectve with their outcomes intermsof stresses at and boundary conditons, leadingeither toerupton­favorable conditons or not. Relatng the Independently, theevoluton of pressure inthemagmatc system alsodependsontheinital an asymptotc stage afer afew hourstohalf aday. vary. An inital vigorous phaseof convecton andmixingamongthetwo magmatypesreaches geometry or density contrast, thetmeconstant thustheinferred duraton of theprocess can dynamics. Depending ontheinitalandboundary conditons explored, suchaschamber (seismicity over the whole frequency spectrum) calculated from theresults of themagmatc decreasing trend canbeobserved intheamplitudeof thesynthetc ground deformaton signals observed andcharacterizes theefficiency of the whole process. The sameexponentally is highly heterogeneous; nonetheless,anoverall decreasing exponental trend intmecanbe The evoluton inspace andtmeof physical quanttes suchaspressure, gascontent anddensity than thedegassed,resident phonolite. evoluton isdriven by buoyancy, asthemagmaentering theshallower chamber islessdense invaded by volatle­rich shoshonitcmagmacoming from adeeper, larger reservoir. The system archetypal case whereby ashallow, smallmagmachamber containing degassedphonoliteis We performed numericalsimulatons of magmachamber replenishment referring toan the CampiFlegrei caldera inSouthernItaly. an important role both inpre­ and syn­eruptve stages inmany eruptons of different sizes at been invoked aserupton trigger. The resultng processes of convecton andmixinghave played Ascent of primitve magmasfrom depth into shallow, partally degassedreservoirs hasofen Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Chiara P. Montagna, Paolo Papale Campi Flegreicaldera Time scalesofshallowmagmachamberreplenishmentat

S12.2 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Crystal-mush reactivation processes by mafic magma recharge: evidence from the Campanian Ignimbrite activity, Campi Flegrei volcanic field, Italy

Sara Di Salvo1, Riccardo Avanzinelli1, Roberto Isaia2, Alberto Zanet3, Tim Druit4, Lorella Francalanci1

1Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 3CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pavia, Italy 4Laboratoire Magma et Volcans, Universitè Clermont Auvergne, France

The Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) erupton (Campi Flegrei, Italy) is associated to a voluminous pyroclastc sequence of trachytc to phonolitc magma emplaced in southern­central Italy, around 39 ka ago. Its proximal deposits are made up by a basal plinian pumice fallout, followed by several distnct crystal­poor ignimbritc flow units and the topmost crystal­rich Upper Pumice Flow Unit (UPFU). Despite several papers, based on whole­rock analyses [Melluso et al., 1995, Pappalardo et al., 2002; Fedele et al., 2016; Forni et al., 2016], suggest the presence of a vertcal geochemical gradient along proximal­CI deposits, our geochemical and isotopic micro­analytcal data on matrix glasses and minerals of the juvenile components from the San Martno proximal­ CI sequence, show the presence of two variably evolved melts with a marked change towards more mafic compositons only occurring in the topmost crystal­rich UPFU. According to recent hypotheses on silicic melt origin, we have interpreted the CI magma chamber in terms of a crystal­mush system [as firstly proposed by Forni et al., 2016]. In this light, our work has pointed out that the CI erupton was fed by two distnct magmatc components: i) the crystal­poor evolved melt, considered to represent the buoyant eruptble magma porton of the CI reservoir, extracted from a cumulate crystal­mush zone during fractonal crystallizaton and ii) the less evolved trachy­phonolitc melts, formed at the base of the CI reservoir. Indeed, juveniles from all units, with the notable excepton of the last erupted UPFU, have i) low crystal content, ii) evolved matrix glass compositons with negatve Eu anomalies (0.2­0.6), iii) micro­scale geochemical and isotope heterogeneites and iv) phenocrysts mostly showing disequilibrium textures. On the other hand, UPFU juvenile products show significant differences with respect to those from the previously erupted units, namely i) a marked higher phenocryst content, ii) less evolved matrix glass compositons with positve Eu anomalies (1.0­1.4), iii) higher and variable Sr, Ba and V contents, iv) partcularly low and homogeneous incompatble element abundances, v) high­Or sanidine with equilibrium textures and vi) less Sr­ and Nd­radiogenic signatures (143Nd/144Nd up to 0.51245). We have calculated that the unique compositon of the UPFU melts derived from multple evolutonary processes (three­component mixing + crystallizaton) occurring when new mafic magma recharges at the base of the CI reservoir thermally reactvated the above crystal­mush, being initally unable to infiltrate the crystal­mush, and then started to physically interact with it. The distnct and variable UPFU Nd­isotopes prove that the recharging mafic magma was directly involved in generaton the UPFU melts, and did not only act as heat source to remobilise the cumulate mush [as reported by Forni et al., 2016]. We have also demonstrated that variable proportons (40­80%) of the new mafic magma mixed with a crystal­mush melt (CMM) 225 226 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 mechanisms that canoccur whenever acrystal­mush isreactvated by new mafic magmainputs. of thereservoir prior totheCIexplosive erupton, butalsoshedlights onthecomplex Our detailedmicro­analytcal study not only provides new insight onthestructure andevoluton tmescale andcooling extent, forming thecompositons of mostUPFU feeding magma. sanidine crystallised. The crystallisaton degree was probably correlated with theinteracton generatng variable andcooler hybrid meltsfrom which different degrees (10­25%)of high­Or the mafic magma was abletopenetrate into theabove CMMmixture (plus residual minerals), when themushcrystallinity was sufficiently reduced afer thelow­Or sanidinemeltngandthus compound madeupof 80%sanidine­meltsand20%intersttal­melts (IM). This process occurred S12.3 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Clinopyroxene growth and dissolution rate: constraints on the deep level ascent rate of a K-basaltic magma from the Campi Flegrei Volcanic District

Barbara Bonechi, Cristna Perinelli, Mario Gaeta

Università di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy

The estmaton of the magma ascent rate in the Campi Flegrei Volcanic District (CFVD, south Italy) is of paramount significance in terms of volcanic hazard. Indeed, deep­level ascent rates may be the key to understand the triggering mechanisms of volcanic eruptons and are essental for understanding the rates at which magmas are supplied to volcanic complexes. Thus, to investgate the CFVD magmas transport at Moho­lower crust depth and provide an estmate of magma recharge of the deep reservoirs, we assessed the cooling rate and the deep­level ascent rates of K­basaltc magmas by combining the clinopyroxene growth rate determined by high­ pressure crystallizaton experiments with data from crystal size distributon analyses and thermobarometry of clinopyroxenes occurring in the most primitve scoria clasts of the CFVD. In additon, since only few studies have considered the role played by crystal dissoluton phenomena during the crystal­melt interacton and crystal growth, we investgated the role of crystal dissoluton in the estmaton of magma ascent rate by performing a series of dissoluton experiments. In partcular, clinopyroxene growth and dissoluton rates were experimentally determined in a K­basaltc rock from Procida island (CFVD) through a series of experiments performed at 0.8 GPa by using the piston cylinder apparatus available at the HP­HT Laboratory of the Department of Earth Sciences of Sapienza ­ University of Rome (Italy). Crystallizaton experiments were carried out at 1030­1250 °C, 1 ≤ H2O ≤ 4 wt.% and dwell tmes of 0.25, 3, 6 and 9 hours. Overall, growth rate reaches a maximum value in the shortest experiments (~ 3·10­7 cm s­1) decreasing to ~ 1x10­8 cm s­1 in the longest duraton runs. Partton coefficients based on the crystal­liquid exchange show that mineral chemistry progressively approaches equilibrium with increasing run duraton. Furthermore, the combinaton of the determined growth rates with data from thermobarometry and from crystal size distributon analyses of clinopyroxenes in the most primitve scoria clasts of the CFVD, suggests that recharge by primitve magma in the deep reservoirs occurs with a relatvely high ascent rate of ~ 0.5x10­4 m s­1. Dissoluton experiments, instead, were performed at superliquidus temperatures of 1300 and 1350 °C and dwell tmes between 0.5 and 2 hours. The calculated dissoluton rates are in the order of ~10­5­10­6 cm s­1 and results significantly controlled by temperature, while they are not pressure and tme dependent. The role of crystal dissoluton in the estmaton of magma ascent rate has been tested for a natural magmatc system, by interpolatng the obtained dissoluton rates with the textural data of clinopyroxene crystals from the Agnano­Monte Spina pyroclastc deposits at Campi Flegrei (Italy). Calculatons indicate that the tme required for partal or complete resorpton of these clinopyroxene crystals varies from ~0.5 to ~40 hours, and that the effect of crystal dissoluton may be relevant on the estmates of magma residence tmes if significant dissoluton occurs during magma mixing processes.

S12.4 ­ Presentazione orale 227 228 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Massimo D’Antonio crystals=2/42) andM4(Mg# 46­60,number of crystals=2/42 ). crystals=9/42), M2(Mg#=72­78, number of crystals=28/42), M3(Mg#=63­68, number of compositon: M0(Mg#=86­91, number of crystals=27/42), M1(Mg#=80­84, number of of at leastfive magmatc environments (ME). These are characterized by different clinopyroxene detailed systemizaton of theinformaton stored inthesequental zoning reveals theexistence compositon, fugacity of volatle species), eachcharacterizing amagmatc environment. A clinopyroxene under aconstant setof intensive thermodynamic variables (pressure, temperature, boundaries between them. The plateau compositon isinterpreted torepresent growth of ofen consist of two or more compositonal plateau with both sharpand/or slightly diffuse of 42clinopyroxene crystals. The zoning paterns of Fe­Mg andselectedelements (e.g. Al, Ti) major elements (Si, Ti, Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Na) were measured alongdifferent directons inatotal pyroclastc sequence. Detailed concentraton profiles (20­600μmlong,spacing2,5­10μm) of compositonal record preserved inclinopyroxene crystals from selectedsub­unitsof the A­MS explosive erupton at CampiFlegrei caldera (SouthItaly). Partcularly, we investgated the Agnano Monte Spina (A­MS)erupton, considered asreference event for afuture large­scale zoning hasbeencarriedoutonclinopyroxene crystals erupted duringthe4690­4300acalBP chemistry causingcrystal zonaton. Here adetailed characterizaton of thecomplex sequental complex textural paterns of crystal growth anddissoluton, with associated changes incrystal as compositon, volatle content, temperature, pressure, andoxidaton state) canresult in inital nucleaton tofinalquenchinguponerupton. Perturbatons inmagmatc variables (such Zoning paterns preserve arecord of magmatc processes over thelifetme of thecrystal, from 4 3 2 1 Carlo Pelullo magma plumbingsystem intheAgnano MonteSpina(CampiFlegrei,fluctuations Italy) Compositionally zonedclinopyroxenecrystalsrecord Paola Petrosino the heterogeneity of theplumbing system of the A­MS erupton. between deepandshallow magmatc reservoirs/layers beneath the CampiFlegrei caldera and they experienced acomplex growth before eruptng, highlightng theintricate connecton compositons andthecomplexity of the variatons recorded inthe A­MS clinopyroxenes suggest environments M2:M1,M2:M0,M3:M2,M2:M4 andM4:M2. The large range of chemical between M0:M1,M1:M0andM1:M2lessabundant passageways between the prominent crystal passageways between theenvironments M0:M2,several connectons crystal (e.g. by cooling, heatng or degassing,crustalassimilaton etc). We identfied main by melt)from oneenvironment toanother, or by theenvironment itself changingaround the one MEtoanother. This canbeaccomplished either by thecrystal physically moving (transported from oneplateau compositon toanother isthenequivalent tothetransfer of thecrystal from Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediSismologiae Tetonofisica, Italy Insttut für Geologie,Mineralogie undGeoph 1,2 , Ilenia Arienzo 1 1 , Ralf Dohmen 2 , Aitor Cambeses , Aitor

3 , Manuela Nazzari ysik, Ruhr­Universität, Bochum,Germany

3 ,

Sumit Chakraborty 4 ,

Lucia Pappalardo

The change inzoning patern S12.5 ­Presentazione orale 3 , 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Vertical ground deformation of the Campi Flegrei caldera offshore sector based on paleo-sea level markers

Camilla Marino1, Luigi Ferrant1, Jacopo Natale1, Marco Sacchi2, Lena Steinmann3, Volkard Spiess3, Marco Anzidei4

1Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto di Scienze Marine, Napoli, Italy 3Universität Bremen, Germany 4Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy

A multdisciplinary analysis of multscale seismic profiles compared to a new geo­archaeological dataset provided insights into the last ~15 ky deformaton of the submerged part of the Campi Flegrei resurgent caldera, off the Pozzuoli Bay (Southern Italy). The Campi Flegrei volcanic zone has been traditonally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses associated with two main eruptons: the 100­200 km3 Campania Ignimbrite (CI), ~ 39 ka BP [Deino et al., 2004], and the 40 km3 erupton of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ~ 15 ka BP [Di Vito et al., 1999]. The collapse of the central part of the Campi Flegrei associated with the erupton of the NYT was followed by discrete phases of intra­caldera volcanic actvity and resurgence [Marturano et al., 2018; Isaia et al., 2019]. Despite the volcanic and tectonic evoluton of the onshore part of the caldera has been intensely studied since long, only in recent years the southern part of the caldera presently submerged off the Pozzuoli Bay has been explored using marine geophysical data [Sacchi et al., 2014; Steinmann et al., 2018]. Utlizing a multscale seismic dataset, we investgated the formaton and evoluton of the Campi Flegrei caldera. The analysis has revealed the occurrence of transgressive and regressive events both inside and outside (e.g. Procida channel) the submerged porton of the caldera. The caldera infill preserves the seismic record to study and quantfy caldera and post­caldera evoluton phases, outlining the interplay between volcano­tectonic processes and sea­level variatons. Based on our seismostratgraphic study, we found significant seafloor uplif between ~12.0­9.1 ky and ~5.5­3.7 ky. These periods broadly correspond to known phases of volcanic actvity and unrests, suggestng that not only volcanism but also ground deformaton were clustered. In contrast, an aggradatonal fill patern prevails between periods of uplif, and allow to document two major subsidence phases between ~9.1 and ~5.5 ky and afer ~3.7 ky. These subsidence periods are temporally correlated to intervals of volcanic quiescence or minor actvity. Afer ∼2.5 ky, both the resurgent dome and the peripheral parts of the caldera underwent low­ rate subsidence which likely reflects a regional trend. The differental subsidence behaviour across the caldera is supported by the analysis of archaeological sea­level markers represented by fishponds, docks and ancient port structures dated from the Bronze Age to the Roman Age. The central caldera sector is well­known or its rich geoarchaeological record of the bradyseism occurred since Roman tmes (e.g. Villa dei Pisoni, Portus Julius etc.). Positve and negatve bradyseismic motons, with an estmated net subsidence rate of 2­3 mm/yr, have notoriously affected the coastal setlement as testfied by the presence of strategies adopted to mitgate and to adapt to such changes. Differently, the archaeological markers away from the resurgent dome (e.g. Gaiola fishponds, Posillipo) show a mean subsidence rate of 1­2 mm/yr during the last two millennia. Even though the ground deformatons reconstructed in the peripheral rim appears lower than those recognized inside the caldera, they prove that vertcal movements of volcanic origin were not always confined inside the caldera rim and may be related to more regional processes. S12.6 ­ Presentazione orale 229 230 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 superficial meteoric water circulaton. Moreover, thedepressed localmorphology, together with alteraton of theresultng volcanic materials, as well as theconvergence of intracraterial ascents of hydrothermal fluidsfrom below (more thanelsewhere) with theconsequent strong Summing up,inthisinvestgated porton, we observe thesimultaneouspresence of dangerous the Fangaia which over the years hasnot undergone achange (decrease) insurface area. meteoric water circulaton, waters that over thecenturies have always allowed tolightly recharge morphological changes of theinterior of thecrater, in order tostudy thepreferental routes of A multtemporal reconstructon of satellite images hasalsoallowed toevaluate the the first2.5m) of thecrater base. infiltrated rainwater, of thedisintegraton of thematerial consttutng thefirstsubsoil(within of thecap,therefore asmallcraking /fracturing issufficient toallow theacceleraton by material muchmore coherent which determine,for the mostpart,geomechanical resistance these 30cmof superficialcrust,there are slabsof afew cm,maximum3­4centmeters of have beenidentfied, similar insize and volume tothesubjectof theaccident. Furthermore, in crater area and,precisely in thearea around theincident cavity, numerous cavites inthesubsoil The average thicknessof thiscrusthasbeenestmated tobearound 20­30cminthe whole of environmental chemical­physical surface processes. superficial crustcharacterized by agreater process of cementng volcanic materials by means fine volcanic material, through underground circulaton intunnels/cavites, leaving theonly electricity/water networks or drivingfencing piles), involves theremoval of disintegrated and anthropic routes (for example excavaton intrenches for techonologicalnetworks suchas percolaton along vertcal migraton routes suchasnatural localfractures or preferental conveyed from thesteepandnearby crater walls andconsequent longstagnaton and the volcanic deposits which, together with theentry of superficialcirculaton water that is The hydrothermal actvity coming from thebotom determinesastrong process of alteraton of (so­called Fangaia). stagnaton of water) of themeteoric waters, alsoinrelaton totheboilingmudpoolnot far away out, inorder toreconstruct thepreferental superficial water circulaton (and contextual Moreover, through geotopocartographic techniques,adetailedmorphologicalsurvey was carried the trampling area of thecrater area. analysis onsurface soilsamplestaken todocument therelatve geomechanical consistency of (geophysical) anddirect (geomechanical tests) as well aslaboratory analyzes with geotechnical provide anexplanaton for theformaton of thiscavity inthesubsoilthrough indirect The concentraton of theH (vault) on which ithadlingered. (and thenhis parents) fell into onecavity about2.5mdeepfor thecollapse of thepavement accident duringthe visit totheSolfatara crater intheCampiFlegrei (private site): a young visitor The study concerns theassessment actvity ordered by thejudicialauthoritesfollowing afatal Geologo, Firenze Giovanni Balestri and potentialriskofcollapse the craterareaofSolfatara(CampiFlegrei, Pozzuoli, Italy) Reconstruction ofthepresencecavitiesinfirstsubsoil 2 S andCO 2 was immediately lethal. The study therefore sought to

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 the more than known local action of microfracturing (along the crater rim and in direction of the two “Bocche”) accelerated by the intervention of man on the surface with trench excavations and / or the infixing of palisades, made it inevitable that at that point a passage to the roof of one of the numerous cavities present in the first subsoil opened (and then widened further).

S12.7 ­ Presentazione orale 231 232 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 correlation isobserved between CO degas from both thedeepandshallow reservoirs feeding the fumarolic activity. The arrival become abletoerupt. These data alsotestify tothe large amount of volatile elements that The evolved nature of theMIs suggests several stepsof magma crystallization before melts Stefano et al.[2011]. agreement with thelocalinformation ontheMoho depth estimated at ca.25kmby Di relatively deepprovenance for the magmasfeeding theCampiFlegrei eruptions, in 500 MPa, corresponding tocrystallization depths of ca8­20km.Our results suggest a poorly evolved shoshonitic­latitic CampiFlegrei eruptive products. Dissolved H Flegrei bulkrocks andMIs. However, few MIs from the<5kaeruptions are similar tothe The majority of theseinclusionsfallinthecompositional range of thedifferentiated Campi acquired onproducts from thehighmagnitudeCampanianIgnimbrite eruption. Campi Flegrei caldera, beingunder extensional stress regime. Besides, we includedfew data Nisida and Agnano­Monte Spina, that occurred inthepast5kaeasternsector of the (SIMS) analyses, with literature data. We selectedproducts from three eruptions, Astroni 6, Coupled Plasma­Mass Spectrometry (LA­ICP­MS) andSecondary Ion Mass Spectrometry on meltinclusions(MIs) trapped inpyroxenes by combining Laser Ablation­Inductively In order tounderstandthepre­ andsyn­eruptive magmatic processes we performed astudy have occurred several timesbefore theonsetof volcanic eruptions. Such arecharge possibly represents oneof theprocesses abletotrigger aneruption andmay depth (8km) recharging shallower reservoir/s andcarryingahuge amount of volatile elements. of volcanic activity at CampiFlegrei, poorly evolved shoshonitic­latitic meltsrose from large that either before theCampanianIgnimbrite eruption (40ka) or duringthelastepoch(<5ka) volatile elements content andthedegassingmechanisms.Previous works clearly demonstrate magma chambers,thenature of primary magmasandtheir source regions, thepre­eruptive inclusions investigation are apowerful toolfor assessingthephysical­chemical conditions of eruptions andthehighdensity of population livinginthecaldera anditssurroundings. Melt with thisnestedcaldera isamongthehighestonEarth, duetothehighexplosivity of its Campi Flegrei isa volcanic fieldinunrest since at leastthe1950. The volcanic riskassociated 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ilenia Arienzo inclusion basedstudy A tinywindowontheCampiFlegreifeedingsystem:amelt Roberto Moret 1500 ppm). CO 3500 ppm,respectively. The CampanianIgnimbrite inclusionshave thelowest F contents (ca. range from ca.1.3to3.0 wt.%, whereas Cland F vary from 4500­10000 ppmand2400to From theH H Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambientale Campania,Dipartmento Provinciale diNapoli, Italy Università degliStudi diNapoli Federico II,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelleRisorse,Italy Università degliStudi dellaCampania,Dipartmento diIngegneria, Caserta, Italy, Université deLorraine, Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2 O gently increases at increasing Zr. 2 O­CO 1 , ClaudiaD’Oriano 2 content was determinedby SIMSand ranges from 400to3000 ppm.No 5 , Valeria Di Renzo 2

pairs we calculated entrapment pressures ranging between 200and Centre deRecherches Pétrographiques etGéochimiques,UMR5873CNRS,France

2 , Etenne Deloule 2 6 andhighly incompatible elements, suchasZr, whereas

3 , Massimo D’Antonio 4 , 2 O contents Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 of fresh, volatile­rich magma can be responsible of the unrest phases which could last for years or decades without causing a volcanic eruption, as well as may represent the driving factor leading to different­scale eruptions.

S12.8 ­ Poster 233 234 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 land. the caldera center. The seafloor vertcal deformaton followed thesamepatern observed on in themarinesector) andthemeasured uplifdecreased progressively with thedistance from The patern of theobserved vertcal displacement issimilar at allthecGPS statons (on landand 2000. At present, 25cGPS statons are operatng at CF area andsomestatons have beenactve since data products. of theCampiFlegrei caldera includingnetwork operatons, data recording andprocessing, and We provide anoverview of thecontnuous GPSmonitoringof theaerialandsubmarinesectors in thearea of maximum vertcal displacement, isabout65cmfrom 2005todate. increasing rates over tme,isstllongoing. The overall uplifat cGPS staton located at Pozzuoli episodic superimposedmini­uplifs. A new uplifphasestartedinNovember 2005and, with (bradyseism), characterized by intense uplifperiods,followed by subsidence phases with some The CampiFlegrei caldera isa well known andpeculiar example of ground deformaton Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Prospero De Martno, GiuseppeBrandi, Mario Dolce, Giovanni Scarpato Campi FlegreicalderabycGPSdata deformationofthe Ground andseafloor

S12.9 ­Poster Phlegrean Fieldsarea. The strongest one,of Magnitude 2.4,occurred onMarch 12 investgaton of theseismicevent dated at the12 In thisresearch theCampiFlegrei seismicnetwork hasbeenstudiedby means of the 2 1 Martna Picciallo The PhlegreanFieldsvolcano-seismicmonitoringnetwork Abstract Volume 4 March 6 Campi Flegrei caldera. The analysis of theseismicsequence shows that in the week between Vesuviano onINGV, Napoli (Italy), iscomposed of 22seismicstatons located allaround the described through probability density functons. The network, which isrunby theOsservatorio formulaton. Based onthisformulaton, theknowledge of theparameters of agiven modelis numerical code NonLinLoc. The NLL localizaton code follows theprobabilistc inversion of thehypocenter inapredefined discretzed volume. This techniqueisimplemented inthe an earthquake issolved by calculatng theprobability distributonfor thespace­tme coordinates processed with theNonLinLoc sofware. In theglobalapproach theproblem of thelocaton of correlaton between seismicactvity andgasemissionsat CampiFlegrei. 2.6 km.It istonote that thoseare themainareas of hydrothermal actvity, supportngthestrong 14:09 and was Located inthemiddleof Pisciarelli andSolfatara area at depths between 1.1and Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università diBari,Italy th toMarch 13 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 1 , Pierfrancesco Dellino th 2018,42earthquakes were recorded, mainly of low magnitude,inthe 1 , AnnaTramelli

th of March 2018.Seismicdata have been 2 Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S12.10 ­Poster th 2018at

235 236 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Alessandro Sbrana of theeruptve deposits. bubble nucleaton events duringmagma ascent, asalsoshown by theemplacement mechanisms distributon of vesicle sizes alsosuggest that theerupton was strongly pulsatory, with multple in agreement with vesicle number densites variability alongthe eruptve sequence. The vesicularity, suggestng that thepeakphaseof the erupton was reached duringits second stage, show alarge variability of thejuvenile fracton that covers alarge range of density and dominated by thepresence of juvenile material of trachytc compositon. Textural analyses also the firstpartof theerupton thejuvenile component was scarce toabsent, thasecond partis producton of turbulent pyroclastc flows alternatng with tephra falloutevents. While during was rapidly followed by asecond phasecharacterized by magmatc explosive actvity with the explosions with theemissionof ballistcmaterials andpyroclastc flows with limiteddispersal, heavily controlled by paleotopography. The firstphase,characterized mainly by phreatc The total volume of theerupton (0.061km Results allowed toobtain informaton regarding thedispersalarea of thepyroclastc deposits. performed. number density Geochemical analyses (NV). (bulkrock andmatrix glasscompositons) were also characterizaton toobtain themainshapeparameters, vesicle size distributon(VSD) and vesicle size, componentry, density/vesicularity measurements coupled with 2Dand3Dclasts volcanological surveys. Sedimentological andtextural analyses of thedepositsincludedgrain­ the pyroclastc sequence inproximal, medialanddistalfacies was carriedoutduringseveral at areconstructon of theeruptve dynamics. A detailedstratgraphic analysis andsamplingof We report here astudy of thepyroclastc sequence erupted duringtheSolfatara erupton aimed where themainsignsof reactvaton are nowdays recorded. volcano, occurred at 4.3ka,represents animportant casestudy asitsourced from thearea with low seismicity, deformaton andincreased fumarolic actvity. The erupton of theSolfatara last few decades,theCampiFlegrei caldera (SouthernItaly) hasbeenshowing signsof unrest spatotemporal patern, makingthestudy of thiseruptve actvity partcularly relevant. Over the commonly seenduringpost­caldera volcanism iseven more difficulttoreconcile with any regular element in volcanic emergency plans. The wide range of actvity stylesfrom widespread vents Forecastng of future eruptve actvity isachallenginggoal in volcanology andanimportant 3 2 1 Bianca Scateni reconstruction oftheexplosivedynamics sedimentological, texturalandgeochemicalstudy The Solfataravolcano(CampiFlegrei, Italy)eruptivesequence: Paola Marianelli Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 1 , Marco Pistolesi 2 , Roberto Isaia 2 3 , Francesco Tramparulo 2 , Antonella Bertagnini , Antonella 3 DRE) was emplaced duringtwo mainphases,both

1 3 , Alessio Di Roberto , Daniela Mele

3 , Mauro Rosi S12.11 ­Poster 1 , 2 , Patrizia Landi(INGV­PI), Maurizio Ripepe (UniFi) Mauro Coltelli (INGV­OE), Giorgio Lacanna (UniFi), Alessandro Aiuppa (UniPa), Daniele Andronico (INGV­OE), Conveners: KNOWLEDGE ON THE VOLCANO A PRECIOUS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND THE S13. THE SUMMER2019STROMBOLIPAROXYSMS: Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

237

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Stromboli paroxysms represent one of the major risks for people living or visiting the volcano, how can we contribute to mitigate their dangerous impact forecasting unpredictable events?

