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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library V o l u m e I «

Atlanta1996*

T h e A t l a n t a C o m m i t t e e f o r t h e O l y m p i c G a m e s P l a n n in g a n d O r g a n iz in g

T h e O f f ic ia l R e p o r t o f t h e C e n t e n n ia l O l y m p ic G a m e s

V o l u m e 1 P l a n n i n g a n d O r g a n i z i n g This volume is comprised of a prologue, which covers the history of the Bid process, and 28 chap­ ters, organized by program and functional area, w hich address in detail the preparations for the 1996 Olympic Games, For the benefit of future organizing committees, each chapter contains conclusions and recommendations.

VOLUME II T h e C e n t e n n i a l O l y m p i c G a m e s This volume is comprised of a prologue, three major sections, and an epilogue. The prologue, entitled Atlanta— Gateway for Dreams, describes the city and its history. Section I, Spreading the Olympic Spirit, begins with the arrival of the Olympic Torch in Los Angeles, C alifornia, on 27 A pril 1996, and progresses as the Torch Relay moves across the US, reaching Atlanta on 19 July, the day of the Opening Ceremony, This journey is juxtaposed with Atlanta's preparations for the Centennial Olympic Games during spring and summer 1996 and high­ lights of Cultural Olympiad exhibitions and events occurring prior to the official start of the Games, Section II, Celebrating the Games, is a day-by-day account, 19 July-4 August, with highlights of Opening and Closing Ceremonies, athletic achievements, and descriptions of cultural events, as well as details of Games-time operations. Section III, Living the Dream, gives information on the competition of each sport in the programme of the 1996 Olympic Games, The epilogue, entitled Nurturing the Memories, describes some o f the positive results of the Games on the city of Atlanta, including the status of the organizing committee's efforts to conclude the business of the Games and the use of some of the facilities built or given as part of the legacy of the Games, ★ at y VOLUME III T h e C o m p e t i t i o n R e s u l t s ■€ This volume is comprised of the detailed results for all athletes in all events. Also included as a ' j r . reference is a section on medal winners and record-setting performances arranged by sport and discipline, as well as a section of venue maps for the major locations used during the 1996 O lym pic Games,

T h e O f f ic ia l R e p o r t o f t h e C e n t e n n ia l O ly m p ic G a m e s

P e a c h t r e e ATLANTA

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library FOREWORD Atlanta1996,

o r s e v e n t e e n d a y s in the summer of attempting to harmonize our efforts—to C o l o p h o n The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games employs the typography F1996 the w orld came together in peace and accomplish the tasks that lay before us. and look developed for the 1996 Olympic Games by the Atlanta Committee for harmony in Atlanta for what became the This level of cooperation created Centennial the Olympic Games (AGOG). The text type is Stone Serif. Univers is used for side­ bar and tabular material. Display type is Copperplate Gothic. The Quilt of Leaves largest gathering of athletes and nations in O lym pic Park, w hich symbolizes the grandeur m otif serves as a decorative element throughout the three volumes, in combina­ Olympic history. With arms linked and voices of the Olympic Spirit and also its resilience. For tion with the AGOG color palette in Volumes 1 and II. Art direction by Loraine M. Balcsik. Design by Nicola Simmonds Carter and resounding, we celebrated the magnificence of it was here that the O lym pic Spirit was tested Loraine M. Balcsik. Typography by Loraine M. Balcsik and Robin Sherman. Four- our common humanity—the individual tri­ and the people arose trium phantly to declare it color film was created by Bright Arts, Ltd., Hong Kong, with coordination by Imago, USA, Inc., New York. umphs, the personal tragedies, the indomitable would survive and flourish. resilience of the human spirit. Just as the Olympic flame has guided us W ith the conclusion of this XXVI Olympiad, onward, each host city has contributed to the we—the people of Atlanta—have realized our strength of the modern Olympic Games. Atlanta dream of hosting the O lym pic Games, and our honored the traditions developed over the past hearts are filled with gratitude to the Olympic century, and contributed new elements that Movement for the extraordinary opportunity. reflect our place in the global community and Our dream was achieved through the unwaver­ our tim e at the close of the tw entieth century. ing dedication and selfless participation of tens Our sophisticated competition venues were of thousands of individuals. offered to the service of athletes. We endeavored We thank each person; each sm iling face in all ways to create playing conditions that and extended hand welcomed the world to our were fair and that encouraged athletic excellence. home and helped bridge the distances and dif­ Our broadcasting brought spectators around the world closer than ever to the competition. Published by ferences that inevitably separate us, one person P e a c h t r e e Pu b l is h e r s from another, one nation from another. These We approached the Centennial Olympic 494 Armour Circle NE individual acts of goodwill exalted the Games Games with great idealism, w ith the belief Atlanta, GA 30324 and defined our place in Olympic history. that we could create a remarkable experience © 1997 by The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games We understood Pierre de Coubertin's call to for all who participated. Our humanity w ill be A ll O lym pic marks protected by The United States Amateur Sports Act (36 USC 380). place sport at the service of humanity. The the legacy of our conduct of these Games. We All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a ideals of the Olympic Movement—joy in effort, embraced the Olympic Movement, and it en­ retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations the educational value of good example, and riched and forever changed our lives. in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. respect for universal ethical principles—deeply This Official Report o f the Centennial Olympic

Manufactured in Singapore affected and inspired us. They united us in the Games is our record of the staging of the event initial Bid effort, and bound us together as our as well as a chronicle of its athletic achieve­ First printing numbers swelled year after year. ments. We present these three volumes to our readers w ith pride, w ith faith in the future of the Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data We embraced the entire period of the Olympiad, just as we embraced Olympism as a Olympic Movement, and with fulfillment for Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. The official report of the Centennial Olympic Games / the Atlanta way of life, and extended our programming our place in its history. Committee for the Olympic Games, across four years in the arts, education, and p. cm. Includes indexes. sport. We relied on our Olympic Spirit to Contents: v. 1. Planning and organizing - v. 2. The Centennial Olympic games -- v. 3. the competition results. accomplish our goals for the 1996 Games, and ISBN 1-56145-150-9 (set). - ISBN 1-56145-168-1 (v. 1). - ISBN 1-56145-151-7 (v. 2). - ISBN this served us well. We watched the Spirit ig­ 1-56145-169-X (v. 3) 1. Olympic Games (26th : 1996 : Atlanta, Ga.) 2. Atlanta nite in our colleagues in schools, corporations, L Porter Payne Committee for the Olympic Games. I. Title. GV722 1996.A86 1997 volunteer organizations, and government President and CEO 796.48-DC21 97-23578 as together we worked cooperatively—always The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games CIP

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Food and Beverage Operations ...... 179 Organization ...... 37 Unilateral Facilities ...... 74 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 107 Multiyear Olympic Prelude Programs . . . .148 Ta b le o f Events and Functions ...... 180 Host Hotel Network ...... 37 Technical Facilities ...... 75 Media Relations ...... 107 Four International Festivals ...... 150 Opening and Closing Ceremonies Co n t e n t s The Host Hotel Contract ...... 37 VenueTeams ...... 76 Press Operations ...... 108 Gathering of Nobel Laureates of Literature . .151 Activities ...... 180 Olympic Family Hotel Network ...... 38 International Broadcast Center ...... 76 Press Inform ation ...... 108 Prelude Operations ...... 151 Guest Accommodations ...... 180 Foreword ...... v Olympic GamesTravel Network ...... 39 Technical Overview ...... 77 Public Information ...... 108 1996 Olym pic Arts Festival ...... 152 Preface ...... xii Arrivals and Departures ...... 181 Host Campus Network ...... 41 Telecommunications ...... 78 Budget ...... 153 Dedication ...... 1 Hotel Security ...... 182 Host Campus Network Operations ...... 42 Television Contribution Network ...... 78 CHAPTER SEVEN Construction Sponsorship ...... 153 Chronology ...... 2 Budget Results ...... 182 Host Campus Network Reservations ...... 44 Distribution Network ...... 78 O verview ...... 110 Promotions ...... 153 PROLOGUE The Bid Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 182 Challenges ...... 44 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 78 Organization ...... 110 Communications ...... 155 Overview ...... 6 Private Housing '96 ...... 45 Programming and Planning ...... I l l Logistics ...... 156 National Competition ...... 7 CHAPTER ELEVEN External Relations Accounting Maintenance ...... 46 CHAPTER FIVE Centennial Olym pic Park Data Gathering ...... I l l Venue Planning and Management ...... 156 Meeting the W orld ...... 8 Overview ...... 184 Games-Time Operations and Accommodations Overview ...... 80 Macro Event Model ...... 112 Olympic Arts Festival Programs ...... 157 Lessons from Seoul ...... 9 FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENT RELATIONS Usage ...... 47 Organization ...... 80 Detailed Venue Programming ...... 113 Music Program ...... 157 Building M om entum ...... 9 Organization ...... 185 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 47 The Greenbooks ...... 114 The Official Bid ...... 12 P la n n in g ...... 80 Theater Program ...... 158 Federal Government Relations ...... 185 Sprint Start Team ...... 81 Program Verification ...... 115 Federal Involvement ...... 186 CHAPTER THREE Accreditation The Commemorative Brick Program 82 Site A cquisition ...... 115 State Government Relations ...... 190 O v e rv ie w ...... 50 Design and Development ...... 82 Design ...... 116 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 191 Organization ...... 50 Game-Time Operations ...... 83 Construction ...... 116 LOCAL GOVERNMENT RELATIONS O p e ra tio n s ...... 51 Cultural Olympiad's Newly Constructed Venues ...... 117 Organization ...... 192 Accreditation Centers ...... 51 Southern Crossroads Festival . . 84 Existing Facilities ...... 123 Pre-Games Responsibilities ...... 192 Staffing and Games-Time Operations ...... 53 AT&T's Global Olympic Village .... 84 Other Venue Locations ...... 125 Games-time Operations ...... 193 P o lic y ...... 54 Sponsor Exhibitions and Activities . 84 Retrofitting ...... 125 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 193 Zoning ...... 54 Adjacent Activities ...... 85 Electrical Systems ...... 125 COMMUNITY RELATIONS The Olympic Identity Card ...... 55 Park Operations ...... 85 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 126 Organization ...... 194 Olympic Accreditation Badge ...... 55 Park Visitors ...... 86 Framework for Community Involvement 195 The Radio-Frequency Badge ...... 56 The Bombing at Centennial Park . . . 87 CHAPTER EIGHT Creative Services Atlanta Area ...... 195 The Accreditation Process ...... 56 The Legacy ...... 87 Overview ...... 128 CHAPTER ONE Management and Organization Venue Cities Outside Atlanta ...... 196 Olympic Family Accreditation ...... 57 Conclusions and Recommendations . . . Organization ...... 128 O v e rv ie w ...... 16 C om m unity Issues ...... 197 Athletes andTeam Officials ...... 57 Visual Identity ...... 129 Involvement of Other Entities ...... 17 Specific Programs ...... 197 Non-Rights-Holding Media ...... 60 CHAPTER SIX Communications Games Logos ...... 129 International Olympic Committee ...... 17 Venue Modifications and Neighborhood Rights-Holding Broadcasters ...... 60 O v e rv ie w ...... 90 Color Palette ...... 130 International Federations ...... 18 Enhancements ...... 197 Other Olympic Family Members ...... 60 Organization ...... 90 Standards Manual ...... 130 National Olympic Committees ...... 18 Committee on Disability Access ...... 198 Non-Olympic Family Accreditation ...... 61 Media Relations ...... 91 Mascot ...... 130 United States Olympic Committee ...... 18 Olympic Environmental Support Group . . .199 Staff and Volunteers ...... 61 Press Guide ...... 91 Exhibits ...... 131 Metropolitan Atlanta Olympic Games Authority 18 Interfaith Advisory G roup ...... 200 Contractor Personnel ...... 62 News Releases...... 92 Development of the Look of the Games ...... 131 Office of Olympic Coordination ...... 19 Dance Program ...... 158 Neighborhood JobTraining and Law Enforcement...... 63 Victory and Commemorative Medals and The Board of Directors ...... 19 News Conferences ...... 92 Diplomas ...... 133 Visual Arts Program ...... 159 Employment Program ...... 200 Data Control andTechnology ...... 63 VenueTours ...... 92 Management Philosophy for the Games ...... 20 Humanities and Special Programs ...... 162 Atlanta University Center Legacy ...... 201 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 64 Uniform s ...... 133 Conduct of the Games ...... 20 Media Information Line ...... 92 Torch Relay Design Elements ...... 133 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 164 Youth Programs ...... 201 S pirit and Vision ...... 23 Issue Management ...... 93 Pictograms ...... 134 Games-Time Operations ...... 202 CHAPTER FOUR Atlanta Olympic Broadcasting Press Operations ...... 93 Positive Legacy ...... 23 CHAPTER TEN Event and Guest Services Overview ...... 66 Operations ...... 135 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 202 Management Structure ...... 26 Accreditation ...... 94 Design Services ...... 135 Overview ...... 166 Organization ...... 66 Accommodations ...... 95 Planning Process ...... 27 SPECIAL EVENTS CHAPTER TWELVE Financial Services Planning and Information ...... 67 Editorial Services ...... 137 Staffing and Administration ...... 28 Arrivals/Departures ...... 95 Periodic Publications ...... 137 Organization ...... 166 Overview ...... 204 Booking ...... 67 Transportation ...... 96 Staffing ...... 28 Event Planning ...... 167 Organization ...... 204 Production ...... 67 The Daily Olympian ...... 138 Internal Volunteer Program ...... 29 Main Press Center ...... 97 Publications Required by the IOC ...... 138 Event Implementation ...... 167 Financial Planning and Analysis ...... 205 Engineering and Operations ...... 68 Press Subcenters ...... 100 Internal Comm unications and Events ...... 30 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 172 Television Rights ...... 205 Support Services ...... 68 ACOG Resource Library ...... 139 Facilities ...... 30 Photo Operations ...... 102 Art Direction ...... 139 GUEST SERVICES Sponsorship Sales ...... 206 Broadcast Venue Management ...... 68 Technology ...... 103 Venuization ...... 31 Organization ...... 172 Other Joint Venture Initiatives ...... 206 Business Affairs and Personnel ...... 68 Poster Program ...... 140 Games-Time Management ...... 32 Press Inform ation ...... 104 Photography/Film and Video ...... 140 VenueTours ...... 172 Ticket Sales ...... 207 AOB Pre-Games Operations ...... 68 Atlanta Olympic News Agency ...... 104 Main Operations Center ...... 33 Accommodations ...... 173 Look of the Games ...... 141 Other Revenue ...... 207 International Meetings ...... 68 Public Information ...... 105 Management of Venues and Command Dedicated Hosts and Hostesses ...... 173 Application to Venues ...... 142 Merchandising ...... 207 Centers ...... 33 Space Allocation and Planning ...... 69 The Olympic Experience ...... 105 Landscape ...... 143 Transportation ...... 174 Value-in-Kind Contributions ...... 207 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 34 The Host BroadcastTraining Program ...... 70 Speakers Bureau ...... 105 Children's Program ...... 175 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 144 Planning and Budget ...... 208 Staffing and Contractors ...... 70 Information Requests ...... 105 Spouse Program ...... 176 CHAPTER TWO Accommodations Production ...... 70 W orld W ide Web Site ...... 106 CHAPTER NINE Cultural Olympiad Gift Program ...... 176 O v e rv ie w ...... 36 Multilateral Coverage ...... 71 Call Center ...... 106 O verview ...... 146 Olympic Family Hotel ...... 177 Broadcast Coverage Cameras ...... 72 Games-Time Operations ...... 107 Selection of the Hotel ...... 177 Summary Coverage ...... 72 A Historical Context ...... 146 Contract Provisions ...... 178 Transmission ...... 72 Organization ...... 147 Offices ...... 178 Graphic Look ...... 73 Olympic Preludes ...... 148 Hotel Venue Management ...... 178 Results andTimIng ...... 73 IOC Relations ...... 179 Features ...... 73 Unilateral Coverage ...... 73

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Planning Integration and the Budget Office . .209 Venue Logistics ...... 251 Venue Operations ...... 286 Communications Center ...... 307 Village Site Selection ...... 325 Media Relations ...... 359 Daily Budget Management ...... 210 Waste Management and Recycling ...... 252 Athlete Medical Care ...... 287 Language Switchboard ...... 308 Campus Adaptation ...... 325 Production Elements ...... 360 Accounting ...... 211 Venue Cleaning Program ...... 253 Olympic Family Medical Care ...... 288 Liaison with the French Government ...... 308 ACOG's Role ...... 326 Cast Formation ...... 360 Accounts Payable ...... 212 Waste-Hauling Vendor ...... 253 Spectator, Staff, and Volunteer Medical Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 309 Liaison with GeorgiaTech ...... 326 M u s ic ...... 360 Care ...... 288 ACOG and ACOP Accounting ...... 212 Recycling ...... 254 PROTOCOL Organization ...... 327 Props and Costumes ...... 361 Noncompetition Venue Care ...... 289 Cash Management/Treasury ...... 212 Composting ...... 255 Olympic Village Services ...... 310 Village Mayor's Office ...... 328 Star Performers ...... 362 Medical Controls ...... 289 Procurement and Contract Administration . . .213 Recycling and Composting Results ...... 255 Staffing andTraining ...... 310 Design and Features ...... 328 FinalTorchbearers and Cauldron Lighting .362 Doping Control ...... 289 Purchasing ...... 214 Budget and Administration ...... 256 Facilities ...... 311 Food Services ...... 329 Kits and Programs ...... 363 Gender Verification ...... 292 Key Systems ...... 214 Budget ...... 256 Team Welcome Ceremonies ...... 311 VillageTransportation ...... 330 Testing and Rehearsals ...... 363 Temporary Physician License ...... 292 Key Projects ...... 214 S ta ffin g ...... 256 Tours ...... 312 Technology ...... 331 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 364 Controlled Substance Handling ...... 292 Risk Management ...... 215 Material Management and Planning ...... 256 Venue Operations ...... 312 Venue Logistics ...... 332 Sports Science Research ...... 293 Insurance Programs ...... 216 Exposition Group ...... 257 Olympic Family Lounges ...... 312 Access Control ...... 333 CHAPTER TWENTY Security A ctivity Data ...... 294 Internal A udit ...... 217 Linen/Laundry ...... 258 Olympic Family Reserved Seating ...... 313 Media Subcenter ...... 335 O v e rv ie w ...... 366 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 294 Dissolution and Liquidation ...... 218 Athlete Luggage Handling ...... 259 Olympic Family Hotel Services Desk 313 Lost and Found ...... 335 Organization ...... 367 Staff Dissolution ...... 218 Equine Quarantine ...... 259 Residential Zone ...... 335 Security Personnel ...... 367 Venue Restoration ...... 219 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 260 International Zone ...... 336 Training and Uniforming ...... 369 Liquidation of Assets ...... 219 Logistical Support ...... 260 Adjacent Venues ...... 337 Operations Planning ...... 369 Contract Resolution ...... 220 Venue Logistics ...... 260 Services to NOCs ...... 337 Operational Cornerstones ...... 369 State of Georgia Economic Impact ...... 220 Waste Management ...... 260 Pre-Games Communication ...... 338 Detailed Planning ...... 370 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 221 Administration ...... 260 Envoy Program ...... 338 Games-Time Command and Control 370 NOC Housing Allocation ...... 339 Areas of Operations ...... 372 CHAPTER THIRTEEN Games Services CHAPTER FIFTEEN Marketing / ACOP Reception Process ...... 339 Olympic V illa g e s ...... 373 Overview ...... 224 Overview ...... 262 NOC Services Center ...... 340 V enu es ...... 374 FOOD AND BEVERAGE Early Activities ...... 262 Chef Meetings ...... 341 Special Programs ...... 376 Organization ...... 224 Organization ...... 263 Language Services ...... 341 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 377 Food Service Operations ...... 225 Staffing ...... 263 Team Welcome Ceremonies ...... 341 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Sports The Olympic Family ...... 225 Sponsor Sales ...... 263 IOC Representation ...... 341 O v e rv ie w ...... 380 Food Services for Games Staff ...... 228 Worldwide Sponsors, Centennial Games . IOC Athletes Comm ission Election ...... 341 Partners, and Sponsors ...... 264 The Programme of the Olympic Games 380 Beverage Service ...... 230 Sports Information Services ...... 342 Supplierships ...... 266 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Olympic Family and Protocol Organization ...... 381 Spectator Concessions ...... 231 Resident Services and Am enities ...... 343 Sponsor Support ...... 266 Overview ...... 296 Sports Competition Planning ...... 382 Planning ...... 231 Entertainment...... 343 Account Director Program ...... 266 Organization ...... 296 Technical Delegates ...... 383 Coordination with Venue Management . . .232 R ecre ation ...... 344 Sponsor Services ...... 267 OLYMPIC FAMILY Competition Officials ...... 383 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 232 Tickets to Events ...... 345 Sponsor Protection ...... 268 IOC Relations ...... 297 Sports Logistics ...... 384 MERCHANDISING The Marketplace ...... 346 Sponsor Recognition ...... 270 Reports to the IOC ...... 297 Victory Ceremonies ...... 314 IF Relations ...... 384 Organization ...... 233 Religious Centers ...... 346 Licensing ...... 271 IOC Coordination Commission ...... 297 Organization ...... 314 Competition Schedule ...... 385 ACOG-Owned and -Operated Retail Outlets . .234 Medical Services...... 347 Licensee Support Program ...... 272 Consular and Diplomatic Corps ...... 298 Costumes and Uniforms ...... 315 Sports Equipment ...... 387 Retail Products ...... 234 Information Stations ...... 347 Marketing Communications Center ...... 275 International Dignitary Relations ...... 298 Podiums ...... 315 Training Sites ...... 387 Contractual Arrangements ...... 235 Satellite Olympic Villages ...... 347 Clean Venue Program ...... 275 International Entry Issues ...... 299 Medals ...... 315 Publications ...... 389 Design ...... 236 Management Structure ...... 348 New Market Development ...... 276 Observer Program ...... 299 Victory Bouquets ...... 315 Inscriptions ...... 389 Results ...... 236 Operations ...... 348 Commemorative Coin Program ...... 276 Observer Delegations ...... 300 Medal/FlowerTrays ...... 316 Other Sales ...... 236 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 350 V o lu n te e rs ...... 390 "Olympic Report" Radio Program ...... 276 Accreditation Policy ...... 300 Anthems ...... 316 Sports Operations ...... 390 Venue Sales ...... 237 Village Facilities and Layout ...... 350 Sound of the Games Program ...... 277 Publications ...... 300 Victory Diplomas ...... 316 Concessionaire Selection ...... 237 Village Operations ...... 350 Budget Management and Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 301 Venue Merchandising Coordination ...... 238 Television Marketing ...... 277 Flags ...... 316 Human Resources ...... 390 LANGUAGE SERVICES Venue Merchandise ...... 238 Olympic Program ...... 277 Operations ...... 317 CHAPTER NINETEEN Opening and Closing Ceremonies Competition Production ...... 392 Translation Services ...... 301 Logistics ...... 238 Marketing Operations ...... 278 Advertising on Uniforms ...... 318 O verview ...... 352 Results Operations ...... 394 Staffing ...... 302 Unauthorized Sales ...... 239 Trademark Registration Protection ...... 278 Venue Protocol Flags ...... 318 Historical Background ...... 352 Test Events ...... 393 Pre-GamesTranslation ...... 302 Venue Sales Results ...... 239 Marks Approval Process ...... 278 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 318 Organization ...... 353 Games-Time Operations ...... 394 Technology ...... 302 Specialty Stores ...... 239 Office Management ...... 279 NOC RELATIONS Creative Development ...... 354 Competition Management ...... 394 Translation Center ...... 303 Superstore ...... 240 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 280 NOC Visits ...... 319 Cultural Diversity of the S outh ...... 354 Sports Coordination Center ...... 394 Interpreting Services ...... 303 Olympic Village Store ...... 240 The Attaché Program ...... 320 Centennial of the Modern Games ...... 355 Sports Information Center ...... 394 CHAPTER SIXTEEN Medical Services Pre-Games Activities ...... 304 Sponsor Hospitality Village Store ...... 241 NOC Newsletter ...... 321 Celebration ofYouth ...... 355 Presidential Representatives ...... 395 O v e rv ie w ...... 282 Games-Time Activities ...... 304 Southern Marketplace ...... 241 Outside Programs ...... 321 Protocol ...... 355 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 395 Organization ...... 282 Staff Housing andTransportation ...... 304 Special Marketing ...... 241 Georgia OlympicTraining Alliance ...... 321 IOC A p p ro v a l ...... 357 SPORT BY SPORT PLANNING DETAIL Medical Operations System ...... 283 Operations ...... 304 Liquidation ...... 241 Adopt-a-Family ...... 321 Technical Development ...... 357 Medical Command System 283 | Recruitment ...... 305 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 242 Accommodations ...... 322 Budgeting ...... 357 CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Staffing of the Games Staff 284 i Language Proficiency Evaluation ...... 305 Games-Time Operations ...... 322 Construction Coordination ...... 358 O v e rv ie w ...... 418 Equipment and Supplies 284 i Training ...... 306 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Logistics Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 322 Venue Management ...... 359 Organization ...... 419 Public Health 285 | Staffing ...... 306 Overview ...... 244 Television Production ...... 359 Demand Assessment ...... 419 Venue Operations ...... 307 Organization ...... 244 Disaster Planning 285 I CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Olympic Villages Operational Reviews ...... 419 Logistical Support ...... 245 The Olympic Hospital Network 285 i Overview ...... 324 The Consolidated Staff P lan ...... 420 Warehouse Operations ...... 245 Olympic Village Operations 285 | Village Preparations ...... 324 Transportation ...... 246 Customs Brokerage ...... 246 Asset Management ...... 250

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Total Games Staffing Task Force ...... 421 CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Ticket Sales Olympic FamiiyTransportation System ...... 502 NGB-National Governing Body Im plem entation of the Staffing Plan ...... 421 Overview ...... 460 Transportation Operating Components . . .503 The following acronyms appear OAF-Olympic Arts Festival Games StaffingTechnology System 422 Organization ...... 460 Constituents ...... 505 ACRONYMS AND frequently in the Official Report.The full Recruiting and Processing ...... 423 OlympicTicket System ...... 461 Olympic SpectatorTransportation System , . . .509 T h e i r USAGE OGS-the Olympic Games Staff ACOG Paid E m p lo y e e s ...... 423 Ticket Operations ...... 462 term is given in the first reference in a MARTA Bus and Rail System ...... 510 OlC-Olympic identity card V o lu n te e rs ...... 425 Business Plan ...... 462 OiympicTransportation Accessibility ...... 511 The following terms are used In their chapter and w he ne ve r it appears in a OMS-operations management systems Volunteer Assignment ...... 427 Seat Assignments ...... 463 Spectator Parking ...... 512 acronym form throughout the Official chapter heading. If mentioned more Change Management Form ...... 429 Ticket Content and Design ...... 464 RegionalTraffic Management System ...... 512 Report, Volume I / Planning and Orga­ than once in a chapter, the acronym OTS-OlympicTransportation System The Olympic Volunteer C enter ...... 429 Ticket Printing ...... 466 Transportation Demand Management . . . .513 nizing, with the exception of the Bid follows the first reference. The Olympic Games Staff ...... 431 Ticket Delivery ...... 467 Goods Movement Project ...... 513 OYC-OlympicYouth Camp and Management chapters, in which Accreditation ...... 431 Sales ...... 467 Public Campaign ...... 514 PC-personal computer Media Campaign ...... 468 Sign Program ...... 515 these terms are introduced. ADA-Americans with Disabilities Act TOP-The Olympic Programme Mail-Order Sales ...... 468 Games-Time Operations ...... 516 Telephone Sales ...... 470 Staffing ...... 516 ACOG-Atlanta Committee for the ANOC-Association of National Olympic UDC-uniform distribution center Policies and Procedures ...... 472 Command Centers ...... 517 C om m ittees Olympic Games VCR-videocassette recorder Americans with Disabilities Act ...... 472 VenueTransportation Management 517 AOB-Atlanta Olympic Broadcasting The Olympic Arts Festival ...... 472 Airport Operations ...... 518 ACOP-Atlanta Centennial Olympic VIK-value-in-kind 1 Special Sales ...... 473 Resources ...... 519 Properties (will be spelled out on its AONA-Atlanta Olympic News Agency ACOP Contracts ...... 473 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 522 first reference in the Marketing APOC-Atlanta Paralympic Organizing Olympic FamilyTickets ...... 474 chapter) StaffTickets ...... 474 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Venue Management C om m ittee AOC-Atlanta Organizing Committee T ra in in g ...... 432 Games-Time Sales ...... 474 O v e rv ie w ...... 524 ASOIF-Association of Summer Olympic U niform ing ...... 433 Redistribution ...... 475 Organization ...... 524 CEO-chief executive officer International Federations Games-Time O pe ratio ns...... 435 Ticket M arketing ...... 476 integrated Site Planning ...... 526 COO-chief operating officer AWC-Airport Welcome Center Headquarters Operations ...... 436 B aseb all...... 476 Venue Operations Planning ...... 527 Venue Operations ...... 437 F o o tb a ll ...... 477 Event Services ...... 529 IF-lnternational Federation CAD-computer-aided design Recognition and Post-Games Activities 438 Yachting ...... 477 Test Events ...... 530 IOC-International Olympic Committee CD -compact disc Opening Ceremony Dress Rehearsal 438 Patron Program ...... 477 1996 Operations ...... 530 Tickets to Events ...... 438 Suites ...... 478 Budget A d ju s tm e n ts ...... 531 LOC-local organizing commitee CODA-Corporation for Olympic Certificates of Recognition and Venue Operations ...... 479 T ra in in g ...... 531 MAOGA-Metropolitan Atlanta Olympic D evelopm ent in Atlanta Thank-You Pins ...... 439 MobiieTicket Outlet Vans ...... 480 Games-Time Operations ...... 532 Games Authority COP-Centennial Olympic Partner Olympic Games Staff Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 480 Periods of Operation ...... 532 Recognition P arty ...... 439 Organizational Structure ...... 533 NBC-National Broadcast Corporation DC-District of Columbia (when referring Employee Retention ...... 439 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Torch Relay Venue Features ...... 534 NOC-National Olympic Committee to the US capital, Washington, DC) Employee Termination ...... 439 O v e rv ie w ...... 482 Operational Systems ...... 536 Volunteer Services Dissolution ...... 440 The Flame Relay in Greece ...... 482 Typical Day at a Venue ...... 537 OCOG-Organizing Committee for the FAA-Federal Aviation Administration Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 440 The Lighting of the Flame ...... 483 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 538 Olympic Games FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigation 1 - Organization of Relay in the U S ...... 484 VENUE BY VENUE REPORT US-United States of America HOC-Hellenic Olympic Committee CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Technology The US Route ...... 485 O v e rv ie w ...... 442 Torchbearer Program ...... 487 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Youth and Education USOC-United States Olympic IBC-lnternational Broadcast Center Organization ...... 443 Slotting Process ...... 488 O v e rv ie w ...... 546 C om m ittee INS-lmmigration and Naturalization information System Services ...... 444 Torch P ro d u ctio n ...... 489 Organization ...... 547 Competition Results System ...... 444 Sponsorship/Marketing ...... 489 Olympic Day in the Schools ...... 547 Services lnfo'96 ...... 445 Torch Relay Operations ...... 490 Curriculum Guides ...... 547 MAC-main accreditation center Olympic Games Promotion ...... 446 Modes ofTransporting the Flame ...... 490 Teacher Sem inars ...... 547 MARTA-Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Operations Management Systems ...... 447 Flame Carriers...... 491 Youth Sports Program ...... 548 CAD Systems/Physical Planning ...... 451 Transfer of the Flame ...... 492 iZZY Appearances and Speakers Bureau . .548 Transit Authority Advance Operations ...... 492 Network Delivery Systems ...... 452 Poster Competition ...... 549 MOC-main operations center Systems integration ...... 453 Caravan Configuration ...... 493 Welcome Book Program ...... 549 MPC-Main Press Center Technical Services ...... 453 Caravan Operations ...... 494 Georgia Olympic D a y ...... 549 Telecom m unications...... 453 Torchbearer Shuttle System ...... 496 Dream Team Program ...... 549 P a g in g ...... 454 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 498 Children's OlympicTicket Fund ...... 551 R a d io s ...... 455 Olympic Youth Camp ...... 551 Documents ...... 456 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Transportation Organization ...... 552 Cable Access Television Network ...... 456 O v e rv ie w ...... 500 P rogram s ...... 552 Video Boards ...... 457 Organization ...... 500 Medical Services...... 553 Headsets and intercom Systems ...... 457 Early Planning ...... 501 Security andTechnoiogy ...... 553 Cabling ...... 457 OiympicTransportation System ...... 502 Teaching the Value of Fellowship ...... 554 Support of Special Events ...... 457 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 554 Technology Rate C a rd ...... 458 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 458 In d e x ...... 555 Acknowledgements and credits ...... 563

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library MA»TV W AALTO • GAIL R, AARON • KAREN M. • TiNA M ALBRECHT • DARLENE S ALBREGTS • GERALDINE ALLEN • GfA S ALLEN • HELEN M JOSEPH M AMATi • ANNA AMATO ERICA L SARAH ■ ANDERSON ■ SCOTT C ANDERSON • 1^"'” ‘ - , . ^*/ll iiA im u S A D r t M . fTA *1 «tscnTc: . A M fic i iMiT c Ai B D in M T 4 1 IF M . (-tiBAM A llP ts i •JACKIE lA fK tp - L I ALLEN A llf T N • • AMATO A M ATO • • HERBERT H E R B E R TK K AMATO AMATO ATC ATC • •CHARLES P SCOTT W ANDERSON • SEAN ANDERSON • SELE- ANDRE P AARONS * KIM C AARONSON • MARTt H AAS • PA U L T AA_SE • A R IL D H AASTAD • RAN • KIMBERLY R ALBRITTON K ALLEN • JAMES L ALLEN • JAN E ALLEN • AMBROSE CHRISTOPHER W AMBROSE