Francesco Ciancito, Mauro Coltelli, Michele Prestfilippo

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

Stromboli is one of the few volcanoes in the world that presents a persistent eruptve actvity, which has given the name at the most typical explosive phenomenon of basaltc volcanoes, the Strombolian actvity. Since 1994 a standard video camera on Pizzo Sopra la Fossa of Stromboli records the explosive actvity produced by the vents hosted on the Terrazza Craterica located just 150 m below. Afer the largest lava erupton of the last century, occurred in 2003, the video surveillance system has been improved with the installaton of cameras operatng in the infrared band, which allowed us to record several hundred thousand explosive events during day and night, which are populatng a database precious for characterizing features and variability of the Strombolian explosions. The mild Strombolian actvity of Stromboli is periodically interrupted by powerful “major explosions” and, in a few extreme cases, “paroxysms”. These extraordinary events occur at rates of a few per year (major explosions) and 1­2 per decade (paroxysms), which can be up to three orders of magnitude larger than “ordinary” actvity in terms of energy, dispersal and erupted mass. During the 25 years of remote video­surveillance a hundred explosions of higher intensity were classified through the analysis of the images, at begin manually and then in fully automatc way. The contnuity between the ordinary explosions and the major explosions was thus ascertained, and for the rare and largest paroxysms could be inferred. Moreover, the temporal trend of the actvity highlights a marked increase in the frequency and intensity (ballistc clasts dispersal) of the discrete events before the more energetc eruptve phenomena occur, both explosive and effusive, was qualitatvely ofen observed but not sufficiently quantfied yet. A paroxysmal explosion stroked Stromboli in the afernoon of July 3rd, 2019, without any precursory sign. It was intermediate in size to two other most recent paroxysms (in 2003 and 2007) that had occurred during a lava flow erupton. This highly energetc event resulted into a huge blast, pyroclastc flows entering the sea, and a 6 km high plume deposited a shower of high­temperature spaters on the island’s southern flank, down to Ginostra village, causing damages and one casualty. The image analysis of the Strombolian actvity in the months before this paroxysm reveals that a significant increasing occurred about two weeks before, which became stronger with the major explosion occurred in the night of June 25rd, 2019. A similar growth of the eruptve actvity was observed also before the 2002­2003, 2007 and 2014 effusive eruptons. The specifics of these increments are under quanttatve analysis, which it is possible only for the 2014 and 2019 eruptons because it can be performed on thermal images acquired by a FLIR thermal camera from late 2010 only. Even if the Stromboli’s paroxysms are unpredictable with an useful lap of tme to save the people visitng the summit area of the volcano, we can use the recogniton of the start of an anomalous behavior in the ordinary explosive actvity that can drive to an extraordinary eruptve event, as 239 240 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 actve volcanoes. the INGV that hasitshigher socialtaskinthesafety of thepeoplelivingor visitng theItalian associated tothesestllpoorly understoodparoxysmal events, hastobeamajor objectve of of new volcano behavior paradigms andof related monitoringstrategies for mitgatng the hazard a precursor for alertng visitors andpopulaton onthispotental dangerous. The identficaton S13.1 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The summer 2019 eruptive activity of Stromboli: new insights on volcano system from observations and field data collection of the July 3 and August 28 paroxysms

Gianfilippo De Asts1, Guido Giordano2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy 2Università di Roma Tre, Italy

During summer 2019, on July 3rd and August 28th, Stromboli volcano has unexpectedly produced two paroxysmal vulcanian­style eruptons. Paroxysms are short­lived energetc episodes that interrupt Stromboli ordinary, persistent explosive actvity and represent a potental risk to visitors climbing to the Stromboli summit. The first paroxysm was preceded by a few precursors: inflaton (8 min ca. earlier) at INGV­SVO staton, strong ground deformaton signal (i.e. 27 mrad at 800 m ca. from LGS­OHO tlt meter) and small lava overflows from all the vents just a couple of minutes before the first paroxysmal sequence. Conversely, the second event was associated to sharp ground deformaton signal 5 min before the explosion (i.e. 11 mrad at 800 m ca. from LGS­OHO tlt meter). A swelling of the volcanic edifice explains those deformaton signals in both cases. Remarkably, at the beginning of the summer (night between June 25/26) instrumental data and field observatons also recorded a so­called strombolian major explosion. Both paroxysms erupted magma from the known elliptcal crater terrace area (700­750 m a.s.l.) and generated buoyant ash­gas columns about 4­5 km­high. Ballistc bombs and blocks were ejected at speeds up to 200 m/s as first effect of the overpressurized magma batch ascent and consequent explosion. They represent both the failure of the conduits/craters wall rocks and the early magma clasts ejected. In both paroxysms, immediately afer their onset, dilute PDCs flowed on the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) slope and plunged in that stretch of coast, with a partal planning over the sea surface up to distances greater than 800 m from the coast. The July 3 paroxysm produced two PDCs in rapid succession (Vavg= 47 m/s), one from the SW crater area and another from central one. Tephra affected the entre craters terrace, the volcano summit (magma spaters, blocks) and W­SW slopes of the volcano, involving the Ginostra village, where eyewitnesses accounted for 35­45 minutes­long tephra fallout. In terms of impact and considering the geophysical data available for 2003 and 2007 paroxysms, this event can be considered the highest energy erupton since 1930. The August 28 paroxysm was relatvely less energetc respect to that of July 3, with a lower plume height. The erupton occurred from the central vent area and also produced a directonal PDC along the SdF, which entered and partly planned over the sea. Ballistcs and plume depositon affected the volcano summit but, unlike the July 3 event, the tephra mainly covered the E and NE sectors of the island. Field survey here, recorded numerous dm­sized ballistc up to height of 200 m ca. along the NE flanks of the island and generally decreasing thicknesses of lapilli layer from Scari harbour area to Piscita’ suburb. Similarly to July 3, the falling of incandescent ballistcs on vegetated areas quickly triggered widespread wildfires in many parts of the island, at elevatons as low as 400 m a.s.l.. Witnesses accounted for 33 minutes­long tephra fallout on the Stromboli village that is very similar to what reported for July 3. Another common effect of the two paroxysms was to change the craters morphology. Between the July 3 and August 28 events, actvity was dominated by strombolian eruptons, producing intermediate to high lava fountains (up to 350­400 m high), and discontnuously fed lava flows, mainly from the SW­crater. Anomalous geophysical signals 241 242 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 15­September 20) were recorded. SO including hightremor andhighfrequency of VLP (e.g. ofen 20­30events/h intheperiod June triggering, precursors andevoluton isessental. express muchhigher riskscenarios andtherefore understandingof thiserupton intermsof its season, when thesummitis visited daily by hundreds of people,the volcano isthusableto occasionally highly unpredictable within thecurrent knowledge. During thepeaktouristc The summer 2019paroxysms highlighted that openconduit volcanoes suchStromboli canbe the higher portonsof thesystem, feeding theordinary strombolian actvity. mingling) with thehigh­porphyritc (HP)magmaof basaltccompositon that usually ponds in deeper magmastorage into theshallow system andits violent interacton (i.e.asortof explosive potentally associated with thequicksupply of gas­richandlow viscous magmabatch from the key to understand theparoxysm processes. The dynamicsof thestudiedparoxysms is the strongly different rheologicalfeatures of these two magmatypesandhow they interact is crystal content (LP)as well asintmately mingledclasts. Although similar inbulkcompositons, juvenile scoriae of basaltccompositon andolive­brown highly vesicular pumices with lower survey. Among thecollected rock samples, we observed both dark,denseandporphyritc from isopleths for both theballistcandfalloutcomponents are inagreement with field­ syn/post­eruptve aggregaton processes. Calculaton of plumeheight andexit velocites derived although secondary modesat finegrain sizes are alsopresent, suggestng theoccurrence of cameras. Grain size analysis of tephra revealed unimodal(2­4mm) gaussiandistributons, nature of theassociated pdcs,andfully confirm what observed through thermalandnon­thermal products distributonevidence that both were directonal, inagreement with the very directonal Data collected onthefieldafer thetwo paroxysms andearly calculatons ontheir respectve volatile richmagma. volume of degassedmagma,thought totrigger thedecompression andfastriseof deepand 2003 and2007at Stromboli, when they arrived after theeffusive emptying of substantial The 2019paroxysms differ completely from thescenario expected after those occurred in t/d between July andearly October. Afer August 30theactvity progressively waned. 2 variatons have repeatedly shown daily values above 400 S13.2 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The 3 July and 28 August 2019 paroxysms at Stromboli

Daniele Andronico1, Elisabeta Del Bello2, Francesco Ciancito1, Antonio Cristaldi1, Claudia D’Oriano3, Patrizia Landi3, Francesco Pennacchia2, Tullio Ricci2, Piergiorgio Scarlato2, Jacopo Taddeucci2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy

Stromboli Island is one of the most actve volcanoes in the world. The explosive actvity occurs from a crater terrace subdivided into 2 main sectors, namely North and South­Central, each one characterized by short­term vents in the form of hornitos, scoria cones and pit­craters. On 3 July 2019, the ordinary actvity (consistng of mild to moderate Strombolian explosions) was interrupted by a paroxysmal event up to several tmes bigger in intensity and magnitude. This erupton caused various hazardous, not only volcanic, phenomena: spater and bombs fallout along the tourist paths, coarse tephra fallout on Stromboli and Ginostra, the two villages located on opposite sides, pyroclastc density currents (PDCs) in the sea frequented by tourist boats and later tsunami waves and wildfires on the lower slopes. Tragically, there was one victm when a hiker walked at just 200 m above Ginostra. Afer the July 3 paroxysm, explosive frequency and intensity became very high coherently with the patern of most geophysical and geochemical parameters, culminatng with the twin paroxysm on 28 August matching a similar eruptve scenario, plus a major event the day afer. Both paroxysmal eruptons clearly heavily affected the economy of the island due to the limited access to the volcano. Indeed, they could have been fatal for many people during the summer touristc actvity. Here, we seek to compare the two events from a volcanological point of view (e.g., column height, dispersal of ballistcs and tephra fallout, triggering of PDCs, etc.). To conclude, we stress the importance of improving our ability to detect and interpret eruptve paterns and phenomena by updatng and strengthening the monitoring systems, and if necessary comparing real tme observatons with all types of monitored signals. This is surely crucial to mitgate the volcanic hazards associated with paroxysmal actvity at Stromboli, before another paroxysm threatens the safety of local people and tourists.

S13.3 ­ Presentazione orale 243 244 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 provided by satellite data ontracking, innear real­tme, theevoluton of ongoing eruptve phases. improve thespace­based monitoringof actve volcanoes and, asaconsequence, thesupport Here we stress how thecombinaton of different satellite data from multpleplatorms may 28 peaked value upto3700MW recorded duringthesecond paroxysm of thecrisisoccurred on MODIS data typically showed oscillatons from 30MW to460MW (170MW, onaverage), with and erupted volumes. During the July­August phase,the radiatve power retrieved (VRP) by MIR­ a proxy of theintensity of theongoing effusive actvity and tracking variaton ineffusionrates system (www.mirovaweb.it), allowed ustodaily updated theheat fluxsourced by Stromboli giving The near­real tmeelaborated MODIS images (1kmpixel size inMIRchannel)from theMIROVA different temporal andspatal resoluton. Stromboli volcano, by combining images acquired from satellite sensorscharacterised by Here, we focussed aboutthecapability of tracking the July­August 2019thermalactvity of phase, suchasby sensorsmounted ondifferent satellite platorms. unprecedented monitored by theground­based network installedsince the2002­2003eruptve phase of coexistng lava outlow andsustainedexplosions from thesummit vents was with concurrent summiteffusive andhighexplosive actvity. Notably, analmostcontnuous (TADR) values includedbetween the0.1m fluxes measured duringtheeffusive actvity, are consistent with Time Average Discharge Rate Notably, following theradiant density approach [Coppola etal.,2013],theMODISderived heat fed by asummit vent located at theSW rimof thecrater terrace. clearly track theemplacement andtheadvancement alongtheSciara delFuoco of thelava flow observatons or survey insummitarea were drastcally limitedbecauserisk.Moreover, S2images The 3 5 4 3 2 1 Marco Laiolo insights onthermalactivity, effusionratesanderuptedvolume The 2019Strombolieruptivecrisismonitoredfromspace: Massimo Della Schiava Marcello Biteto vents located inthecrater terrace, partcularly indays followed the3 drastc variaton inthelocaton andtheintensity of thethermalactvity suffered by themultple Periodic Sentnel­2 highresoluton images (20mpixel size intheSWIRbands) showed the of acomplex behaviour of theshallow magmatc system promotng thesurface actvity. account these TADR estmates we evaluated that since the3 the summiteffusive phase) Stromboli outpoured about2.7to4.4Mm Emanuele Marchet Università diPalermo, Dipartmento DiSTeM, Italy Università diFirenze, Italy Università di Torino, Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Italy Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy th August. We related theobserved VRP trend with pulsesinthelava flow asaconsequence rd July Stromboli paroxysmal event marked thebeginningof abouttwo months longperiod 1 , Diego Coppola 3 , Dario Delle Donne 2 , Maria CristnaSilengo 2 , Lorenzo Innocent 1 , Francesco Massimet 4 , Marco Pistolesi 3 s ­1 to1.8m 2

, Giorgio Lacanna 2 , Maurizio Ripepe 3 s ­1 (average of 0.5­0.7m 1 5 , Corrado Cigolini rd July tothe31 2 S13.4 ­Presentazione orale rd rd , Francesco LaMonica 2 July episode, where direct , Alessandro Aiuppa 3 . st 1 3 August (end of , s ­1 ). Takinginto 3 , 2 ,

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Stromboli paroxysms 2019: volume estimation and morphological changes

Emanuela De Beni1, Massimo Cantarero1, Daniele Andronico1, Karen Strehlow, Tom Kwasnitschka2, Malte Eggersglüß2, Thor Hansteen2, Kaj Hoernle2, Federico Di Traglia3, Riccardo Civico4, Tullio Ricci4, Elisabeta Del Bello4, Luca Pizziment4, Piergiorgio Scarlato4, Jacopo Taddeucci4, Jeffrey Johnson5

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany 3Università di Firenze, Italy 4Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Sismologia e Tetonofisica, Italy 5Boise State University, Department of Geosciences, ID, USA

The 2019 Stromboli summer was incredibly busy; two paroxysms had dramatcally changed the summit craters of the volcano on the 3 of July and the 28 of August. The first paroxysm destroyed the majority of the Central­South crater areas and a new scoria cone started to grow into it. The 9 of July a drone survey, realized in collaboraton with the GEOMAR drone group, allowed to obtain the orthoimage and the Digital Elevaton Model (DEM) and the 3D thermal model of the island surface. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used, Wingcopter, has a unique tlt­rotor mechanism. It ensures a smooth and robust transiton between hovering like a multcopter and flying forward like a plane, guaranteeing a flight autonomy useful to overfly the all island. During the 3 July paroxysm, part of the material from the erupton and from the collapse of the rim of the C­S area (CS) have generated pyroclastc flows, the rest have been accumulated on the plateau located right away downhill of the crater area. The lava flow field, which was 180 m wide, reached the sea through lava­debris fans and some overflows spread downhill respect to the North crater area (N). The actvity has been intense during July and August and characterized by the growing of scoria cones in the crater areas and contnuous lava flows spreading in the Southern sector of Sciara del Fuoco (SdF). The 28 of August another paroxysm implicated the crater areas and two pyroclastc flows travelled down the SdF and out to sea. In September another UAV survey, in collaboraton with the GEOMAR, was realized obtaining the orthoimage the DEM and the 3D thermal model of the island surface. The topographic approach (subtracton between two different surfaces) was chosen to calculate the volume gain and loss. The Pleiades derived DEM was used as pre­erupton surface, it was generated from tristereo. Pleiades satellite imagery of the 13 of June, unluckily it was devoid of the crater area due to the plume. For this reason, it was necessary to combine the Pleiades derived DEM with another one, generated from UAV images of the 20 of June (by the INGV Laboratory HPHT­ Sezione Roma1). The DEMs subtracton allowed us to determine the amount of volume loss in the crater areas (about 3 x 105 m3) and the volume accumulated in the south sector of the SdF (6 x 105 m3) as a consequence of the 3 July paroxysm. Moreover, subtractng the July DEM at the September one, it was possible to evaluate the amount of lava flow emited in two mouths of erupton (about 3 x 106 m3). These are preliminary results, more elaboraton, and volcanological discussionsare stll ongoing. However, we proved the usefulness of this technique to map volcanic products, to highlight morphological changes and perform volume estmaton. S13.5 ­ Presentazione orale 245 246 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the products emitedbefore the3 July paroxysm, are significantly higher than values of HP and imprint of pumices (bulk rocks) results that of HP magma;iv) Sr­ isotopic values inbulkrocks of distal pumices. Probably themingledHP component isprevalent onLP one,sothat theoverall [Landi etal.,2009andreferences therein] hasnot beenmeasured, even inthebulkrocks of have beenerupted duringboth paroxysms; iii)Sr­isotopic compositon typicalof LP magma actvity; ii)thecompositon of volcanic glassevidences that HP andLP magma, closely mingled, typical HP compositon without any evidence of LP magmainthereservoir feeding theexplosive are summarized below: i)theproducts erupted afew days before the3 July paroxysm show rocks of bombs,lapilliandash. The preliminary results, tobestrengthened with further analyses, We measured themajor elements andSr­Nd isotopic compositons of volcanic glassandbulk that preceded theseevents. July and28 August 2019paroxysms, as well asthematerial of theintense Strombolian actvity explosive actvity of July­August 2019at Stromboli allowed samplingtheproducts of the3 but only occasionally insmall­scaleones[Schiavi etal.,2010;D’Oriano etal.,2011]. The violent not yet fully understood.Indeed, LP magmaisalways produced duringlarge scale­paroxysms, component of paroxysms; onthecontrary, therole of LP magmaduring violent explosions is that HP magmaiserupted during thenormalexplosive actvity andisalsoinvolved as that might someway control thetransiton from ordinary toparoxysmal actvity. It’s well known is mainly addressed toinvestgate thegeochemical features of the volcano’s plumbingsystem well astextural analyses, componentry andgrain­size distributonanalyses) of thepyroclasts (compositon of major, trace elements andisotopes inbulkrocks, volcanic glass,minerals as and high­energetc explosive actvity. In partcular, thecontributon of petrologic study last decadesaimstoinvestgate theparameters that are potentally precursors of this violent of large­scale paroxysms. For the mitgaton of volcanic risk,thescientfic community inthe affectng theareas surrounding thesummitcraters, but alsotheinhabitedzones, inthecase wildfires, landslidesandtsunamis) are associated totheabove described violent explosions, Different typeof volcanic hazards (i.eballistcandtephra fallout,pyroclastc flows, shockwaves, [Rosi etal.,2013]. the total duraton, fall­out volume, massdischarge rate, ballistcsize andrange, column height of Stromboli andGinostra. On the whole, normal,small­andlarge­scale paroxysms differ for summit craters anduptothelowest slopesof the volcano, respectvely, reaching alsothe villages [Bertagnini etal.,2011].Small­ andlarge­scale events ejectheavy rock fragments closetothe explosions [Barberi etal.,1993],tolarge­scale paroxysms, frequently simplifiedasparoxysms small­scale paroxysms [Metrich etal.,2005;Bertagnini etal.,2008],also definedmajor therein]. More violent, short­lived explosions may alsooccur. These events canrange from ash andlithicblocks[normal or ordinary actvity, according toRosi etal.,2013andreferences intermitent mildexplosions from vents of thecrater terrace that ejectscoriaceous bombs,lapilli, Over thelastseveral centuries, Stromboli isknown for itspersistent actvity, which consists of 3 2 1 CorsaroRosa Anna explosions atStromboli The contributionofLPandHPmagmaduringparoxysmal Agenzia Regionale Protezione Ambientale Campania,Dipartmento Provinciale diNapoli, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 1 , Lucia Miraglia

1 , Ilenia Arienzo

2 , Valeria Di Renzo 3 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

LP magma reported in literature since 2000 [Landi et al., 2009 and references therein]. Noteworthy, the measured Sr­isotopic values (c.a. 0.7062) are very close to Sr­isotopic ratos of the products erupted in 1980­85 period [Francalanci et al., 2004], which have been no more measured later; v) finally, extending the investgaton to six small­scale paroxysm occurring from 2005 to 2010, for which samples collected during monitoring are available, the compositon of volcanic glass indicates that both HP and LP magmas fed three 2009 paroxysms of the central/south summit area. During the remaining three, just HP magma has been emited. On this basis of the above study, we started to implement the compositonal petrologic dataset of to the products produced during paroxysms, with the aim to understand magma dynamics of Stromboli’s plumbing system and the relatonship between the erupton of LP magma and the size (small­ and large­ scale) of paroxysmal events.