iT ABBOTT • DEBRA W ABBOTT • ALCORN • JACQUELINE M ALCOTT • DAVID M JOHN B ALLEN • JOSEPH R ALLEN • KATHRYN D PETER AMBROSE PHAHM noROTHY M ABBOTT • JACK W ABBOTT . JAMES ALDEN • JENNIFER L ALDERMAN • MARY E ALLEN • KENNETH L ALLEN • KENNETH M AM8URGEY • WILLIAM TAMBURGEY x a o .-t m a c 2 ABBOTT • KAREN T ABBOTT • KIMBERLY M ALDERMAN • WALTER ALDERMAN • SARA E ALLEN • KENT ALLEN * KIMBERLY A ALLEN • AMEND • MARK T AMENDOLA • CAROLINA D. STEVEN ® ANDERSON • ® ao ' o o TT • NANCY F ABBOTT • NICOLE G ALDERSON • LESLEY J ALDERTON • ABED A ALD- KIMBERLY A ALLEN • KIRSTEN E ALLEN • AMERO • EARNEST M AMERSON • MARY A AMER- TAMARA T ANDERSON • TERRY A ANDERSON TODD ANDERSON • VICKY H ANDERSON • WENDY a r ROTT • RAE E ABBOTT ♦ SHERRILL C ABBOTT ISI • ANDREW K ALDONS • THOMAS J ALDRED • LAURA-ASHL ALLEN • LORi S ALLEN •BARBARA LUCRE- A A M E S SON• MARYANN AMES THOMAS K ABBOTT • VICKY S ABBOTT • MARION D ALDRICH • JOANNE ALDRICH TIA G ALLEN • MARSHA M ALLEN • MARVIN K MICHAEL J AMESQUITA • JULIETTE T AMEY LYNETTE ANDERSON • WILFRED A. ANDERSON • ENRIQUE WILLIAM B ANDERSON • WILLIAM D ANDERSON • MUSTAFAkJllGTifTA A8DAL-AZIZ A B D A U -A ilA • • LAWRENCE L. AW K e. fN E H ft A8DALLA AOUAUUM BUREL D U rt C. I_ • • JAIXS:,!.JANEL f P ALDRIDGE < UUIC. • JASJWIMJASON W VV ALLEN A1_1_C.IN • MARY W AIM F T ALLEN Al_l.C.IN • iriA MARY ril JJ ALLEN -• ITlAMItMARY MARY mArvi t, AMEY N O R SA . AMEY ,,,,, . . . . . » »., r-> r e-y—I. I ^ «fwARON ... M D «t-ir-LF-kABOEL-KHALIK - • xiiicrir-^AOAii ZULFIOARALI Airvoirn ALDRIDGE • RONALD J ALDY JR • RICHARD S L ALLEN • MARY M ALLEN • MELINDA M ALLEN AMEZQUITA • CHRISTOPHER D AMICK • MICHAEL W LLIAM D ANDERSON • ^M G ANDEf^ON ABDUL • RAYYAH A ABDULLAH • SHARIF ABDUL- ALEMBIK • ERNEST E ALEMNJi • MONICA M ALEN- • MICHAEL V ALLEN • MICHELLE L ALLEN • V AMICK • PETER L AMIDON • THARZIA R AMIE • • W LLIE -'ANDERSON • Wh-^IE J ANDERSON L a h . YASMEEN ABDULLAH • YASMIN G ABDULLAH CAR • ADAM H ALEXANDER • ALEXIS L ALEXAN- MlTZt S ALLEN •’ NANCY C ALLEN • ODENE H■' LORRETTA...... L AMIOT • BERNADETTE .' AMISa «. c .• WILLIE i L AwnpccoMANDERSON •. WILMAwt. J . aANDERSON n i i i - h s o n ■ I URENA A ABDY • SATOSHI ABE ♦ SERRA R DER • ANDREW L ALEXANDER ALEXANDER . • ASHLEY ASHLEY ALLEN ALLEN • • PATRICK PATRICK C.N.C.N. ALLENALLEN • • RANDYRANDY ALLENALLEN • ABDUL R AMLANI • NASIR P AMLANI • MAX E NATAUE T A^DERSON-Pl^CE • BARBA^^^ L ABF! . DOUGLAS F ABELL • JODI L ABELOW • E ALEXANDER • AUDREY T ALEXANDER • BAR- RICHARD ALLEN • RISHA N ALLEN ...... • ROBERT- - AMMANN • MAX E AMMANN • RALPH S AMMANN • ANDERSON ATC • JOHN H ANDERSON ATC • onwNIE K ABERCROMBIE • CARL E ABERNATHY BARA M ALEXANDER • BARBARA S ALEXANDER • ALLEN • ROBERT S ALLEN - RONNIE L ALLEN • POUL AMMENTORP-SCHMIDT TIMOTHY C EARL E ANDERSON JR • GUSTAVE W ANDERSON GARY Q ABERNATHY • GLENDA K ABERNATHY BERNARD H ALEXANDER • BERNICE E ALEXAN- SALLY E ALLEN • SANDERS ALLEN • SARA B AMMER • ALAN H AMMERMAN • SUSAN E AMMER- JR • HENRY F ANDERSON JR • CECIL ANDY M E LiZ- . KEITH ABERNATHY • MAYA N ABERNATHY ------DER • BEVERLY A ALEXANDER — ------• BILL------ALEXANDER ------• ------ALLEN • ------SCOTT------H ALLEN------• ------SERESSA------F ALLEN------♦ MAN • CURTIS E AMMONS DirHIE M ABERNATHY • ROBERT ABERNATHY • BOBBY R ALEXANDER • BRENDA ALEXANDER SHARON A ALLEN • SHERI D ALLEN • SHERRYL LAURA T AMMONS • PAULA M AMMONS ERIC C ANDERTON • JEN- ATEVEN H ABERNATHY • SUSAN M ABERNATHY • CHRIS ALEXANDER • EBON! L ALEXANDER • J ALLEN • SHIRLEY C ALLEN ♦ SHIRLEY E ALLEN BETH C AMOS • GREGORY W AMOS • JEREMY• LAZS EDUARDO NIFER ANDINO L ANDERTO • r TAMARA A ABERNATHY • TIMOTHY C ABER- EDWARD K ALEXANDER • ELIZABETH M ALEXAN- • STEVE W ALLEN • SUE ALLEN • SYLVIA ALLEN AMOS • MARGENE K AMOSPAUL • REBECCA ANDJELKOVfC W AMOS • KENJI• ANDO PAUL • ROBERT Af P NATHY • WINIFRED S ABERNATHY • DORIS. C DER » EVELYN R ALEXANDER • HUBERT T ALEXAN- • THADDEUS ALLEN • TODD ALLEN • TONIA B ANTHONY L AMJ^^JR • MELINDA O AMOSU • ROS- ANDOH , . ETELVINO V ANDRADE a RERNETHY • ALBERT D ABERSON JR • KIM R DER • JAMES A ALEXANDER • JAMES W ALEXAN- ALLEN • TRACY Y ALLEN • VANESSA J ALLEN ALIN cT AMUNATEGUI • LAURA J AMUNDSEN • • LIONEL ANDRADE • CRAIG S ANDRADE ATC • ARNATHA • CORINNE H ABNEY • JAMES M DER • JOSEPH R ALEXANDER • JUDY A ALEXANDER VERONICA F ALLEN • VICTORIA Y ALLEN • WEf HONG AN • SAHNG V AN • RICHARD J ANASTASI • VALERIE ANDREANI • DINAL S ANDREASEN • ARNEY JR • L IN A C A B O G A D IE • P ATRICIA D • JU LIE M A LEXANDER * KAMLA ALEXA N D ER D E L L L A LLE N • W IL B U R R A L L E N • W IL LIA M L DO RAH ÀNBERH B A N AY • E-WSON- H ITE JANIA • T A ITANDREOTTI ------• MARISA ------ANDRES • .CATHER- . . . . K,r-.oirctr».. ABOINDE NJi • ANNE K ABOUCHAR • BASSEM B • KAREN N ALEXANDER • KATHY R ALEXANDER • ALLEN • WILLIAM O ALLEN • WILLIAM S ALLEN DRA L ANCELOT • BERTHA ANDALUZ • LEONARD INE_ L ANDRESEN • NANCY A ANDRESEN ABOUKHATER • SOL H ABOULAFIA • ALBERT J. KELLY D ALEXANDER • KEVIN M ALEXANDER • SCOTT W ALLEN PHD • RUTH A ALLEN ATC D ANDERS ■ • MARK T ANDERS • PEGGY J ANDERS AMELIA A ANDREWS • ARTHUR L ANDREWS ABOULAFIA MD • BETTY B ABRAHAM • BROOKE • LARRY B ALEXANDER • LAURA C ALEXANDER • DORREL ALLEN C • GERALDL ALLEN ÊMT • SONIA M ANDERS • DOUGLAS G ANDERSEN • • BERNARD LOUIS ANDREWS • BOBBIE A E ABRAHAM • CAROL G ABRAHAM • MAY H LAUREN G ALEXANDER • LIA D ALEXANDER • LINDA • PERCY ALLEN III • THOMAS G ALLEN EILEEN P ANDERSEN • GRETCHEN L ANDERSEN ANDREWS • BRENDA L ANDREWS • BRENT L ABRAHAM • WARREN S ABRAHAMS • AVIS D ALEXANDER • LINDA W ALEXANDER • MARCUS JOANNE B ALLEN MD • KRISTY V ALLEN SAT • JEFF P ANDERSEN • JODY C ANDERSEN • ANDREWS • CHRISTOPHER P ANDREWS • DEN- 4RRAM • MONROE J ABRAM ATC • WERONIKA N ALEXANDER • MARGIE L ALEXANDER • MARGO • SHAWN P ALLENDER ATC • A S H L E Y A LLER A ...... KATHY ANDERSEN ...... • LYNN L. ANDERSEN • NIS M ANDREWS • FELICIA N ANDREWS • ABRAMOWiCZ __ • GLENDA... .-..I-.. A . ABRAMS •. JULIA rit, iA .J H n P A1r-VAKir^C!ALEXANDER • MARIE F ALEXANDER • MARK S LYNN E ALLEY • ALITHIA O ALLEYNE • LARRY RICHARD H ANDERSEN • -RUNE - T ANDERSEN FRANK M ANDREWS • GEORGE H ANDREWS • ABRAMS • LINDA F ABRAMS • MARK K ABRAMS ALEXANDER • MARSHA R ALEXANDER • MICHAEL N ALLGOOD • JOHN N ALLINSON II • JENNIFER G TREVOR T ANDERSEN • ALANA R ANDERSON GERALDINE A ANDREWS • GLADYS L ANDREWS P r e f a c e . NICOLE ABRAMS • DEBORAH J ABRAMS RN • ALEXANDER • MICHELE ALEXANDER • MIRIAM ALLIS • AMY L ALLISON • CORNELL J ALLISON • ALLEN ANDERSON • AMALIA A A N DE RS O N . GUY P ANDREWS • J ALFRED ANDREWS • CATHERINE B ABRAMSON • JEFFREY ABRAM- ALEXANDER • RACHEL A ALEXANDER • RAHSAAN CORY ALLISON • DEBORAH L ALLISON • DIANE ANNE M ANDERSON ARNE J ANDERSON • JANET D ANDREWS • JANET L ANDREWS • JILL -ON • HERMES H ABRANTES • MELINDA T K ALEXANDER • ROSETTA M ALEXANDER • SADIE S ALLISON • GERALD O ALLISON MARY M BARBARA S ANDERSON • BARBARA S ANDER­ G ANDREWS • JOHN ANDREWS • KATE E ^BREO • JENNIFER N ABSHIRE • NASSER R ALEXANDER • SADIE L ALEXANDER • SAM P ALLISON • PATRICIA A ALLISON • REBEKAH SON • BETH L ANDERSON • BETTY ANDERSON • ANDREWS • LAURA J ANDREWS • LYNN ANDREWS ABU-AZZAM • FOUAD G ABUAKEL • GEMAL M ALEXANDER • SHARON D ALEXANDER • SIHARATH ALLISON • STEVEN W ALLISON TAMMY CALLI- BETTY A ANDERSON • BEVERLY D ANDERSON • MADELON ANDREWS • MICKEY W ANDREWS • ABUBAKER • ZAINAB Y ABUELJEBAIN • OKAS M TA ALEXANDER • STEFANIE L ALEXANDER SON • RUTH M ALLISON RN • AMY ALLMAN • BROOKE L ANDERSON • BURMA D ANDERSON__ __ MONTE ANDREWS • PATRICIA E ANDREWS • PAUL ABUMAD! • DAVID S A8USAMRA • PABLO O • SURESH M ALEXANDER • TANYA F ALEXANDER • ROBYN R ALLMAN • STEPHANIE J ALLOMONG C A M E RO N K A N D E R S O N CAROL B ANDERSON G ANDREWS • ROBERT B ANDREWS • ROBERT D ACANDA • FRANCINE ACCARDI • PATRICK THEODORE A ALEXANDER • THEODORE S ALEXANDER CYRIL R ALLOUCHE • BARBARA J ALLRED ♦ CAROLYN J ANDERSON CHARLES ANDERSON ANDREWS • ROBIN C ANDREWS • SARAH S ANDREWS • SHANNON G ANDREWS • THOMAS ACCARDI • JIM A ACCORDINO • SUE C ACEE • MARIA R. ACHECAR • LAWRENCE J ACHER B ANDREWS • TONYA L ANDREWS • WILLIAM L • NANCY H ACHESON • KENNETH J ACHILICH • ANDREWS • ROBERT ANDREWS EMT • MARV I ACHILICH * KENNETH H ACHIRON LAWRENCE M ANDREWS JR ‘ MICHAEL D ANDRI- . LEONARD ACHIRON • ALAN H ACKERMAN • ATCH • M IC HA E L A A N D R IO LA • ETH A N L A NDRUS • M ARCO ANDUJAR • R UBE N ANDUJAR • DEBO­ GAYLE F ACKERMAN • KATHLEEN ACKERMAN • MELISSA J ACKERMAN • WILLIAM J ACKER­ RAH ANEKSTEIN • EMEKA B ANENE «‘BONNIE K MAN • MICHAEL J ACKERMAN JR • JENNIFER L ANGEL • HENRY ANGEL • APRIL L ANGELES • ROBERT C ANGELI • JOAN C ANGELINl • JESSE L ACKERSON • THERESA ACKERSON • KEVIN ACOCELLA • PAUL F ACOCELLA • DENIECE 6 ANGELL • KEITH G ANGELL • MARGARET R ACOSTA • ERNESTO J ACOSTA • CHARLES L ANGELL • KARL ANGELO • WILLIAM M ANGELO * ACREE • MICHAEL A ACREE • DIANE ACRENEAUX MARIA M ANGELOVA • SARAH E ANGERMULLER • AMANDA'S A CTO N • JE R O M Y I A CTO N • ALICIA E • NATALIE R ANGLE • RICHARD ANGLE • STACEY 'HE OFFICIAL REPORTo f the Centennial Olympic Games was written by the professional ACUNA • AMY P ADAIR • TOM K ADAIR • CHRISTO­ D ANGLIN • MICHAEL J ANGRESANO • ANN M PHER ADALA • SYLVIA B ADAM • LAWRENCE J ANGULO • SUZANA ANIC • LYNN ANIOl • KEISHA ADAMCIK • PAMELA S ADAMCIK • MARIA ADAM- ANITON • OLGA S ANKROM • MARY E ANNAVED- DER • KERRY L ANNEL • JOSEPH L ANNEST CZYK • MtCHAL AOAMCZYK • LISA A ADAM! • staff of the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. The content of the Official Report is • WILLARD R ANNIS • BEVERLYN L ANSAH • S A C H I T A D AM I • J U L IA B AD AM IA K • R IC H ADAMO • RICH AOAMO • MARK L ADAMS • ELAYN Z ANSARi • KIM E ANSCHULTZ • HAROLD ANITA B ADAMS • ANNIE R ADAMS • BARBARA K B ANSLEY • KEVIN D ANSLEY • SAM B ANSON • strongly influenced by historical precedence and IOC requirements. The organizers and authors ADAMS • BENTLEY C ADAMS • BERT ADAMS HADLI A ANSTINE • SELENA ANTALAN • FRANK • BEVERLY W ADAMS • BRENDA C ADAMS • e ANTALEK • DANA ANTHONY • DEBORAH E CAROL S ADAMS • CATHY L ADAMS • CHALLIE E ANTHONY • FRED ANTHONY • JACQUELYN A of this report have codified the experience and legacy of the Games for posterity and provided as ADAMS • CHARLES F ADAMS • CHARLES R ANTHONY • JACQUELYN P ANTHONY • JANINE D ANTHONY • JARRELL B ANTHONY • JUDY S ADAM S • C H A R L E S R A D A M S • C H E R Y L L A DAM S . CHRISTOPHER K ADAMS • CHRISTOPHER L ANTHONY • LAVERNE V ANTHONY • MACK ADAMS • DANIEL S ADAMS • DARLEEN ADAMS • ANTHONY • MAYNIE H ANTHONY • ROBERT m uch detail as possible to assist organizing committees in preparing for future Olym pic Games. C ANTHONY • SHIRLEY ANTHONY • SMITH E DAVID W ADAMS • DEBORAH A ADAMS • DEBO­ RAH C ADAMS • DELORES L ADAMS • DIANE ANTHONY • STEPHEN C ANTHONY • XAVIER L This is the first of three volumes. As its title, Planning and Organizing, suggests this volume ADAMS • DIANE B ADAMS • DOMINIC D ADAMS • ANTHONY • VIRGINIA H ANTHONY MT • MARIA D DONALD ADAMS • DUVAL C ADAMS • EDWARD L ANTOLINO • ANA I ANTON • ANNA T ANTON • ADAMS • ELIZABETH ADAMS • ELLA W ADAMS • CAROLINE M ANTON • ANNE ANTONENKO • ADAM ANTONIEWiCZ • DAVID M ANTOPOLSKY • ELOiSE S ADAMS • EMILY C ADAMS • EMILY S addresses the broad array of details, grouped by functional or program category, that were essen­ ADAMS • FANNETTE C ADAMS • GARY T ADAMS MICHEAL ANTOSKOW • ZINA L ANTOSKOW • GEORGE H ADAMS • GEORGEANNA M ADAMS • • ANDREW ANTWEILER • BRIAN ANWEILER • To THE 53,540 VOLUNTEERS YUSUKE AOI • SHUICHI AOKI • LUIS B APARICIO • GLENDA S ADAMS • HOLLY C ADAMS • IRA R tial to creating the Centennial Olympic Games. Success depended on the combined actions of ADAMS • J ROBERT ADAMS • JACQUELYN F LOU A A P L A N D • D A NIA G A P O N T E • JA M E S P ADAM S • JA M ES K A D A M S • JA N E T S A D AM S • APPEL • JEANNIE L APPEL • KATHY F APPELL JEFF W ADAMS • JENNIFER A ADAMS • JEN­ • PETER J APPELO • JANE W APPLE • MARY- AND EMPLOYEES WHO COMPRISED AUDREY APPLE • MEGAN S APPLE • BRUCE A the thousands of people organized to mount the Games and their attention to detail. The plans, N IFE R L A DAM S • J E N N IF E R M A DAM S • JERRY APPLE ATC • DAVID F APPLE JR MD • CHERYL L A ADAMS • JOHN ADAMS • JOHN L ADAMS • JOHN W ADAMS • JOSEPHINE C ADAMS • JULIE •APPLEBERRY, CATC" • CONNIE J APPLEBY • K ADAMS • KELLY R ADAMS • LARRY E ADAMS • JOCiLE S APPLEBY • AMIE L APPLETON • concepts, research and rationale for decision-making, problem-solving, and organizing that PAMELA S APPLETON • ISAAC D APPLEWHITE LAURIE A ADAMS • LORRAINE ADAMS • MAR­ THE Atlanta Co m m ittee for the GARET G ADAMS •' MARK C ADAMS • MARK R • ROBERT A APRAEZ • ROBERT A APRAEZ • ADAMS • MARTHA L ADAMS • MARY A ADAMS • KAREN N APRIL • SADASHIV V APTE ♦ LUIS comprised our efforts are presented here as fully as possible, including recommendations for future MARY £ ADAMS • MARY H ADAMS • MARY K AQUINO • HiROKO ARAI • AOUS H ARAIM • ADAMS • MARY M ADAMS • MICHAEL R ADAMS • Olym pic Games staff . NAWAL ARAIM • OMAR A ARAIM • SINAN M NANCY S ADAMS • NATHANIEL ADAMS « NICOLE ARAIM • LOUIS R ARAIZA • CAROLYN N ARAKAKl • organizers concerning what—with the lessons of experience—were identified as the critical ADAMS • PAMELA M ADAMS • PATRICIA E ADAMS MASAKO ARAKAWA • RUMIKO ARAKAWA • ARMIN • PEG L ADAMS • PETER G ADAMS • PRISCILLA V ARANA • MERISA ARANAS • RICHARD ARANT • JULIA S ARATA • PETER F ARATA • OSCAR A B ADAMS • RANDALL W ADAMS • REBECCA J Their e n th u s ia s m , d e d ic a tio n , and ingredients to success. Where we encountered problems, we have tried to address them from A DAM S • R O B E R T J A D AM S • R O B YN M A DAM S • ARAUZ • TINA P ARBES • GRADA ARBLE • ROGER ADAMS • ROSCOE H ADAMS • ROSETTA WILLIAM ARBOLEDA • DIANNE M ARBUCKLE • ALLEN O ARCAND • SUSAN M ARCARO • ADDI­ P ADAM S • R U S S E LL J A D AM S • S A M U E L I. SON A ARCE • FERNANDO ARCE • AFLACIA a constructive perspective with the sincere hope of assisting future organizers. ADAMS • SHEILA ADAMS • STANLEY E ADAMS • LOYALTY MADE THE 1996 OLYMPIC ARCENEAUX • MARINA A ARCHBOLD • DAVID G SUSAN H ADAMS • SUSAN H. ADAMS • TANYA J ADAMS • TERESA ADAMS • TERRY P ADAMS • ARCHER • DAVID W ARCHER • DONNA M ARCHER THERESA L ADAMS • THOMAS E ADAMS • TY • GLENIS P ARCHER • JERMAINE ARCHER • JOSEPH e ARCHER • PATRICIA A ARCHER ATC These Centennial Olympic Games were for us, first and foremost, about people—the thousands ADAMS • VESTER L ADAMS ♦ VICTORIA ADAMS • • CYNTHIA V ARCHIE • MARY J ARCHILLE • WENDY L ADAMS • WILDA F ADAMS • WILLIAM T Gam es a per so nal , exc itin g , and ADAMS • WILLIAM W ADAMS • YOLANDA V MICHAEL J ARCHILLE • JASON S ARCHÎNAL • who collaborated for years in developing the plans; the 53,540 volunteers who welcomed and ADAMS • LATHANE AOAMS-CLARK • CAROL BIANCA N ARCHULETTA • ERNEST C ARCOS • ROBERT R ARDALAN • JEFF ARDIS • GARY M AOAMS-MEANS • CLARISSA ADAMS FLETCHER • ARDITO • JEAN AREL • E M ARELLANO • KRISTIN HOWELL E ADAMS JR • WELLES ADAMS JR • MEMORABLE EXPERIENCE FOR assisted visitors to Atlanta and the Southern United States during Games-time, many of whom SHARON J ADAMS LEWIS • BOBBY J ADAMS MD A ARELLANO • MARIANNE ARELLANO • JONAS B • MARYLYN A ADAMSKI • BRENDA C ADAMSON • AREM • MARCI A ARENA • JOHN R ARENBERG • ELISABETH F ABEN8URG • JENNIFER A SONYA L ADAMSON • SUSAN A ADAMSON • MICHAEL W ADCOCK • SUSAN WADCOX • WILLIAM ARENDS • JOSHUA P ARENOS • MARK ARENDS worked with the Organizing Committee and in their communities for years preceding the MILLIONS OF INTERNATIONAL VISITORS • IRAKLY G A R E S H lD Z e • C O L L E E N I A R EY • ADCOX M.D. • KAREN B ADDAMS • WANDRA R STUART L AREY • VIRGINIA B AREY • PIO R ADOERLY • FEDERICO ADDIECHI • TAMMIE L ADDIS ARGENTA • BARBARA F ARGO • CAROL P ARGO Games; the citizens of Georgia who provided such enthusiasm and goodwill in support of our • ABBIGALE C ADDISON • CAROL C ADDISON • CLARENCE L 8 ADDISON • DEANA M ADDISON • AND ATHLETES. • GEORGE E ARGO • KIMBERLY J ARGO • LINDA MARK F ADDISON • SHANDY M ADDISON • JAMES F ARGO • LURLINE G ARGO • NELSON E ARGO • C ADOONIZIO ' NIMOTA A ADEBOYE • JUDY C STEPHEN P ARGO • NECiP A ARI • GENE ARIAS • MARI R ARICK • SAM J ARICO ♦ CLAIRE ARIGA mission; and the 197 nations and their dedicated athletes who gave to 5 m illion spectators and ADEOUN • SANDRA R ADEN • BAMIDELE ADEO- • DICK ARILDSEN • VICTOR ARIYIBL ♦ AFARIN GUN • JACQUELINE V ADER • JEAN ADERO • As SEEMS MOST FITTING, THE PAGES ARJMAND • HAMID ARJMAND • FREDERICK D CHARLES F ADKINS • HARRIET M ADKINS ARKIN • KAREN J ARKIN • MATTHEW D ARKIN the worldwide audience of 3.5 billion television viewers spectacular performances. • JA C Q U E L IN E A D K IN S • JE S S IC A B A D K IN S • JOHN L ADKINS • KRISTIE J ADKINS • MARV S • MICHAELLE ARKIN • DAVID A ARLEN • SUSAN ADKINS • MATTIE M ADKINS • MELITTA A ADKINS J ARLEN • ALICE M ARLINE • CYNTHIA A ARMAN The details of these experiences—from planning through staging through dismantling—are • TIMOTHY M ADKINS • TRICIA N ADKINS • JON OF THESE THREE VOLUMES ARE . MICHELE ARMAO • JEFFREY T ARMBRUSTER • W A D K IN S O N • M IC H A E L G A D K IS O N • B ARBARA LAUREL H ARMBRUSTER • CHARLES R ARMEN- TO • JAMES M ARMES • PATRICIA ARMINANA • F ADLER • CELIA G ADLER • EDNA ADLER • ANGELA L ARMISTEAD • JARROD J ARMITAGE • documented in these pages. The three-volume Official Report provides an avenue for understand­ GARY ADLER • MARVIN M ADNER • STEPHEN CARLY O ARMOUR • DAVID E ARMOUR • DORIS J VALENTINE ADOLPH • ZULEMA ADORNO • GABY ANCHORED WITH THEIR NAMES. ARMOUR * HAZEL ARMOUR • LARRY ARMOUR J ADRIAENSSENS • JOE L ADRIAN • STEPHANIE • MARSHA M ARMOUR • ROLENE R ARMOUR • A ADRIAN • ED AENCHBACHER • NATHAN V ing the magnitude of the effort and the challenges integral to presenting the Games. AESCHLEMAN • ROBERT AESCHLIMAN • PATTI JAMES E ARMOUR JR • KAREN ARMS • ERNEST C ARMSTEAD • ELAINE E ARMSTER • BETSY S W AESCHLIMANN • RAMATU M AFEGBUA-MAH- ARMSTRONG • CARY A ARMSTRONG • MUD . DtONE O AFFLECK • TY P AFFLECK MD • CATHARINE B ARMSTRONG • CHRIS J ARM­ The success of the 1996 Games lies in the hearts of the people who made them a reality. The COOKIE AFTERGUT • CLIFFORD J AFTON • DEB­ STRONG • DANIEL P ARMSTRONG • DAVID F ORAH A AFTUCK • RODNEY D AFTUCK • TIMMY J ARMSTRONG • EDWARD A ARMSTRONG • AGAN ATC • NUPUR AGARWAL • FIFA AGBESSI • FRANCES V ARMSTRONG • GARRET A ARM­ memories of the collaboration and the goodwill and fellowship generated w ill shape our futures SONYA AGBESSI ♦ ESSEX AGEE • JEFFREY M STRONG • GLEN 8 ARMSTRONG • JAMES C ARM­ AGEE • KATHY L AGEE • ANGELA M AGEL • STRONG • JEFFREY D ARMSTRONG • JESSE JASON E AGIN • DAVID C AGLER • AARON D ARMSTRONG • JO A ARMSTRONG • JUDITH and be recalled as the most enduring legacy of the Games. AGNEW • KATHRYN H AGNEW • OLIVIER P A ARMSTRONG • JUDY ARMSTRONG • KAREN F A G N E Z • A N N E L O R E K A G N IE L • N A V E E N A G N I- ARMSTRONG • KATHY ARMSTRONG • KATHY R HOTRl • AARON AGNOLl • RINALDO AGOSTINI • ARMSTRONG • KETRA L ARMSTRONG • LEE ROSEMARY AGOSTINI MD • MAURIZIO M AGRES- C ARMSTRONG • LISA J ARMSTRONG • MARK A TA • DANIEL S AGRONOW • A8ERRA A AGUEG- ARMSTRONG • MARY L ARMSTRONG • PEGGY NEHU • CESAR R AGUERO • SUE R AGUIAR • ARMSTRONG • PHYLLIS R ARMSTRONG • IRAN R AGUILAR • LUTZ D AGUIRRE • MARI8EL RICARDO L ARMSTRONG • ROBERT M ARM­ M A G U IR R E • M AR TH A V A G U IR R E • A N D R E W STRONG • SHERRY A ARMSTRONG • TAMARA C AGUSTIN • AUGUSTINE AGYEMAN-BADU • E. ARMSTRONG • WILLIAM S ARMSTRONG • MARK AGYEPONG • NOOSHIN AHANGAR • WILLIE D ARMSTRONG • LEWIS H ARMSTRONG PATRICK AHERN • JIM W AHL • ANNA R AHLEN SR • KAROL S ARMWOOD • GUY C ARNALL JR • • LARRY J AHLERS • SUE M AHLF • STEVE NADENE G ARNAULT • CAMERON R ARNDT • CHARLES AHLGRIM • WILLIAM D AHLS • NEETU CARL H ARNDT • GAIL G ARNDT ♦ KAREN D AHLUWALIA • ANEESAH N AHMAD • SHABBIR ARNDT • ROGER L ARNDT • DEBORAH A ARNE- AHMAD • SUSAN AHMAD • JIM R AHMANN • JOHN S E N • J O S E P H C A R N E T T • M ARY E A R N E T T • A AHMANN • MARIA E AHMANN • FARHANA STACEY A ARNETT • DOROTHY D ARNETTE AHMED • JALAL U AHMED • MOHAMED A AHMED • • VICKY E ARNETTE ♦ GAY A ARNIERI • DAVID L RAIHAN U AHMED • LINDA H AHN • SEUNGHYE ARNOFF • ALEXIS S ARNOLD • ALISON K AHN • TAE-JIN AHN • KERRY L AHREND • BYRON THOMAS A ALEXANDER «W ILLIAM J A L E X A N D E R • C L IN T O N ALLRED • PAUL ALLRED • • CHARLES ANDERSON • CHERISH D ANDER- ARNOLD • BETH L ARNOLD • CLAIRE L ARNOLD AHSAN^ PURNA AHUJA • MIC^ K AIAU • WILLIAM L ALEXANDER • ELMORE D ALEXAN- JEANETTE ALLRED-POWLESS • CHRISTOPHER SON CHERYL S ANDERSON • CHRISTOPHER A • CYNTHIA D ARNOLD • DALE B ARNOLD Ginger T. Watkins ADWOA OAIDOO^M utsi A A^GORO . G aIl 8 DER DO «WILLIAM _ALEXANDER Ilf . COSTAS G S ALLRED EMT . HOWARD D ALLRED JR . MARK ANDERSON « CLARENCE E ANDERSON « DAWN E ARNOLD « EMILY THERESIA ARNOLD AIKEN • JANICE M AIKEN • MARGARET AIKEN • ALEXANDRIDES PLAMEN D ALEXANDROV • ALLWOOD • DANIEL ALM « ALBERT 1 ALMAND • ELEA2AR O ALFARO • MIGUEL JAMES R ALMAND • LYNN B ALMAND • MAR- Editor A^KEY^.^Ih^i^EL^n AI k Pn ^.%:TH^^^^^ ALFAR^ o '^^DAW n ’ e' a l FO N S O «'t ASUN ALFONZO GARET M a Q^AND « PHI l L i P j ÀLMÀND • DIEGO SON « DAVE D ANDERSON « DAVID SANDERSON « JENNIFER C ARNOLD « JERRY B ARNOLD • _ . -T ' oAMUtL D AIKIN • fclHfcL U AINA JACK Ai-t-AKy yA»VN c. «i-r i-. j w •riC-t30&iAMr>c-tJC/-iKi. nriWhJ cra m AMr.crD

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library E m

C h r o n o l o g y

6 August—Golden Park in Columbus, 22 June—ACOG begins a series of 24 18 May— ACOG officially opens August—IOC members visit Atlanta 18 September— A delegation of more November— The first of four annual Georgia, is selected as the venue for international and national competitions Olympic Stadium with music and cer­ prior to the IOC's 95th General than 300 Atlantans and Georgians service projects for Olympic Force softball, a sport added to the 1996 to test Games-time facilities, of which emony during the International Session in San Juan, Puerto Rico. travels to Tokyo, Japan, to support members is held.The efforts include a Games Programme by the IOC in 1991. 13 are clustered in June-August as part Amateur Athletics Federation Grand Atlanta hosts the USSR vs. USA dual Atlanta's bid for the 1996 Olympic food and toy drive to underprivileged of Atlanta Sports '95, involving more Prix, an athletics competition that has swim meet at Emory University. Games at the IOC's 96th General families; collection of children's books 8 January—Groundbreaking is held 12 September— The Cultural 27 January—The Cultural Olympiad than 4,000 athletes. attracted a top international field and 8 February— Atlanta attorney Billy Session. By a vote of 51-35, the IOC for Georgia public libraries; refurbish­ on the campus of the Georgia Olympiad starts an eight-week festi­ Scroll logo is introduced. is the first sports event to be held in Payne founds the Georgia Amateur September— Atlanta delegates attend selects Atlanta to be the host city of ing of arts and cultural institutions; institute ofTechnology (GeorgiaTech) val "iMexicol A CulturalTapestry" to 19 July—ACOG celebrates one year the new facility. Athletic Foundation (GAAF) and the 95th General Session of the IOC the Games of the XXVI Olympiad.The and cleaning of state parks for the first of 17 new housing facili­ commemorate the 25th anniversary 30 January—"Atlanta 1996" debuts as to Opening Ceremony with a special recruits Mayor Andrew Young to and unveil an interactive video pro­ decision is reached on the fifth ballot and historical sites. ties that ACOG will help fund for use of the 1968 Olympic Games one of the most highly rated pro­ employee event in an area adjacent June—Self-study training materials assist in bidding for the gram that allows IOC members to in voting by 86 members of the IOC. as part of the Olympic Village. in Mexico City. grams on television the day it airs. In to Olympic Stadium, while the IOC are sent to 35,000 staff and volun­ 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. tour Atlanta electronically. After the In Atlanta, celebrations abound. all, ACOG will produce eight programs sends official invitations from teers, who also are scheduled session, IOC members are flown to 21 January—ACOG releases a finan­ 18 September— At its 101st session in for nationwide broadcast on NBC to Lausanne to 197 national delegations, throughout the month to attend venue September —Atlanta submits its bid Atlanta for Labor Day celebrations, cial forecast outlining anticipated Monaco, the IOC approves the addi­ highlight preparations for the Games. inviting them to attend orientations at the sites they will be as the US candidate city to the United during which more than 7,500 run­ revenues and expenses for the tion of beach volleyball, mountain the Centennial Olympic Games. assigned to during the Games. States Olympic Committee (USOC), ners participate In the "Run for the 1996 Olympic Games. bike cycling, and women's football to 10 February— The Georgia legislature becoming one of U American cities Bid" as a demonstration of public the 1996 Olympic Games Programme. passes a bill allowing accredited 23 July—The 15,000-miie, cross-coun­ 1 June—The Olympic Arts Festival offi­ seeking to host the Games. support for the Games. 23 January—The European National Olympic Committee (NOC) try route of the OlympicTorch Relay is cially begins with the opening of several Broadcasting Union extends 20 September— Four of six bidding physicians to provide medical services announced, along with plans for how visual art exhibitions, which will expand a letter of intent to purchase cities—Birmingham, Alabama; Miami to their delegations during the Games. 10,000 torchbearers will be selected. to 25 over the next two months, and the television rights to the and Orlando, Florida; and Washington, more than 200 theater, dance, classical 16 September— ACOG hosts the Centennial Olympic Games. DC—are selected to host preliminary 24 March—ACOG unveils the design music, and jazz performances will be rounds of football. of the Olympic cauldron by artist and Third IOC World Congress held, involving some 4,000 performers. 2 February— The Coca-Cola Company sculptor Siah Armajani. on Sports Sciences in Atlanta. becomes the first worldwide sponsor 23 October—Opening Ceremony of 1 July—The International Broadcast 15 April—The Cultural Olympiad and 10 October— The design of the victory Center opens at the Georgia of the 1996 Games. the 1996 Games is 1,000 days away. 17 January—Applications for Games- In downtown Atlanta, ACOG unveils a the National Black Arts Festival medal for the 1996 Olympic Games is World Congress Center. time volunteer positions are made countdown clock that spans one of collaborate to present unveiled.The Greek goddess Victory 13 February— ACOG unveils the available, starting an "Atlanta Centennial Torch," as the the city's major highways. "Celebrate Africa!" is emblazoned on the medal as well 6 July—Both the Olympic Village and 18-month recruitment effort. as the pictogram of the sport in official logo of the 1996 Games. the Main Press Center begin operations. February— A site-selection committee 1 November— The White House Task 3 June—The Morehouse School of which it is won. from the USOC visits Atlanta to meet 1 Febiuary— ACOG groundbreaking 5 March—NationsBank signs an Force for the 1996 Olympic Games, Medicine, SmithKline Beecham 13 July—Centennial Olympic Park with city leaders and tour proposed ceremony held at Lake Lanier for the 29 October— Auditions begin for agreement to become the first chaired by Vice President A! Gore, Clinical Laboratories, and ACOG opens to the public and immediately venues for the 1996 Olympic Games. canoe/kayak-sprint and rowing venue. Opening and Closing Centennial Olympic Games Partner. holds its first meeting. announce plans to construct a new becomes the enormously popular, medical center for the school that will Ceremonies performers. central gathering place for the Games. 29 April—Atlanta is selected by the 8 March—The 500-day countdown 7 April— To promote volunteerism 5 November— Don Mischer also provide doping control services USOC as the US candidate city and to the Games begins with the start of before the Games, ACOG launches Productions is selected during the 1996 Games. 17 July—The two-week Olympic Youth will be bidding with five other cities— the Hanes OiympicT-shirt auction. The Olympic Force, which will to produce the Opening and Camp at Berry College in Rome, Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Proceeds from the daily sale will go become a statewide network of more Closing Ceremonies. 15 June—ACOG breaks ground for Georgia, begins with a record 184 Melbourne, andToronto. to the Children's OlympicTicket Fund, the Georgia International Horse Park, national delegations sending more 1 February— Atlanta's official five-vol­ than 1,700 community groups repre­ the USOC, and Olympic Aid-Atlanta. senting 500,000 people. 19 November— Georgia Governor Zell which will be the site of equestrian than 500 young people to participate. September— An Altanta delegation ume bid document is submitted to the February— "Winterland'/ the first pro­ Miller commits to the construction of competition. led by MayorYoung and Billy Payne IOC offices in Lausanne, Switzerland. 28 January—The Atlanta Committee 13 March—Construction of 8 May—The first annual auditions are gram of the Cultural Olympiad, Centennial Olympic Park in downtown 18 July—Thousands of ACOG staff travels to Seoul, Korea, for the 1988 for the Olympic Games (ACOG) is Centennial Olympic Park begins. held for the Atlanta Olympic Band, opens.The month-long festival is a Atlanta—a facility originally conceived 25 June—Construction begins on the and volunteers attend the dress Olympic Games to meet members of April —The AOC hosts "Springtime in established as a private, not-for-profit which will be comprised of 300 of joint effort with 1994 Winter Olympic by ACOG Chief Executive Officer Billy hockey venues as groundbreaking rehearsal of Opening Ceremony at the International Olympic Committee Atlanta," an event for visiting mem­ corporation, and the ACOG Board of 28 March— President Bill Clinton and Georgia's best high school and college Games host Lillehammer. Payne as a central gathering place for ceremonies are held on the campus­ Olympic Stadium in response to the (IOC) and learn more about bers of the IOC. Approximately 8,000 Directors is established. Vice President AI Gore address ACOG musicians and color guard performers. Olympic visitors. es of Clark Atlanta University and invitation that was included with hosting the Games. runners participate in the AOC's employees and volunteers. Morris Brown College. their training materials. "Salute to Georgia Olympians" and 14 June—ACOG and the United 9 March—Plans are approved to build Olympic Stadium on a site next to 30 December— Sales of Olympic license November— The GAAF forms the the 5 km "Run for the Rings." States Olympic Committee (USOC) 10 July—ACOG begins an expanded 6 April—The specially designed torch DreamTeam program, annually Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium plates to vehicle owners in Georgia 6 July—The GeorgiaTech campus is 19 July—With a packed house of Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC) form a joint venture—Atlanta for the 1996 OlympicTorch Relay is selecting 100 Georgia teenagers as (AFCS). After the Games, Olympic begin, and wilt continue over the next the site of groundbreaking cere­ 85,000 and more than 3.5 billion peo­ board of directors, which includes an May—The IOC Study and Evaluation Centennial Olympic Properties unveiled in Greece as ACOG joins with community youth ambassadors for Stadium will be adapted to become two years exceeding 1 million—the monies for the Aquatic Center, which ple watching worldwide via televi­ advisory council and eight standing Commission, the Association of (ACOP)—to handle marketing efforts. the Hellenic Olympic Committee in a the Games. the home of the Atlanta Braves base­ largest commemorative license plate will host Olympic swimming, diving, sion, Opening Ceremony unfolds as a committees.The five "As" bid logo Summer Olympic International ceremony commemorating the 99th ball team, and AFCS will be removed. program in the state's history. synchronized swimming, and water joyous, spectacular celebration is created, representing the Federations (ASOIF), and the 18 July—ACOG establishes the anniversary of the first day of competi­ 9 August—The Olympic Flag is polo competitions. of the Olympic Games. resources that Atlanta offers: Association of the National Olympic Children's OlympicTicket Fund to tion in the 1896 Olympic Games. passed to Atlanta Mayor Maynard 17-18 March— The Association of Access, Accommodations, Ability, Committees (ANOC) conduct official raise money for economically Summer Olympic International 12 July—ACOG introduces the Look 4 August—The Olympic flame is Athletics, and Attitude. site inspections in Atlanta. disadvantaged children Jackson at the end of the Closing 10 April—ACOG launches the first of the Games design, 20 January—A four-month exhibition of extinguished during Closing to attend the Games. Ceremony for the 1992 Olympic Federations holds its annual meeting official Olympic Games site "A Guilt of Leaves." 394 Olympic Games quilts begins at Ceremony, and the Olympic flag is June—An Atlanta delegation attends Games in Barcelona. Earlier in the in Atlanta. ACOG is host to this on the World Wide Web at the Atlanta History Center.The quilts passed to Sydney, Australia, the IOC Executive Board and ANOC 23 July—The ACOG Board of event, an ACOG dance troupe per­ gathering of more than http://www,atlanta.olympic.org. 4 August—Initial plans for the are handmade gifts that will be pre­ host of the 2000 Games. General Assembly meetings in Directors adopts an unprecedented formed and tZZY, the mascot of the 400 international sports officials and OlympicTransportation System for sented to the NOCs during team wel­ Barcelona, Spain, where the order of Equal Economic Opportunity Plan 1996 Games, was introduced. Olympic Family members. 13 A pril—ACOG celebrates the spectators are made public. coming ceremonies at Olympic Village. 5 August—The IOC holds a breakfast final presentations in Tokyo is deter­ to ensure minority and female groundbreaking for the new basket­ to honor ACOG staff members and mined. Atlanta will be first. participation in Games employment 10 September— An 11-day statewide 23 March—ACOG joins with the ball arena on the campus of 23-24 September— ACOG hosts the 5 March—Olympic tickets are offered managers for the energy, enthusiasm, and business opportunities. celebration begins, marking the Private Industry Council in initiating Morehouse College. for sale over the Internet using IBM's and hard work they have dedicated to 13-17 June— The AOC and Emory arrival of the Olympic Flag in Georgia. the Neighborhood JobTraining and 1994 Pan American Race Walk Cup, marking the first test of electronic commerce software. staging the 1996 Olympic Games. University host U.S. Olympic Academy 18 September— The Olympic Employment Program for residents of 24 April—The Cultural Olympiad hosts an Olympic competition site. XIV,The program concludes with Experience, a high-tech public infor­ 18 September— After an exciting con­ areas around new Olympic venues. the Nobel Laureates of Literature in 30 March—The Olympic flame is lit 10 August—ACOG hosts a final party Georgia Olympic Day, an opportunity mation center and retail store, opens cert at the Georgia Dome the previous the largest such gathering ever. 4 November— Commemorative bricks during a traditional ceremony in to show appreciation for staff and for students throughout the state to in Underground Atlanta. evening that included a salute from 21 June—ACOG announces its spon­ Olympia, Greece, and the first leg of volunteers, closing Centennial February— IOC President Juan have an Olympic-style experience. US President George Bush, the sorship of the 1996 Paralympic Games. to be used to pave the Plaza of 1 May—Olympic tickets go on sale Centennial Olympic Park the journey to Atlanta begins. Olympic Park to the public for most Antonio Samaranch visits Atlanta to Work begins on developing an annual 30 September— The Olympic Olympic Flag festival concluded across the US as more than 35 mil­ are offered for sale. of the day to accommodate the help celebrate the opening of the Olympic Day in the Schools program Stadium Neighborhood Advisory exactly two years after the awarding 10 July—Groundbreaking is held for lion ticket catalogues are distributed. 27 April—The US portion oftheTorch crowd of well over 25,000. AOC's new offices, The AOC's that will continue through 1996. Group holds its initial meeting. It is of the 1996 Games to Atlanta, and Olympic Stadium. Olympian Wilma 22 November —Work on venues Relay begins as the Olympic flame Olympic theme is unveiled, the first of 24 community-based the Olympic Flag is displayed at Rudolph, in one of her last public 7 May— ACOG hosts a meeting of 291 planned for Stone Mountain Park, a arrives in Los Angeles. "Atlanta and the OlympicsiYesI August—In an event sponsored by groups formed to advise ACOG on Atlanta's City Hall. appearances, is one of the speakers. NOC delegates and chefs de mission Partners with the World." the AOC, the International Baseball permanent facility for tennis and tem­ Games planning. to plan each delegation's participation IVlay—Work is completed on the tem­ Association hosts the World All-Star 23 September— The US Congress 27 July—NBC-Sports is awarded porary sites for archery and track in the 1996 Games. porary marina and other facilities 4 July—The AOC sponsors an Amateur Baseball Game at Atlanta- authorizes the minting of a series of exclusive rights to televise the 1996 cycling, begins with a combined needed in Savannah to support Olympic Mile in the Peachtree Road Fulton County Stadium. 16 commemorative Olympic coins. Olympic Games in the US. groundbreaking ceremony. 23 May—Transportation officials and yachting. In an Olympic first, specta­ Race, a 10 km competition attracting representatives of ACOG present a tors can board boats that will sail out over 40,000 runners. Members of September— The AOC hosts the 68th 3 August—With input from local cul­ 12 December— The Association of proposed traffic circulation plan for the to the ocean racing lanes to provide a the IOC and the international press voting member (of 88) of the IOC tural leaders, ACOG unveils a four- NOCs holds its annual meeting in Olympic Ring and downtown areas. close look at the competition. are present to see this start of a since Atlanta began its quest to stage year cultural program that will culmi­ Atlanta, with over 800 participants. citywide billboard campaign to the Games, an unprecedented number nate in the Olympic Arts Festival. increase local awareness and interest of IOC member visits for a bid city. in the bid effort.The volunteer campaign begins, with plans to attract 100,000 volunteers.