S13.6 ­ Presentazione orale 247 248 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 degassing before andduringthe recent paroxysms. On thisbasis we formulate hypothesis onpaths andmechanisms of magmatransfer andmagma shallow) hasbeendemonstrated andfor what ahuge amount of experimental data are available 9 event), in which theinvolvement of at least3magmatc environments (deep, intermediate and We compare thesenew data with thoseresultng from thestudy of anhistoricalparoxysm (PST­ tmescales. paterns inminerals andglassessince they potentally record magmainteracton processes and distributon of both highandlow crystallinity portons.In partcular, we focused onzoning including chemicalanalyses of minerals andmatrix glasses,bubblesize andbubbleshape On theseproducts acomplete compositonal andtextural characterizaton hasbeencarriedout, associated totheintense strombolian actvity occurred between thetwo large explosive events. We collected about10samplesof bombs andlapillirelated toboth paroxysms andash that occurred duringthesummer 2019andsometephra erupted inthemeanwhile. Thus, we report here preliminary results of apetrological study of products of two paroxysms conditons change between thesetwo closeevents. exceptonal opportunity tounderstandif and how themagmapath andmagmatc storage volcano. If, asinsummer 2019,theparoxysms occur inashorttme,there isanadditonaland opportunity toshedlight onthemagmadynamics within the whole plumbingsystem of the ascent. The petrological study of products of paroxysmal eruptons isthusanuncommon suggests that alarge partof theplumbingsystem hasbeeninvolved andsampledduringmagma high volume of magma produced duringtheseexplosive eruptons andthedeepprovenance of undegassedandpoorly crystalline magmafrom thedeeppartof theplumbingsystem. The There isageneral agreement that paroxysmal eruptons are related tothearrival at thesurface 4 3 2 1 Ida Di Carlo Stromboli: apetrologicalperspective Ascent andvesiculationofmagmasduringrecentparoxysmsat Emma Bui DSFTA, Università diSiena,Italy UCL, London Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy ISTO, Orléans, France, 4 , Giacomo Migliorini 1 , Michel Pichavant 1 4 , Massimo Pompilio

2 , Nolwenn Le Gall S13.7 ­Presentazione orale 3 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Steady-state changes in the plumbing system dynamics prior to the summer 2019 Stromboli paroxysms

Lorella Francalanci1, Simone Paternostro1, Martna Casalini1, Eleonora Braschi2, Antonio Langone3, Alberto Zanet3, Riccardo Avanzinelli1

1Università di Firenze, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Firenze, Italy 3CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pavia, Italy

The Present­days actvity of Stromboli has been characterised by persistent mild explosive eruptons, ejectng black scoria bombs, over the last several hundred years. Periodically, lava flows and paroxysms interrupt the “normal” actvity. A degassed and highly porphyritc magma (hp magma), with a basaltc shoshonitc compositon and a shallow level origin (about 3 km) is erupted by the normal actvity and lava flows, whereas a slightly more mafic and volatle­rich magma of deeper derivaton (8­10 km) and with low phenocryst content (lp magma) is also erupted as pumices by paroxysms. The hp and lp magmas also differ for Sr isotopes and some isotope ratos of the U­Th series [e.g., 226Ra/230Th, 238U/232Th; Bragagni et al., 2014]. The hp magmas undergo fast crystallizaton together with rapid mixing with the periodically refilling lp magmas, which only during paroxysms reaches the surface without mixing with hp magmas. During ascent, the lp magmas pass through an intermediate cumulate crystal­mush zone, recording the highly variable and high Sr­isotope signature of the previous magmas, and transport antecrysts/antemelts into the shallower reservoir. These processes were capable to maintain the shallow hp reservoir in steady­state conditons in which the fast system perturbatons caused by the refilling with fresh lp magmas were quickly recovered. Indeed, untl 2009 CE actvity, matrix glass compositons of lp and hp magmas were usually well distnct and their periodic mixing was only evident from the decrease of Sr­isotopes of both hp and lp magmas with tme, associated to specific micro­Sr isotope zoning of minerals. The actvity of period prior to the summer 2019 paroxysms (2009­2018 CE), however, was ofen characterised by products with matrix glass compositons filling the gap between the typical lp and hp glass compositons and showing well defined mixing trends. This especially happened in 2017­2018 CE actvites. Moreover, from 2007 CE onwards, Sr­isotope ratos have reversed their variaton startng to increase with tme in both lp and hp magmas. Furthermore, in the 2017­2018 CE actvity in respect with the previous one, changes were also observed in the relatonships between the Sr­isotope ratos of the hp and lp matrix glasses. Based on these results we had reported the occurring of a clear change in the steady­state of the Stromboli Present­days plumbing system [Francalanci et al., 2019; Goldschmidt­Conference­2019] and the 2019 paroxysms just happens during this period of changes in the dynamics of evolutonary processes. Possibly, these changes can be due to mantle source processes variatons and/or to modificatons in the shallow interacton processes between lp magmas and the crystal­much zone (antecrysts and antemelts), together with variatons in the tmescale of lp and hp interactons. In any case, it is noteworthy the correspondence between these evolutonary process changes and the eruptve dynamics of the volcano.

S13.8 ­ Presentazione orale 249 250 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 comparison of the dataset with theeruptve history of the volcano indicated that major correlated with thechange in the gasoutputand chemistry of theground gases. The Some major explosions occurred duringthetme window of monitoringactvity andthey were The monitoringactvity of volcanic gaseshasbeenperformed from May 2009toOctober 2010. daily totheINGV­Palermo. measurements were performed hourly, thedata are stored inamemory card andtelemetered concentraton hasbeenmeasured through aspecially designedelectrochemical sensor. The gases andtheaverage concentraton was uptosomehundreds of ppmby volume. The hydrogen in agreement with thedynamicconcentraton method. The hydrogen was detectableinthose magma ascent toward thesurface. Since it was establishedthat the amount of CO gases. The carbondioxide hasbeentargeted becauseof atains early thesaturaton during the volcanoes isdirectly dependent ontheamount of magmaintheplumbingsystem, theCO actvity. This study focuses onthe volcanic gasmonitoring,namely theH optmal statstc tocompare theresults of the gasmonitoringandthechanges inthe volcanic the change ineruptve actvity. The near­contnuous strombolian explosive events ensure the Stromboli isanidealnatural laboratory tocompare thechange inthe volcanic degassingand who visit theislandduringsummer. Stromboli’s volcanic system and were acauseof concern amongthelocalcommunity andpeople five years onaverage. Hence theparoxysms which occurred in2019focused theatenton on These events have occurred lessfrequently inrecent years with afrequency of oneevent over involve thegas­richlow porfiricmagmamingled with theusualdegassedhighporfiricmagma. lastly occurred on July 3,2019and August 28,2019.In partcular, theparoxysms’ products The average eruptve styleispunctuated by major andparoxysmal explosions, two of which medium size explosive events 1­2)andcontnuous (VEI: degassingfrom the volcanic craters. Stromboli isanopenconduit actve volcano where theaverage eruptve actvity consists of Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPalermo, Italy Roberto Maria Rosario Di Martno, Marco Camarda, Sergio Gurrieri Stromboli volcano The monitoringofhydrogenandcarbondioxideat ground have near 80°CandCO north­east of thePizzo Sopra laFossa zone, where the volcanic gasesdischarged from the The ground gasmonitoringhasbeenperformed inthesummitarea of Stromboli, namely inthe restoraton of theredox equilibrium. expected togenerate pulsesinthe volcanic gases which reflect thedeparture from andthe minerals andthesurrounding meltor rock matrix. Therefore, the hydrogen concentraton is fugacity of themagmaisbuffered by anumber of redox reactons between ferromagnesian redox propertes of themagmafeeding theeruptve actvity of Stromboli. Stll, theoxygen gases, theinvestgaton of thecompositon of volcanic gases offers valuable insights into the the magmadifferentaton. Since hydrogen andsulfur may form different speciesinmagmatc and contributng to volatle parttoningbetween gasandmelt,thecrystallizaton sequence and determining thespeciaton of multvalent elements, partcularly theiron andsulfur speciaton, temperature. Thus, itaffects theoxidatve conditon of themagma which hasakey role in concentraton inthe volcanic gasesisrelated tothe water dissociaton reacton at high flux measurement becamearoutne techniquefor volcano monitoring. The hydrogen

2 flux was 8000gm

­2 d ­1 anaverage. The CO 2 andCO 2 flux was measured 2 intheground 2 emitedby 2

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

explosions were preceded by relatve increases of H2 concentraton and coupled by relatve increases of CO2 flux. The results of this study demonstrate that the monitoring of hydrogen in the ground gases is an ancillary parameter in the perspectve of volcano surveillance.

S13.9 ­ Presentazione orale 251 252 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Stromboli unrest precursory CO emissions beforehand (as hadoccurred in20032007,instead). The July the3

plume CO contrast with the2007paroxysm that hadbeenantcipated by several days of unusually intense paroxysm hasnot beenpreceded by any obvious reported long­term precursory signal,in [Aiuppa etal.,2010],that suchCO August 28th paroxysm. We propose, inline with what previously documented for the2007case well, culminatng into the very high values (up to3000t/d) observed inthedays prior tothe paroxysm, andthusremained unreported prior totheevent. Yet, the June 2019 CO in magnitude(and shorter induraton) that theprecursory signalobserved prior tothe2007 values (>2000t/d) on late June 2019. This brief (a few days long)increase was afactor >3lower volcanological informaton, we show that the July the3 these results, integrated with andcorroborated by independent geophysical, satellite, and integrated (UV Camera+Mult­GAS) gas­monitoringnetwork (www.bridge.unipa.it). Based on Here, we report onadetailed,posthocanalysis andre­interpretaton of results acquired by an monitored, a violent paroxysmal erupton hasoccurred (on July the3 volcanological community. For thefirsttme since the volcano hasbeeninstrumentally The Stromboli’s summer 2019eruptve phasehasrepresented areal challenge for the 6 5 4 3 2 1 Alessandro Aiuppa CO Giorgio LaCanna Maurizio Ripepe Giancarlo Tamburello Diego Coppola circulaton intheshallow plumbingsystem. Since late July, theCO < 100t/d to>400t/d inlessthanamonth), which we interpret asduetoacceleratng magma It isconcluded that, intheabsence of anongoing effusion (July the 3 than 2months. of theStromboli deepplumbingsystem, ultmately culminatng into thesecond paroxysm inless del Fuoco. This effusive phase was accompanied by aprogressive increase of theSO drainage of magma(previously stored inthe volcano’s upper feeding conduits) into theSciara The July the3 GAS instrument inthePizzo area). been thehighestsince May 2018(when thenetwork was completed with installaton of aMult­ (March 2007and August 2019). This difference likely implies distncttrigger mechanisms(and few days) by amildbutdetectableincrease intheplumeCO Università diPisa,Italy Università diPalermo, Italy Università di Torino, Italy Università diFirenze, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2 andSO 2 emissions[Aiuppa etal.,2010]. rd 2 explosion causedpartalfailure of thecrater terrace’s rim,andultmately ledto signalisfar lower, andthen more difficult tocapture, thanduring aneffusion 5 2 , Marco Laiolo 4 plumeemissionsduringthesummer2019 4 , Emanuele Marchet 1 , Marcello Biteto 3 , Massimo Della Schiava

5 , Francesco Massimet 2 fluxincrease was causedby effusion­driven depressurizaton 1 , Francesco LaMonica 4 , Maria CristnaSilengo

4 , Lorenzo Innocent rd paroxysms was infactpreceded (by a 5 , Marco Pistolesi 2 output,that reached very high 1 , Dario Delle Donne 2 fluxstartedtoincrease as 4 , Corrado Cigolini 4 rd , rd ), thepre­paroxysm ) without any lava 6 , 2 2 flux(from peakhas rd , 2019 2 5 , , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 modes and rates of degassing) for the two types of paroxysms (those occurring during an effusive unrest vs. those that manifest during ordinary strombolian actvity). A major re­thinking and implementaton of the gas­monitoring network is highly required to atempt at a more effectng forecastng of these abrupt and highly hazardous events.

S13.10 ­ Presentazione orale 253 254 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 some weeks afer any major explosive event, if compared with their meanstatstcs. propertes of thetemporal models,therisklevels are not constant andthey canincrease for defines theannualrisktaken by theindividual. We show that, dependingonthememory long. The total tmethat eachpersonspendsinsidetheareas exposed tothebombs,over a year, of theriskrates taken by guides, volcanologists, touristsandpeoplelivingontheisland year­ The spato­temporal probability mapscanalsobeusedtoprovide firstquanttatve estmates and satellite imaging. of bombsover square meter inafew specificlocatons, based onliterature review, field work, exposed toballistcbombs.Finally, we alsoproduced apreliminary estmate of thespatal density record with theseestmates. The result was amapof theabsoluteannualprobability of being Then, we combined atemporal modelof major explosions andparoxysms basedontheavailable performed asensitvity analysis assuminguniform directons, or around­angle exposed area. possible under­recording of thebombsdistributoninsomepartsof theisland, we also angular amplitude.Due tothelimitednumber of explosions that are well­mapped, andof exposed tothebombs. The sectorsare assumedtohave anuncertain radius, directon, and paroxysm, was calculated onthebaseof aMonte Carlosimulaton varying circular sectors First, aconditonal probability map,i.e.under theassumpton of having amajor explosion or a map of theareas exposed tofuture events of thiskind. major explosions andparoxysms occurred at Stromboli, we propose afirstprobabilistc hazard On thebasisof acritcalreview of fielddata related tothedispersalarea of ballistcbombsfrom 2 1 Andrea Bevilacqua paroxysms andmajorexplosionsatStromboli Probabilistic hazardassessmentofballisticbombsfrom Daniele Andronico Antonella Bertagnini Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy 2 1 , Patrizia Landi 1 , Massimo Pompilio 1 , Paola Del Carlo 1 , Marina Bisson

1 , Augusto Neri , Augusto 1 , Alessio Di Roberto S13.11 ­Presentazione orale

1 , 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Genesis of tsunami waves generated by Pyroclastic flows and the Early-Warning system

Giorgio Lacanna, Maurizio Ripepe

Università di Firenze, Italy

Pyroclastc flows are a common product of explosive volcanism and have the potental to generate tsunami wave when dense flows encounter bodies of water. Tsunami generated by large sub­aerial mass may consttute a serious hazard for coastal populaton and environment, as documented by several examples in recent history and by numerous geological traces of paleo­events. On July 3rd and August 28th 2019 paroxysms at Stromboli volcano produced a few km­high erupton columns, huge tephra fallout and pyroclastc density currents propagatng along the Sciara del Fuoco at a mean speed of 70 m/s. These laters generated two moderate high tsunami waves characterized by a period of ~30 s which were recorded at a sampling rate of 125 Hz in the very near­field by two elastc beacons located a distance of 0.3 (PDC) and 1.5 (PLB) Km from the locaton where the mass flow entered the water. Video camera images and arrival tmes indicate that tsunami near the coastline was propagatng at a mean velocity of 22 m/s. This gave the unique opportunity to detect the tsunami at the source providing an unprecedented record of the tsunami wave when is forming. The tsunami record provides an important constraint for the modelling and it has a large impact on the understanding of the tsunami generated by pyroclastc flows dynamics. The record of the two tsunami is also offering the possibility to test our ability to automatcally recognize those long period waves and to trigger the acoustc alarm network installed in Stromboli and Panarea islands and in Milazzo (Sicily). We show how the Early Warning system was able to detect the tsunami providing the alert some minutes before (~ 2 minutes) the waves were reaching Stromboli island providing for the first tme an efficient tool to mitgate the tsunami risk associated to the explosive volcanism. Moreover, the high quality of these data recorded in the very near­field is suggestng the possibility of using simple analytcal equaton to quickly estmate the source parameters of the tsunami in terms of volume per unit width, maximum speed of sub­aerial flow and submerged travel tme.

S13.12 ­ Presentazione orale 255 256 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Alessandro Aiuppa from thesummitcraters, on August 28 wave. Afer two months of intense and violent explosive actvity associated with lava effusion of theSciara delFuoco that, afer reaching thecoastline, triggered a2­meters hightsunami wildfires. The violent explosion (paroxysm) generated apyroclastc flow alongthesteepslope almost 5kmhigha.s.l.associated totephra falloutonthe western partof theislandandsevere associated with volcanic explosion. thus openinganew perspectve ontheability monitoringsystems canhelpinassessingtherisk for theautomatc early warning system operatng at Stromboli volcano. Ground deformaton is tme with thesamedynamics. The invariance of theground inflaton trend represents thebase paroxysms andmajor explosive events, thus suggestng anexplosive mechanismrepeatng in onset. Both events share thesameground deformaton patern which iscoherent with previous tltmeters asagradual inflaton of the volcano edifice almost10minutesbefore theexplosive However, both explosions have generated alarge deformaton of theground recorded by responsible for triggering theparoxysms and with adirect impactontheriskassessment. monitoring networks. This isopeningquestononthedynamicsof themagmatc system clear change of thegeophysical andgeochemical parameters measured by thepermanent triggered asecond tsunami. We show how thesetwo large explosions are occurring with no village of Stromboli, andthe generaton of asecond pyroclastc flow alongtheSciara delFuoco On the July 3 5 4 3 2 1 Maurizio Ripepe warning systemforexplosiveparoxysms The July-August 2019Strombolieruptivecrisisandtheearly- Francesco Massimet Mauro Rosi Lorenzo Innocent Università di Torino, Italy Università diFirenze, Italy Università diPalermo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università diPisa,Italy 3 , Dario Delle Donne rd 2019,Stromboli volcano erupted with theformaton of aconvectve plume 1 , Giorgio Lacanna 1 5 , Emanuele Marchet 2 , Diego Coppola 4 , Marcello Biteto 1 , Maria CristnaSilengo th asecond paroxysm occurred. s.Intense ashfallhitthe 2 , Corrado Cigolini 1 , Letzia Ort

5 , Francesco Paolo LaMonica 1 , Marco Laiolo

2 , Marco Pistolesi 1 , Massimo Della Schiava S13.13 ­Presentazione orale 2 , 3 , 5 , 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Morphological characterization of basaltic pumice from the summer 2019 Stromboli eruption: insights from the Calabrian beach deposits (Italy)

Nicola Mari

University of Glasgow, UK

On the 3rd July 2019, a new powerful paroxysmal erupton at Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Islands, Sicily) occurred. This event was exceptonally energetc so that the basaltc material reached even the Calabrian coasts by floatng on water. In this work, several samples of basaltc pumice were observed and characterized in order to constrain their main features linked to this energetc eruptve event at Stromboli and to infer which physical conditons may have determined their floatng on the sea water, in order for them to reach several beaches located on the Tyrrhenian coast of Calabria. Basaltc pumices (> 4 cm in size) observed in this work (n = 32) were collected from Nicotera Marina, Cala Janculla, and Praia i Focu beaches (Calabria, Southern Italy); these last are pocket beaches, accessible only via boat, so they have acted as a natural ‘trap’ for the material coming from the sea, and they served as large accumulaton areas for the Stromboli basaltc pumices. A binocular optcal microscope was used to infer morphological characteristcs, textural features, and to roughly quantfy the degree of vesiculaton and the abundance of Pele’s hairs in these peculiar basaltc pumices. The most evident features are given by magma mingling textures, visible pyroxene crystals (up to 5 mm), as well as vesicles and relatvely thick Pele’s hairs. In general, only in the basaltc pumice of Cala Janculla beach it is possible to notce the largest vesicles and the most glassy­looking samples; along with the highest degree of vesiculaton and abundance of Pele’s hairs. While the physical aspect of the basaltc pumices collected in the Nicotera Marina and Praia i Focu beaches looks more scoriaceous or lapilli­like, and with a lesser degree of vesiculaton. The morphology and physical features of these basaltc materials may have acted as an efficient way for keeping them floatng on the sea water from the Stromboli island to the Tyrrhenian coasts of Calabria. In partcular, this could be due to the high abundance of vesicles. In partcular, data from this work show that the degree of vesiculaton linked to the abundance of Pele’s hairs indicate a moderate degree of correlaton (R2 = 0.64), suggestng a great presence of interconnected networks of empty spaces in these basaltc pumices. In additon, the presence of large bubbles (up to 3­4 cm in size) would indicate the high efficiency of these partcular basalts in floatng on the sea water and emphasize the fact that the 3rd July event at Stromboli was characterized by a large release of volatles.

S13.14 ­ Poster 257 258 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 3 indicatng significant changes inthe volcanic structure preceding of almostonemoth the July in spiteof other geophysical andgeochemical parameters, tremor contains unusedinformaton media between couple of staton day by day alsoinreal tme.Preliminary results indicate that how seismicinterferometry usingdeconvoluton canbeusedtoderive Green’s functonof the frequent increase of theamplitude sofar ingeneral referred toas“spasmodic tremor”. We show tremor almostonemonth before theerupton hasshown peculiar feature with suddenand monitoring systems toprovide tmely informaton onthe volcanic hazard. We show that seismic process triggering these violent explosive eruptons andrevealing the inefficiency of the in thegeophysical andgeochemical monitored parameter openingquestonsonthemagmatc

actve ongoing processes. On July 3 informaton onchanges of theelastcpropertes of themediumisakey parameter toforecast medium through which theseismic wave propagates. The ability tomeasure inreal­tme to evaluate Green’s functon, which describes with agood approximaton elastcproperty of the Seismic interferometry basedondeconvoluton algorithm seemstobea very efficient technique Università diFirenze, Italy Lorenzo Innocent, Giorgio Lacanna,Maurizio Ripepe the July-August 2019eruptionofStrombolivolcano Seismic interferometryusingdeconvolutiontechniqueduring rd paroxysmal erupton. rd Stromboli volcano haserupted with noevident changes

S13.15 ­Poster 0.58 (K eruptons. In partcular, thehpglassy matrix isclustered around aCaO/Al Lp andhpmatrix glassescover thesamecompositonal fieldsof theproducts emitedfrom past between lpandhpportonsare commonly sharp, with local hybridizaton phenomena. between lpandhpmagmasare evident both at macroscopic andmicroscopic scale. The contacts being characterized by large andcoalescent bubbles,separated by thinsepta. Mingling textures have ahighly variable vesicularity index, from vesicles­free tohighly vesicular clasts,theselast plagioclase formed following therelatvely slow cooling of their external surface. The hpscoriae bubbles. No microlites are present inthegroundmass, butinsomespater samplestny laths of vesicular pumices toabundant denseterms,characterized by small,rounded andisolated Preliminary results indicate that lppumices have alarge range of vesicularity, from highly about theprocesses involved duringthemagmaascent, crystallizaton anddegassing. with theaimtoreconstructng thestructure of thedeepplumbingsystem andgaininformaton matrix glassesandcrystals. Analyses were performed by meansof SEM­BSE imagingandEMPA volcano andintheGinostra village, respectvely, for textural andchemicalcharacterizaton of Both spaters bombsandlapilliashfragments were sampledfrom thesummitarea of the strombolian actvity andlava effusion. degassed, highporphyritc (hp) magma,residing intheshallow reservoir, that feeds theordinary paroxysms, thelpmagma isemitedaspumiceous fragments extensively mingled with the associated totheascent of adeep­sited,low porphyritc (lp) and volatle­rich magma.In all August. Similar violent explosions have beenoccurred at Stromboli inthepastand are always crater. The strombolian actvity remained at highlevel culminatng inasecond paroxysm on28 s, a vertcal jetof fragmented material andgas was injectedinto theatmosphere from the central spater shower invaded thetopmostpartof the volcanic edifice, reaching 700mt a.s.l;afer 10 (10 seconds) explosions: duringthefirstexplosion, from theSW crater, aradially distributed of Ginostra. The bigerupton was characterized by asequence of two closely­spaced intme which generated anashcloudof 5km­highandafalloutof bombs,lapilliandashonthe village Stromboli volcano experienced a violent emissionof large volume of magmaintheatmosphere, On 3 July 2019,duringaperiodof mild­to­highlevel of normalstrombolian actvity, the 2 1 Patrizia Landi comparison withothereventsofsimilarintensity textural andgeochemicalfeaturesoferuptedmagma The 3July2019paroxysmaleruptionatStromboli:

mineral paragenesis of the lpmagmaincludesFo­rich olivine associated with diopsidicpyroxene. plagioclase associated with large crystals of zoned pyroxene andhomogeneous olivine. The The mineral assemblage of thehpmagmaisdominated by euhedral, concentric zoned a mixingtrend between thetwo endmembers. originated by hybridizaton phenomenaalongthecontact between thelpandhpproducts follow pyroxene ±Fo­rich olivineat depth [LaFelice andLandi, 2009].Intermediate compositons tme (aged at about1600 AD), andpossibly canberelated toafractonaton of diopsidic evolved products of one of themostpowerful paroxysms occurred at Stromboli inhistorical Abstract Volume 4 (K Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy 2 O 3.8­4.4 wt. %), while lpglassy matrix covers arange of CaO/Al 2 O 1.8­2.3)at constant FeO/MgO rato. The lpcompositon overlaps that of theless 1 , ClaudiaD’Oriano a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 1 , Daniele Andronico

2

2 O 3 rato between 0.65and 2

O 3 rato of 0.43­0.48 Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

259 260 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 with therisingmagmaandtobeter definetheinterface zone between thetwo magmas. improve theconceptual modelfor thedeep plumbingsystem, tounderstandtheinteractons explosions (both historicalparoxysms andparoxysms occurred inthepast20 years), inorder to features of theproducts emitedduringthe3 July 2019 paroxysm with thosefrom other violent The finalgoal of thestudy will bepursuedby comparing thechemical,mineralogical andtextural magmas. the lpmagma,followed by thesyn­eruptve andor pre­eruptve mixingbetween lpandhp Felice andLandi,2009]testfiestheinteracton with acumulitcbody duringtheascent of presence of minerals indisequilibriumisalsoafeature of theproducts of other paroxysms [La processes of dissolutonandrapid growth under water degassing[Landietal.,2004]. The dissolved cores surrounded by sieved­textured rims, which generally indicate concomitant by thehpmagmasare common inthelppumice. These plagioclasesare characterized by erupton (both lpandhp) are present inthelppumices. In additon,plagioclasecrystals inherited Different crystals of pyroxene andolivinenot inequilibrium with themagmasinvolved inthe S13.16 ­Poster Raffaele Azzaro (INGV­OE), Chiara Cristiani(DPC) Conveners: FOR FUTURECRISISMANAGEMENT SCIENTISTS AND DECISION MAKERSCOOPERATE REDUCTION IN VOLCANIC AREAS: HOW S14. FROMMULTI-HAZARDS ASSESSMENT TO RISK

Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

261

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

A novel strategy to enhance kinetic energy models by considering channelization processes of PDCs

Alvaro Aravena1, Raffaello Cioni1, Andrea Bevilacqua2, Mata de’ Michieli Vituri2, Tomaso Espost Ongaro2, Augusto Neri2

1Università di Firenze, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy

Kinetc energy models are tools able to provide an estmate to the inundaton area of pyroclastc density currents (PDCs). We present here a novel strategy that allows improving these models in order to consider the occurrence of channelizaton processes of pyroclastc material. In this strategy, the inundaton area associated with a basal collapse process, represented by a root conoid that interacts with the topography, is complemented with the inundaton zones derived from the inclusion of secondary source points located in the expected zones of pyroclast channelizaton (represented by branch conoids). For that, we adopt a tree branch­like structure and appropriate assumptons for setng the positon and the inital characteristcs of the secondary source points. Two widely used kinetc models are modified by applying this strategy: the energy cone and the box model, giving place to two open­source and freely downloadable codes (ECMapProb and BoxMapProb). We tested these branching formulatons by comparing their results with those derived from the traditonal formulatons of these kinetc energy models, with other numerical solvers, and with the invasion area of real PDC deposits. We show the capability of the presented strategy of improving the accuracy of kinetc models without adding new, unconstrained input parameters or significantly increasing the computatonal cost, allowing the assessment of volcanic hazards using a probabilistc approach. The applicaton of this strategy represents a tme­effectve alternatve to the use of more sophistcated models for describing PDC transport and depositon.

S14.1 ­ Presentazione orale 263 264 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of theDPC­INGV Agreement B2. generated by volcanoclastc debrisflows. The research hasbeen carriedoutintheframework and secondary depositsandasinputdata for thesubsequent modellingof invasion areas and DEM were used asmainreference for evaluatng thespatal distributonof theprimary elevaton surface of thebarren soilat appropriate spatal resoluton In additon,thedatabase data were elaborated toobtain theDigital Terrain Model (DTM) that reproduces only the airborne LiDAR survey dated 2009­2012.In detail, working onGISplatorm, theLiDAR source All thesedata have been visualized onaDigital Elevaton Model (DEM)derived from an anthrophic surfaces andman­madepre­existences used todefinethetmingof thesedeposits. subject of sedimentological andlithologicalanalyses allowing todefinepaleosoils,erosional or di Avellino, Pompei, Pollena and1631 A.D.). The primary depositsandreworked sequences were Plinian andsub­Plinianeruptons of Somma­Vesuvius occurred inthelast4.000 years (Pomici overlying reworked sequences, paying partcular atenton tothedepositsrelated tothemain The stratgraphic analyses have allowed theidentficaton of primary volcanic depositsandthe stratgraphic sequences selectedsites. out inselectedsitesof thePlainandsurrounding valleys. It contains more than400investgated features. This database hasfurther beenimplemented with very recent investgatons carried about locaton, volcanic sequences, possibleage, archaeological constrains andthestratmetric in ageospatal database where eachfeature point (i.e.investgated site) contains informaton outcrops, archaeological excavatons andstratgraphic trenches, were reviewed andreorganised All volcanological andarchaeological data collected duringthelast20 years from drillcores, Fields, have accumulated. amount of loosepyroclastc deposits,related toeruptons of Somma­Vesuvius andPhlegrean This study investgastes circum­vesuvian areas involving part of Apennine reliefs, where alarge on environmental andhumanlandscape. be remobilized by intensive rainfalls soonafer their depositonandgenerate significant impact deposits that usually reach considerable distances from theeruptve vents. These depositscan The circum­volcanic areas canbeaffected by hazards related tofalloutandpyroclastc current 6 5 4 3 2 1 MauroDi Vito Antonio and surroundingareas intheCampanianPlain hazard fromvolcanoclasticmassflows A geologicalDATABASE asavalidsupporttoevaluatethe Roberto Gianardi Giovanni Zancheta Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università diBari,Italy Università diBologna,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy 3 , Sandro de Vita 6 , Mata de’ Micheli Vituri 1 , Antonio Costa , Antonio

1 , Laura Sandri 2 , Marina Bisson

3 4 , Roberto Sulpizio 3 , Ilaria Rucco S14.2 ­Presentazione orale 5 , 1 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

A multidisciplinary study for the definition of lahars probabilistic hazard maps at Vesuvius

Mata de’ Michieli Vituri1, Laura Sandri2, Antonio Costa2, Mauro Antonio Di Vito3, Marina Bisson1, Tomaso Espost Ongaro1, Roberto Gianardi1, Giovanni Macedonio3, Ilaria Rucco3, Roberto Sulpizio4

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Bologna, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 4Università di Bari, Italy

In the past four centuries, volcanic mudflows generated by the remobilizaton of pyroclastc deposits material, commonly known as lahars, have caused between 15% and 20% of all volcanic fatalites. For this reason, it is important to quantfy the risk associated to such phenomena by combining different approaches such as field, modeling and probabilistc studies. In Italy, lahars pose a partcularly high threat to populaton and infrastructures in the circumvesuvian Plains and in the adjacent Apennine valleys, as testfied by the geological and historical records. The deposits most affected by heavy rain mobilizaton are both fallout and pyroclastc flows, mainly related to recent plinian and sub­plinian eruptons of Vesuvius. The assessment of the hazard associated with lahar must consider several aspects that include i) the identficaton of potental areas of origin, ii) heavy or persistent rain events able to generate deposit mobilizaton, iii) the extension and the characteristcs of the potental flow, iv) the ability to modify the flow propertes along the path related to water content, erosion and solid load depositon (which can alter the topography), v) the frequency of such events in the past. Here we present the results of a multdisciplinary effort to tackle these points for the Vesuvian area, carried out within the collaboraton between Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and the Italian Department of Civil Protecton. Field studies have shown that areas involved in the depositon of lahar associated with past eruptons are much wider than those directly affected by the depositon of primary products of the eruptons. Field and laboratory investgatons allowed, for selected cases, the characterizaton of the source and the invasion areas, the lithological and sedimentological propertes of the mobilized deposits and their interactons with the pre­existng topography. Partcular atenton has been posed to the syneruptve lahars of the 472 AD erupton, characterized by the greatest areal distributon in the northern plain and Apennine valleys. Field and laboratory data analysis were used to calibrate and define the source area for an ad hoc numerical model based on the shallow layer approach. The model has been first validated with analytcal solutons, then used to perform a sensitvity study and finally to produce probabilistc hazard maps in the circumvesuvian area.

S14.3 ­ Presentazione orale 265 266 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Giovanni Macedonio provided inreal­tme: assessment. As regards thelater aspects,afer eachissuedbulletn(tme t0),theINGV team and totestupgrade operatonal procedures for real­tme erupton forecastng andhazard insttutons andtowards populaton. At INGV ExeFlegrei allowed to verify monitoring workflows Flegrei (ExeFlegrei 2019)to verify internal procedures andcommunicaton flows towards/from On 16­19October 2019,theItalian CivilProtecton (DPC)organized acrisisexercise at Campi 3 2 1 Laura Sandri the 2019crisisexerciseatCampiFlegrei Eruption forecastingandhazardassessmentatINGV during Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna,Italy 2. 1. 3. assimilated evidence from themonitoringdata given inthebulletnat t contained long­terminformaton from CampiFlegrei morphology andgeology, and by abest­evaluaton map(aleatory uncertainty), andpercentle maps(epistemic). Also, they of anerupton. Both modelsfollow aBayesian approach, soboth themaps were described models (Selva etal,2012b;Bevilacqua etal,2015;2019),conditonal ontheoccurrence et al.,2012a]. [Marzocchi etal.,2008]calibrated inalongseriesof pastelicitaton experiments [Selva magmatc unrest, anderupton inthe month following t0,based onBET_EF model in termsof scenario forecastng, spatal probability mapsfor vent openingaccording totwo in termsof erupton forecastng, probabilites (with 80%confidence interval) for unrest, in termsof hazard assessment, basedonthe vent openingmaps produced inreal­tme in2): hazard andprobability mapsfor tephra loadat theground, conditonal totheoccurrence • duetotheshorttmebetween subsequent stages inExeFlegrei andtothehigh • inExeFlegrei, DPC expressed highinterest on“pre­eruptve”; products, i.e.,unrest and • probability mapsfor theinvasion of pyroclastc density currents (PDC),basedonthe • t Medium andLarge explosive scales,run with themostrecent wind forecast at t combining Fall3D model[Folch etal.,2009]simulatons of tephra falloutbasedonSmall, erupton. We produced mapsfor various thresholds inexceedance probability/load, by of anexplosive or of aspecificsize (so­called Small, Medium andLarge explosive scales) simulated thetephra accumulated in24hoursgiven anerupton onsetat t uncertainty onthe vent positonand ontheerupton size tothehazard and probability computatonal cost of mapping, we could not propagate inreal­tme theepistemic erupton”) was enforced; ExeFlegrei terminatng before theerupton onset, when theRed Alert level (“imminent erupton probability, and vent positonprobability maps. This may bemotvated by al., 2017); PDC size was alsocorrelated tothecaldera sector originatng thePDC(Bevilacqua et extent andonanumber of not measured butrecognized small­sized PDCintherecord. inundated regions by pastPDC,andincludedthemainuncertainty onthedeposits box model[Neri etal.,2015]. The PDCsize was basedonalognormalstatstc of 0 +48h; 1 , Andrea Bevilacqua, Andrea 3 2 , Jacopo Selva, Jacopo

1 , Augusto Neri , Augusto

2 , Antonio Costa , Antonio 0 . 0 , t 0 +24h and 1 , 0 . We Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

maps for tephra load: indeed, only the mean maps were produced, quantfying the aleatory uncertainty only. However, afer the exercise end, we retrospectvely did it, for the last phase of the exercise, along with an ensemble model of the vent positon synthesizing the two Bayesian models. • From a practcal point of view, the number of maps from hazard assessment can grow very rapidly as consequence of considering multple: ­ threshold values in probability or intensity measure (e.g., tephra load); ­ possible scenarios (e.g., maps conditonal to the occurrence of an erupton of any size, or of a specific size, or from the most likely vent positon); ­ hazards (e.g., tephra fallout and PDC in this case); ­ maps considering variability in vent opening; ­ percentles to quantfy epistemic uncertainty;

­ forecastng tme windows (i.e., t0 or t0+24h for tephra fallout).

This can make communicaton with decision makers difficult and results not fully exploitable in the typical short tme of an exercise.

In the light of the experience gained in ExeFlegrei, we conclude that: • given the relevance for decision makers of erupton and scenario forecast, the models used to provide them should be constantly upgraded as new scientfic knowledge is gained, and translated in advance into formalized operatonal procedures; • the exploitaton of the large portolio of hazard products, which represents a valuable, quanttatve informaton for taking ratonal decisions, needs a contnuous cooperaton between scientsts and decision makers. This is a necessarily mutual exchange process: on the one hand, in quiet tmes the decision makers’; needs should become clearer to scientsts, and together they could could conceive priority levels (e.g., high, medium and low) for the products that may go into reports to decision makers and into internal ones. On the other hand, scientsts should struggle to beter communicate the amount and quality of informaton carried in their products; • periodic exercises represent a fundamental opportunity to improve the response of scientsts and civil protecton to a volcanic emergency.

S14.4 ­ Presentazione orale 267 268 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Giuseppe De Pietro mitgaton, andtopossibly jointly solve them. affectng several internal areas of SouthernItaly, which canhelptohandletheproblem of risk mitgaton strategy takes into account other key demographic andeconomic issues:problems living intheriskiestareas, incaseof suddenas well asprogressive evacuaton. In additon,our Artficial Intelligence methodologiestoplananoptmal, complete relocaton of thepopulaton probability for animpendingerupton. The proposed strategy alsousesthemostadvanced risks inthearea andtomake effectvely feasible andsustainableanevacuaton, incaseof high strategy andemergency planning, which cansignificantly decrease the volcanic andassociated From suchbasicconsideratons, we proceed topropose amultdisciplinary, effectve mitgaton rather afer years or decades,perhapsnever again. consideratons, that evacuated peoplecould not come backinthered zones inshorttmes,but linked toacomplete evacuaton of theseareas. We thendemonstrate, from volcanological in termsof theactualemergency plans) of Vesuvius andCampiFlegrei, andtheeconomic losses We startconsidering the very highnumber of peoplelivinginthe‘red zones’ (the riskiestareas, effectve riskreducton policy. be jointly recognized andshared by both volcanologists anddecisionmakers, inaglobal, well aseconomical, urbanistcandsocialissues. All thesehighly multdisciplinary aspectsmust The mitgaton of suchanextreme riskcanonly beafforded by considering volcanological, as flooding. these areas isstrictly associated toseismicrisk,andother secondary risksaslandslidesand density: three millionpeoplelive within 20kmfrom apossible volcanic vent. Volcanic riskin of three actve volcanic areas (Vesuvius, CampiFlegrei, Ischia) with anextreme populaton Neapolitan volcanic area isby far the highest volcanic risk oneinthe World, duetothepresence 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Giuseppe De Natale a multidisciplinarystrategyfortheNeapolitanarea Mitigating thehighestvolcanicriskinWorld:

Stefano Maria Petrazzuoli Claudia Troise Associazione per losviluppodell’industrianelMezzogiorno, Napoli, Italy University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA, SEMEION Research Center, Roma, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Università Federico II,Napoli, Italy ENEA, Portci, Italy Regione Campania,Napoli, Italy CNR, Isttuto diCalcolo eRet ad Alte Prestazioni, Napoli, Italy CNR, Isttuto diRicerca suInnovazione eServiziper loSviluppo, Napoli, Italy 1 , Salvatore Villani 5 1 , Adriano Giannola , Adriano , Paolo Massimo Buscema 1 , Francesco Santoianni 9

6 , Guido Maurelli

2,3 , Antonio Coviello , Antonio 7 , Renato Somma 2 , Alfonso Morvillo , Alfonso S14.5 ­Presentazione orale 1 4 , Alfredo Trocciola ,

4 , 8 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The power of statistical analysis as a tool for an integrated hazard assessment at Mt. Etna (Italy): how earthquakes and flank eruptions move together on a long-term perspective

Andrea Bevilacqua1, Raffaele Azzaro2, Stefano Branca2, Salvatore D’Amico2, Emanuela De Beni2, Franco Flandoli3, Augusto Neri1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 3Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Italy

Flank eruptons at Mt. Etna volcano are ofen related to the occurrence of strong earthquakes. Nevertheless, this is not always the case, and the relatonship has to be modeled in probabilistc terms using Data Science. The topic has been investgated in a few studies, startng in the 80s and the 90s. This statstcal analysis produced a clear result ­ the objectve identficaton of the correlaton of the two phenomena. However, from a quanttatve point of view, the results were strongly affected by the limitatons in the historical records available at that tme, and by the statstcal approaches adopted. The research contnued aferwards, thanks to the basic research projects funded by the Department of Civil Protecton in 2000­2015. This provided more complete and extended knowledge of the eruptve and seismic phenomena, and of their relatonships. The implicatons for a mult­hazard assessment are significant. In partcular, the quanttatve analyses performed show that the probability of strong (i.e. damaging) earthquakes is influenced by the occurrence of flank eruptons for several weeks, both during the eruptve actvity and afer the end. The main target of the study is measuring and modeling how much is probable, if compared to the average patern, to have an earthquake temporally related to a flank erupton, and how long this statstcal influence can last for. In partcular, we perform a tme series analysis of both the seismic and eruptve records in the last 145­170 years, choosing the longest available seismic record which we assume to be complete. We included the estmaton of the seismic rate and investgated the evidence for rate changes in tme, as well as the effect of choosing different sub­records as a functon of the scale parameters (e.g. earthquake magnitude thresholds, strain release). The key step in the study is the statstcal analysis of the inter­event tmes, either between events of the same type or between earthquakes and eruptons. This produces quanttatve estmates of the earthquake rate under the influence of flank eruptons, describing the behavior of the coupled volcano­ tectonic system with the final purpose of performing a mult­hazard assessment. This research is currently funded by the Dipartmento della Protezione Civile (Italy), as part of the INGV­DPC contract 2019­2021.

S14.6 ­ Presentazione orale 269 270 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Furthermore, theurban setlement is widespread andthelocalites investgated with thesurvey analysis at amunicipalscale, butitisnecessary toconsider thecensus sectonlevel. Since the distributonof damage was largely concentrated, itisnot possibletoperform the with theaimtoassignintensity according totheEMS­98macroseismic scale. from theepicentral area, thesurvey was carriedout, insomekey zones, buildingby building dense urbanizaton of thearea together with the rapid atenuaton of theeffects moving out inspecton of 33localitestomapindetailthearea of maximum damage effects; duetothe In thecaseof the26December 2018earthquake, theINGV­QUEST group madeadirect emergency group. are compared with thosecollected duringthefieldsurvey carriedoutby theINGV­QUEST In order totestthismethodologicalapproach and validate theresults, thedamage estmates damaged buildingsor their volume. (Zafferana E.,S. Venerina, Acireale, Aci S. Antonio, Viagrande) by assessingthenumber of level. We simulated thedamage scenario inthemoststruckmunicipalitesof theepicentral area damage according tothefive degrees of theEMS­98intensity scale,given their vulnerability of amacroseismic method[Lagomarsino etal.,2006]that groups buildingsinto classesof morphological andage informaton). The assessment of damage scenario iscomputed by means of increasing vulnerability (from A toF)basedonconstructon characteristcs (typological, della popolazione/Isttuto Nazionale diStatstca]. The buildings were grouped into sixclasses urban scalefor residental buildingsprovided by theISTAT census data [Censimento generale Our analysis involves theassessment of thehousing vulnerability by usingtheinformaton at the directon of thecausatve faultandtherapid atenuaton of theground shaking. strong shocksinthearea, damage distributoninthe epicentral area isstrongly influenced by Fiandaca fault,thesouthernmoststructure of the Timpe tectonicsystem. As many other shallow Pennisi (intensity VIII EMS­98)and widespread phenomenaof surface faultngalongthe instrumentally recorded inthelast70 years: itcausedheavy damage tothe villages of Fleri and 2018, at 02:19UTC, inthelower southeasternflankof the volcano. With amagnitudeM at Etna, we simulated thedamage distributon of theearthquake occurred onDecember 26, strong atenuaton of ground shakinginshortdistances. As afirststep for calibratng themethod earthquakes shouldbetestedand validated, since thefeatures of very shallow focal depth and EMS­98 intensity scale[Gr earthquakes ­basedonamacroseismic methodreferring tothedefinitonof damage inthe the estmate of damage toresidental buildingsisaconsolidated practce for tectonic management of volcanic emergencies incooperaton with theCivilProtecton authorites. While risks to which thearea isexposed, andcanrepresent animportant contributon for the damage scenarios for the volcanic region of Mt. Etna. This goal isapartof themultdisciplinary In thisstudy we approach theproblem of developing amethodtogenerate rapid earthquake 3 2 1 Fabrizio Meroni earthquake (Mt. Etna):methodcalibrationandfirstresults Simulating damagescenariofortheDecember26, 2018Fleri (M Dipartmento dellaProtezione Civile,Regione Sicilia,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediMilano,Italy W 4.9)andadepth of ca.1km,thisearthquake isoneof themostsevere seismicevents 1 , Raffaele Azzaro ü nthal, 1998]­itsapplicatoninthecaseof volcano­tectonic 2 , Salvatore D’Amico

2 , VeraPessina 1 , Antonio Torrisi

L 4.8 3

M for further analyses will bethoseof thefollowing earthquakes: October 29,2002(3events with other indicators referred totheobserved damage reported afer aseismiccrisis.Possible dataset us tocollect, classify andcompare data related with buildingandstructural features, as well as, recovery theemergency asquickly aspossible. The fullexploraton of thisdatabase will allow the post­earthquake survey toassesstheeffectve usability of damaged buildingsinorder to et al.,2002].Such informaton iscollected by theregional CivilProtecton agency andregards pronto intervento eagibilita’ per edificiordinari nell’emergenza post­sismica­ AeDES; Baggio damage stored inthe AeDES usability forms [Scheda diprimolivello dirilevamento danno, A further calibraton of thedamage estmates will bepossibleby usingthedatabase of buildings as well astothegiven intensity degree. vulnerability anddamage classesassignedtoindividual buildingsby the INGV­QUEST operators, further challenge. Our simulatons canbeprofitably overlap with thegeoreferenced data of the correspondence between thesurvey data on buildingsandthoseprovided by ISTAT, isa overlap administratve borders (municipal boundariesandcensus sectons). For thesereasons Abstract Volume 4 L 4.5,M L 4.1,M a ConferenzaA. Rittmann L 3.9);December 2,2002(M L 3.2); April 20,2008(M S14.7 ­Presentazione orale L 3.2). Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

271 272 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 and highlight some unexpected outcomes andfuture directons. We will summarisetheimpactof thiscommunicaton effort (intermsof likes and visualisatons), informaton. website was alsousedtoemphasisetheinformaton, with direct linkstoallsources of ongoing crisis,andonthe various volcanic phenomenainvolved. The homepage of theINGV and more structured, allowed ustoprovide in­depth informaton andmore detailsonthe supported thisfastcommunicaton. The publicaton of blogartcles,lessfrequent butlonger about theerupton. Images and video (also postedonthe YouTube INGVvulcani channel) allowed aquickandfrequent onlinepresence, with thefastpublicaton of terseinformaton Different kindsof informaton were shared through various platorms. The Facebook page by theINGVvulcani working group toprovide tmely andaccurate informaton onboth events. the mediaatenton, especially thefirstone,in July. This contributon describestheefforts made and were not preceded by clear andperceptble precursory signals. As such,both events strred Both eruptons occurred duringthehightouristseason, when theislandispartcularly crowded, on July 3­costng onecasualty ­andthenagainon August 28,luckily with nofurther victms. eruptons. During thesummer of 2019,Stromboli underwent two paroxysmal eruptons, first This presentaton illustrates how thesechannels were usedtoaddress the2019Stromboli Twiter will soonbeaddedtothelist. INGVvulcani Youtube channel.INGVvulcani Instagram was openedinSeptember 2019, and volcanoes andtheir actvity:theINGVvulcani Blog, theINGVvulcani Facebook page andthe To thispurpose,specificINGVvulcani socialchannels were openedin2018todescribe true fake news. poorly qualifiedsocialmediatospread newsthat are ofen sensatonalistc andalarmist,if not accessible aspossibletothegeneral public. This was necessary tocounter thetendency of many tmely, objectve, rigorous andauthoritatve informaton about volcanoes andtheir actvity as e Vulcanologia (INGV) establishedtheINGVvulcani working group oncommunicaton toprovide In order topursuethisobjectve, the Volcanoes Department of Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica creatng aculture of risk. by natural hazards, through training andinformaton plansandeducaton programs, aimedat Risk mitgaton strategies includeincreasing theawareness of thepopulaton onthethreat posed Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy Gruppo diLavoro INGVvulcani INGV SocialCommunicationduringStromboli2019crisis

S14.8 ­Presentazione orale

Guido Giordano (UniRM3) Salvatore Passaro (CNR), Riccardo De Ritis (INGV ­UniRM2), Alessandra Pensa (UniRM3), Annamaria Pinton (UniRM3), Conveners: APPROACHES ASSOCIATED HAZARDSFROMMULTIDISCIPLINARY SUBMARINE VOLCANICS15. ACTIVITY AND Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

273

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Atlas of Italian Submarine Volcanic Structures

Alessandra Pensa1, Annamaria Pinton1, Letzia Vita2, Andrea Bonamico3, Arnaldo Angelo De Benedet1, Guido Giordano1

1Università di Roma Tre, Italy 2ISPRA ­ Dipartmento per il Servizio Geologico d’Italia, Italy 3Parco Regionale dell’Appia Antca, Italy

During the last 30 years, many studies were carried out on submerged structures in the Italian seas, partcularly in the Tyrrhenian area. Despite the increasing amount of informaton, available data are stll far from complete even for the most studied seamounts; in many cases samples or data sources are not well described, ofen poorly­to­un­georeferenced, or presented on schematc maps, in some cases on poorly detailed bathymetry. Within the framework of the EMODnet Geology Project (www.emodnet­geology.eu), more than 230 bibliographic references have been identfied and analysed, with the aim of identfying and cataloguing the available data on the Italian volcanic seamounts. A significant original contributon has also been possible by processing the Italian bathymetric map extracted from the EMODnet Bathymetry Project (www.emodnet­bathymetry.eu). The slope maps derived from that bathymetry allowed to infer the areal extent and the volume of the identfied seamounts. Data collected during the compilaton of the volcanic seamount database have been standardized, catalogued and summarized in the 57 ID Sheets that form this Atlas and organised in 7 Volcanic Seamount Sectors. Each Sector is briefly described in terms of geographical, geological and geochemical features. In each ID Sheet, all the informaton related to one or multple seamounts (belonging to the same structure/group) has been classified in five different categories: Morphology, Volcanic structure, Chemical compositon and age, Volcanic products and Brief volcanic evoluton. Each volcanic seamount is illustrated in the related sheet by a figure that shows its morphology by the bathymetry slope map, the extent of its base and the top of the structure. The main features of each volcano are also summarised in a dedicated table and a schematc cross­secton. This work represents the first atempt of a systematc classificaton and cataloguing of the Italian submarine volcanoes, which aims to make all the informaton easily accessible to the researchers/users/public.