v.Mr-c-KiT . nOROTHY B ASHE ‘ STUART S ASHE • TOM J ASHEN • JAY ASHENOFSKY • JOHANNA E ASHER • JULIET ASHER ♦ KINDA S ASHER • SETH ASHER • CHRISTfNE C ABDULKARIM M ASANTE • JOHN M ASBELL • KIMBERLY M AS3ELL • JACQUELIN C ASBILL • BRIAN C ASBURY ♦ JOHN J ASBURY • PATRICIA J ASBURY • SARAH A ASBURY • WILLIAM R ASBURY n ??11?EL ASHLEY . CYNTh S^J ASHLEY • DORIS L ASHLEY • FRANK ASHLEY • GILBERT R ASHLEY • MICHAEL J ASHLEY • PATRICIA M ASHLEY • TERl WARD ASHLEY • • HILARY M ASCANI • LIANA N ASCHINI • KIM ASCHMEYER • ANDREW R ASH • CHARLES W ASH • EMILY K ASH • KEVIN R ASH • NEALIE D ASH • SUZANNE L ASH • AKINTUNOE ASHANTI • j I h n H a IA l EY m . C h I r LE^^^^ A^HLEY j I . lil^UDE ASHLiY JR • JACQUELINE F ASHMAN • ANNIE L ASHMEADE • DOROTHY ASHMORE • VIRGINIA B ASHMORE • THODUR M ASHOK-KUMAR • GARTH A ASHBECK • DEBORAH B ASHBURN • FLOYD JR THEODORE ASHBURN • LOUISE M ASH8V • ROY D ASHBY • BARBARA J ASHCRAFT • FRED W ASHCRAFT • KAREN Y ASHCRAFT •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library Ï

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Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library PROLOGUE / THE BID

official reasons it selected Atlanta as the US can­ personally just before the USOC Site Selection didate city. But it was the warmth, enthusiasm, Committee's official visit. and personal involvement of the GAAF mem­ In a show of warmth and friendliness char­ bers—their southern hospitality—that endeared acteristic of southern entertaining, the GAAF the USOC to Atlanta. and dozens of other volunteers hosted the This personal approach was initiated in Sep­ board for a memorable visit. An Atlanta home P r o l o g u e tember 1987 with the submission of the formal offered an elegant and intimate dining setting Bid to the USOC. Rather than m ail their Bid for the group. Afterward, volunteer drivers documents as did all other contending cities, transported the officials to the High Museum of T h e B id GAAF members delivered the materials in per­ Art for a festive evening of entertainment by son to the USOC headquarters in Colorado high school students from Atlanta's acclaimed Springs, Colorado. There they gave their formal Northside School for the Performing Arts, who VERVIEW —The story has passed into could help him steer the Bid program. The presentation and met and discussed Atlanta's at­ appealed to members to select their city. Olegend. One man's vision to bring the "Atlanta Nine," as the group became known, tributes w ith sports federation leaders. This ef­ Also in January, a small group made its first Olympic Games to his city inspired thousands included Candler, Ginger Watkins, Horace Sib­ fort differentiated Atlanta from its competi­ trip to the Winter Games in Calgary to gather to participate in something beyond them­ ley, Tim Christian, C indy Fowler, Charles H. tion—13 other US cities. impressions and conduct preliminary research selves, to demonstrate their hum an grace and Battle Jr., Linda Stephenson, and Charles Shaf­ The GAAF-produced video, entitled "Live on hosting the Games. offer their innate kindness to the world. fer. The Atlanta Nine combined their talents the Dream," exuded Atlanta's enthusiasm and W hen the Site Selection Committee came to Buoyed by their tenacity and their faith, this and financial resources to pursue the first goal demonstrated strong local support, with ap­ Atlanta in February 1988, the seven members man's dream grew and the power of his dream in the Bid process: to be selected as the US pearances by Governor Joe Frank Harris, Mayor visited all existing facilities, including pro­ united a com m unity, a city, a state, a nation, candidate city by the U nited States Olym pic Young, and Martin Luther King III, the son of posed com petition sites and Village accommo­ and ultimately a world in sharing an experi­ Com m ittee (USOC). the American South's great civil rights leader. dations. A helicopter tour enabled the commit­ ence so uplifting to the human spirit that for a Payne then secured a meeting with Andrew The written document delineated Atlanta's tee to view Stone M ountain Park, the proposed span of time all peoples were united. Young, who was com pleting his term as A t­ strengths as follows: venue for archery, equestrian, road cycling, W illiam Porter "B illy" Payne had witnessed a lanta's mayor, and described the vision of the ■ a world-class airport; and shooting, as well as Callaway Gardens celebration of the collective effort of people Olym pic Games. Young saw the vision and ■ existing sports venues; southwest of Atlanta and the city of Athens detail of opening photo joining together to accomplish a worthwhile how it could be accomplished. Although the ■ new construction plans for athletics and northwest of Atlanta. spread: An exuberant crowd goal. He believed he could create a comparable city government did not become involved in swimming venues as well as renovation plans The itinerary also included meetings with in Underground Atlanta experience involving even more people by host­ the Bid process at this stage. Young gave Payne for cycling and shooting facilities; all top local political leaders, including the celebrates the ing the Olym pic Games in his city of Atlanta. the city's official endorsement of the plan. ■ existing facilities for athlete Villages; governor of Georgia, the mayor of Atlanta, the announcement that Payne knew the support of Andrew Young ■ ample existing hotel rooms (more than president of the Atlanta City Council, and the Atlanta will host the Before he took his vision to Atlanta's busi­ 1996 Olympic Games. ness and political leaders, Payne formed the was critical. Young had served as the US am­ 60,000); Speaker of the Georgia House of Representa­ Georgia Amateur Athletic Foundation (GAAF), a bassador to the United Nations and as a US ■ an extensive rapid rail and bus transporta­ tives. Lunch was hosted by the Atlanta Cham­ not-for-profit corporation created with the mis­ congressman. During the civil rights move­ tio n system; ber of Commerce and attended by prominent sion of bringing the Olym pic Games to Atlanta. m ent of the 1960s, he was a top aide to the ■ experience in handling large masses of business leaders. By the tim e of the USOC Site He enlisted the support of his longtime friend, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and later people because of the city's large convention Committee's departure, its members were ex­ Peter Candler, and took a leave of absence from served as the executive director of the South­ industry; and tremely impressed with the GAAF's attention his law practice to serve as a full-time volunteer ern Christian Leadership Conference. Not only « private funding through corporate spon­ to detail, solid business and community sup­ directing Atlanta's Olympic campaign. was Young critical to winning broad local and sors, television rights, and ticket sales. port, and the overall enthusiasm for the effort. Next Payne recruited a nucleus of diversely state support, his highly regarded worldwide The only shortcoming they cited was Atlanta's talented community volunteers with strong reputation would be instrumental to the N a tio n a l C o m p e t it io n limited amateur athletic experience. leadership skills, influence, and contacts who group's international relations, should the ef­ However, there was a concern that the USOC fort lead to the international level of bidding. Shortly after receiving Atlanta's Bid, the USOC would not recommend any city. Because the Atlanta had the infrastructure and many of Executive Board scheduled its annual meeting Olym pic Games had been held in Los Angeles the facilities necessary to host the Games, and in Atlanta for January 1988. This meant 100 the USOC ultim ately cited these factors as the voting members were going to visit the city

CLARA KASTIN «JANICE TASTIN • TROB ASTLE • SUE W ASTLEY • AMBROSE ASTON • ANNE MARYSE ASTON • ANTOINE ATALLAH • JOSEPH S ATCHISON • GARYR ATCHLEY • GARY R ATCHLEY • KATHER­ ADDO ASHONG ‘ MARYC ASHONG • WELLINGTON A ASHONG • OEB81E N ASHTON • SUSAN J ASHTON • SUSAN J ASHTON • EMORY 8 ASHURST • JAMES R ASHURST • CYNTHIA A ASHURST FIRST • INE B ATHA - JANET G ATHERTON - YVONNE M ATHERTON • AUDREY E ATKINS • BARBARA D ATKINS - DIANNE T ATKINS - DONNA J ATKINS • JOAN E ATKINS • KIMBERLI J ATKINS • LUCY BELL ATKINS - LOUANN 8 ASHWAY • ARDAVAN ASKARI • BONNIE G ASKEW • JAMES E. ASKEW • JAMES L ASKEW • JIMMY L ASKEW «JOHN C ASKEW • KENYATTA ASKEW • RUTH A ASKEW • VALERIE D ASKEW • AMAN M ROBERT E ATKINS • ROBERT J ATKINS • SAM J ATKINS • STACEY ATKINS • TER RIB IAN A ATKINS • WENDY L ATKINS - WILLIAM T ATKINS - ANNE W ATKINSON • DAVE R ATKINSON • JOHN M ATKINSON • ASLAMI • GREGORY PASMAN • ILYSSAN ASMAN SAT • CONNIE M ASMEROM • JULIE A ASPEGREN • DAVID M AS PI NWALL • ARTHUR C ASSAD • JULIETTE N ASSI • FELIPE B ASSIS • CAROL M ASTILL ATC •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

Antonio Samaranch. Other important early vis­ that the most important reason for bringing just four years earlier, some doubted whether M eetin g t h e W o r ld the candidacy of any US city had a significant its were made to Ecuador, Canada, Malta, and the Games to Atlanta was to inspire youth. chance in the international competition. Yet in In May 1988, Atlanta entered international Mexico. Both men were encouraged when three offi­ March 1988, the USOC signaled its interest. It competition with five other cities vying to Andrew Young's international prominence cials, including President Samaranch, spoke narrowed the field of 14 competing cities to 2 host the Centennial Olym pic Games: Athens, enhanced the GAAF's visibility around the further with them after the program officially and invited the remaining contenders —Atlanta Greece; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Manchester, Eng­ world and with IOC members, enabling the concluded. The highlight came when President and Minneapolis-St. Paul—to submit final pre­ land; Melbourne, Australia; and Toronto, Atlanta team to tell its story. Samaranch offered to visit Atlanta in February sentations to its 102 Executive Board members Canada. W ith USOC support firm ly solidified and 1989, much earlier than anticipated. at a meeting in Washington, DC, in April. Atlanta had come far, but was still facing a the international Bid process officially under Atlantans had made tremendous progress in This announcement rallied the GAAF to a new beginning in the world competition. way, other resources were granted to the Seoul. They had spoken or met w ith 88 of 90 new level of activity. Payne was already work­ There were two major obstacles: many officials GAAF. All levels of government endorsed the IOC members and had secured the informa­ ing 14-hour days, still as a volunteer; other in the Olympic Movement felt 1996 was too Bid, and the business community began to tion needed to begin planning for the IOC Bid volunteers worked equally long hours. They soon to return to American soil following the provide financial support. The Atlanta Cham­ documentation. increased their contact with USOC Executive 1984 Los Angeles Games. Also, w ith these ber of Commerce pledged the full support of Before President Samaranch's visit, the GAAF Board members by mailing the formal Bid pro­ Games celebrating the 100* birthday of the its Atlanta Sports Council division and staff to held a workshop to consider its organizational posal to each member, hosting members in At­ modern Olympic Movement, many in the IOC help host amateur athletic events, a strategy structure and its goals and strategies. The lanta to view the proposed com petition sites, felt that the Games should return to their crucial to proving Atlanta's worthiness. By the meeting led to the creation of a 14-member and meeting with national and international birthplace—Athens, Greece. time Atlanta was given the honor of hosting Executive Board and adoption of the name, sports federation officials. If meetings were not Quickly, Atlanta supporters formulated the Centennial O lym pic Games, the GAAF the Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC), for possible, notes and personal phone calls, or plans to strengthen their Bid and offer differ­ and other local groups had produced more business purposes. Andrew Young was named both, substituted. ent perspectives on bringing the Games to the than 30 national and international amateur its chair, and Billy Payne, its president and In keeping with their tradition of southern US. For example, they described the diversity sporting competitions. CEO. Gerald Bartels, who was president of the Atlanta hospitality, members of the GAAF held a of America's people, its regions, and its overall Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, was named unique reception for the USOC Board on the size and contrasted the number of times the Lessons from Seoul secretary, and Bob McCullough, a managing eve of the GAAF's final presentation. Rather US had hosted the Games of fhe Olympiad— A 20-member Atlanta delegation attended partner of Arthur Andersen and Company, be­ 1996 than hosting a party at a hotel, the GAAF se­ only in 1904, 1932, and 1984—w ith the num ­ the 1988 Olym pic Games in Seoul, Korea, to came the treasurer. An Advisory C ouncil was lected a historic Washington home. Greeting ber of times Europe had hosted the Games—a meet additional IOC members and gather in­ created representing a broad base of Geor­ guests was a 10-piece string ensemble lin in g total of 14. Furthermore, Los Angeles was the formation about hosting the Games. Follow­ gians to support the AOC's efforts. the home's three-level staircase, w ith Young, only city in the world to bid for the 1984 ing the tradition established in the US, the Soon after, the group unveiled its Olympic "Atlanta: A Star on the Rise" Payne, and other committee members welcom­ Games; therefore, in actuality, the IOC had not GAAF converted a traditional Korean home Games theme, "Atlanta and the Olympics: Yes! was the name given to the AOC's Bid logo. ing all. The next day, Payne, Young, and Gov­ selected an American city for the Games of the into an Atlanta House complete with staff and Partners with the World!" A logo also was re­ ernor Harris once again enthusiastically out­ Olympiad in almost 60 years. cuisine from the South. Intimate dinners and leased entitled, "Atlanta: A Star on the Rise." lined Atlanta's and Georgia's strengths. As soon as their strategy was in place and lunches were hosted daily to entertain IOC Five As in a star formation stood for access, Judged by the USOC to have excellent orga­ their message was developed, the Atlanta team, members and to facilitate the development of accommodations, athletic facilities, attitude, nizing ability, venues, hotels, an airport, and led internationally by Charles Battle and friendships and an ease of communication. and ability. rapid transit, as well as the ability to handle joined by Robert Rearden Jr., began traveling Payne and Young gave their first official pre- Building Momentum masses of people, Atlanta won selection as the the globe to tell it, and to make personal con­ senfation to the IOC Executive Board. Payne candidate city. tact with all IOC members and a great many explained that the Atlanta team felt a responsi­ IOC President Samaranch was given a true international sports officials. The strategy was bility to bring the Olympic Movement to the taste of southern hospitality when he visited the same one that had worked so well for the east coast of North America and near the Atlanta in 1989. Included were a ride on USOC Bid: personal contact. A first stop was Caribbean, an area that had never experienced MARTA, Atlanta's rapid transit system; meet­ Lausanne, Switzerland, the location of IOC the Olym pic Games. Young, whom Payne had ings w ith business and political leaders; lunch headquarters, to meet with IOC President Juan introduced as someone sensitive to the needs and priorities of other countries, briefly dis­ cussed Atlanta's capabilities, but emphasized

PHILLIPA J ATWOOD-EMERY • CHRISTIAN O ATZ • MICHELLE AU • SUANNE G AU • CATHERINE F AU BERT • ALISON M AUBERT ATC «DIANNEBAUBRY •ROBERT A AU8UCHON • MERLE SAUCK • ROBERT S lONI R ATKINSON • KAREN C ATKINSON • KAYS ATKINSON • LINDA ATKINSON • MICHAEL P ATKINSON • PAT E ATKINSON • SYLVIA C ATKINSON • WUEON ATKINSON JR • JULIAN H ATLOW • ROXANNE AUCKER • LAURA L AUCLAIR • DONALD J AUCOIN • PHILIPPE A AUDI BERT •JULIANRAUDRERIE*JASONE AUER •STEPHENJAUERATC»ANDREW J AUERBACH • PATRICK E AUERBACH • STEVE A ATRCHfN-LOPEZ • DEE-DEE D ATTA • PEARL M ATTAWAY • KENDALL C.B ATTER6URV • STEPHEN W ATTERBURY • BEVERLY MICHAEL ATTINELLO «JERRY B ATTKISSON • SYLVIA S ATTKISSON • BAR­ AUFDERHAR • JOHN C AUGUST • JONATHAN A AUGUST • TERRY J AUGUST • HELEN AUGUSTINE • ROBERT M AULEBACH • LYNDA AULETTA • DAVID C AULT • MARK J AULT • DONALD S AULTMAN • BARA T ATW ATER • C H R IS T O P H E R T ATW ATER • C L E O P H A S A TW ATER • C H A R L E S S ATW ATER JR • E D D IE A ATW E LL • D EBRA K A TW O O D • JA M E S A A TW O O D • P H IL E A TW O O D • S U Z A N N E R A TW O O D •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ■ i H i i iiÉiiii

with Georgia Olympians; and a tour of sports preparations, but also more than 100,000 citi­ wrote to IOC members stating what the sociation with the Georgia Institute of Technol­ facilities led by Young. A reception was held in zens had expressed their interest in volunteer­ Games in Atlanta would mean to them. So ogy. The AOC once again created an Atlanta the home of Rankin Smith, owner of the At­ ing for the Games—seven years before they touched were recipients that several sent per­ House, which had become even more popular lanta Falcons, the city's professional American were to take place! During the Bid effort alone, sonal responses. w ith international guests, who had heard of its foofball team. approximately 1,200 volunteers took part. An unprecedented showing of city support reputation for southern hospitality. President Samaranch, in turn, praised Atlanta At the recommendation of the USOC, the was planned for 24 August through 8 Septem­ As a precursor to the Bid documents, the when speaking to the Georgia general assembly AOC revised its Olympic Village and venue ber 1989 in conjunction with the annual ses­ AOC created the first major explanatory book during his visit saying, "I think with public and plans to consolidate these facilities. Revised sion of the IOC in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Be­ denoting Atlanta's strengths, including a de­ private support, the beautiful Atlanta can be Bid plans, which called for a $1 billion ap­ fore the session, three IOC members arrived in scription of each venue, called the XXVI Book. very, very strong. I think you have the right proach to hosting the Olympics Games, were Atlanta for a four-day tour. Among the group's It set high standards for the quality of design people w orking and fighting to get the Games released later in the year. stops was the M artin Luther King Jr. Center for and information, a standard adopted through­ to Atlanta." President Samaranch's main piece The enthusiasm of the people involved with Nonviolent Social Change, where members out the Games process. The book was distrib- of advice before leaving? "Follow this way: work the Bid effort was infectious. Volunteers, many very hard and try to get the IOC members to of whom were professionals in their own right, visit the city. Good luck." Encouraged by Presi­ came together to work for a shared vision— dent Samaranch's comments, Atlanta escalated that of bringing the Games to their home. its already intensive efforts. Their efforts ranged from stuffing envelopes to The AOC opened its first office in midtown developing programs and traveling the world Atlanta. Although most of the staff members to promote the city's Bid. were still volunteers, work began in earnest to To enhance excitement, the AOC launched create the Bid documents. These documents a public awareness campaign in July 1989. B ill­ were to be delivered to the IOC one year later. boards and banners were displayed all around A research team traveled to the IOC library the city. A highlight of the effort was introduc­ in Lausanne to study previous documents for ing the "Olympic Mile" in the city's annual 10 design and content standards. One local firm km Peachtree Road Race. Some 40,000 people was contracted to design the proposal, and a ran the O lym pic M ile in the race, w hich is second to write it. The writers moved into the held on the Fourth of July holiday and attracts AOC office for ease of sharing information. participants from around the world. This event met with Coretta Scott King, widow of civil Through local sports authorities, volunteer was also the first time the AOC hosted the in­ rights leader the Reverend Dr. King. Prince Al­ committees were formed to document the ternational press. bert commented that Dr. King's teachings were left: International city's ability to meet the international require­ The city's youth continued to be a primary the same ideas upheld by the O lym pic Move­ uted in San Juan at the IOC Session. Olympic Committee ments of every sport. focus, and later that summer the AOC initiated ment, and the members in attendance compli­ Following the meeting, 24 IOC members— members toured the mented Atlanta and its plans for the Games. the largest number ever jo in tly to visit a bid Throughout the rest of 1989, and with in­ the Olympic Day in the Schools (ODIS) Pro­ Martin Luther King Jr. city—came to Atlanta to experience its attrib­ creasing frequency during the next tw o years, gram. Chaired and organized by volunteers, Payne led an Atlanta delegation to San Juan Center for Nonviolent Social Atlanta continued to host national and inter­ the program provided curriculum guides to and unveiled the AOC's now legendary presen­ utes. The showcase of support and enthusiasm Change with national amateur athletic events to increase its help teachers incorporate Olympic values into tation tool, a technically sophisticated inter­ from volunteers was unprecedented. There were King's widow. experience in this area. In March, the AOC all subject areas. The program culminated the active video that allowed viewers to fly facility tours, dinners in private homes, a sports right: 7,500 cheering runners next spring in Georgia Olympic Day, when stu­ through three-dim ensional scenes of Atlanta competition for water polo and synchronized hosted the International Amateur Swimming supported the Atlanta Bid and computer-generated models of existing swimming, a cultural festival, and a 4 September Federation (FINA) Executive Board meeting. dents from around the state competed in acad­ effort by participating Before summer, more than a dozen amateur emic and athletic contests in the style of the and yet-to-be-built facilities. IOC members 1989 road race called the "5K Run for the Bid," in a road race on sporting events, many of them international, Olympic Games. Throughout ODIS Program's and 160 international media representatives ex­ which was the highlight of the festivities. 4 September 1989. were held in the city. seven-year duration, more than 1 m illion perienced the video, which was produced in as­ Payne conceived the race, organized by the After each successful event and with each fa­ young people participated in the program. En­ Atlanta Track Club, with the goal of attracting vorable response from the IOC, enthusiasm thusiasm extended to schoolchildren who 5,000 participants who would display Atlantans' and momentum for the Games built in Atlanta. support. On the morning of the competition. Not only was the business community provid­ ing a multitude of free services for the AOC's