S15.1 ­ Presentazione orale 275 276 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Guido Ventura

be recognized. Although further constraints onthenature of thesub­seafloor depositsat the rim is well defined, poorly­definedfunnel­like geometry, typicalof maar­diatreme structure, can of maars,i.e. low­relief volcanic craters causedby phreatomagmatc eruptons. Although acrater collapse feature resultng from anexplosion accompanied by huge degassing, which istypical morphology of therimsinapical sectonsuggest that theBdP may beinterpreted asa 50 mfor theexposed secton) andits maximum width (30m), anditsconvex, upward The elevated steepnessof itsinner walls, therato between theheight of thedepression (about been reported by fishermenandincludedintheofficial cartography. known asthe“Bocca deiPescatori”. The presence of suchanegatve seafloor morphology has sea level. This morphology consists inadeephole(about 90mbelow thesurrounding seafloor) Finally, apeculiar negatve morphology was investgated at adepth of about50mbelow the the slopebreak (located at about180mbelow thesealevel). pyroclastc andmarinesediments almostoccupy the whole planar area of theNaples Bay untl and lava flows that entered theseaduringMiddle Ages. A large, undulated faciesmade by to thecoastline, several magnetzed bodies were found, perhapsinterpretable as volcanic domes to large lateral collapses of themainedifice (debris avalanches) were mappedinthisarea. Near volcaniclastcs related to volcano flankcollapses are present. Here, two maindepositsascribed of Naples includingextensive fall,flow andsurge depositsalong with large volumes of Large amounts of pyroclastc materials intercalated intheLate Holocene sequence of theBay involving magmasascanbeseenby low temperatures measured onit. of crustalrocks. This structure may beindicatve of sproutng volcanism, that actually isnot of amixingbetween amantle source andshallower fluidsassociated with apoor de­carbonaton Norway). The gascompositon iscomparable with that of theCampiFlegrei anditisindicatve mix known as“pagodas” previously documented inlarge degassingareas of thedeep­sea(e.g., at several locatons, are organized inadome­like structure madeupby columnar gas­sediment unconsolidated pumiceous sediments andgasupraising. These sediments, that were sampled harbor. This morphology ismadeupby columnar diapirs, with asignificant mixingof Flegrei andSomma­Vesuvius at adepth of 150­100mbelow theseafloor, ~5kmSW off Naples are partcularly concentrated onasub­circular seafloor morphology located between Campi associated seafloor morphologies,like pockmarks,cones, andelongated features. Fluid vents surveys documented thepresence of alarge, diffusenumber of actve fluidemissionsand discovering of previously unknown volcano­sedimentary features intheNaples Bay. Marine (Mt. Vesuvius). New data available intheoffshore proximity of the volcanic complex ledtothe flow deposits,composing by anolder disrupted edifice (Mt. Somma) with anintra­caldera cone about 1.000.000personslive. The Somma­Vesuvius ismadeupby alternate pyroclastc andlava 1945) anditspositononthedense­populated coastal sector of thetown of Naples, where stratovolcano of the world, given itshuge actvity inrecent­tmes (the lasterupton isdated The Somma­Vesuvius volcanic complex isretained tobeoneof themosthazardous 2 1 Salvatore Passaro Somma-Vesuvius offshore:recentdiscoveriesintheNaplesBay Volcano-sedimentary featuresinthe Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Nazionale Terremot, Italy CNR, Isttuto diScienze Marine, Napoli, Italy 2 1 , Marco Sacchi 1 , Mata Vallefuoco

1 , Stella Tamburrino 1 ,

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 botom of the “Bocca dei Pescatori” are needed, we interpreted its morphology as consistent with those created by maar­diatreme. In summary, recent discoveries in the Naples Bay testfy the existence of large areas characterized by slope instability processes, relict of explosive volcanic morphologies and potental items of incipient volcanism in the offshore, for which the marine areas of the Bay should be also considered in the hazard evaluaton of this area.

S15.2 ­ Presentazione orale 277 278 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 britle deformaton, mostly concentrated ina small apicalgraben at thesummitof the resurgent structure canbedescribed intermsof abroad antformal folding, accompanied by subordinate diameter, boundedby a1­2km wide ringfaultsystem. The styleof deformaton of the resurgent The inner NYT caldera region ischaracterized by the presence of aresurgent dome,~ 5kmin uplif/subsidence rates. the deeper structure of theNYT, alsoincludingreconstructon of thelong­term indicators supportsabeter definitonof thekinematc evoluton andtheshallow expression of the seafloor. The useof marinesequence stratgraphic andmorphologic(paleo water­depth) border andring­faultsystem, resurgent dome,andapicalgraben) andover 80fluid vents at hydrothermal features across different structural offshore domains(e.g. caldera collar, caldera the structure of theCampiFlegrei­Pozzuoli Bay, alsoincluding themappingof volcanic and seismic profiles, outcrop, gravity core) data yielded detailedadditonalelements tounderstand The coupling of new geomorphologic (terrestrial­marine DTM) andstratgraphic (reflecton erosion processes. volcano­tectonic originandfaultscarps with superimposed sub­aerialsevere areal andlinear endogenous dynamic,suchaspositve andnegatve volcanic forms, highsanddepressions of The landscapeof CampiFlegrei area isessentally characterized by landforms duetoan marine bedforms. Flegrei Caldera andPozzuoli Bay, includingmajor volcano­tectonic elements, landforms and datasets have provided anoverview of thegeneral onshore­offshore morphology of theCampi In thelast years, aseriesof high­resoluton multbeamswath bathymetric surveys andLIDAR ~0.63 mof uplifat theendof 2019that leadstoanincreasing inthemonitoringactvites. when anew of deformaton phaseandenhanced hydrothermalism startedin2005­2006, with 100 cm/year intheperiod1983­1984. Afer 1984,theground slowly subsideduntl 2004­2005, ground/seafloor deformaton originatng uplifupto3.5min15 years, with maximum rates of testfied by two major episodes(1970­71and1982­84)of shallow seismicity and 4 kaBP hasbeendocumented inthearea of Pozzuoli. Caldera unrest during thelastdecadesis years at CampiFlegrei. Significant long­termuplif of thecentral partof theNYT caldera before deformaton associated with caldera unrest haslongbeenrecognized over thelastthousand event, intracaldera actvity hasoccurred episodically alongitsborders. Dramatc ground following theerupton of theNeapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT),dated ~15kaBP. Since theNYT monitored partly submerged collapse­resurgent caldera, ca.8kmindiameter that formed The well­known, actve volcanic districtof CampiFlegrei (Eof Naples, Italy) includesalargely 3 2 1 Marco Sacchi Italy of theNeapolitanYellow Tuff (NYT)caldera, CampiFlegrei, evolution andunrestdynamicsinthemarineonlandsector The Pozzuoli Bay:areviewofrecentmorpho-structural Donatella Insinga Università diNapoli Federico II,DISTAR Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente edelle Risorse,Italy Consiglio Nazionale delleRicerche, Isttuto diScienze Marine ­ISMAR,Italy Università degliStudi diPalermo,

1 , Salvatore Passaro 1 , Fabrizio Pepe

Dipartmento diScienze della Terra edelMare, DiSTeM, Italy 3 1 , Fabio Matano

1 , Flavia Molisso 1 , Luigi Ferrant 2 , Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 dome. The average net uplif rate of the inner caldera resurgence has been in the order of 9­12 mm/year between 10.5 ka PB and 4.0 ka PB, with a total uplif recorded at La Starza, onland, that can be estmated in the order of 60­80 m over that period. Several orders of terraces are present in the coastal proximity, partcularly in the northernmost sector of the Pozzuoli Bay. Archaeological remains of Roman age are nowadays submerged at a water depth between 2 and 16 m in depth, along the western infralitoral zone of the Bay, thus indicatng a prevailing subsidence in this area since Roman tme. Evidences of recent, shallow volcanic structures with a thin marine sediment cover were also detected (e.g., “Monte Dolce”). Relatvely shallow volcanic bodies were mapped on the southernmost border of the caldera, i.e. the Penta Palummo, Miseno and Nisida Banks.

S15.3 ­ Presentazione orale 279 280 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 Ambientale, Italy the STEP fault. volcanism at theedge of thesubductonplate andthereal extension of the area affected by partally juxtaposed. These new findingsraise anew inquiring abouttheexact distributonof Inverse andforward magnetcmodellingsuggest the presence of separate volcanic edifices east of Palinuro volcanic complex morphology andalocallow magnetzaton patern, features very similar tothoseobserved at resoluton multbeamandshipbornemagnetcdata highlighted aspreading­like volcanic presence of anunknown volcanic features located offshore theCilento Coast. The new high In the2017 anew geophysical investgaton at northof Palinuro Volcano highlighted the evidence of volcanic intrusion also very closetheCalabriancoast. sinistral deformaton. The E­W STEP faultsystem seemstocover alarge crustalarea with and spreading like feature asconfirming that the volcanism occurred inconcomitance inaE­W the presence of more than10unknown volcanic structures mostof thoseshowing float top to aE­W STEP fault. At eastof Palinuro, new geophysical andbathymetric data have revealed system. The Palinuro volcanic complex represents ashallow manifestaton of volcanism related plate with formaton of a well developed STEP­like (Subducton­Transform Edge Propagator) systems, the Tyrrhenian Seaischaracterized by alateral tear faultof theretreatng subducton strato­volcanoes. As inthecaseof SouthernSandwich, Tonga andLesser Antlle subducton of European upper crust with sporadic emplacement of oceanic crustandformaton of huge the eastward roll­back of west­dipping subductonsystem hastriggered thinningandstretching volcanoes, large seamounts andspreading like volcanic structures. In thelast2million years, Tyrrhenian Searepresents a young backarc basin where volcanism manifests itself asarc island 2 1 Luca Cocchi a newvolcanicstructureoffshoreCilentocoast STEP volcanisminthesouthernTyrrhenianSea: CNR, Isttuto diScienze Marine, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediGeomagnetsmo, Aeronomia eGeofisica 1 , Riccardo De Rits

1 , Guido Ventura

1 , Salvatore Passaro S15.4 ­Presentazione orale

2 , Marco Sacchi 2 Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The Diamante-Enotrio-Ovidio seamounts: the easternmost Volcanic-Intrusive Complex formed along the northern Ionian subduction slab-edges (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)

Riccardo De Rits1, Fabrizio Pepe2, Barbara Orecchio3, Daniele Casalbore4,5, Massimo Chiappini1, Marta Corradino2, Rinaldo Nicolich6

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Geomagnetsmo, Aeronomia e Geofisica Ambientale, Italy 2Università di Palermo, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Italy 3Università di Messina, Dipartmento di Scienze Matematche e Informatche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Italy 4CNR, Isttuto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingegneria, Roma, Italy 5Università di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy, 6ex Isttuto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy

Volcanic­Intrusive complexes ofen formed along lateral slab­edges as a consequence of subducton­induced mantle flow. In this work, we investgate this process in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea where we discovered a large volcanic­intrusive complex developed because of the decompression meltng of upper mantle material flowing along a lateral slab­edge. This complex comprises the Diamante, Enotrio, and Ovidio seamounts (DEOS) and extends 50X40 km in the NS and EW directons, respectvely. The study is based on the integraton of high­ resoluton geophysical data sets (multbeam bathymetry, multchannel seismic­reflecton data, magnetc anomalies, and seismological data). The use of different geophysical methods allowed obtaining responses to a variety of physical propertes whose integraton have been fundamental to understanding the dynamic and spato­temporal evoluton of the DEOS. The study area corresponds to the intra­slope ridges separatng the Sapri and Paola basins. The bathymetry ranges from 120 m to 3000 m and is characterized by a complex morphology due to the occurrence of seamounts, volcanic cones, fault scarps, ponded basins, channelized features (canyons and gullies) and pockmarks. The seamounts form two chains: the southern chain is formed by the E­W alignment of Palinuro, Glabro, Enotrio and Ovidio seamounts, whereas the northern chain is mainly formed by Diamante and an easternmost, unknown seamount (we named Scalea seamount). On seismic profiles, a volcanic belt is inferred throughout the area beneath Ovidio and Diamante seamounts, above the upper contnental crust strongly intruded by volcanics. Sills are also inferred on the base of the high­amplitude, contnuous and layered reflectors in the lower sedimentary levels. Three fault systems associated with positve flower structures are identfied in the north­western sector of the volcanic field. They offset both the volcanics and the sedimentary cover of the Diamante volcano and reach the sea floor. The magnetc anomaly observed in the area is the largest dipole of the northern offshore of the Calabrian Arc and completely overlaps the DEOS area. The 3D inverse model results highlight the source geometry and its relatonship with the seafloor. Moreover, the DEOS seamounts are also located in correspondence to a low Vp/Vs anomaly, reaching minimum values of about 1.66. Finally, the volcanic nature of the DEOS is therefore witnessed by: the typical morphology of these seamounts, the analysis of the seismic facies, the existence of magnetzed material and the seismic velocites. Additonally, sheet and pillow lavas were also observed through ROV dives on the top of the Ovidio seamount. The direct polarity of the composite magnetc anomaly 281 282 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the slabedges. furnishing understandingsabouttheevoluton of thesubducton­induced mantle flow around related totheslabtearingoccurred inthenorthern Tyrrhenian­Ionian subductonsystem, integrated with literature data, are significant for thecomprehension of themagmatc processes its finalemplacement was favored by transpressive andtranstensive deformaton. Our results, of theshear strain alongtheroughly E­W trending STEP fault. Thus, theascent of themeltsand intrusive complex developed within astrike­slip deformaton beltthat accommodated thebulk controlled by theSTEP faultthat limitsthenorthernedge of theIonian slab. The DEOS volcanic­ of subducton­induced mantle flow that fed thePVC andDEOS volcanic­intrusive complex was formed at thenorthernedge of theIonian slab. We propose that theformaton andupwelling the mantle flow path. Around 0.6Ma, aSTEP faultassociated with lateral lithospherictearing volcanic­intrusive complex canbeframed within thedeformaton history of theIonian slaband DEOS actvity shouldbe younger than0,7Myr. The formaton andevoluton of theDEOS A suggests that the volcanic edifices mostlikely occurred duringtheBrunhes Chron. Thus, the S15.5 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Insights of Panarea-Stromboli volcano tectonic interconnections by passive hydroacoustic monitoring of the submarine hydrothermal system off Panarea Island

Cinzia Giuseppina Caruso1, Manfredi Longo1, Alessandro Gatuso1, Gianluca Lazzaro1, Davide Romano2, Sergio Scirè Scappuzzo1, Francesco Italiano1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy 2Università di Messina, Italy

The Aeolian Archipelago is nowadays well known to be a multhazard­prone area where volcanic phenomena, seismic events, and tsunamis have occurred several tmes over the last decades [Romano et al., 2019]. In the eastern part of the Archipelago, a variety of different eruptve periods took place in recent tmes. Off the island of Panarea a sudden unrest of submarine volcanic actvity occurred on November 2002 induced a submarine explosion that opened a “crater” of 20 by 8 meters wide and 7 meters deep. During the unrest period, the huge degassing actvity increased the CO2 flow rate by some orders of magnitude. Apart from the ventng areas already actve before the event, the degassing occurred from many new fractures opened at the seafloor along a N40°E trend and from the crater. Estmatons before the event indicated a degassing rate in the range of 107 litres/day of

CO2, in contrast with the gas vented during the crisis only by the crater, estmated to be in the order of 1­2 x109 l/d CO2 [Caracausi et al., 2005]. That event dramatcally changed the geochemical features and the degassing rate of the submarine hydrothermal vents spread over the area. A few weeks later the Panarea degassing event, a flank erupton started at Stromboli volcano [Francalanci et al., 1993] on December 28, 2002, following almost a year of growing explosive actvity from the summit craters [Bonaccorso et al., 2003]. A huge flank collapse induced a 20 km3 landslide producing tsunami waves that caused damages around the island of Stromboli, on other Aeolian Islands and along the Northern coast of Sicily. The most recent effusive erupton along the Sciara del Fuoco took place in 2019, started with a huge paroxysm occurred on the 3rd of July and, as reported by fishermen, followed by short and intense bubbling on the sea surface few miles NW off Panarea island. These many underwater events pushed the scientsts to develop new methods to monitor the sea­floor degassing actvity. Besides the periodical sample collecton (gases and hot waters for laboratory analyses), a contnuous monitoring has been carried out by a seafloor observatory developed to perform near real­tme data transmission [Italiano et al. 2011]. The observatory, deployed off Panarea island, has been equipped with a heterogeneous sensors suite (dissolved CO2, dissolved O2, EC, turbidity, pH, temperature and pressure) (Italiano et al. 2011). Among the other sensors the observatory is equipped with a hydrophone in order to record the noise variatons of the bubbling gases in a frequency range of 0.5 Hz­3 kHz, emited at the seafloor as a proxy of the gases outlow variatons. First experiments in this sense gave useful informaton for a tght tectonic link between the submarine volcanic actvity of Panarea island and the crater explosions of the nearby actve volcanic island of Stromboli [Heinicke et al., 2009]. 283 284 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 la fossa area), besidesthecontemporary variaton of the Stromboli by meanof CO contemporaneous modificatons of the vented fluidsandthedegassingactvity of thenearby Data from thecontnuous monitoringof thesubmarinehydrothermal vents., showing related tothe volcanic actvity of thenearby Stromboli island. recordings; thehydrothermal fluids vented off Panarea have shown significant changes strongly a definitefrequency interval. The monitoringactvity carriedoutby passive hydroacoustc of thetotal gasoutput)isexpressed by anincrease intermsof energy (decibels) of thesignalin noise isassociated to the bubblingactvity, every change of thegasflow rate (namely, change informaton onchanges occurring at thesubmarine vents. Moreover, since thehydroacoustc gases (includingheliumandcarbonisotopic compositons) may provide important andearly tdes, waves, etc. A contnuous monitoringassociated tothegeochemical features of the vented The acoustc records may provide informaton onsuddenchanges not related tonatural forces: testmony tointerconnectons between thetwo volcanic islands. 2 outlow variatons from soilsspread over thecraters area (Pizzo sopra 3 He/ 4 He ratos at both volcanoes, bear S15.6 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Morphostructural analysis of the Graham Volcanic Field offshore southwestern Sicily (Italy) by means of bathymetric data and ROV images

Danilo Cavallaro, Mauro Coltelli

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

High­resoluton multbeam bathymetric data and ROV images allowed to characterize in detail a submarine volcanic field, named Graham Volcanic Field, located 40­50 km offshore southwestern Sicily [Cavallaro and Coltelli, 2019]. Data were collected in 2012 during a multdisciplinary oceanographic cruise focused on the seafloor mapping and on the geophysical and geochemical monitoring of some volcanic centres located in the NW sector of the Sicily Channel [Coltelli et al., 2016]. The Graham Volcanic Field is located on the western side of a relatvely shallow (maximum depth of about 350 m) submarine relief, which also includes the Terrible and Nerita banks. The field comprises a ten of monogenetc tephra cones showing steep slopes and pointy or flat tops and heights from 88 to 144 m. The cones are arranged along a N­S trending and 12 km long belt at 150­250 m b.s.l. The volcanic field includes the relict of the short­lived Ferdinandea Island produced during the well­documented 1831 Surtseyan­type erupton and presently shaping, together with an adjacent submarine cone, the Graham Bank. The present­day morphology of the cones is the result of the interplay between volcanic actvity, wave and current erosion, mass­wastng and depositonal processes, in relatonship with sea­level change, actng in both subaerial and submarine environments. The morpho­structural analysis of the field has been achieved to measure the main morphometric parameters of the cones. The analysis of some morphological parameters, such as level of erosive actvity of the cones slopes, presence and depth of summit abrasion platorms and depositonal terraces, in relatonship with sea­level change and vertcal mobility affectng the area, allowed to reasonably constrain the age of the volcanism at post­LGM (Last Glacial Maximum, 20 ka). This analysis was carried out taking also into account analogies with other submarine volcanic cones worldwide, such as the satellite shoals of Surtsey volcano (Iceland) [Romagnoli and Jakobsson, 2015]. ROV dives allowed to image the top of the Ferdinandea shoal (minimum depth is 9 m b.s.l.), which is characterized by sub­vertcal volcanic knolls, and the lava flow (the only one recognised within the entre field) identfied on the western flank of the Graham Bank. The distributon and shape of the cones provide important insights into the interacton between volcanism and tectonics. The alignment of the volcanic cones within the field and the main axis of the clusters in which they are grouped reveal two preferred directons, N­S and NW­SE, respectvely, consistent with those of the main tectonic structures of the Sicily Channel. Another volcanic field, named Terribile Volcanic Field, was also identfied on the adjacent Terribile Bank and analysed, suggestng an older age with respect to the Graham Volcanic Field. The relatonship between the morphology of the seamounts and underwater volcanic processes proved the monogenetc nature of this volcanism, which is part of a wider and scatered volcanism affectng the northwestern Sicily Channel. This volcanism represents a peculiarity since it took place within a nearly N­S oriented lithospheric­scale transfer zone (the Capo Granitola­Sciacca Fault Zone) [Civile et al., 2018], associated with the Plio­Quaternary 285 286 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 study area located near totheSiciliancoast. for volcanic riskassessment, which ismostly associated with thelocalnavigaton, beingthe The improvement of theknowledge of thissubmarine volcanism would bealsoof great interest respectvely. the volcanic fields,suggestng theoccurrence of diffuseslopefailures and fluidreleases, Numerous masstransport depositsandpockmarks were alsoidentfied inthesurroundings of other volcanic fields worldwide suchassubductonandoceanic rifzones. contnental rifingof theSicily Channel,andthusoutsidethetypicalgeodynamic setngsof S15.7 ­Presentazione orale the erupton. arrivals only mingled with therhyolitc magma, thuspossibly representng thefinaltrigger of magmas. The early batches of new meltsinitally mixed with theresident ones, whereas thelater differentated by assimilaton andfractonal crystallizaton, undergoing several inputsof mafic Our data suggest thepresence of acomplex storage system where themostevolved magma been generated. give informaton ontheearly history of the volcano andonhow therhyolitc magmacould have petrographic textures that are well reflected intheir different chemicalcompositons. They can lithic lavas were alsosampled;they canbesubdividedinthree groups with characteristc quite complex zoning andalarge compositonal variability (e.g. An15­90 for plagioclase). Fresh amphibole are themainmineral phases;olivineisfound inthemafic enclaves. Minerals show centmetric tomillimetric,basaltc­andesitc enclaves. Plagioclase,biotte, pyroxene and the erupton. They consist of white rhyolitc pumices with grey and blackbands,alsoincluding juvenile products of the1650CEactvity, characterizing thedifferent magmasinteractng before glasses) of samplescollected duringthecruisesandby divers. Most samplesrepresent the We present new petrographic, geochemical andisotopic data (on whole­rock, minerals and and plumbingsystems works, tocorrectly assesriskfor thenearby islandof Santorini. the history of this volcano andtounderstanditsbehaviour and,inpartcular, how itsstorage for themantle source by geochemical data [Klaver etal.,2016].It isthusfundamental toknow et al.,2009];thischamber isseparated from thestorage system of Santorini, assuggested also magma chamber was recognized below thecrater at depth 9­6kmby seismicdata [Dimitriadis the crater (505mbsl)[Carey etal.,2013],increasing thehazard of thisactve system. A possible hydrothermal field with CO Exploratve cruises employing ROVs showed thepresence of ahightemperature (220°C) CE, causingthedeath of 70peopleonSantorini, which isonly 7kmdistant from the volcano. seismically actve zones intheSouth Aegean Volcanic Arc. Kolumbo explosively erupted in1650 transtentonal Anydros basin,NEof theislandof Santorini, representng oneof themost Kolumbo Seamount isthelargest of twenty submarine volcanic cones tectonically alignedinthe 5 4 3 2 1 Filippo Mastroianni dynamics priortothe1650CEexplosiveeruption The Kolumbo submarinevolcano, Greece:plumbingsystem Abstract Volume 4 Georgios E. Vougioukalakis CNR, Isttuto diGeoscienze eGeorisorse,Firenze, Italy HSGME, Hellenic Survey of Geology andMineral Exploraton, Athens, Greece The Natural History Museum,London, UK Università diFirenze, Italy Università diPisa,Italy a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 1 , Iacopo Fantozzi 2 ­rich discharges andaccumulaton of acidic water at thebotom of 4 , Eleonora Braschi 2 , Chiara Maria Petrone

5 , Lorella Francalanci 3 , S15.8 ­Presentazione orale 2

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

287 288 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 to future dredging actvitesontheseafloor of specificareas of theMediterarenan sea. potental polymetallicdeposits,their average commercial values andthepotental hazard related seamounts. To prevent theseproblems, theMarine Hazard project will explore theexistence of life, while thehighquantty of materials involved may potentally affect theflankstability of the metallic nodulesandthat destroy thetop10cmtometersof sof sediment andtheassociated to collect nodulesfrom theseafloor involves theuseof machinesdedicated toextracton of Tyrrhenian Seaseamounts (Palinuro andMarsili, inpartcular). Most of theproposed solutons effects resultng from deepseaminingandmineral resource extracton inthesouth­eastern effectve andinnovatve environmental management, andfor anappropriate preventon of WP1 Marine Hazzard project develop new scientfic andtechnologicalapproaches for an studying hazard scenarios before areal startngof extracton actvites. The maingoal of the potental marineenvironmental degradaton, aspecificsetof rulesmay beintroduced by through acomplex setof legaltoolsandpoliciesat localtosubnatonal level. To avoid the consequences onthemarine environment. Marine resources andtheir utlizaton are managed of biologicactvity. This new phaseof oceanic exploraton may leadtopartally known leading toanew phaseof intensive dredging of materials inmetal­richareas that are ofen dense dollars/ton. Therefore, inthenext future anew fronter of gold rush will beopen,thusprobably (data per tonof material), with anestmated economic value indicatvely of about500­2000 1200g); Copper (5­15%);Zinc(5­50%)andLead (3­23%),as well as Vanadium, Nickel andREE demonstrated thepresence of metalrichsediments, alsoincludingGold (2­20g);Silver (20­ economic interest inthoseareas. Several testsconducted onpolymetallic­rich sectors demonstrated theexistence of significant concentratons of metalscharacterized by high that demonstrated tobeusefulintheproducton of polymetallicnodules.Several studies hydrothermal vents indeepmarineareas asapotental soluton,partcularly inthosesectors ca. 30 years, mostof the internatonal geologic community indicated theexploraton of a new era of exploraton aimedtodefinethepossiblefindingof depositsby thesea.In thelast The lackof mineral resources duetooverload of miningareas insubaerialenvironment callfor 2 1 Salvatore Passaro deep seaminingontheTyrrhenianSeaSeamount The marinehazardproject(WP1) - Preventingtheeffectsof CNR, Isttuto per lostudiodegliimpat Antropici eSostenibilità inambiente marino,Roma, Italy CNR, Isttuto diScienze Marine, Napoli, Italy 1 , Mario Sprovieri 2