WINONA C AULTMAN • EUI AUNCIEN • NEILO AURELIO • DAVID M AUSSIEKER • JEFFERY A AUSSPRUNG • DEANNA E AUSSPRUNG PT • ANGELAS AUST • JENNIFER G AUSTELL • ALLISON G AUSTIN • 11 ANGELA C AUSTIN • ANN S AUSTIN • ANTHONY L AUSTIN • BOB W AUSTIN • CAMERON K AUSTIN • CAROL A AUSTIN • CAROLYN S AUSTIN • CELESTINE AUSTIN • CHARLES G AUSTIN • CH ERYLE A 10 AUSTIN • CHRISTOPHER J AUSTIN ♦ COLLEEN MAUSTIN • CONNIE EAUSTIN • CONNIE M AUSTIN • CYNTHIA G AUSTIN • DIANE M AUSTIN • ERIKA L AUSTIN • EU BERT A AUSTIN • E U G E N E P A U S T ir

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING P R O L O G U E / THE BID

f •*

veyed the distinct history and culture of the In June, at the IOC Executive Board and American South. Volume 1 contained greetings ANOC General Assembly in Barcelona, Spain, from famous Georgians and Americans. Vol­ Atlanta learned two important facts. The IOC ume 11 explained the history of Atlanta and the Study and Evaluation Commission had ranked South, detailed the AOC's Cultural Olympiad Atlanta among the top cities competing for plans, and proposed a torch relay that included the Games and the IOC's draw for order deter­ all host cities of the modern Games. Volume mined Atlanta would be the first city to give 111 answered the 19 questions posed by the its fin al presentation to the IOC Session in IOC to all bid cities, addressing issues of facili­ Tokyo, Japan, on 18 September. ties, financing, and security, among others. The AOC's goal had been to learn from the Volume IV described the sports venues in de­ IOC and to spread among its members the tail, while Volume V explained how Atlanta knowledge that Atlanta was ready and eager to

top.’This five-volume, would accommodate the media. leather-bound Bld In sum, the plan called for $1 billion in document was submitted to spending, including $418 m illion for construc­ the IOC in February 1990. tion. Construction would include an 85,000 seat stadium for athletics, an aquatics center bottom. Youth of Savannah welcomed IOC visitors. for swimming and diving, a water polo sta­ dium, a track cycling venue, a shooting range, Even after such an intensive weekend, efforts and an Olympic marina in Savannah, Georgia. did not diminish. Throughout the rest of the In addition, twin dormitories for the athlete year, the AOC sent delegations to key Olympic Village were included at a cost of $60 million. meetings around the world, while the state of Proposed sources of revenue were broadcast Georgia began construction of the Georgia television rights fees, corporate sponsorships, Dome, an important sporting facility that was ticket sales, Olympic coins, and other mer­ the proposed venue for Olympic basketball and chandise. No taxpayer involvement was pro­ gymnastics. posed or required. During the next three months, the AOC The Official Bid successfully hosted official site inspection vis­ In January 1990, the AOC continued its its by the IOC Study and Evaluation Commis­ community involvement campaign by debut­ sion, the Association of International Olympic ing the Honor Marching Band in a nationally Federations (ASOIF), and the Association of IOC members rode an express MARTA train to televised M artin Luther King Jr. Day Parade and National Olympic Committees (ANOC). Based assume the role of hosting the Centennial Atlanta's Dream Team, the race starting point. As they exited from the March of Celebration in Atlanta. The band per­ on the success of earlier visits, the AOC in ­ Olym pic Games. As it continued its mission of comprised of 58 youth ambassadors, went underground train tunnel, they heard the chant­ formed for more than 2 m illion people in 17 vited IOC members to gather in Atlanta for an spreading the ideals of the Olympic Move­ to Tokyo to lend support ing of 7,500 runners: "We want the Games! We special events, concluding w ith a performance event called "Springtime in Atlanta," to visit ment, the AOC sponsored the US Olympic for the AOC's final want the Games!” They walked into the vast at Underground Atlanta on 18 September 1990. the city at its most beautiful with its dogwood Academy during the summer, held the first presentation to the IOC. crowd, visibly touched by the passion and sup­ February brought a historic moment and trees and azalea bushes bloom ing. D uring this Georgia Olympic Day for youth, and hosted port of Atlantans. the completion of a major milestone: the sub­ occasion, the AOC also held a festive commu­ five amateur sports competitions. When the weekend concluded, 38 IOC mission of the official written Bid document to nity run called "Run for the Rings"—a salute The AOC had boosted its experience in ama­ members had visited Atlanta and given the the IOC offices in Lausanne. The five-volume, to Georgia Olympians in which nearly 8,000 teur athletics by hosting dozens of international- city high marks, noting especially their confi­ leather-bound document, written and designed people participated. level competitions. It had rallied the support of dence in Atlanta's preparedness and the enthu­ by the Atlanta team of George Hirthler and IOC members also visited Savannah, the local, state, and national governments and siasm of its residents. Brad Copeland, respectively, described Atlanta proposed site for Olympic yachting. In Savan­ as a modern city with great expectations. Beau­ nah, more than 1,000 schoolchildren gathered tiful photography and colorful words also con­ in the city's historic squares, singing and greet­ ing the procession as it drove through the city.

SU E A A VASTHI «J O S E P H R A V E D IS IA N « D IN G P A V E LLA N ED A • J O H N D A VEN • C R A IG A. A VEN A • RAFAEL M. AVENA • RITA A A VENS • NA NC Y E AVER B A C H • KIM BERLY A VER E TT • S H IR L E Y B A VER E TT • HARTMAN AXLEY • MARGUERITE A AX LEY • AN ELISA AYALA • EDWARD C AYALA * VIRGINIA AYALA • BRYAN W AVARS • JANIS A AYDELETTE • H ALUK AYDINOGLU *JAM ESCAVER*CHANDLERM AYERS 12 STEVEGAVERETT* M1T2I EAVERETTE «JEFFREY PAVERS • LESLIE A AVERS «ABBYE AVERY • ALLEN C AVERY • ANGELA D AVERY • BARBARA C AVERY • DEREK AVERY* DONA J AVERY • JOHN AVERY • LJ • CHERYLJ AYERS • DEBRA A AYERS • FRANK T AYERS • JOSEPH D AYERS • KEITH N AYERS * MERRIJ AYERS • SCOTT MAYERS • SCOTT SAYERS • SUSAN H AYERS • WARREN B AYERS • DAVID R AYRES • 13 AVERY • LISA F AVERY* MARTHA AVERY • MERLE E AVERY* PATRIC lA W AVERY • RANDALL N AVERY • ANDREA R AVRUSKIN • DUNJA V AVVBREY • MILDRED A AWITl • ABLAM AVVVYAD • BENNETT J AXELROD* GERALD K AYRES * KEVIN M AYRES • JANE F AYTON • WILLIAM J AYTON • BEATRIZ AYUB • RAVI AYYALARAJU • ANIKA AZAD • NICHOLAS G. AZAR II * OSIRIS AZER • OZZIE AZER • TONY LAZEVEDO •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

business leaders. Atlanta had the infrastructure students, aged 11-18, called the Atlanta Dream to accommodate the Games, and the AOC Team—traveled to Tokyo. could build needed venues. Organizers had in­ On 18 September 1990, Atlanta presented spired hope across an entire state, among adults first. The hour-long program included a film and children alike. They had hosted intimate and original song entitled "The World Has One parties and written notes recognized for their Dream" and presentations by Young, Payne, At­ thoughtfulness and personal appeal. All these lanta Mayor Maynard Jackson, and Governor top: Billy Payne surrounded efforts were funded with $7 m illion raised al­ Harris, com m unicating the message of the peo­ by jubilant supporters after most entirely from merchandising and confri- ple of Atlanta w ho wanted the Games. the announcement that the 1996 Olympic Games butions from the local business community. Six such presentations, one from each bid were awarded to Now in September, the month the IOC city, were heard that day, and then the vote the city of Atlanta. would announce its decision, the AOC waited. was taken. At just after 0730 Atlanta time, and more than three joyous years after Billy Payne MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION had shared his legendary vision with other At­ lanta leaders. President Juan A ntonio Sama­ ranch spoke the magic words: "The Interna­ tional Olympic Committee has awarded the 1996 Olympic Games to the city of...Atlanta." I Spontaneous celebrations erupted through­ out the city and across the state of Georgia. People rejoiced in their schools, offices, homes, and in public places. When the delegation to Tokyo returned to Atlanta on 24 September, a victory parade was held with more than half a m illion jubilant spectators and tons of confetti and ticker tape. The dream of Payne, his fellow volunteers, and the community of Atlanta had come Had Atlanta won the votes of enough IOC true—and a legend was born. members? Sixty-eight had visited the city, an unprecedented number. In turn, AOC repre­ sentatives had traveled to the homes or home­ 3C J 5 lands of 85 IOC delegates in 70 countries. To lend support for the final presentation, a dele­ gation of more than 300 Atlantans and Geor­ gians—including a group of 58 enthusiastic

bottom: W hen the final votes were tallied, Payne's dream was realized.

.\tlantal9%

AASIM AZIZ • NATALIA C AZZARELLO «SALIH A BAAITH • OLIVIA O BAAN • LES LI LBAAR «JAMES BAAS • JANET O. BAB-OKE • OLUFEMI O BAB-OKE • SADEGHI BA8AK • ANDREW A BA8B • CARMEN S BABB • NEWTON G BABB • RICHARD T BABB PM • AMY H BABCOCK • ARLINDA J BABCOCK • IDLETTE F BABCOCK • JAMES M BABCOCK • JANET E BABCOCK •JEFFREY N BABCOCK • MICH AELE W BABCOCK • 14 REBECCA S BABCOCK • ROBERT O BABCOCK • SARAH G BABCOCK • CHRISTA BABEL*BRIANW BABIN • ROY A BABIN • JAMES M BACA • SUE N BACCHUS • LAURA B ACC US • PETER SAC ERRA •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

In v o l v e m e n t of O t h e r En tities meetings that focused on specific operational areas or issues, and finally a general meeting In addition to meeting the requirements of for review of all findings. local, state, and federal government institutions, After each Coordination Commission meet­ C h a p t e r O n e AGOG management worked closely with other ing, AGOG managers were responsible for re­ entities directly involved w ith the 1996 Games. sponding to questions and issues raised by the a n a g e m e n t review group. Commission members also pro­ M International Olympic Committee vided suggestions for solving problems and im ­ Under the Olympic Charter, the IOC is en­ proving plans for Games operations. Results of AND O rganization trusted with the control and development of each session were reported to the Executive Board. the modern Olym pic Games, selecting the host The Centennial Commission focused on the city, and outlining the parameters for competi­ commemoration of the 100* anniversary of , V E R V I E W —In what will undoubtedly be Games A uth ority (MAOGA), and AGOG, and tions, venues, the Olympic Village, the Olympic the first IOC Session, w hich occurred in 1894 recorded as one of the most memorable the agreement authorized shortly thereafter by Arts Festival (OAF), and all elements of Olympic and was celebrated in June 1994 in Paris dur­ and exciting moments in the history of Atlanta, the USOC and AGOG. ceremony and tradition to which organizing ing the IOC's 1 03 * Session, as well as in cer­ the city was awarded the right to host the 1996 Staging the 1996 Games was unique in that committees must adhere. tain aspects of the 1996 Games. The members Centennial Olym pic Games on 18 September it commemorated the 100* anniversary of the For the 1996 Games, the IOC established reviewed ceremony plans and OAF programs of 1990 at the 96 ^^ Session of the international modern Olympic Movement and that these two commissions: the Coordination Commis­ AGOG to ensure that the centennial of the mod­ The interlocking five-ring Olympic Committee (iOC) in Tokyo, Japan. Games were presented entirely by privately sion, which was responsible for reviewing ern Games would be celebrated appropriately. symbol of the International Olympic Com m ittee is -■ As celebrations began in Atlanta and Geor­ raised funds. Equally im portant, due to several Games preparations and updating the IOC Ex­ In addition to these specially created com­ recognized throughout gia at the news of this honor, officials of the factors, AGOG determined the 1996 Games ecutive Board regarding progress and any issues missions, standing commissions of the IOC the world. Map of United States Atlanta Organizing Committee (AOC), the city would be the largest Games to date and poten­ that needed to be resolved, and the Centennial provided considerable guidance and direction of America of Atlanta, and the United States Olympic tially the largest Games ever. The accessibility Commission, which ensured appropriate com­ for their AGOG counterparts. For example, the Committee (USOC) started the process of fin al­ of the southeastern US, the seating capacity memoration of the 100* anniversary of the Athletes Commission met regularly with AGOG izing the agreement to form an organizing within the venues, and the incredible enthusi­ Olympic Movement. management responsible for Sports and Cere­ committee to stage the 1996 Games. asm with which the Games were embraced by Members of the Coordination Commission, monies; the Radio and Television Commission Under the terms of the Olympic Charter, the Atlantans, Georgians, Southerners, and indeed named in early 1991 by IOC President Juan An­ closely reviewed plans being developed by At­ IOC entrusts the Games to a National Olympic all Americans would attract thousands. tonio Samaranch, held their first meeting with lanta Olympic Broadcasting (AOB); and the Committee (NOC)—in this case, the USOC— AGOG management accepted the obliga­ AGOG executives in August 1991. Chaired by Medical Commission maintained significant in­ w hich in turn delegates its duties to a duly es­ tions presented by the 1996 Olym pic Games Richard Pound, a member of the IOC Executive volvement w ith Medical Services, particularly tablished organizing committee. After the an­ with enormous pride and commitment and Board from Canada, the commission included in relation to drug testing and services and fa­ nouncement, the plan was to have the Atlanta maintained those requirements at the forefront other IOC members along with representatives cilities for the care of athletes and other Committee for the Olympic Games (AGOG) es­ of Games planning and execution. Its objec­ of the International Federations (IFs), NOCs, Olympic Family members. tablished within six months to accept the re­ tives were to create the best possible facilities and past Olym pic Games organizers. The IOC's Another critical aspect of IOC support for sponsibility of staging the Games. and environment for Olympic athletes and in director general, secretary general, and sports the Games concerned Olym pic Solidarity, the AGOG was legally incorporated on 28 Janu­ so doing, provide a legacy of sports facilities as director also were part of the commission. commission responsible for ensuring the great­ ary 1991 as a 501(c)(4) civic organization to well as programs that ensured the availability The Coordination Commission met twice est possible representation of athletes and press foster national and international amateur of the Olympic Experience while sharing with yearly with AGOG management. The two-day from all countries. Through this program, many sports competition and to organize and con­ the world the hospitality that distinguishes the sessions were held at AGOG headquarters to national delegations as well as 35 members of duct the Games of the XXVI Olympiad. This American South. provide an opportunity for commission mem­ the press from developing countries were able entity would operate under both the Tri-Party bers to meet w ith representatives of AGOG. to participate in the Games through funding Agreement signed that same day by the city of The sessions began w ith a meeting of all com­ for transportation, meals, and housing provided Atlanta, the Metropolitan Atlanta Olympic mission members and AGOG executive man­ by Olympic Solidarity. agement, followed by a series of committee

DEBRA L BACH • GREGORY P BACH • HOWARD BACH «JURGEN BACH • CARMiT M BACHAR • GEORGE F BACHMAN • JANICE BACHMAN • CHRISTOPHER M BACHMANN • MARY M BACHNER • JAMES J 16 B A CH TELE R • PATRICIA M BACIGALUPO • BETSY E BACK • ELYSSA M BACK • SUSAN BACK • S U Z A N N E K BACKES • A LFRE D B ACO N * K ATHRVNE E B ACO N • L O U IS A B ACO N • MARY A B ACO N • T IM O TH Y L BA­ 17 CON -JOAN M BACZYNSKI • MARCIA A BACZYNSKI • MICHAELJ 8ACZYNSKI «WALTER M BACZYNSKI « OARCHEM BADAKi ♦ KIRBY R BADEN « LANCE BADEN «ANNE BADENHOP • CHARLES T 8AOENHOP •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

Throughout the preparations for the Games, ity for staging the Games to ACOG, the USOC ACOG funded and its Construction Depart­ Atlanta's Bid effort. Holder, a recognized busi­ F ig u r e 1: ACOG management also reported regularly to retained a management role for the 1996 ment managed the building of the stadium. ness and civic leader in Atlanta, had provided A C O G B o a r d o f the IOC Executive Board and each IOC Session. Games through representation on the ACOG To ensure effective financial reporting, assistance and expertise to the Bid team. D ir e c t o r s ______Board of Directors. MAOGA retained a major independent public For the first time in Olympic history, the Co-chairs International Federations In addition, the USOC joined ACOG in estab­ accounting firm to audit information prepared president and CEO of the organization also Robert M. Holder Jr. As stipulated in the Olympic Charter, ACOG lishing Atlanta Centennial Olympic Properties and submitted by ACOG. This audit process led the campaign to win the right to host the Andrew J. Young consulted with the IPs for all technical arrange­ (ACOP), a join t venture responsible for market­ confirmed annually there was no governmen­ Games. Throughout the planning and staging President and CEO ments related to the competitions. Personnel ing sponsorships and granting licenses for offi­ tal financial liability. of the Games, W illiam Porter "B illy " Payne W illiam Porter Payne from each of the 26 IPs representing the sports cial products. This joint venture, whose chief of­ Additionally, MAOGA was responsible for the had the full support of the ACOG Board of Di­ Members programme of the Centennial O lym pic Games ficer reported to both the ACOG CEO and USOC development and implementation of numerous rectors. (For a list o f the members o f the ACOG Stewart Acuff were involved in determining the location of co-chair, was created to raise a substantial por­ projects to enhance the city and communities Board o f Directors, see Figure 1.) Ivan Allen Jr. each venue, the physical layout of the field of tion of the funds needed to stage the Games. around venues, working in conjunction w ith the The board created a nine-member executive Sandra Baldwin play, and all other aspects of the venue devoted Corporation for Olympic Development in Atlanta committee to act, if necessary, on their behalf. Charles H. Battle Jr. to the presentation of the sport. The IPs also re­ Metropolitan Atlanta (CODA), established by the city of Atlanta. Other committees of the board were Audit, Edward Bowen Jr. Olympic Games Authority Hugh Chapman viewed the format for competitions, uniforms, Compensation and Executive Resources, Equal Michael Coleman utilization of equipment, and numerous other The state of Georgia's constitution prohib­ Office of Olympic Coordination Economic Opportunity, and Finance. The Dr. J. Patrick Crecine details. ited the city of Atlanta from accepting certain The Tri-Party Agreement provided for the committees worked closely with ACOG man­ A. W illiam Dahlberg The Sports Department was the prim ary lin k IOC obligations; therefore, the Georgia general the city of Atlanta to create the Office of agement to review programs and policies and Anita DeFrantz for this exchange of information and was re­ assembly created MAOGA in 1989 to enable Olympic Coordination, reporting directly to recommended a course of action to the full Jim Easton board. The board was also supported by legal A. D. Frazier Jr. sponsible for ensuring that ACOG fully met Atlanta to bid for the Olym pic Games. the mayor and funded by ACOG. This office Dr. Ralph Hale the requirements of the IPs in preparing for Initially, MAOGA was formed with five coordinated the city's involvement in the 1996 counsel, internal auditors, and a firm of inde­ Joe Frank Harris the Games. During the Games, the IPs ensured members: the mayor of Atlanta, the president Games, including facilitation of agreements pendent public accountants that audited Mike Jacki* that the grounds, tracks, courses, and equip­ of the Atlanta City Council, and three people ACOG and city departments would have to ACOG records. A n d r e w J . y o u n g , Mattie Jackson ment conformed to rules and provided techni­ appointed by the mayor. In January 1990, reach related to law enforcement support, sani­ Throughout its years of operation, the CO-CHAIR, BOARD Maynard H. Jackson O F D i r e c t o r s cal delegates to verify all results before they tation, and traffic management. These agree­ ACOG Board of Directors was responsible for Sandy Knapp* MAOGA's charter was amended to allow eight Young, former US ambas­ John Krimsky were released to the media. members or more, and the organization ulti­ ments constituted the city services contract, authorizing the relocation of several Games sador to the United Nations, Ronald Krise which differentiated Games-time responsibili­ venues and approving ACOG projections for a mately established a 12-member board which three-term US congressman, Michael Lenard* National Olympic Committees met quarterly. ties between the city and ACOG and deter­ budget that ensured expenses w ould not ex­ and two-term mayor of At­ Charles London The NOCs worked with ACOG in all areas Under the Tri-Party Agreement entered into mined how costs would be met. ceed revenues. In addition, the board estab­ lanta, played a key role in At­ Dr. Kaneta Lott related to their teams, particularly in regard to by MAOGA, the city of Atlanta, and ACOG, lished and confirmed a number of key policies, lanta's Bid effort. DeWitt Martin including an aggressive Equal Employment Young was the pastor of Sam Massell housing and services provided at the O lym pic obligations that the city could not accept from T he B o a r d of D irectors small Congregational James M iller Jr. Village. In cooperation with the IOC and IPs, the IOC were transferred to MAOGA. The and Opportunity Plan (EEOP), a code of ethics, churches before becoming Michael Plant and information disclosure. which are responsible for setting eligibility obligations were then transferred to ACOG, As a not-for-profit corporation, ACOG was gov­ associate director of the Na­ Robert Rearden Jr. standards for each sport, the NOCs determined with ACOG indemnifying both MAOGA and erned by a board of directors that was chartered Disclosure extended to the board itself. From tional Council of Churches' James Reynolds III the number of qualifying athletes they would the city and state from any Games-related in January 1991 to approve programs, policies, its earliest days, a major portion of the board's department of youth work in Raymond Riddle bring to the Games. In addition, the NOCs and financial investments. The 31-member quarterly meetings were open to the public and NewYork City. He returned Carl Sanders financial liabilities. to A tlanta in 1961 to w o rk as Dick Schultz were encouraged to make pre-Games visits to Terms of the Tri-Party Agreement also gave group included the IOC members from the US press. A news conference immediately followed a top aide to Dr. Martin Horace Sibley coordinate their needs for housing, training and the head of the USOC—as stipulated in the each board meeting, allowing the media to re­ MAOGA the responsibilities to review ACOG Luther King Jr. during the Linda P. Stephenson sites, and transportation. construction contracts in excess of $250,000, Olympic Charter —and representatives from the ceive additional information and ask questions. civil rights movement and to Perryloles* approve venue changes within the city limits, AOC, USOC, local governments, the Atlanta As a corporate entity, the board was essen­ serve as executive director Dr. LeRoy Walker United States Olympic and enter into any intergovernmental con­ business community, and communities hosting tial to the management of ACOG. Most mem­ of the Southern Christian GingerT. Watkins Committee Leadership Conference. USA tracts on ACOG's behalf. In addition, MAOGA venues. bers served on the board from the time of their Young has received many ACOG's involvement with Andrew Young and Robert M. Holder Jr. appointment through the end of the Games, ‘ Alternate members was designated as the entity that would con­ awards, including the Presi­ the USOC included all areas struct and own Olympic Stadium. However, were named as co-chairs of the board. Young, dential Medal of Freedom, 36 u se 380 typically addressed by NOCs, the city's former mayor and former US ambas­ America's highest civilian but as the host country NOC, the USOC man­ sador to the United Nations, had been instru­ award; the Legion d'Honneur agement participated more extensively in the mental in securing international support for (France); and more than 45 honorary degrees from uni­ 1996 Games. W hile delegating the responsibil- versities such as Emory, Morehouse, Notre Dame, and Yale.

AUDREY BAGGETT* JOHN BAGGETT* MELISSA A BAGGETT • WILLIAM M BAGGS • ALLEEN T BAGLEY • CHARLES T BAGLEY * DIANE H BAGLEY* JILLJ SAGLEV • LORENE BAGLEY * TIFFANY I HAG i f v . 19 18 DENISE BAGNELU* DAVID TBAGNER* MARIA LBAGNESCHI* ALLA VBAGRiN* WALTER BAGRIN* HADLEY SBAGSHAW* JAMES J BAGWELL*K e 7t h t b / ^ w I m I* STACI K BAGWELL * IDZAMMUDDIN BAHARUDIN • JAMES M 8AHIN ♦ NEERA A 8AHL • MARTHA L BAHNMAN • INGRID A BAHR * JULIA L BAIER * PAMELA L BAIGERT • KELLI C BAIL • CRINU A BAILA *

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

ensuring a strong base of knowledge and expe­ ships forged among people and organizations Sensitivity and inclusiveness also meant their association w ith ACOG to secure unwar­ rience. In addition, several individual members who were working together for the first time. making the Games available to a wide cross- ranted privileges or exemptions, and accepting of file board shared their specialized expertise ACOG established more than 20 advisory section of people by minimizing the cost of employment from or rendering services to any with ACOG management. groups composed of people with diverse back­ participation. Tickets to many sports events of organization that would be incompatible with In June 1996, the board expanded to in ­ grounds, interests, and concerns. Neighbor­ the 1996 Games were as little as $7 each, and their responsibilities to ACOG. The ethics pol­ clude five individuals who had been instru­ hood task forces represented the residents of the OAF presented numerous free events. icy also stipulated that individuals must dis­ mental in preparing for the Games. areas where new venues were being built. The creation of Centennial Olym pic Park qualify themselves from participating in any Other advisory groups concentrated on special also helped ensure that the experience of action in which they had any financial interest interests, such as disability access and environ­ friendship, diversity, and celebration integral in and refuse to acquire an interest in any transac­ M a n a g e m e n t P h ie o so p h y an Olym pic Games as well as the excitement of tion that might be affected by ACOG. EOR THE G a m es mental responsibility. Members of the advisory groups met regu­ witnessing human achievement was readily A Board of Ethics, consisting of three per­ In 1993, the ACOG Board of Directors adopted larly w ith ACOG management to express their shared. The park was free to the public, allow­ sons selected by the Board of Directors, upheld a mission statement to guide ACOG planning views and make suggestions to plans as they ing hundreds of thousands of people to join in and ensured enforcement of the code of ethics and decision making that pledged: were being developed. All the groups had an the experience, whether or not they purchased and addressed any situations reflective of the ■ to conduct the Centennial Olympic Games impact on the plans and the final version of a ticket to an event. integrity of ACOG and its staff. with sensitivity, integrity, fiscal responsibility, numerous programs. The establishment of the Children's Olympic In keeping with ACOG's commitment to and comm itment to the needs of athletes; Changes recommended by neighborhood Ticket Fund also demonstrated management's provide communications to the public and the ■ to share w ith the w orld the spirit of Amer­ task forces helped ensure satisfaction w ith com m itm ent to making the Games available to media, the Board of Directors also adopted an ica, the experience of the American South, and Olympic development in the communities sur­ as many people as possible. Through this pro­ information disclosure policy that made large the vision of Atlanta; and rounding the venues. The Committee on Dis­ gram, all honoraria received from ACOG Speak­ amounts of information concerning the 1996 ■ to leave a positive physical and spiritual ability Access helped ACOG present the most ers Bureau presentations were used to purchase Games available to the public and the media. legacy and an indelible mark on Olympic his­ accessible Games ever. The O lym pic Environ­ tickets for, children in Georgia who might not Management and staff followed the advice tory by staging the most memorable Olympic mental Support Group (OESG) was instrum en­ otherwise have had an opportunity to attend and direction of ACOG's legal counsel. King & Games ever. tal in developing an environmental policy the Games. (For more information, see the Com­ Spalding, an independent law firm, in adopt­ munications chapter.) ing and implementing ACOG's ethics policies. Implicit in the mission statement was an statement used to guide ACOG's construction W i l l i a m P o r t e r understanding of the impact the Games would of new venues and to promote energy effi­ These funds combined with contributions In partnership with the law firm Arnall Golden “B i l l y ” P a y n e , have on people, and therefore, a commitment ciency and recycling throughout the Games. from the Centennial Olympic Games Hanes & Gregory, they provided assistance to ACOG P r e s i d e n t a n d C h i e f to inclusiveness in Games planning, as well as (For more information, see the External Relations T-shirt Auction allowed nearly 17,000 young in developing contracts with third parties. E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e r an obligation to the athletes competing in and Logistics chapters.) people in Georgia to attend sports competi­ Fiscal Responsibility. ACOG had two finan­ Inspired to bid for the Centennial Olympic Games each sport to provide the best Olympic experi­ To address concerns of equality in the tions and OAF events. cial objectives: satisfying obligations to the ROBERT M. HOLDER JR., in 1987 (seeThe Bid chapter), staffing and business opportunities the Games Integrity. At the request of ACOG manage­ Olympic Family and the many constituencies C o -C H A iR , B o a r d ence possible. Payne took a leave of ab­ of the Games, and ensuring planned expendi­ O F D i r e c t o r s offered, ACOG adopted an EEOP to ensure ment, the ACOG Board of Directors approved sence from his successful The founder and chair of Conduct of the Games meaningful participation from a diverse pool stringent guidelines for a code of ethics that tures did not exceed expected revenues. In Atlanta real estate law prac­ the board of Holder Corpora­ The mission statement provided the frame­ of employees and contractors in staging the was applicable to board members, officers, and striving to meet these goals, ACOG also was tice to lead the effort. As president of the AGO, Payne tion, one of Atlanta's leading work and standard of measurement by which Games. The plan provided for female and m i­ employees. The policy covered all aspects of committed to leaving sports facilities as a construction companies. served as a full-time volun­ ACOG managed the preparations and conduct nority participation reflective of local work ACOG's operation, with special emphasis on physical legacy. Holder is a director of Wa­ teer in directing the Olympic force and business capacity. The program also issues related to contract awards, hiring and The long lead times essential to planning chovia Corporation and Na­ of the Games. Bid campaign, which was the Games, combined w ith the d iffic u lty of tional Service Industries, Inc. Sensitivity. The hallmark of ACOG planning required that companies contracted to provide employment practices, and the conduct of funded with $7 million raised He is honorary consul was an understanding of the importance of products and services to ACOG demonstrate daily operations. anticipating changes in requirements from nu­ almost entirely from mer­ chandising and contributions general ofThailand and past valuing the concerns of people who would be the inclusiveness of their employment prac­ Specifically, ACOG's code of ethics prohib­ merous entities and budgeting where there is chair of the Atlanta Chamber from the local business com­ affected by the Games and bringing them to­ tices. The results that ACOG achieved through ited all staff from accepting gifts and favors of Commerce. Holder also m unity. gether. This inclusiveness enhanced the quality EEOP exceeded the accomplishments of most that might influence the discharge of their du­ serves as chair of the Carter Born in Athens, Georgia, ties, disclosing confidential inform ation, using Center Board of Councilors of overall planning and the long-term relation public sector businesses and government agen­ Payne has both an under­ and co-chair of the Atlanta cies by a substantial margin. graduate degree and law de­ Action Forum. gree from the University of Georgia (UGA), where he ex­ celled academically as vice president of the student body and athletically as an All- American defensive end on UGA's 1968 SEC Champi­ onship football team.

JAM ESKBAILEY'JANETBAILEY* JASONS BAILEY* JOAN E BAILEY «JOHN BAILEY * JOHN D BAILEY • JOHN K BAILEY • KARL BAILEY • KIMBERLY A BAILEY • LILIAN ANN BAILEY • LISA P BAILEY • LUCILLE 21 BAILEY * MARILYN F BAILEY • MARY LOU BAILEY • MATTIE LOU BAILEY • MELISSA D BAILEY • MEREDITH L BAILEY • MICHAEL L BAILEY • MTCHAELANN BAILEY • MICHEAL BAILEY • NICHOLAS J BAILEY 20 • PADDY O BAILEY • PHYLLIS G BAILEY • RICHARD F BAILEY • ROBERT D BAILEY • ROBERT T BAILEY • ROBERT X BAILEY • RONNIE S BAILEY • SANDY N BAILEY • SARAH R BAILEY • SHELLENA I. BAILEY •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION n

little record of relevant experience, mandated promise of fiscal responsibility. Revenues of ap­ Olympic competitions. As a result of ACOG's responsible, and tireless in assisting the mem­ flexibility and adaptability in financial strate­ proximately $1.7 billion fully covered expendi­ efforts, more countries and athletes partici­ bers of the Olym pic Family, spectators, and gies and creativity in determining ways to tures—which included a physical legacy of ap­ pated in the Games and medals were won by visitors to the greatest extent possible and in m inim ize costs. W ith ACOG's largest expendi­ proximately $500 m illion in new sports athletes from more countries than ever before. offering genuine welcome and hospitality. Vol­ tures related to facilities for the Games, con­ facilities given to the local governments and unteers were the heart of the 1996 Games and siderable focus was on the most efficient in­ educational institutions. Spirit and Vision they measured up to every expectation. stallation possible. Existing facilities were to be Commitment to Athletes. AGOG was dedi­ The Centennial Olympic Games provided a This same enthusiasm and commitment to used to the maximum extent possible, recog­ cated to providing the best possible facilities tremendous opportunity to share with the the Games was seen throughout the US when nizing the temporary nature of the Games, and environment for athletes that would allow world the unique hospitality and the cultural the Olym pic torch arrived in Los Angeles 84 and no permanent structures were to be cre­ them to maintain their training before and riches that distinguish Atlanta and the South, days before Opening Ceremony. As the Torch ated unless a sound economic use for them during the Games, achieve spectacular perfor­ and the dedication to volunteerism and en­ Relay progressed across the country, the crowds after the Games could be demonstrated. In ad­ mances when competing, and fully enjoy their thusiasm for the Olympic Movement that grew larger as people responded to the opportu­ dition, venue sites were to be selected to m in i­ Olym pic experience. This com m itm ent was exist throughout the US. n ity to share in the Olympic experience. mize the need for additional construction and fulfilled through programs including: Beginning w ith the Bid, Atlantans expressed Along with the spirit of volunteerism dis­ facilitate economic operation during the Games. ■ an Athletes Advisory Council, composed extraordinary enthusiasm for hosting the played by Atlantans and others, exhibitions of In managing all expenditures for the of Olympians, to provide consultation on the Games. They welcomed O lym pic visitors and southern culture were intended to further em­ Games, AGOG followed detailed procedures nature and scope of the Olym pic events that demonstrated through participation in numer­ phasize the warmth and hospitality of the re­ for assessing the assumptions on w hich plans affected athletes; ous events their eagerness to experience the gion. The culture of the South was expressed and their supporting budgets were made. De­ ■ a Pre-Olympic Training Program, through Olym pic Games. Their efforts helped bring the through OAF programs and through the cere­ velopment of an annual master plan preceded w hich comm unities across the state and the 1996 Games to Atlanta, and they responded to monies of the Games. Dozens of southern the annual financial forecast, with frequent South provided teams w ith training services, the announcement of the IOC's choice by in­ artists and performers were showcased in OAF adjustments applied as total requirements and facilities, and hospitality prior to the Games; undating the AOC office with calls and letters exhibits and special celebrations, such as the anticipated costs became more specific. Con­ ■ an Envoy Program, in which volunteers to volunteer for an event that would not occur Southern Crossroads Festival held each day in currently, all possible sources of revenue were were trained for tw o years to serve as the for six years. Centennial Olym pic Park, that displayed to explored so increases in costs could be offset Games-time liaisons for the NOCs and facili­ Soon thereafter, in April 1992, AGOG cre­ visitors from around the world the dance,

A d o l p h u s D r e w e r y by the availability of additional funds. tate the fulfillment of all requirements of the ated the Olym pic Force to direct the energy music, art, and crafts of the South. “A . D . ” F r a z i e r J r ., ACOG's estimates of both expenses and rev­ teams and their chefs de mission; and and interest of the people of Atlanta and Geor­ In the Opening Ceremony, the story of the C h i e f O p e r a t i n g enues were continuously monitored by two in­ ■ Chefs de Mission Seminars, w hich pro­ gia into volunteer efforts that would benefit South was told through a music-filled perfor­ O f f i c e r dependent firms of auditors—one working on vided unprecedented amounts of information communities prior to the Games. Ultimately, mance called the Spirit of the South and in A former executive vice behalf of MAOGA and one retained by the prior to the Games, also helped to ensure ef­ some 1,700 organizations—representing more other elements of the program that highlighted president of the North Amer­ AGOG Board of Directors. Concentrating not fective coordination of team and NOG needs. than 700,000 people statewide—expressed the past and present of the region. Victory cer­ ican Banking Group of First Chicago Corporation and o nly on financial forecasts but also on all as­ AGOG also devoted tremendous human and their commitment to volunteerism and the emonies combined the imagery of southern First National Bank of pects of accounting and record keeping, the financial resources for the Olym pic Village to Games by join in g the O lym pic Force. flowers and the traditions of Greece as medals Chicago, Frazier began his auditors consistently confirmed the overall va­ deliver the largest array of services and pro­ ACOG's Volunteer Services Department also were presented to winning athletes. The Clos­ banking career with Citizens lidity of ACOG's plans. grams ever available for athletes. The Olympic established a corps of individuals who volun­ ing Ceremony also gave spectators and a and Southern National Bank Scrupulous attention to keeping expenses Village earned high praise from athletes teered at AGOG headquarters, working in vir­ worldwide television audience a chance to (now NationsBank) in At­ tually every area of operations. Prior to the experience the sights and sounds of the South lanta. Fie was the first presi­ commensurate w ith revenues was essential be­ throughout the Games. dent of Atlanta's Neighbor­ cause of ACOG's com m itm ent to stage the 1996 AGOG realized its goal of presenting the 1996 Games, volunteer drivers, tour guides, assis­ from gospel to rock 'n' roll. hood Housing Services Games w ithout governmental financial support. Games so they were more available to athletes tants on numerous projects, and members of Positive Legacy organization and managed That commitment was evidenced by the Tri- and countries than were previous Games. Pro­ the Olympic Force—in their efforts to improve the inauguration of US Presi­ Party Agreement, in which AGOG indemnified grams were developed that removed barriers to the quality of life in their communities—re­ The full impact of the Centennial Olympic dent Carter. He also led the the city and state from any financial liability. participation, such as making funds available peatedly impressed visitors to Atlanta and Games on the city of Atlanta, the South, and team that reorganized both Olym pic history has yet to be determined. the US White House and Ex­ The final financial reports for the 1996 for qualified athletes who could not otherwise Georgia with their commitment and dedication. ecutive Office of the Presi­ Games confirmed that AGOG fu lly met its afford to attend the Games and providing As summer 1996 approached, the volunteer dent. more opportunities for athletes to qualify for team for the Games was assembled, num bering more than 55,000 people. They were capable.