S15.9 ­Poster

Mauro Rosi (UniPi) Daniele Musumeci (UniCt), Alberto Renzulli (UniUrb), Maria Clara Martinelli (Parco Archeologico delleIsole Eolie), University of New York), Franco Foresta Martin (INGV­PA), Luigi Ingaliso (UniCt), Sara Tiziana Levi (UNIMORE;City Stefano Branca (INGV­OE), Mauro Antonio Di Vito (INGV­OV), Conveners: FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES MEET ARCHAEOLOGISTSOTHERDISCIPLINES AND HUMAN COMMUNITIES: WHEN VOLCANOLOGISTS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEENERUPTIONS AND S16. HISTORY OF VOLCANOLOGY AND Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

289

setlements of Sicily (e.g. Motya andEntella) and Tunisia (e.g. Utca andCarthage) andfor those Pantelleria isdocumented for volcanic millstonesinPhoeniciansitesandCarthaginian basaltc lavas from Etna andHyblean Mountains for thesame purpose. The provenance from many centuries before theHellenistc peopleandtheRomans would have largely exploited the should beconsidered asanodalpoint for trade in volcanic millstones,inthe Archaic Period, i.e. Mountains andPantelleria Island. The later, duetoitsbarycentric positon intheSicily Channel Entella), where lava millstones(basalts) were manufactured usinglithotypes of Etna, Hyblean Celtc perioduptotheLate Roman Empire. They even spread towards Sicily (e.g. Poggioreale, from Orvieto represented highly prized raw material toproduce millstones,from theEtruscan­ Roman Empire suchasGallia,Iberia, Tunisia, Tripolitania andCirenaica. The leucitephonolites ballast) by different routes throughout theMediterranean, includingfar­away provinces of the locaton, mostof theOrvieto millstones could easily beshipped(as cargoes or ofen usedas the millstonetrade through the Tiber River down toitsestuary (port of Osta Antca). From this the Tiber andPaglia Rivers. Here, afluvialport(Pagliano) represented thecollectng point for exploitaton (near Orvieto) of thelater was located about10km WNW from theconfluence of Vesuvius or aleucitephonolitelava from theRoman Volcanic Province (Vulsini). The area of produced by millstonesmanufactured usingaleucitebasaltctrachyandesite lava of Somma­ millstones are Pompei andOsta Antca. Bakeries inthesetowns were supplied with flour The mostfamousarchaeological sitestosee important leucite­phyric hourglass rotary lava K alkalinemagmatc series. (tholeiitc, calcalkaline,high­Kcalcalkalinetoshoshonitc), sodicalkalinetotransitonal andhigh­ Hellenistc­Greek tmebutalsodatng backtothe Archaic Period belongtosubalkaline found interrestrial andunderwater sitesandshipwrecks, mostly belongingtotheRoman and (orogenic) andanorogenic geodynamic setngs.Basic tointermediate­silica volcanic millstones manufacture lava millstonesmay comprise magmas erupted both insubducton­related volcanoes. It isimportant tonote that thefootprints of potental volcanic areas exploited to geochemistry are themaintoolsallowing thelava millstonestobematched with distnct Classical igneouspetrology suchasthinsectonpetrography andmajor­trace element volcanic source area. Mediterranean. These cargos ofen contain grindinglava stonesquarried(and loaded)from the for millstonetrade networks isalsoavailable from several shipwrecks throughout the volcanic province istherefore of paramount importance tooutlinetransport routes. Evidence volcanic sources. Unravelling theprovenance of thelava millstones,from one volcano or a numerous archaeological sitesthroughout theMediterranean area at significant distances from to rotary hourglass (Morgantna andPompeian types). Volcanic millstones are present in Technological evoluton through tmesaw changes from saddle/flat quernstohopper­rubber to their good abrasive propertes anddurability, independently totheir shape(and efficiency). Millstones for grindingcereals were mostly manufactured inantquity usinglava lithotypes, due 2 1 Alberto Renzulli Roman EmpirebacktothePhoenicians routes andtradenetworksintheMediterraneanareafrom Matching lavamillstoneswithvolcanoestounraveltransport Abstract Volume 4 University of Malta, Malta Università diUrbino, Italy a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 1 , Patrizia Sant 1 , TimmyGambin

2

Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

291 292 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 and XlendiBay (off theIsland of Gozo, Maltese Islands, 7 found intheshipwreck cargos of ElSec(off thecoast of Mallorca, dated toca.4 westerly Phoeniciansetlement, ca.1500kmfar from theislanditself. millstones were even found at Cádiz(Spain, beyond theStrait of Gibraltar) which isthemost th century BC).Pantelleria basaltc S16.1 ­Presentazione orale th century BC) Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Prehistoric human presence on the Etna volcano (Siciliy), in relation to the geological evolution

Stefano Branca1, Francesco Privitera2, Orazio Palio3, Maria Turco4

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2ex Museo Regionale di Catania, Italy 3Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze della Formazione, Italy 4Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Catania, Italy

The study of human setlements on Etna, regarding in partcular prehistory, must take into account the pedological and hydrographic characteristcs, with partcular reference to the morphology and chronology of the lava flows and the presence of springs located mainly along the periphery of the volcano and rarely at medium and high alttudes. Most of the prehistoric sites are concentrated on the western and northern flanks, since the southern one is almost entrely occupied by lava flows of historical epoch (< 2700 years BP), while on the eastern flank the few sites so far identfied are generally found under pyroclastc deposits and soils of considerable thickness. The oldest human presences are those of the Middle Neolithic (2nd half of the 6th millennium BC), in an area of springs in the territories of Paterno’ and Belpasso, and in the territory of Adrano, on the border between the Elliptcal volcano lava flow (Piano Provenzana formaton, age 40­15 ka BP, from Branca et al. [2011]), and alluvial deposits. These setlements are part of the Neolithic village typology with a predominantly agricultural economy. In the last phase of the Neolithic, at the end of the fifh millennium BC, areas of land more favourable for grazing or itnerant agriculture on a seasonal basis begin to be frequented on a larger scale, generally on Ellitco lava flows. Pastoral actvites are demonstrated by the results of archaeozoological analyses of some sites, indicatng the prevalence of sheep­goat breeding compared to catle, as well as by the discovery of typical tools for milk processing. Agriculture required large quartzite tools suitable for a superficial working of the lava soil and millstones for cereals. As in the previous phase, the occasional use of the caves atested, which in these first phases probably served as temporary shelter, even if it cannot be excluded that they began to be used for their symbolic value in relaton to the underground world, which would later become prevalent. Indeed, it should be noted that in the vast area of Balze Soprane, on the lavas of Monte La Nave (Piano Provenzana formaton), a necropolis was discovered with Neolithic pit tombs. During the Late Copper Age, afer 2800 BC, the human presence at the medium alttudes increased. The setlements of this period are located above lava flows of the primitve Mongibello volcano, (formaton Pietracannone, lower member, age 15­3.9 ka BP). In one case (Contrada Marca di Castglione) on lava of the flow called Alcantara, following a stratgraphic excavaton, it was seen that the thickness of the ground preceding anthropizaton was very modest, such as not to allow agriculture. It should be noted that most of the archaeological sites known for this period, especially in the hills or mountains, are represented by caves. However, they should not be considered places of habitaton, even temporary, unless in some partcular cases (for example, Grota delle Femmine, 1,600 m a.s.l.). Instead, they mainly had funerary and symbolic functons, connected to villages located at lower alttudes, especially during the Ancient Bronze Age (2,200 ­ 1,500 BC), or were periodic meetng places for burials and other ceremonies during presumed seasonal movements linked to pastoralism at higher alttudes. However, there is evidence of open­air setlements up to an alttude of 800 m, as in two cases in the Randazzo 293 294 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 within theindividualareas, with basepoints andareas destnedfor seasonalmovements. organizaton of theterritory more sothanonlarge­scale movements of nomadicgroups, at least and dry farminginthehilly terrain. This system was probably basedonasortof embryonic setlements, even at high­hilly andmountainous levels, which we consider linked tobreeding millennium BC,for which thedata are very scarce, there isagreat increase inthenumber of suggests anessentally agricultural occupaton. Afer alongperiod,corresponding tothefourth In conclusion, for afirstphasecorresponding totheNeolithic period,thearchaeological data (1600­1500 BC). sites located onlavas (3.9kaBP­122 BC)are somelava caves onthe western outskirtsof Catania Age, thelava flows are atributed tothestratgraphic interval 15­3.9kaBP. At present, theonly supply inasubstantally deprived. Also, inthesetwo sites,datng backtothe Ancient Bronze area. The presence of large vessels tocontain water demonstrates theimportance of the water S16.2 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Human communities living in the central Campania Plain and eruptions of Vesuvio and Campi Flegrei since Neolithic

Mauro Antonio Di Vito1, Paola Aurino2, Giuliana Boenzi2, Elena Laforgia2, Ilaria Rucco1

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2MiBACT ­ Ministero per i Beni e le Atvità Culturali e per il Turismo, Napoli, Italy

Archaeological and volcanological studies revealed that eruptons of Neapolitan volcanoes have interacted with human life since prehistory. The occurrence of high intensity explosive eruptons, interspersed with long periods of quiescence, has characterized the last 10 ka of actvity of these volcanoes. Geoarchaeological studies, carried out in advance of investgatons for the constructon of the Rome­Naples and the new Naples­Bari train lines, made it possible a detailed reconstructon of the human presence in the central part of the Piana Campana up to the coastal strip, between the late Neolithic and the late Bronze Age. The examined chronological interval includes the sequence of pyroclastc deposits and paleosols overlaying the products of the Pigna S. Nicola (Campi Flegrei, 9533­9201 cal bp) or Pomici di Mercato (Vesuvius, 8890±90 cal. bp) eruptons. The sequence includes the deposits of the following eruptons: Agnano 3 (Campi Flegrei, >4757 cal bp), Paleoastroni 2 (Campi Flegrei, 4712­4757 cal bp), Agnano Monte Spina (Campi Flegrei, 4625­4482 cal bp), at least four units of Astroni, occurred in a short period (Campi Flegrei, 4098­4345 cal bp), and finally the Pomici di Avellino (Vesuvius, 3945+10 cal bp). The presence of palaeosurfaces with evidences of anthropic frequentaton, has been important to infer the age of secondary phenomena. The definiton isochronous surfaces were useful in making correlatons also in absence of diagnostc archaeological findings. All the geoarchaeological data, collected during ten­year excavatons, have been revisited, contextualized and organised in a GIS database. They provide a detailed picture of human setlements and actvites through tme with a partcular focus in the period of occurrence of explosive eruptons of both Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius. Their analysis allows to draw some preliminary conclusions: Even the recent and final Neolithic show the presence of sites that grow to a maximum distance of 2­2.5 km from the current course of the Clanis river (present Regi Lagni) and along the slope on the edge of the Sebeto river depression, whereas in the surrounding high areas, there is a marked absence of evidence of human presence, as well as in the Sebeto morphological depression characterized by wet­marshy soils both in prehistoric and historical tmes; The Agnano 3 and Paleoastroni 2 eruptons accumulated in the Campanian Plain only thin ash beds which do not seem to inhibit the use of the areas, as suggested by the contnuity in the use of the landscape for both setlements and agriculture; The Agnano­Monte Spina erupton determines a significant accumulaton of pumice and ash layers, but despite the high thickness, the erupton does not seem to have led to a prolonged break in the use of the areas. The deposit is very permeable and not very cohesive and this has certainly inhibited large alluvial phenomena, has favored pedogenesis and resetlements. Once again, the setlements seem to be located close to the river basins, while we do not have significant evidence of agricultural areas; The Astroni eruptons, like the other medium­low energy ones already mentoned, do not seem to determine caesuras in the frequentaton of the area. The change in the use of some areas seems rather determined by variatons in the populaton structure linked to the mobility of 295 296 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 three centuries from theerupton. The significant re­occupaton of theterritory take place only intheMiddle Bronze 3,afer about marginal areas not affected by significant phenomena; floods andlahars. The post­erupton setlements of theMiddle Bronze 1­2develop only in of organized groups moving away from areas deeply affected by theerupton andsubsequent Numerous humansandanimals’ footprints found at various stratgraphic heights testfy passages phenomena that certainly inhibitatempts of re­occupaton of thearea; The area was interested for alongtmeafer theerupton by theoccurrence of intense alluvial relatve topeopleinterested intherecovery of objectsfrom setlements; in Afragola are imprinted inthefirstashdeposits,stll muddy andcold enough. They are likely enough toallow thesignificant cooling of theashdeposits.In fact,the firstfootprints recognized beginning of theerupton thearea was affected by arrival of several pdcsat intervals long and domestcanimalsalsoseemtohave beenlargely taken away). Only several hoursafer the (as well atested inthe villages of Afragola andNola where bronze objectsare absent andfood the territory under examinaton. This allowed themigraton of thepopulatons livinginthearea the entre territory tothenortheastof the volcano andonly marginally, duringthefinalphases, The depositonof theproducts of themainphasesof thePomici di Avellino erupton affects evidently not actve at thesametme; setlements. The later isevidenced by thepresence of very closesetlement nuclei which were S16.3 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Materials and tools across volcanoes: exploitation of obsidian and other volcanic rocks in Ustica (Italy) during prehistory

Claudia Speciale1, Sandro de Vita2, Maria Rosa Iovino3, Filippo Manta4, Roberta Mentesana5, Giuseppe Montana4, Giuseppina Bataglia6, Mauro Di Vito2, Stefano Vassallo6

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 3Isttuto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Roma, Italy 4Università di Palermo, Italy 5Universitat Barcelona, Departament Historia, Spain 6ex Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Palermo, Italy

The volcanic island of Ustca (9 km2) is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea about 58 km north­ northwest from Palermo, Sicily, in a strategical positon for the routes that lead from the Aeolian Islands to Western Sicily and from Western Sicily to the southern Sardinia. Ustca was setled since Neolithic tmes untl the Middle Bronze Age (about 4000­1300 BC). Since 2017, a paleoenvironmental analysis of the Ustca island has been carried out within the project Brains2Islands, aimed to the investgaton of human­environmental dynamics on small volcanic islands of the Thyrrenian sea during prehistory. Surveys and field actvites brought to light several prehistoric sites in the island and helped in defining more precisely the setled areas. The island was interested by unsystematc archaeological surveys, excavaton campaigns and numerous anthropic actvites which, over the last century, have brought to light numerous archaeological remains, atestng an occupaton from prehistoric tmes to today with short interrupton phases [Spatafora, 2009; Mannino and Ailara, 2016]. Moreover, the geomorphology of the places makes the island partcularly suitable for cultvaton actvites, as clearly shown by the agricultural exploitaton and by the employment of the land during the historical phases [Tranchina, 1982]. All this made possible to outline the setlement dynamics on the island as early as the end of the Neolithic, with the identficaton of the site of Punta Spalmatore [Mannino, 1998], to date the only site indicated as Neolithic on the whole island. Occupaton of the inital and middle Copper ages are instead present in the Grota Azzurra and Grota di San Francesco on the south­eastern side of the island and on Piano dei Cardoni [Mannino and Ailara, 2014 ;2016]. As part of the Brains2Islands project, startng from December 2016, new research has been carried out on the entre territory of the island of Ustca, with partcular atenton to Mezzogiorno and the Colunnella area. On Piano dei Cardoni, a relevant concentraton of prehistoric materials (from the Middle Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age) was detected in the so­called “supravia” area, which was therefore selected for further research and it is now under stratgraphic excavaton and detailed study. The site is atributable to the end of the Neolithic/beginning of the Copper Age (presence of potery from the Diana culture, incised decoratons, white­and­red painted and burnished wares). The area of about 36 sqm so far investgated in Piano dei Cardoni shows therefore the presence of a setlement, whose entty and extension is stll to explore and interpret, in order to recreate the framework of setlement patern and subsistence system at the end of the Neolithic age on a small island afer the first human occupaton. In this paper, the analysis of local volcanic lithologies used for manufacturing lithic tools is 297 298 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of theceramic sherds. from other volcanic/not volcanic areas hasbeenalso verified through thepetrographic analyses local obsidiantools.Exploitaton of theterritory anduseof localand/or importedresources presented, together with theclassificaton andprovenance of theconspicuous record of non­ S16.4 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Life on the edge of the sea in a volcanic island: the geomorphological background of the choice of prehistoric human settlements at Ustica (Palermo, Italy)

Franco Foresta Martn1,2, Stefano Furlani3

1Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustca, Palermo, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy 3Università di Trieste, Dipartmento di Matematca e Geoscienze, Italy

The island of Ustca is located in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, 70 km north of Palermo (Italy). It represents the emergent part (8,6 km2) of a submarine volcano whose actvity developed during the Pleistocene and ended ~ 130 ka BP. This study aims to investgate the geomorphological and environmental causes that conditoned the choice of human setlements at Ustca during the Prehistoric Age, a period characterized by the intense human occupaton of the island. Archaeologists documented the presence of humans at Ustca since the Neolithic Age (~ 8 ka BP), then in the Eneolithic Age (~ 6­5 ka BP), Early Bronze Age (~ 4 ka BP) and Middle Bronze Age (~ 3,4­3,2 ka BP). The first Neolithic Age setlement was probably built on the flat top of Pirozza hill, on the southwestern sector of Spalmatore. Pirozza hill is a small promontory facing the sea, about 50 m asl, cut on columnar basalts. The top of Pirozza is part of the MIS 7 Crotonian marine terrace (~ 210 ka BP). When observed from the sea, it appears like a fortress. According to the style of ceramic potery (Stentnello, Trichrome and Diana), some archaeologists suggest that the first Neolithic populaton landed at Ustca came from Palermo. The Neolithic people setled on that elevated place in order to dominate the south­western sector of Ustca and control the sea between Sicily and the island. The setlement lasted for a long tme, and expanded into the surrounding areas, as shown by ceramic fragments stll found around the site. In the same area, fragments of obsidian tools were also discovered. As the volcanism of Ustca did not produce volcanic glasses, the obsidian artfacts were imported. The provenance areas of the obsidians, determined by means of geochemical analyses, are Lipari and Pantelleria, atestng the far exchanges between Ustca and the two islands since the beginning of prehistory. At Piano dei Cardoni, on the southern hinterland of the island, at an alttude of about 100 m asl, another key site for prehistoric presence was found. Untl recently, it was thought that the oldest setlement in this part of the island dates back to the Eneolithic (or Chalcolithic) Age. Recently, an excavaton essay brought to light also artfacts of the Neolithic Age. In the course of archaeological surface surveys and shallow excavatons, many products of the ceramic industry together with abundant obsidian fragments were collected, the later atributable to Lipari and Pantelleria outcrops too. At Piano dei Cardoni, bedrock is cut on the basalt of Monte Guardia dei Turchi (~520 ka BP), which is covered by Crotonian marine terrace deposits (~ 350 ka BP). The geomorphological features of the area, sloping toward the sea without obstacles, demonstrate reduced defense needs, which were entrusted only to the high coast overlooking the sea. Probably, the improved security in a period between Neolithic and Eneolithic Ages pushed the inhabitants to favor landward sectors which are more protected by salt weathering and prone to agriculture and sheep­farming. During the Early Bronze Age, the populaton returned to extremely defended sites. The 299 300 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 can not beexcluded. or three centuries afer hisfoundaton. Other reasons for thisstllunexplained abandonment be thereason for thesuddenabandonment of the village, which occurred about3,2kaBP, two sea cliffs. The structural weakness of thecliffs,characterized by frequent collapses, could also topographical andmorphologicalcharacteristcs, which offer anatural protecton thankstothe by repeated collapses. One of thereasons for thechoice of that place isprobably related toits coast isformed by thecolumnar lava of theGorgo Salato and Tramontana unitsandisaffected bordered by a20m­highcliff overlooking thenortherncoast of theisland. This sector of the Tramontana, which was builtduringtheMiddle Bronze Age and was located onaterrace The mostpopulated setlement of theUstcan prehistory was theFaraglioni Village of ceramic from thesameage were recovered. Graziano (Aeolian islands), andby thepresence of anecropolis with grotcelle tombsin which sites. The importance of thissetlement istestfiedby ceramic findingsinthestyleof Capo that positon,a360° view of thehorizon ispossible,inorder tocontrol theislandanditslanding reworked by humaninterventon anditsperimeter was protected by basaltcounterforts. From middle of theisland,anditstays at analttudeof about238masl. The topof thehill was point of view, Culunnella istherelict of acrater located at theMonte Guardia dei Turchi, inthe setlement referred tothisperiodislocated onasmallrelief calledCulunnella. From a geological S16.5 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Documents and collections for the history of earth pigments and diatomaceous earth ore deposits of Monte Amiata volcano (Tuscany, Italy)

Luigina Vezzoli, Claudia Principe

CNR, Isttuto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Pisa, Italy

At the base of the slopes of Monte Amiata volcano (southern Tuscany, Italy), small extnct lake basins of upper Pleistocene age are documented. These lake basins were characterized by the depositon of two very different types of sediment. The first type is a biogenic, predominantly siliceous sediment, consistng of the fossil frustules of microscopic unicellular algae of the Diatomacea family. It has an ultra­fine grain size, is sof and crumbly, with an earthy texture and a pure white color. This sediment is called diatomaceous earth or fossil flour. The second type of sediment is of mixed chemical and biochemical origin with scarce terrigenous components. It derives from the precipitaton of iron oxides (limonite/goethite) from low temperature hydrothermal fluids rich in ferrous solutes, assisted by the presence of ferrobacteria. This sediment assumes colors from light yellow to red, brown and black, and has the characteristcs of earth pigments. The age of the sedimentaton in these lacustrine basins (140­130 ka) is younger than the volcanic actvity of the Monte Amiata volcano (304­230 ka), but the presence of earth pigments and diatomaceous earth ore deposits is closely related to the high availability of colloidal silica and ferrous solutes in the mineral, ferruginous and acidic waters draining the volcanic edifice. Both the diatomaceous earth and earth pigments of Mount Amiata volcano are minerals that are widely used by man for various applicatons since ancient tmes and they preserve the biological and physical testmonies of the environmental and climatc changes of the upper Pleistocene. For these reasons, they represent geological materials with a fundamental cultural value. The principal natural earth pigments which were extracted on the lake sediments of Monte Amiata are raw and burnt sienna, raw and burnt umber, and bole. Each of these names represents a natural material with a definite mineralogical compositon and peculiar chemical and physical characteristcs. The natural earth pigments exclusively mined at Monte Amiata comprise the famous terra di Siena (raw sienna) and terra di Siena bruciata (burnt sienna) that have been ones of the yellow­brown and red pigments most widely used by Italian and European painters from the Renaissance to 19th century (e.i., Gioto, Vasari, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Turner). The Monte Amiata earth pigments were of high quality, because they were durable and permanents, transparent or semi­transparent, with good color strength and a high coatng efficiency. These excellent propertes derived from their compositon with a high content of iron oxides and their homogeneity and grain fineness. The first report on the recovery and use of natural earths like pigments in the territory of the city­state of Siena is the Tratato della pitura (Treatse on paintng) writen in vernacular Italian in the mid­fifeenth century by the Tuscan painter Cennino di Andrea Cennini (1370? ­ 1440?). The diatomaceous earths were known since Roman tmes and were called lacts lunae, agarico minerale, and Terra Lemnia. Literary documents begin in the 16th century, with the descriptons of Andrea Cesalpino, Konrad Gesner, Giorgio Agricola, and Ferrante Imperato. Specific references to the diatomites of Monte Amiata are in the Museo di Fisica e di esperienze by Paolo Boccone [1697], and in the Musaeum Kircherianum by Filippo Bonanno [1709]. 301 302 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 described by theFlorentne botanist Pier Antonio Micheli in1733.During the18t The quarryingactvity of earthpigments anddiatomaceous earthsof Monte Amiata was also of Monte Amiata. because they are theonly remaining evidence of theore depositsinthelacustrinesediments Natural Sciences and Territory of Calci(Pisa). All thesecollections are now particularly valuable Tongiorgi inthediatomaceous earthof Monte Amiata, andnow preserved intheMuseum of botanic, ictiologic,andentomologic fossils collected inthe years 1953­1956by Professor Ezio History Museum of theUniversity of Florence. A particular significance hasthecollection of History of theFisiocritici Academy inSienaandtheMineralogy Sectionof theNatural 1860, Pantanelli in1867,and Tommi in 1890. They are preserved intheMuseum of Natural important geological collections: Targioni Tozzetti in1776,Baldassarri in1750,Campani centuries, theearthpigments anddiatomaceous earthsof Monte Amiata constituted several S16.6 ­Presentazione orale h and19 th

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Should I stay or should I go? 6000 years of human presence and abandonments at Stromboli volcano

Andrea Di Renzoni1, Daniele Brunelli2, Sara Tiziana Levi3, Alberto Renzulli4, Mauro Rosi5, David Yoon6

1CNR, Isttuto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Italy 2Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartmento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Italy 3Department of Classical and Oriental Studies, Hunter College, The City Univ. of New York, USA 4Università di Urbino, Dipartmento di Scienze Pure e Applicate, Italy 5Università di Pisa, Italy 6American Numismatc Society, New York, USA

Stromboli is the northeastern­most island of the Aeolian Archipelago volcanic arc in the southern Tyrrhenian sea, located in a strategic positon for Mediterranean maritme routes and with a rich history of cultural development. The Archipelago has been inhabited, in its most central islands of Lipari and Salina, since the 6th millennium BCE (Early Neolithic). On Stromboli the first human evidence is dated to the 4th millennium BCE, corresponding to the archaeological phase of Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic. The magmas eruptng at Stromboli during the whole Holocene are relatvely basic to intermediate, and therefore the large explosive eruptons typical of intermediate to high­silica magmas of arc volcanoes are not recorded in this tme interval. Nonetheless, the volcano generated catastrophic events, including paroxysmal eruptons and tsunamis. Recent archaeological investgatons reveal a complex occupaton patern with phases characterized by flourishing human presence alternatng with abandonments. We present here for the first tme a general preliminary reconstructon of the cultural development on the island. The occupaton the main archaeological sites (San Vincenzo, Serra Fareddu, Ginostra and Fico Grande) on the island is discussed with new cultural and historical evidence and more than 50 radiocarbon dates, in order to outline human choices over the last 6000 years, during which coexistence with an actve volcano could be difficult.

S16.7 ­ Presentazione orale 303 304 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 minutes afer theinhabitants of Pompeii. region, which compelled himtodeviate toStabiae where hedied,thefollowing day, afew day of theerupton, as wit­nessed by theElder duringhistravel from Misenum tothe vesuvian that proposed by earlier authors. We infer anearlier destructonof Herculaneum duringthefirst the collapsing buildings. We suggest alsoadifferent tmingof thetravel of Pliny theElder from Pompeii duringtheerupton, compelling many of those,that were stllinthehousestofleefrom suggest that thestrong intra­erupton seismicity conditoned thebehavior of theinhabitants of intensity andeffects onthe wider Campanianplainanddraw­ing novel isoseismalmaps. We the erupton. We estmate theimpactof thesynchronous seismicactvity by evaluatng its volcanic depositandtheextensive damages causedalsoby theearthquakes occurring during In thispaper we re­evaluate thesuccession of theevents basedontheletersof Pliny, the destructve glowing avalanches which destroyed thecitesof Pompeii, Herculaneum andStabiae. pumice deposittotheSouthEast of the volcano, andit was followed by theemplacement of Pliny the Young­er. The erupton began with ahigheruptve column depositng athickairfall The erupton of Vesuvius of 79 AD isthefirstlarge explosive erupton describedindetailby 3 2 1 Roberto Scandone Vesuvius whichdestroyedPompeii andHerculaneum Death, SurvivalandDamageduringthe79ADEruptionof Università diPisa,Italy Associazione Italiana di Vulcanologia, Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 1 , LisetaGiacomelli 2 , Mauro Rosi

3 S16.8 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Mercalli, Wegener and Rittmann’s studies on volcanism and orogenesis

Daniele Musumeci

Università di Catania, Dipartmento Scienze Umanistche, Italy

The 20th century represents a golden age in the development of the Earth Sciences. The entre century was animated by numerous debates, from which the basis of the current scientfic structures of geosciences would emerge. The most evident result, also known to non­experts, was the formulaton of a global tectonic theory: there were to be many formulatons untl, at the end of the 1960s, the dominant paradigm, Plate Tectonics, was affirmed. Looking at the beginning of the century, one may observe how the geoscientfic panorama was very different and rather fragmented. In partcular, the study of volcanism and orogenesis was undertaken separately: by investgatng the evoluton of the study of these phenomena, it is possible to understand how we have arrived at successive conceptons that theorize them in a synoptc view. The work focuses on three scientsts: Giuseppe Mercalli (1850­1914), Alfred Wegener (1880­1930) and Alfred Ritmann (1893­1980). These are three famous scientsts that have marked the history of the disciplines they investgated. More specifically, we will analyze one text for each character: the first text is Mercalli’s “I vulcani atvi della Terra. Morfologia, dinamismo, prodot, distribuzione geografica, cause” [1907]. This work, centred around the presentaton of an overall view of volcanology, contains in chapter IX an important line of research that would lead to the studies of the following decades: a connecton between volcanic phenomena and other endogenous and exogenous phenomena of our planet. The second text is Wegener’s “Formazione dei contnent e degli oceani” [1976], an Italian translaton of the fourth German editon [1929] of his most important text, published a year before the German scientst’s death. Wegener is the promoter of a celebrated mobilist vision, namely Contnental Drif, the object of numerous critcisms and approvals, as well as able to enliven the debates over half a century: its approach represents a real watershed. The third text is Ritmann’s “Vulcani. Atvità e genesi” [1944]. Between 1936 and 1944, the eclectc Swiss scientst theorized the first scientfic system focusing on magmatology and tectonics, giving a new form to volcanology and insertng it within an organic relatonship with the other Earth Sciences. The monograph of 1944, despite being less well­known than the three editons of “Vulkane und irhe Tätgkeit” [1936; 1960; 1981], represents an important step in the comparison between volcanism and orogenesis. The three texts, writen or translated into Italian, allow us to follow the comparison and the mutual evoluton of these studies: we will see how the questons and answers expressed in the first two texts find a new and important synthesis in the third and final book examined.

S16.9 ­ Presentazione orale 305 306 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 peripheral, toconnect with major European cultural circles. knowledge of cites‘elites livingnearby the volcano andtheability of thosecites,quite di Pace andof thecontext where heacted,showing at thesametmesolidscientfic now asthen,amazed, shocked andterrifiedmen.My interventon will outlinetherole of Natale politcal andscientfic figures of the tme,and with thegeological actvitesof a volcano that, writen by Natale diPace, acanonfrom Bronte, whose life intertwined with thoseof great Portuguese library, which brought new lymphtotheinterdisciplinary research. The book was has once againgainedatenton thankstothediscovery of anunknown manuscript inafamous people andterritoriesontheslopesof Mt. Etna. This well­known seriesof natural phenomena The XVIICentury recorded agreat number of eruptons that distressed for longtmecites, Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze umanistche,Italy Lina Scalisi The discoveredmanuscript. Mt. EtnaforNatalediPace

S16.10 ­Presentazione orale

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The “Historia Aetnae” of Natale di Pace: a case study

Luigi Ingaliso

Università di Catania, Dipartmento Scienze Umanistche, Italy

Beginning in the Seventeenth century, descriptons of Etna began to change: on the one hand there were the traditonal works that illustrate the eruptve events and their consequences on the lives of the populatons that live at slopes of the volcano, on the other side there were the books that analyze the individual eruptons as a case study of a general theoretcal model. This transiton from a traditonal narratve scheme to one more scientfically modern, it is represented by the Natale di Pace Compendium manuscript in which, while maintaining a traditonal argumentatve framework, there is the philosophical need to bring the observed volcanic phenomena back to a single origin, more adherent to the new observatons

S16.11 ­ Presentazione orale 307 308 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 of the2 nor was itcounted intheinventory of theindividual Aeolian Islands, or at leastuntl thedawn by thegeographical accounts of thetme:indeed,alleged island was not atributed aname, the interpretaton of ancient sources datng backtothe2 Vulcano and Vulcanello were two adjacent, butgeographically distnctislands.For alongtme modern nameof Bulcanin or Vulcanello was usedby the15 it hadtorepresent anextensive platorm with two or more volcanic cones of modestsize. The informaton from itshuntng exploitaton [Iacolino, 2001];given theplural nomenclature used, as canbeseenfrom aninventory of thechurch of Lipari­Pat of 1247, which recorded latnizing culture of thetme meant that the Arabic name was translated to“Insulam Vulcanelli”, 1184 describestheislandof Vulcano andthat of Vulcanello, which were both actve. The writes that thegreat volcano islocated ontwo islandsnorthof Sicily. A testmony of December connects theplatorm tothemainisland,hasemerged from theseasince the16 the northernmostpartof theislandof Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The sandy isthmusthat The Vulcanello lava platorm along with thethree now inactve pyroclastc cones, consttutes 2 1 Marco Manni a reviewofhistoricalsources Origins oftheislet Vulcanello (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands): was certainly used torefer to Vulcanello inthe work of Al­Idrīsī inthemiddleof the12 name assignedtotheislet was Ǵabal′al burkân, which in Arabic means volcano mount. This Analysis of thesources intheperiodplaced at theturnof the year 1000 AD verify that thefirst washed away by the waves, anditremains unclear how longthepresence of thisislandpersisted. stretch of seabetween Lipariand Vulcano. Following itsconstructon, theisland was probably 183­88 BC was characterized by multpleeruptons, which ledtotheemergence of landinthe testmonies from theclassicalage are inagreement that thetmeinterval spanningbetween reports that for afew days Vulcano andLipari were burnedtogether. Altogether the various in theperiodbetween 91and88BCcoinciding with theinterval of thesocial wars. Pliny also emited suffocatng gases. The reports of Pliny indicate that other eruptve phenomenaoccurred reports that in126BC,theday afer theerupton of Etna, theseaoff Liparibegantoboiland new islandnear theSiciliancoast inthe year that Hannibal died(183BC).Paolo Orosio also rites ontheisland. This event islater confirmed by Tito Livio,hereported theemergence of a submarine eruptons. Shortly afer adelegaton was sent by theSenate tocarry outpropitatory water between Vulcano andPanarea, which emerged several days afer theoccurrence of the firsttmeinmiddleof 10 together with Ǵazírat ′alBurkân, which literally translates as Vulcan island,andthisappearsfor as anautonomousisland,inthe1 believe that theislethadbeenbuiltsuddenly around 2200 years ago, thus implyingitspresence, to thenortherncoast of Vulcano via the Vallone Palizzi. For centuries prior tothe16 thanks tothecontributon of volcanic ashmainly emitedby theLaFossa crater andtransported

is that itoccurred inthesamearea as Vulcanello, and was subsequently removed by marine classical era, and that traces of this island were subsequently lost,themost probable hypothesis an erupton andtheemergence of anisland certainly occurred inthe Aeolian Islands inthe Università diPisa,Dipartmento diScienze della Terra, Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy nd millennium.Strabone speaksof thesolidificaton of amudplatorm inthebody of 1 , Mauro Rosi 2 th st century work by ‘Al Mas­ῡdi [Amari, 1880].In 1068 Al Bakri Christanmillennium.However, thisaccount isnot verified

Italy th nd century. Taking into account that ­1 st centuries BCledscholarsto th th th century, century, century, Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 abrasion. The remaining shallow water could have presented the structural element necessary to allow the formaton of the lava platorm and cone n.1, as we know them today, around the year 1000 AD [Arrighi et al., 2006]. The review of historical informaton relatng to the classic age and medieval period, the discovery of new documents, and their comparison with the geological data, lead to hypothesize that the volcanic actvity in the area occurred in three main phases: i) a Roman era phase, probably in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, during which tme a first island emerged from the ocean, and was subsequently eroded by the sea (Paleo­Vulcanello); ii) an important medieval phase, that took place in the same area, in the 10­11th century or so, and led to the constructon of a stable island (Medieval Vulcanello) with formaton of the cones n.1 and n. 2 and the main lava platorm; and iii) a Late Medieval­Modern phase in the 15th and 16th centuries which led to the formaton of cone n. 3 and the lava flow of Punta del Roveto and Valle dei Mostri. Both historical sources from the classical period and those from the Middle Ages, ofen report the contemporary eruptve actvity at the cone of La Fossa and Vulcanello indicatng that the two eruptve systems are fed by a common magmatc system.

S16.12 ­ Presentazione orale 309 310 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 The earthquake that affected Northeastern Sicily andLipariinthesecond half of the4 caused aclear division of theterritory with the populaton confined intheSoutheast quadrant, history of thearchipelago. The mainconsequence of themedieval volcanic actvity at Lipari and historicaldata andpresents anupdated summary of oneof thelesser known phasesof the phase of Monte Pilato. This presentaton makes incomparison volcanological, archaeological at 1243 ± 190 AD [Bigazzi G.etal.]allow ustoassociate theseevents with thelasterupton and radiometric datng with fissiontraces from anobsidianblockof theLami pyroclastc cone dates obtained from thelava flow of Rocche Rosse at 1220 ± 30 AD [Tanguy J.C. etal.,2003] and movements of thelandsof Lipari[Manni M.andColtelli M.,2017].Recent archeomagnetc constructon of thecloister. New historical documents relatng tothe1264,report newsof fires

will beenlarged intheNorman phaseduringthefirsthalf of the12 sector of theisland,didnot interfere aspreviously with theanthropic actvites. The Monastery by ademographic crisisthat involved thearchipelago between the6 quiescence. This phenomenonoccurred inastrongly developed socialcontext and was burdened Volcanic actvity resumed duringmedieval tmesat Liparifollowing at least6000 years of 2 1 Mauro Coltelli Resilience andadaptationtovolcanoesinMedievalLipari archaeological records relatng tothe6 place of exile followed by theabandonment afer theterrible Arab incursionin838. The rare AD could represent thebeginning of anunstableperiodin which the Aeolian Islands becamea assume that from the11 Benedictne Monastery with the annexed S.Bartolomeo Cathedral onthe Acropolis. We can repopulaton program, implemented in1095by theConsttutum andorganized by the Vulcanello, dated around 1050.Startng from 1083the Aeolian archipelago was involved ina the erupton of Gran Cratere of Vulcano (Carruggi Formaton) andtheemerged partof [Bernabò Brea L.,1988]. The volcanic actvity resumpton of Lipari­Vulcano complex, includes Contrada Diana where apumice layer sealedtheremains of thelate imperialRoman period Monte Pilato pomice. This datng isconnect with thestratgraphy of thearchaeological siteof AD [Keller J., 2002]elaborated oncharcoals collected from thepaleosoilunder abasallayer of actvity intheNorth­East partof Liparioccurred. We will discussof theradiometric datng 776 famous isthe visit of the Anglo­Saxon bishop Willibald in729 when Monte Pilato eruptve to Lipariand Vulcano, testfyingtheuneasy conditon for thehumancommunites. The most The Early Medieval sources are richinreligious andfantastc references to volcanic events linked nearby islandof Vulcano, considered theseat of theunderworld according toChristanbeliefs. appease theincreasingly widespread endogenous phenomenaandtobringbackthemthe thermal waters. He was sent toLipariby theChurch between 525and561 AD, in order to The legend of San Calogero, happenedinthisphase,tellshemake thegushingof thehealthy Fuori and Valle Muria. Greca, Castellaro andPalmeto while seaside villages were located onthecoast at Pignataro di agricultural plainsof the western sideof Lipari somesetlements have beenidentfied at Piano excavaton of cisternsonrocky plains(Monte at LipariandMastrognoli at Salina). In the Castagno at Salina) andefforts aimedtothe water collecton andconservaton with the of theislands.Changes intheterritorialoccupaton includetheuseof livingincaves (Vallone Parco Archeologico delleIsole Eolie, MuseoLuigi BernabòBrea, Lipari,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediCatania ­Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 1 , Marco Manni th century the volcanic phenomena,beingstrictly limitedtothenorthern 1 , Maria Clara Martnelli th ­11 th centuries suggest abrupt changes inthepopulaton

2 th and11 th century with the th century AD. th

century Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020 protected to the North by Serra and Monte Rosa which represented a natural orographic barrier. Rural actvites lasted contnuously throughout the western sector of the island, naturally protected from the eruptve centres of Forgia Vecchia and Monte Pilato by Monte Sant’Angelo. The deep transformatons carried out by the volcanoes in the Northeast part of Lipari, which was an important mining area for the collecton and exploitaton of obsidian and pumice since the Neolithic, obliterated any remains of human setlements except for the 20th century, cave di pomice mining, stll testfied by its embarrassing industrial remains.

S16.13 ­ Presentazione orale 311 312 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 The new atenton toexplosive volcanism anditsdepositsof thefirsthalf of the20 mechanism andof ash­flow tuff asthemaindepositentered intheignimbritenomenclature. The great explosive eruptons that occurred between 19 CNR, Isttuto diGeoscienze eGeorisorse, Pisa,Italy Claudia Principe, Luigina Vezzoli Rheoignimbrite model(AD1958-1975) Born oftheIgnimbriteconceptsanddevelopment tephra deposits. development of theignimbriteconcept, andonthegeneral comprehension of what now we call Monte Amiata, definedasrheoignimbritesby Ritmann in1958,played ontheimproving of the the ignimbriteconcept insidethe volcanological literature andonthe role that thedepositsof interpretaton onMonte Amiata acidiclavas. This work deals with thegrown andevoluton of authoritatve assumpton inhibiteduptopresent tmesallsubsequent new volcanological lava flows. This ispartcularly truefor fluidizaton structures and wrinkles. The Ritmann differentate themfrom normalignimbritesandthat are very similar to what shown by acidic previous authors. Rheomorphic ignimbrites, intheRitmann model,have characters that strongly vitrophyric volcanic rocks of Monte Amiata volcano, that was interpreted aslava flows by all Ritmann in1958,andshared by Giorgio Marinelli, todescribetheextensive sheetof acidic was thecontext of which hasmatured themodelof rheomorphicignimbriteintroduced by Alfred 20 at Tokio. At first,ignimbritedepositsare assimilated to welded tuffs. At theendof 60’s of the partcularly discussedintheframework of theIAV conferences in1961at Catania andin1963 pyroclastc products andanew terminology of ignimbritcdeposits were tempted and trace of which inthescientfic literature issearched outinthis work. Various definitonsof formaton andtheir emplacement mechanisms was at thebaseof aninternatonal debate, the fundamental cultural impactonthedevelopment of Volcanology asascience. Ignimbrite Mt. Pelee andSt. Vincent, 1902; Vesuvius, 1906;Katmai­Novarupta, 1912)produced a th century, with someexceptons, thedefiniton of nueeardentes astheemplacement

th

and20 S16.14 ­Presentazione orale th centuries (Krakatau, 1883; th century Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Descriptions of Etna eruptions at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries through the chronicles and drawings of the inedited compendium of Natale di Pace

Stefano Branca

Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

The actvity of archpriest Natale di Pace (1565­post 1640) of Bronte town, on the lower NW slope of Etna, is temporally framed in a very intense eruptve period the volcano between the second half of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. During the seventeenth century, Etna produced the greatest eruptons in historical tme, in terms of lava volumes and the highly destructve impact on the territory and the urban fabric. In this important period of the volcano’s actvity, despite a gradual increase in interest in volcanic phenomena, there are stll gaps in the documentary sources and discrepancies as evidenced by recent historiographic studies. In this regard, the observatons of the eruptve actvity reported in the “Compendio della Naturale Historia di MonGibello” by Natale di Pace in 1621 [Scalisi et al., 2019] consttute only a few pages representng inedited descriptons that in few cases add new knowledge to the field of historical studies of Etna’s eruptons, although they show numerous inconsistencies on the dates of the events. In partcular, the analysis of the compendium confirms that the eruptve period between the 16th and 17th centuries described in contemporary sources remains incomplete. The doubts and uncertaintes of the historical documents highlight, once again, the scarce reliability of the use of such sources to reconstruct the eruptve history of the volcanoes in absence of a comparison with geological evidence. A highly innovatve aspect of the compendium, on the other hand, are the illustratons accompanying the manuscript. These are watercolor and gouache drawings, probably realized by the painter Giuseppe di Vit, which illustrate the theory on the origin of volcanic phenomena described in the manuscript. Some of them, of high artstc atractveness, generically represent the different types of eruptve events that occur on Etna without any reference to specific eruptons described in the compendium. In partcular, the author in some drawings summarizes schematcally all the eruptve phenomena he observed during the complex and long period of actvity that characterized the first twenty years of the seventeenth century, antcipatng the same typology of drawings that illustrate the volcanological works from the end of the nineteenth century [Abate & Branca, 2015]. In this context, the watercolor drawings of the Natale di Pace compendium are distnctve in the long iconographic journey that has characterized the illustraton of Etna’s eruptve phenomena from the sixteenth century onwards.

S16.15 ­ Poster 313 314 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 dell’Antchità, Dipartmento diScienze Umane, SocialiedellaSalute, Italy closer toanidentficaton with species similar tothespecimens of SimadeLos Huesos three hominids who walked inthesamesiteandthat their anatomical characteristcs bringthem made itpossibletodetect new ichnologicalevidence andtodocument that there are more than The repeated fieldresearch andtheanalyses carried out with increasingly refined techniques, All fossil trackways branch off from anancient pathway located upstream thesteepslope. under study. to thespecimensof SimadeLos Huesos (Atapuerca, Spain) andCeprano (Italy). They are stll Some other footprints have been found risingthenumber of thetrackmakers, who appear similar ankle, butocks,etc..)that cannot becompared tosomesimilar oneselsewhere inthe world. oldest inthe world sofar known), andthefossil prints of other humananatomical parts(calf, includes initspatern alsotheimprint of alongslide, which isflanked by afossil handprint (the typical of thehumanfoot are ofen clearly visible. One of the three trackways originally found the displacement rimsthat describethefootprint contours andtheanatomical characteristcs give appropriate responses tothegravity andtopreserve balance. In thesamefootprints both progressive sinkinginthestll­plastc ground and,sometmes,suddenchanges of directon to treacherous slope.In thefootprints (sometmes deep,sometmesephemeral) there are signsof both tostabilize thegaitandtochoosebestroute duringthedescent of aslippery and The footprints preserve allthe evidence of clearly aware movements, which they were made surface. This will alsocontribute tobeter defineRoccamonfina history andevoluton. precise informaton abouttheignimbritedeposits when thehominins walked ontheir sloped volcanological andpalaeoenvironmental evoluton of thearea at that tmeandprovide more Further geological and volcanological research will permitabeter understandingof the was theresult of rapid erosional processes alongthe valley affectng thestllsof flow deposit. material was stllplastcandcold enoughtopermitthepassages. The deeply impressed surface valley. The tracks were lef very shortly afer theemplacement of pyroclastc flows when the on ahighangleandartculated surface upto80° with anaverage inclineof ~30°alongasmall ignimbrite deposit(a unitof theBrown Leucitc Tuff dated at about350.000 y BP),impressed Hominin andanimals(elephant, bear, horse,deer) footprints have beenfound ontopof an dated at about350.000 years BP. naturalistc wealth, alsooneof themostimportant human andanimalichnositesinthe world The Roccamonfina volcano is well­known allover the world for itpreserves, amongprecious 6 5 Architeto, Caserta, Italy, 4 3 2 1 MauroDi Vito Antonio (Central-Southern Italy) prehistoric pathsontheashesofRoccamonfinavolcano Someone walkedonthedivinemountain:fossiltracesand Gennaro Farinaro Università degliStudi diPadova Dipartmento diGeoscienze, Italy Università degliStudi diCassinoedelLazio Meridionale, Laboratorio diRicerche Storiche e Archeologiche Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Isttuto Italiano diPaleontologia Umana, Convito Nazionale Regina Margherita, Anagni, Italy CNR, Isttuto Geologia Ambientale Geoingegneria, Roma, Italy 5 , Paolo Mieto 1 , Adolfo Panarello, Adolfo 6

2 , Maria Rita Palombo

3 , Italo Biditu 4 , of prehistoric Pompeii. educatonal andanaturalistc tourism,sotransforming theRoccamonfina volcano into asort intriguing challenge for itspotental tofound new sitestobepromoted alsointhe view of an hard toreconstruct anentre network of prehistoric connectons, butinthisarea, thisisan been crossed over themillenniaby anextensive network of logistcconnectons. It isextremely A wide archaeological andichnologicalevidence shows that Roccamonfina area could have (Atapuerca, Spain) andCeprano (Italy). Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020 S16.16 ­Poster

315

Marco Viccaro (UniCt, INGV­OE) Chiara Cardaci (DPC),Rosella Nave (INGV­OV), Conveners: VOLCANOLOGICAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT OF GEOSITES AND THE IN VOLCANIC AREAS: A GREAT CHANCEFOR THE S17. LANDSCAPES AND GEO-CULTURAL HERITAGE Abstract Volume 4 a ConferenzaA. Rittmann Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

317

only thepublic,butalsoarchaeologists and volcanologists inthegeneratons tocome. and theRoman setlements could betransformed into anatural super­museum for inspiringnot Aim of this work istoillustrate thedramatc lossof volcanological informaton andhow Vesuvius that of understandinghow theancient Romans diedandtheimpactof theerupton onthetown. environment andrestoring thecity asit was before thecatastrophe. The aimof volcanologists is is that of understandinghow lived theancient Romans, by reconstructng their ancient Pompeii andHerculaneum would have noreason toexist. Unfortunately, theaimof archeology that lefitsmarkonbuildings, vegetaton, animalsandhumanbeings. Without theerupton, stll theonly onetohave hitaterritory sodensely inhabited,helpless andunprepared, the one of anexplosive erupton, thefirstin world tobe described,by Pliny the Younger, fortunately Volcanology drew asmuchfrom thoseexperiences asitcould, aimingto reconstruct thehistory of improvement achieved; and so,it will beinthefuture contnuous progress inexcavaton methods. The mistakes of thepastrepresented themeasure journey of siterecovery hashadimportant andnot always happy stages, accompanied by artfact becameof royal property. Much was destroyed, given asgifs,thrown away. The arduous their contents, with many inhabitants caught inflight. There was stllnoarcheology andevery in Herculaneum in1738andPompeii ten years later. Almost intact buildingsemerged, with all volcanic products andthememory of thedisaster was almostlost. The firstexcavatons began were repeated periodically, creatng addictonrather thanalarm. The vegetaton covered the was asuddenevent, occurred afer centuries of inactvity, announced only by earthquakes that In 79 A.D., Vesuvius buriedentre citesinjustafew days under ablanket of pumice andash.It 3 2 1 Liseta Giacomelli the caseofPompeii The lossofgeologicalmemorypastcatastrophes: Abstract Volume 4 Università diPisa,Italy Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy Associazione Italiana di Vulcanologia, Italy a ConferenzaA. Rittmann 1 , Roberto Scandone

2 , Mauro Rosi

3 S17.1 ­Presentazione orale Catania, 12|14Febbraio 2020

319 320 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 the deepconnecton between the art,even modern, thescience andthe volcano. “Cites on Volcanoes” internatonal congress, held inSeptember this year inNaples, tosuggest with a work onthe Vesuvius by theartstGennaro Regina realized duringtheXeditonof the and itsmeaningfor thedefinitonof thehistory of the volcano. The path hasbeenintegrated with spectacular eruptons. Each gouache isdiscussed with respect totheerupton represented past centuries, when it was inastate of semi­persistent actvity, different from thecurrent one, guoaches, someof which made by famouspainters, show theeruptons of the volcano inthe of theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries of the Vesuvian Observatory collecton. The To complete theexhibiton intheBasilica, for thefirsttmeondisplay inNaples, the15gouaches (a bat) who discover thesubsoil together with the visitor, inthecomics drawn by theComix school. the way itispossibletocome across a virtual guide,the volcanologist Pietro andhisfriend Strella replicates theonepresent inthesurveillance room of the Vesuvius Observatory. Moreover, along Neapolitan volcanic areas, through asystem, presented for thefirsttmetopublic,that Flegrei. A giant screen allows to visualize inreal tmetheepicenters of theearthquakes of the the cavity for animmersive experience into oneof thelargest caldera­forming erupton of Campi territory. A video ontheerupton of theNeapolitan Yellow Tuff isprojected onastriking wall of of thesite where they were extracted, toallow the visitor torecognize therocks intheir own Real samplesof therocks that consttute thesubsoilof thecity are exposed along with thepictures with thetraces of humanfrequentaton of thearea. occurred duringthepast15,000 years intheCampiFlegrei caldera andat Vesuvius, intercalated that introduces thestratgraphy of thecity, showing thedepositsof the volcanic eruptons into theNeapolitan Yellow Tuff, below thePietrasanta basilicaIt starts with a5meter longposter The itnerary intheknowledge of thecity’s underground isrealized within ahuge cavity, dug volcanic actvity anddynamics,alsoinspired aremarkable artstcandcultural producton. history of theNeapolitan territory, which istheresult of theinteracton between human and exhibiton “Naples ­history, art, volcanoes”. The exhibiton, curated by theINGV, illustrates the one of themostimpressive Naples’ underground pathways. It will hostuntl March 2020the The Pietrasanta basilica,intheheartof thehistorical center of thecity, isthegate of access to ideal sitesfor discovering thegeohistory of Naples. history of thecity. Someof them were recently recovered andopenedtothepublic,being used for multplepurposesover tme,andcarry within themthetraces of thenatural andhuman the epochof thegreat erupton of theNeapolitan Yellow Tuff. Many of thesecavites have been descend into thestratgraphy andthe volcanological history of thecity, going backintmeuntl network of theGreek andRoman ages. These cavites, andtheir access passages, allow to of interconnected cisternsandgalleriesthat represent what remains of theancient water supply The underground of thecity of Naples isalabyrinth of cavites duginto thetuff, forming amesh 2 1 MauroDi Vito A. into theheartofcity, ondisplayatthePietrasantabasilica “Naples, history, artandvolcanoes”, anundergroundjourney Rosario Peluso

Archaeologist ­C.A.L.S.r.l. Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediNapoli ­Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 1 , Jim Bishop , Jim 1 , Sandro de Vita 2 1 , Rosella Nave

1 , TulliaUzzo 1 S17.2 ­Presentazione orale , Enrico Vertechi 1 ,

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Geo-cultural importance of the “System of the Salinelle of Mt. Etna” Geosite (Paternò and Belpasso, eastern Sicily) and future perspectives

Salvatore Giammanco1, Serafina Carbone2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 2Università di Catania, Dipartmento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy

The name of Salinelle indicates natural manifestatons of emission of fluids, ofen but not always with formaton of mud volcanoes, that occur near the town of Paternò, on the SW slopes of Mt. Etna volcano. Three sites are marked by these natural phenomena: the Salinelle of Capuchins or of the Stadium (Paternò), the Salinelle of the River (Paternò) and Salinelle of Vallone Salato or of San Biagio (Belpasso). These manifestatons are characterized by the emission of natural hypersaline water, generally at room temperature, mud, gas and liquid hydrocarbons. These sites are peculiar, if not unique. Unlike other mud volcanoes around the world, whose driving gas is mostly methane, the gases from the Salinelle mostly come from a deep magmatc source (close to mantle­type). Magmatc gases, probably composed of high­enthalpy brines carrying a lot of heat, produce hydrothermal conditons in a shallow groundwater system and then mix with crustal gas coming a hydrocarbons reservoir afer interceptng it through leakage along a regional fault system. The resultng fluids emited at the surface produce unique landforms, with bland relief due to an abundant liquid component with a low clay fracton (other mud volcanoes in Italy and around the world typically emit fluids highly enriched in mud or clay). Because of the large contributon from deep magmatc gases, the output of fluids at the Salinelle is strongly linked with the deep actvity of Mt. Etna. Paroxysmal mud eruptons normally precede new cycles of volcanic actvity of Etna by a few to several months. These eruptons are ofen spectacular and release thermalized waters (Temperature up to about 50°C), which makes the Salinelle interestng also for volcanological and geothermal studies. Another peculiar feature of the Salinelle is that the emission of fluids is contnuous, though with much lesser intensity, even during periods without paroxysms, in contrast to what happens at other mud­volcano sites. The site of the Salinelle of Capuchins (set up with D.A. 581/2015) has been recently considered by the regional government of Sicily for an important redevelopment acton, in order to open the site to visitors with all the necessary infrastructures for tourist recepton, informaton and guidance through it (“Linee Guida per la redazione del Piano di Gestone dei Geosit: D.A. 367/GAB, 24.10.2019”). The site will also be provided with up­to­date monitoring systems for acquisiton of geochemical and geophysical signals. This will give the scientfic community an important opportunity for modeling this exceptonal natural system and for understanding how it works.

S17.3 ­ Presentazione orale 321 322 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 in theengineeringgeological practce. for studiesonsimilar rock types worldwide, since lavas are amongthemostusedrock materials of view. Achieved results provide ascientfic casuistry onthistopicandare areliable reference through both vesicles andmicrocracks, plays aleadingrole from theengineeringgeological point mutual dependence of themainengineeringgeological parameters, highlightng how porosity, massive and vesicular rock types.Interestng statstcal correlatons allowed understandingthe analyses. Results showed that two main varietes of lava rocks are mined,distnguishedin these 1669lava rocks, which underwent petrographic, physical, mechanical andseismic To thispurpose,thepresent contributon provides afocus onthelaboratory investgaton of its employment. physical­mechanical andtextural points of view, isanessental practce, even preparatory for the rock. It isself­evident that thedetailedcharacterizaton of suchrock type,from both the produce alsoaggregates for bituminousconglomerate andstrong, fineconcrete by crashing for localconstructon as well asfor sculptures andcoatng for architectural items;somequarries heritage list.Etna lavas are employed aspaving material for roads andload­bearingelements Mount Etna asoneof the world most actve andiconic volcanoes, includingitinthe world engineering geological works. Their relevance increased in2013, when UNESCO defined and they are stllquarriedfor theproducton of high­quality material tobeemployed for In partcular, the1669lavas were extensively usedfor constructon andrestoraton purposes carried outby employing only localstone. relatonship between buildingstoneandgeological context, since their reconstructon was It is worth notng that thesecites(e.g. Catania, Noto, Siracusa, Ragusa, Modica) testfy aclose were includedintheUNESCO World Heritage listasLate Baroque towns of the Val diNoto. architectonical andartstcachievement. In 2003,for theaforementoned reasons, thesecites rebuilt according totheLate Baroque style,uniqueinthe world, expressing ahigh­quality In theearly XVIIIcentury, astheresult of agreat collectve undertaking,several cites were the villages andtowns located inthesouth­easternsideof theisland. historical events ever occurred inSicily. Later, in1693,aterribleearthquake destroyed mostof The 1669eruptve event of Mount Etna isrecognized amongthelargest andmostcatastrophic Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Italy Rosalda Punturo, Giovanna Pappalardo, SimoneMineo Mount Etnaandtheiruseasbuildingstone The engineeringgeologicalpropertiesofthe1669lavasfrom

S17.4 ­Presentazione orale Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Characterization and enhancement of the Geosites and the new geovolcanological paths of the Parco Nazionale dell’Isola di Pantelleria (Strait of Sicily)

Fulvio Fonseca1, Andrea Ursino2, Gaspare Inglese3, Eugenio Nicotra4

1Associazione Italiana di Vulcanologia, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy 3Parco Nazionale dell’Isola di Pantelleria, Pantelleria (TP), Italy 4Università della Calabria, Italy

The island of Pantelleria is located in the Sicily Channel Rif Zone (SCRZ) and represents the emerged tp of an underwater volcano complex with 72% lying below sea level, down to a depth of about 1200 m. Its origin is linked to the Pantelleria graben, one of the three main tectonic depressions of the NW­SE trending extensional area in the SCRZ. The rifing process has been actve since the Late Miocene, accompanied by widespread volcanic actvity mainly concentrated on the islands of Pantelleria and Linosa and the Bannock Seamount. The volcanic actvity of Pantelleria started at least 320 ka before present (BP) and was characterized by large explosive events, sometmes followed by caldera collapses, alternatng with mild eruptons. The last calderic collapse occurred 44­50 ka BP. The last episode of eruptve actvity, occurring in 1891, 5 Km NW offshore North of Pantelleria, showed that the volcanic actvity is stll present in the submerged part of the island. To date, the volcanism of Pantelleria is stll on­going with the presence of a natural spa, thermal springs, fumaroles, that are located along the main tectonic structures. Currently, some of these places are officially recognized as Geosites and in partcular “Favara Grande”, “Fumarole della Vecchia Caserma”, “Monte Gibele”, and “Specchio di Venere” are protected by the Parco Nazionale dell’Isola di Pantelleria. The island’s trail network comprises as many as 19 paths, for a total of almost 100 km, with different themes, ranging from the naturalistc to the geological and the historical to the rural, and varying in the type of route, namely point­to­point or circular, as well as in length and height. This work aims to describe the Geosites of Pantelleria and highlight the geovolcanological characteristcs of the island’s trails.

S17.5 ­ Poster 323 324 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52

well documented by detailedhistoricalandcultural reports. the path alsopermitsteachersamultdisciplinary approach, since theXIXcentury eruptons are in thefield,promotng thedevelopment of environmental awareness inthestudents. Finally, same tme,thegeo­trail consttutes atoolstudents’ geo­educaton through laboratory actvites pyroclastc cones, lava flows andlava channelsas well asseveral volcanic rock types. At the geotourists toobserve andget familiar with various volcanic structures such ashornitos, shaping thelandscape. The geo­trail ispeculiar since, inaquiteshortdistance, itpermits place onthesecond half of theXIXcentury uptothebeginningof thepresent century, thus Along thisitnerary, itispossibletoadmire several lava flows relatve toeruptons that took Gemmellaro (1787­1866)anddevelops for ~3kminlengthat analttudeof about1300ma.s.l. it inanew guiseasageo­trail. The proposed path isnamedafer thegeologist­naturalist Carlo Mount Etna, intermsof effectveness for teachinggeosciences, andaimstorevise andpropose The present contributon focuses onthegeological aspectsof apath inthesouthernflankof however, itis worth notng that, uptonow, nodidactcalgeological paths have beenproposed. Recently, ontheEtnean territory, localandnatonal associatons have marked several trails; 2 1 Rosalda Punturo the exampleofMountGrosso - MountGemmellaropath Education andgeotourismattheEtnavolcano: Carmelo Ferlito Ente Parco dell’Etna, Italy Università diCatania, Dipartmento diScienze Biologiche, Geologichee Ambientali, Italy 1 , Rosolino Cirrincione 1 , GaetanoOrtolano 1 , Roberto Visalli 1

1 , Salvatore Caffo 2 , S17.6 ­Poster

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

Micro erosion rates on volcanic rocks at Ustica (Palermo, Italy)

Stefano Furlani1, Franco Foresta Martn2,3

1Università di Trieste, Dipartmento di Matematca e Geoscienze, Italy 2Laboratorio Museo di Scienze della Terra Isola di Ustca, Palermo, Italy 3Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, Italy

Micro erosion meters (MEMs), following High and Hanna [1970], and traversing micro erosion meters (TMEMs), following Trudgill et al. [1981], allow evaluatng the rock lowering rates. They have been widely used on carbonate rocks in different environments, such as coasts, caves, buildings, but rarely on volcanics. We discuss preliminary data collected from May 2016 to June 2017 on the island of Ustca, which is composed of Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene volcanic rocks. The island is 8.6 km2 and the maximum elevaton is 248 m a.s.l. The installaton of micro erosion meter statons and data organizaton were carried out following the method suggested by Furlani et al. [2009] for the Trieste karst area. We placed 12 statons on volcanic rocks in 7 sites on the island of Ustca to measure the lowering rates on such rocks, ranging from 20 to 200 m a.s.l. Three samples were collected around the island and located at the site of Rocca della Falconiera, at 150 m a.s.l. The studied rocks are compact lavas and tuffs of basalt or trachybasalt compositon. The analysis of three years of measurements highlighted means lowering rates ranging from 0.001 mm/a to 0.025 mm/a. All the iron nails used in the project are oxidized afer only one year of measurements, suggestng to use ttanium nails also for the sites located at highest elevatons, since all the island is affected by spray weathering.

S17.7 ­ Poster 325 326 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 actvites. constructon, andteamwork) andpresents afew conclusions andsuggestons for future We will discusstherole of eachof thesethree phases(questons andanswers; individual the role of ejectaspeedandconduit inclinaton ontheimpactedarea. observe thedistributonof deposits,testngthebehaviour of different materials, andassessing of theisland.One of theconduits was thenusedtoperform repeated ballistcejectonsand to work aloneonher/his own conduit. Finally, we allcontributed totheconstructon of amodel constructon of anactve volcanic conduit, powered by arubber band, where eachkid was able propose questonsandanswers related to volcanic actvity. Then we proposed theindividual A firstphase was dedicated toknow eachother, through asimplegamethat allowed themto with themtogainabeter knowledge of their islandandof thedifferent hazards they face. In thiscontributon we will describetheapproach we tooktoreach outtothekidsand work island in July and August. but was heldat thebeginningof September, afer thetwo paroxysmal eruptons that shookthe pertaining tothe volcanic actvity. The summer campin2019 was organised duringthe spring, In thisframework, INGV researchers have ofen beenguestsof thecamp,todiscuss topics team building. the island,increasing their awareness while strengthening mutualconnectons andfavouring Actvites heldat thecampare meant toeducate young residents aboutthenatural hazards on summer campheld within thenatonal campaign“IamCivilProtecton too”. di Stromboli), who, amongother kindsof actvites,are incharge of theorganisaton of akid’s its environment. One of theseassociatons gathers thecivilprotecton volunteers (Volontari Isola founded various cultural associatons commited toimprove thelife ontheislandandtoprotect harmless volcanic actvity. Stromboli alsohostsasmallnumber of very actve residents, who tmes, many of whom arrive atracted by theamazingshow of apersistent andapparently Stromboli isasmalltown onasmall volcanic islandthat hostthousandsof touristsduringsummer Isttuto Nazionale diGeofisica e Vulcanologia, SezionediBologna, Italy Micol Todesco, Emanuela Ercolani Stromboli 2019 - Thesummercampaftertheeruption

S17.8 ­Poster

Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The “Salinelle of Mt. Etna” Geosite: thermo-physical and geochemical monitoring of hydrothermal fluids, aimed at understanding both their geothermal potential and their possible correlations with Mt. Etna activity

Jessica Maria Chicco1, Salvatore Giammanco2, Giuseppe Mandrone1, Antonio Nicolosi2, Loris Olocco1

1Università di Torino, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, Italy 2Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania ­ Osservatorio Etneo, Italy

Knowledge of hydrothermal fluid emissions can provide detailed informaton about processes operatng at different depths, such as geothermal fluids upwelling with their own characteristcs’ variable over tmes. In partcular, at the “Salinelle of Mt. Etna Geosite (Paternò and Belpasso, Eastern Sicily), natural emissions of fluids have been contnuously occurring for at least 12 ka. Their main peculiarity consists of a fluid phase made of salty water, mud, gas and liquid hydrocarbons originated from an admixture of magmatc and hydrothermal gas, leading to the formaton of mud volcanoes with the most peculiar morphologies [Giammanco et al., 2016]. Our study mainly focused on the thermo­physical and geochemical monitoring of the hydrothermal fluids emissions of the more actve site known as “Salinelle dei Cappuccini”, in the Western part of the city of Paterno’. In order to compare this actvity with that of other hydrothermal vents in the same area, the “Salinelle del Fiume” (Paternò) and the “Salinelle di San Biagio” (Belpasso) Geosites were also investgated. In partcular, field and laboratory analyses were conducted over more than one­year monitoring. They consisted on: i) contnuous water temperature monitoring, using sophistcated thermal sensors (accuracy of 0.1°C) immersed in the pooling waters; ii) InfraRed Thermography (IRT) measures, using a thermal camera (resoluton of 320 x 240 pixel) [Chicco et al., 2019]; iii) Thermal Conductvity propertes determinatons, through a commercial device consistng of a needle probe directly inserted in the investgated material during both field and lab actvites; iv) mineralogical compositons through X­Ray diffracton; v) geochemical analysis, focusing on Electrolytc Conductvity, Salinity, CO2 and Rn determinatons, using specific portable field. This was followed by mud/water sampling for VOC (Volatle Organic Content), Alkalinity, Electrical Conductvity, major species in soluton and oxygen lab determinatons. A further study centered on seismic parameters evaluaton such as the Magnitude and its relatonship with the frequency of seismic events all around the Mt. Etna area. This revealed useful in verifying how seismic actvity linked to volcanic events can affect mud volcanoes actvity. Obtained results highlighted a direct correlaton between Temperature and Thermal Conductvity data as well as between Electrical Potental and Electrical

Conductvity, without any link with CO2 and Rn contents. Daily temperatures showed a constant trend characterized by higher values (up to 35°C and more) within the first monitoring period, followed by a strong decrease (down to 9°C) and then a new gradual increase over the following months. This large variaton seems to be linked to magmatc processes occurring at depth below Mt. Etna, likely related to early stages of magma upraise towards the surface. In partcular, the higher the frequency of seismic events and then the higher the daily energy released, the higher temperature variatons observed. This correlaton could be explained by the ascent of new gas­ rich magma from the deepest magma reservoir of Mt. Etna, producing crustal fracturing along 327 328 MISCELLANEA INGV n. 52 actvity canbeof great importance inforecastng new eruptve cycles of the volcano. Understanding how thesefluidsblendand what istheir relatonship with Mt. Etna volcanic of theSalinelle. temperature characteristcs of thefluidsissuingat thesurface inthemud­poolsandgas vents through theflanksof Mt. Etna, with consequent modificaton of thegeochemical and water interacton inshallow aquifers crossed by major faultsactngasgasescapepathways its path. Large release of high­enthalpy fluidsfrom thenew ascending magmaenhanced gas­ S17.9 ­Poster Abstract Volume 4a Conferenza A. Rittmann Catania, 12 | 14 Febbraio 2020

The geological section of the Villa Arbusto archaeological museum at Lacco Ameno (Ischia, Naples)

Sandro de Vita1, Mauro A. Di Vito1, Diana Barra2, Giuseppe Aiello2

1Isttuto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli ­ Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy 2Università di Napoli Federico II, Dipartmento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e delle Risorse, Italy

A room in the Archaeological Museum of Villa Arbusto (Lacco Ameno, Ischia) was set up to house the collecton of rocks and fossils collected by the renowned archaeologist Giorgio Buchner during his excavaton actvity on the Island of Ischia. The collecton is witness to a long multdisciplinary research actvity that saw archaeological studies at the center of volcanological, pedological and palaeoenvironmental researches aimed at reconstructng the archaeological contexts in the complex geological dynamics of the island. During the different phases of colonizaton recorded on the island volcanoes were actve and produced explosive and effusive eruptons, accompanied by a strong geological dynamic that included earthquakes, landslides (even gigantc ones), rapid ground uplif and strong hydrothermal actvity. The samples on display “tell” the evoluton of the island and its dynamics in four windows and a chest of drawers, where there is an expositon of the products of the various eruptons, from the oldest to the most recent, sedimentary rocks and the collecton of fossils and microfossils found in marine sediments, displaced at variable alttudes by the rapid volcano­tectonic deformatons that characterize the island. A series of panels and monitors accompany the visitor along a path that, startng from the geological evoluton of the island, passes through the relatonship between humans and the volcano, the main volcanic phenomena and the reconstructon of an archaeological excavaton of exceptonal value, where it is possible to see the strong interacton between primary and secondary volcanic phenomena and a human setlement of the first Greek colony in the west: Pithecusae. The exhibiton was designed with the purpose of educatng the visitors and the local populaton about the natural history of the island and its volcanoes, and their impact on the human life through tme The room has been set up by the Naples secton of INGV Osservatorio Vesuviano in collaboraton with the Archaeological Superintence and the DISTAR of the University of Naples Federico II. This actvity is included in the framework of informaton and scientfic disseminaton programs, carried out by INGV and aimed at improving risk mitgaton by increasing awareness and developing a culture of coexistence with natural hazards.

S17.10 ­ Poster 329 QUADERNI di GEOFISICA ISSN 1590-2595 http://istituto.ingv.it/it/le-collane-editoriali-ingv/quaderni-di-geofisica.html/

I QUADERNI DI GEOFISICA (QUAD. GEOFIS.) accolgono lavori, sia in italiano che in inglese, che diano particolare risalto alla pubblicazione di dati, misure, osservazioni e loro elaborazioni anche preliminari che necessitano di rapida diffusione nella comunità scientifica nazionale ed internazionale. Per questo scopo la pubblicazione on-line è particolarmente utile e fornisce accesso immediato a tutti i possibili utenti. Un Editorial Board multidisciplinare ed un accurato processo di peer-review garantiscono i requisiti di qualità per la pubblicazione dei contributi. I QUADERNI DI GEOFISICA sono presenti in "Emerging Sources Citation Index" di Clarivate Analytics, e in "Open Access Journals" di Scopus. QUADERNI DI GEOFISICA (QUAD. GEOFIS.) welcome contributions, in Italian and/or in English, with special emphasis on preliminary elaborations of data, measures, and observations that need rapid and widespread diffusion in the scientific community. The on-line publication is particularly useful for this purpose, and a multidisciplinary Editorial Board with an accurate peer-review process provides the quality standard for the publication of the manuscripts. QUADERNI DI GEOFISICA are present in "Emerging Sources Citation Index" of Clarivate Analytics, and in "Open Access Journals" of Scopus. RAPPORTI TECNICI INGV ISSN 2039-7941 http://istituto.ingv.it/it/le-collane-editoriali-ingv/rapporti-tecnici-ingv.html/

I RAPPORTI TECNICI INGV (RAPP. TEC. INGV) pubblicano contributi, sia in italiano che in inglese, di tipo tecnologico come manuali, software, applicazioni ed innovazioni di strumentazioni, tecniche di raccolta dati di rilevante interesse tecnico-scientifico. I RAPPORTI TECNICI INGV sono pubblicati esclusivamente on-line per garantire agli autori rapidità di diffusione e agli utenti accesso immediato ai dati pubblicati. Un Editorial Board multidisciplinare ed un accurato processo di peer-review garantiscono i requisiti di qualità per la pubblicazione dei contributi. RAPPORTI TECNICI INGV (RAPP. TEC. INGV) publish technological contributions (in Italian and/or in English) such as manuals, software, applications and implementations of instruments, and techniques of data collection. RAPPORTI TECNICI INGV are published online to guarantee celerity of diffusion and a prompt access to published data. A multidisciplinary Editorial Board and an accurate peer-review process provide the quality standard for the publication of the contributions. MISCELLANEA INGV ISSN 2039-6651 http://istituto.ingv.it/it/le-collane-editoriali-ingv/miscellanea-ingv.html

MISCELLANEA INGV (MISC. INGV) favorisce la pubblicazione di contributi scientifici riguardanti le attività svolte dall’INGV. In particolare, MISCELLANEA INGV raccoglie reports di progetti scientifici, proceedings di convegni, manuali, monografie di rilevante interesse, raccolte di articoli, ecc. La pubblicazione è esclusivamente on-line, completamente gratuita e garantisce tempi rapidi e grande diffusione sul web. L’Editorial Board INGV, grazie al suo carattere multidisciplinare, assicura i requisiti di qualità per la pubblicazione dei contributi sottomessi. MISCELLANEA INGV (MISC. INGV) favours the publication of scientific contributions regarding the main activities carried out at INGV. In particular, MISCELLANEA INGV gathers reports of scientific projects, proceedings of meetings, manuals, relevant monographs, collections of articles etc. The journal is published online to guarantee celerity of diffusion on the internet. A multidisciplinary Editorial Board and an accurate peer-review process provide the quality standard for the publication of the contributions. Coordinamento editoriale e impaginazione Francesca DI STEFANO, Rossella CELI Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Progetto grafico e impaginazione Barbara ANGIONI Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

©2020 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Via di Vigna Murata, 605 00143 Roma tel. +39 06518601

www.ingv.it