CHRISTINE BAKER. CHRISTVB BAKER .CINDY BAKER. CONNIE H BAKER «CRYSTALD BAKER *D MICHELLE BAKER ‘ DANIELLE Y BAKER . DEBORAH L BAKER . DENIS A BAKER • DEWEY M BAKER • DI- THOMAS L BAIR • ALLYNE H BAIRD • ANNE BAIRD • J. WAYNE BAIRD «JOHN BAIRD • LINDA BAIRO • MARIANNE S BAIRD • SCUM BAIRD • SUSUN P BAIRD • WILLIAM V BAIRD • TYSON E BAISDEN JR • PAUL A N N S BAKER • D O R O TH Y D BAKER • D O T A BAKER . EDW ARD L BAKER • EDW ARD L BAKER * E D W IN BAKER • EL121ABETH L B A K E R .G E N E A BAKER • G E O R G E W B AKER • H EA TH ER M BAKER « H E R M A N D M B A ISIE R • M IC A H C BAITY • VIV IA N G BAITY • T IM O T H Y E B A JK IEW IC 2 • V L A D IM IR V 6A K A R IC • JA N E T K 8 A K E 8 E R G • TAMMY L B A KE 8E RG • A. G E O RG E B AKER • A N D R E A R B AKER • A SH LE Y N IC O L E BAK­ BAKER • JAM ES E BAKER • JE FFRE Y L B AKER . JERRY O BAKER • J E R R Y T BAKER • JO E B AKER . JO E L B BAKER • J O N IQ U E C BAKER . JO YC E A BAKER • JO YE B BAKER . JUANITA B AKER • KAREN A BAKER 23 22 ER • BENJAMIN A BAKER • BETSY C BAKER • BILL BAKER • BOYD BAKER • BRENDA A BAKER • BRIAN E BAKER • BRIAN J BAKER • BRIAN R BAKER • CARLA BAKER • CATHY BAKER • CECILIA U BAKER •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

However, tangible evidence of the power and some of these projects in an effort to stimulate terms of number of volunteers who partici­ band and flag corps members each year were influence of the Games already can be seen. additional action and improvements. pated—was the 1992 Olym pic flag arrival cele­ auditioned and assembled. The band began Physical Legacy. World-class sports facilities During the 1991-1997 period, the impact of bration. during the Bid and continued through the are clearly among the enduring legacies of the the 1996 Olympic Games on the economy of Conceived as a means of bringing the group's participation in the Closing Ceremony 1996 Games. ACOG invested approximately Georgia is estimated at more than $5 billion— Olympic Spirit and excitement to all Georgians, of the Games—providing a final, unforgettable $500 m illion in permanent projects—such as a sum that includes the funding and construc­ the celebration covered a 10-day period in Olympic experience for members of the 1996 Olympic Stadium, the Stone Mountain Park tion of new facilities, increased tourism rev­ September 1992—marking the arrival of the group. Tennis Center, and the Wolf Creek Shooting enue, and incremental tax benefits. Long-term Olympic flag from Barcelona—and encom­ All pre-Games programs emphasized and Complex—that are already making Atlanta a effects on the economy are yet to be calcu­ passed nine Georgia cities. Volunteer commit­ promoted the Olympic ideals of excellence, national and international center for major lated, but the Games have ensured a solid base tees were established in each of the host cities, teamwork, and respect for self and others. The sports events. for future growth. eventually placing some 2,000 people in volun­ programs brought organizations and people to Centennial O lym pic Park, w hich was in ­ S p iritu a l Legacy. To help maximize the spir­ teer positions. Many of the committees also work together as never before, resulting in co­ spired by the 1996 Games and partially funded itual legacy the Games were sure to leave in were designated as Olym pic Force groups, and operation, new friendships and alliances, and a by ACOG, continues to provide a festive gath­ Atlanta and the surrounding region, ACOG de­ hundreds of the 1992 flag arrival celebration shared pride in accomplishment. The Games ering place for all Atlantans and visitors in the termined from the outset of its planning to ex­ volunteers later became Games volunteers. offered an opportunity to establish interna­ downtown area. tend the Olympic experience not just over 17 The celebration events attracted approxi­ tional relationships that are likely to produce New housing on the Georgia Institute of days in summer 1996, but throughout the en­ mately 300,000 Georgians, providing many the cross-cultural exchange and understanding Technology campus, which ACOG contributed tire XXVI Olympiad. their first look at the Olympic flag and the that embody Olympic ideals. as accommodations for the Olympic Village, What management hoped would be the history of the Games as presented through a The Centennial Olym pic Games made an in ­ will serve students well into the century. greatest of all Olym pic legacies—the establish­ collection of Olympic memorabilia and a spe­ delible mark on Olympic history, as many im ­ Throughout Atlanta and other cities that ment of a deeper commitment to volun- cially created video. In addition, workshops— portant firsts were recorded: all NOCs which hosted Olym pic events, the Games also served teerism—actually began even earlier, as evi­ free and open to the public—were conducted were invited to the Games attended; 40 percent as a catalyst for hundreds of new projects and denced by the volunteer spirit of the leaders of in each city to answer questions about the of the competing athletes were women; magni­ facilities. These projects, both public and p ri­ the Bid effort and the thousands who joined 1996 Games and explain how to become in­ tudes were achieved that potentially may never vate, ranged from major renovation and expan­ them. When ACOG created the Olympic Force, volved in preparations. be surpassed, such as the largest available num ­ sion programs to refurbishment of small busi­ the response was overwhelming. Scores of peo­ The 1992 flag arrival celebration also drew ber of tickets and the most spectators and visi­ nesses. ple pledged to commit even more of their time some 50,000 children from virtually every ele­ tors ever to assemble. Memorable moments, Through CODA, more than $75 m illio n in to volunteer efforts, and those who had never mentary and middle school in the state. Most such as the lighting of the Olympic flame by public and private funds was invested for the volunteered before were encouraged to begin. of the students were participating in the Muhammad All, were etched into the public creation of city parks and spaces, pedestrian Following the plan to extend the Games ex­ Olympic Day in the Schools (GDIS) Program— consciousness. walkways, public art, and infrastructure im­ perience over the Olympiad, Volunteer Ser­ a long-term initiative that ACOG created to Responsiveness to Public Interest. The 1996 provements. CODA'S accomplishments included vices initiated a series of programs that co ntin ­ touch the lives of future generations. Like the Games generated overwhelming public interest development of long-range plans for revitalizing ued u n til summer 1996. O lym pic Force groups volunteer program, GDIS began during the Bid from the selection of Atlanta as the host city downtown neighborhoods as well as coopera­ were asked to participate in a special volunteer and then became part of ACOG's efforts to ex­ through the final moments of the Closing Cer­ tive efforts with MAOGA, various governmental campaign each year—from collecting food and tend the impact of the Games. Centered on emony. ACOG responded in a variety of ways agencies, and not-for-profit entities that led to toys for those in need to refurbishing state providing specially created curriculum materi­ and sought to utilize this interest to foster the the construction or renovation of 700 housing parks. The Olym pic Force Medal of Honor was als about the Olym pic Games to teachers, the advancement of the Olympic Movement. units and additional new student housing in also instituted to recognize annually those program continued through the end of May Information about the Games and the prog­ the Atlanta University Center. groups and individuals who made outstanding 1996, reaching m illions of young people. ress of preparations was made widely available Many other community-based projects were contributions. ACOG also involved high school students through news releases and press conferences; Views of three of the Exterior views of three of supported by a combination of local, state, and To involve as many people as possible in in the Games each year w ith the selection of brochures and 5peakers Bureau presentations; projects Inspired by the the permanent projects in federal government funding and private invest­ Olympic-related programs, volunteers were 100 youth ambassadors from around the state, the Olympic Experience, a public information 1996 Games and partially which ACOG invested are ment. ACOG also contributed funds directly to asked to support the numerous special events who comprised the Dream Team. (For more in­ gallery staffed by volunteers who provided financed by ACOG are shown above. formation, see the Youth and Education chapter.) information to visitors; newsletters for identi­ that ACOG presented during the years preced­ shown above. top: Olympic Stadium ing the Games. The largest of these events—in Members of both high school and college fied audiences, such as neighborhoods hosting top: Georgia Institute of center; Stone M ountain Park bands were eligible for participation in the Technology student housing, Tennis Center which served as bottom: W olf Creek Atlanta Olympic Band; more than 350 top accommodations for Shooting Complex the Olympic Village center: Georgia Tech Aquatic Center bottom: Centennial Olympic Park

CARLA D BAKER CATC ♦ROBERTLBAKERHI»ALFREDT BAKER JR «GORDONJ BAKER JR •CHAMPLBAKERMD* MARIE BAKER WILSON • SAN DOR BAKO • SHILPA P BAKRE • ZACH A BAKRIN • PATRI • KAREN J BAKER • KENNETH Z BAKER «LEISA A BAKER • LINDA D BAKER* CORING K BAKER «MARILYN BAKER • MARILYN M BAKER • MARLA J BAKER* MARYJ BAKER • MARYHELEN R BAKER • MIC HAELG BAK­ CIA A BALABAN «GLORIA BALAGUE • DIANA S BALAS • JENNIFER S BALAS • LISA M 8 ALAS • ALEXANDER T BALASCO • LUIS O. BALBOA • ASHLEY P BALCH • CHRISTINE L BALCH • EDWARD P 6ALCH 25 ER • NADINES BAKER • NETTIE G BAKER • NEVENKA A. BAKER • PATRICIA L BAKER • PAULA D BAKER • RYAN P BAKER ‘ SHANNON L BAKER • SHARI A BAKER • SOREN B BAKER • STANLEY M BAKER • STEVEN • JEANA M BALCH • JEFFREY L BALCH • LINDA R BALCH • RANDALL M BALCH • ALAN S BALDEL • RYAN A BALDERSTON • CHELSEA L BALDING • TONY BALDING • ALBERTO BALDISSEROTTO • 24 BAKER • SUSAN D BAKER • S U ZA N NE BAKER • TH E O D O R E S BAKER • TR IS H A L BAKER • VIVIAN J BAKER • WAAKAJ BAKER • W ADE E. BAKER • W ILLA R D BAKER • W ILLIAM M BAKER • R IC H A R D C BAKER ATC •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION m

Olympic venues; and the use of a World Wide in the Games was sought through ACOG's advi­ Web site for the first time by an Olympic orga­ sory groups, which held sessions open to the nizing committee. public, allowing hundreds of people to obtain The call center—operated entirely by vol­ detailed information on areas of significant in­ unteers—answered thousands of telephone in ­ terest to them and to offer suggestions. quiries per day, and Com m unications Depart­ ACOG representatives were available to give ment staff responded to letters from around progress reports on the Games to the com m uni­ the world. ties by participating in neighborhood, business Under the disclosure policy adopted by the group, and town hall meetings, as well as other AGOG Board of Directors, documents and forums. Numerous organizations developing records of the Games were available for public management case studies on the preparations inspection. The involvement of those interested for the Games were invited to send observers to ACOG's internal meetings and, as time allowed, The ACOG Board of F ig u r e 2 : F u n c t io n a l A r e a M a n a g e m e n t S t r u c t u r e ______to interview management and staff. Directors assembled at a meeting in M ay 1996. By the start of the Games, the ACOG management structure included managing The objective of all these efforts was to directors with the following functional area responsibilities. share inform ation about the Games and to en­ courage as many people as possible to become As the Games approached, some divisions agement, COO meetings regularly included all Reporting to the CEO involved in the Olympic Movement. within departments became independent de­ managing directors and their department heads. Sherm Day—Physical Legacy (Centennial Olympic Park) partments, especially when a multitude of oper­ In addition, ACOG executives held open forums Shirley Franklin—senior policy advisor (Community and ational details were managed. The Operations on numerous occasions to provide an opportu­ M a n a g e m e n t Str u c t u r e Local Government Relations) Department, for example, originally covered Ac­ nity for discussion with all program directors, Bili McCahan— Marketing (ACOP) After ACOG was established as a corporation, creditation, Accommodations, Logistics, Med­ managers, and supervisors. (For functional area Linda Stephenson— Olympic Programs (Cultural Olympiad, Volunteer Services, its organizational structure was designed with ical Services, Press Operations, Security, Tech­ management structure, see Figure 2.) and Youth and Education) the help of worldwide management consul­ nology, Ticket Sales, Transportation, and Venue Lindsay Thomas—Government Relations tants McKinsey and Co. Departments were cre­ Management. Several of these areas later be­ P l a n n in g P ro c ess came separate departments, w ith Logistics, Med­ Ginger Watkins—Corporate Services (Ceremonies, Creative Services, ated primarily around the functional responsi­ Look of the Games, Special Events / Guest Services, and Torch Relay) bilities that would have to be fulfilled during ical Services, Security, and Transportation re­ The basis for ACOG's early planning was the ex­ maining divisions of Operations. tensive documentation prepared during the Bid Dick Yarbrough —Communications (Media Relations, Press Information and the Games, such as sports com petition, ticket Operations, and State and Federal Government Relations) sales, transportation, and security. This struc­ The dynamic nature of this structure was process and the Bid books themselves. Prior to 1992, the focus was on broadly outlining pro­ Doug Bowles—assistant to the president ture allowed the organizers of various aspects essential, but sometimes problematic. The of the Games to implement these plans. growth and redistribution of responsibilities gram requirements. Programs—such as Accredi­ Reporting to the COO ACOG's president and CEO, W illiam Porter occasionally resulted in gaps and overlaps in tation, Sports, and Transportation—were de­ Scott Anderson—Games Services (Accommodations, Food and Beverage, Payne, reporting to the ACOG Board of Direc­ planning at the departmental level. However, fined as combinations of projects and activities Merchandising, and Ticket Sales) tors, had responsibility for all aspects of the as the organization moved toward a venue- directed toward achieving a specific purpose. DougArnot—Venue Management Games. The CEO directly managed all func­ based management process called venuization, Few financial commitments were made during this early period as staff compiled research ma­ Charles Battle—International Relations (Olympic Family and Protocol and tional areas that had an external focus, from in which all functional areas would be repre­ O lym pic Village) Ceremonies to Government Relations, and he sented at the venues, an integrated approach terials on previous Games, performed quantita­ tive analyses of functional area requirements, Morris D///arcf—Operations (Logistics, Medical Services, worked with the USOC in overseeing the mar­ to planning and operations was achieved. Security, and Transportation) keting efforts of the joint venture, ACOP. The CEO and COO met daily to assess the and gathered information and perspectives from various professionals and interest groups. Pat Glisson—Financial Services In 1991, A.D. Frazier Jr. joined ACOG as planning for the Games, and then each held weekly and biweekly staff meetings with the This work resulted in preliminary plans that de­ Doris isaacs-Stailworth—Administration and Human Resources COO, to report to the CEO on finance and ac­ counting, construction of new facilities, and senior managers. To bring together all the func­ fined the scope of future planning efforts and Rod Knowles—Technology operation of the Games. tional areas preparing for the Games and to en­ ACOG's budget requirements. Dave Maggard—Sports The departments created under the leader­ sure the most cohesive approach possible in Bill Moss—Construction ship of the CEO and COO were led by manag­ shifting the organization to venue-based man­ Claire Potvin—Accreditation ing directors, who in turn established divisions Manoio Romero —Atlanta Olympic Broadcasting responsible for various functional area projects

Gary Slagle—Planning and Integration and programs.

Kay Wallace—deputy COO

W ALLACE B A LD W IN JR • S T E V E N A B A LE S • T H O M AS L BA LE S • E U G E N E C B ALES JR • J O H N N Y R B A LFO UR • K A TH E R IN E J B ALFO UR -C H IN T I BALI • A D E LE H B A LIN K • D A N IE L L E B B A LIN T • KAYE F BAL- * UARRYD BALDOCK • LOUISE D BALDOCK • SUSAN M BALDOCK • BRENDA E BALDREE • RAYMOND A 8ALDREE • DEBORAH M BALDRIDGE • KATHRYN A BALDRIDGE • BETTY L IZ e T . W1 LL.A mV b a L.ZET - KATIE ^ALKCOM TsHELLY a IIL k E - B R AN D Y E B ALL - C L IN T A B A L L -D E B O R A H S B A LL - GARY ^ BALL * -JAMES * d B ALL ‘ « A R K A N TH O N Y BALL 27 26 BALDWIN • DEBORAH C BALDWIN • DONALD BALDWIN • DONALD R BALDWIN • DR JAMES N BALDWIN • GERALD D BALDWIN • GINGER L BALDWIN - JACQUELYN BALDWIN • M A R Y l BALL • MICHAELA BALL • MISTY D BALL • NANCY B BALL • RACHEL L BALL • RICHARDT BALL - RUTH M BALL • SCOTT PBALL-SUSANABALL TERESAS BALL RAFAEL A BALLAGAS • JOANNE BALDWIN - LETITIA M BALDWIN • MYRA BALDWIN • PEGGY S BALDWIN • PHILIP BALDWIN • RICHARD S BALDWIN • SARAH L BALDWIN • SHANNON L BALDWIN • VALISHA U BALDWIN •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

Fundamental to this effort was the defini­ increase in the size of the organization and its additional ACOG staff members—with Human was notified about any concerns or questions. tion of key constituent groups—athletes and temporary status were unique, requiring a so­ Resources personnel handling the processing Human Resources, in conjunction w ith a con­ other members of the Olympic Family, includ­ phisticated approach to staffing and facilities and administrative requirements associated sulting firm, was also responsible for the de­ ing broadcasters, press, and sponsors—and the planning. with this growth in staff. velopment of salary ranges. This approach products and services they required. A data­ ACOG pursued an aggressive policy of in ­ required consideration of the dynamic envi­ base was created to document all the com m it­ Staffing clusion as reflected in EEOF's plan, adopted by ronment and long hours associated with ments made to the constituencies. Included in A Human Resources Department was estab­ the ACOG Board of Directors in 1991, which working for the Games, as w ell as the short­ this review were Bid documents, the Host City lished in April 1991, with the following goals. provided equal opportunity for all qualified term nature of all positions. Contract, marketing agreements, and the IF ■ Enable ACOG to attract, retain, and m oti­ applicants and employees and prohibited dis­ In addition to compensation, ACOG-paid memoranda of understanding, as well as a list­ vate the most experienced individuals. crim ination on the basis of race, color, reli­ employees received benefits that provided in­ ing of presumed expectations of constituents ■ Provide a framework for protecting the gion, national origin, sex, age, disability, or surance and other programs at rates compara­ based on previous Games experience. high standards of the Olympic Movement and veteran status. ble to those offered in private industry. These documents were compared with the code of ethics adopted by ACOG. Billy Payne addresses M a n a g e m e n t a n d plans and programs of each functional area, ■ Contribute to the overall management Olympic Games staff A dministration members at a post-Games E m p l o y e e s providing ACOG an early opportunity to ex­ decision-making process based on personnel celebration held in amine its plans from the standpoint of both management knowledge and skills. Date StaffNumber Centennial Olympic Park. provider and receiver. ■ Ensure equitable treatment of all appli­ January 1993 58 Also important was the opportunity to pre­ cants and employees in all aspects of human January 1996 47 pare financial forecasts based on increasingly resources management. Ju ly 1996 43 precise details. As budgets were developed on ACOG-paid employees included full-time, the basis of the plans, ACOG had to m aintain part-time, and temporary staff. Full-time em­ Note: These staff numbers do not include contract, VIK, and volunteer its focus of staging a privately funded Games. ployees accounted for the majority of ACOG- personnel. This focus necessitated constant reassessment paid staff until the start of 1996. At that time, and careful decision making to maintain a crit­ almost all new ACOG positions were filled ical balance between the celebration integral with temporary staff. Non-ACOG-paid staff in the Olympic Movement and the achieve­ comprised corporate-loaned employees paid by ment of balanced financial results at the con­ an outside corporation filling an approved clusion of the Games. ACOG position; value-in-kind (VIK) personnel Beginning in 1994, the emphasis turned to assigned to ACOG under the terms of a spon­ implementing and testing the various aspects of sorship agreement; contract employees from the plan to ensure delivery during the staging of companies under contract to ACOG to provide the Games. A master scheduling system was specialized professional and technical services; Human Resources provided assistance to In October 1995, ACOG announced a sepa­ combined with a budget reviewing system that and employees assigned to ACOG under terms departments by helping to identify potential ration program effective at the conclusion of allowed progress to be measured and budget of the sponsorship agreement with Randstad candidates through résumé database searches, the Games. Designed to help ensure employees data to be continuously updated. Concurrently, Staffing Services. advertising and search firms, corporations pro­ would remain motivated and enthusiastic, the the planning process focused on integrating all At the end of 1991, ACOG-paid and viding employees, and Randstad. The depart­ program provided outplacement services such functional areas through Venue Management. non-ACOG-paid staff included the CEO, COO, ment also established relationships w ith local as assistance w ith résumé w ritin g and inter­ 2 executive vice presidents, 7 senior vice presi­ organizations and attended job fairs. By June view skills, as well as retention incentives. dents, 10 directors, and approximately 80 indi­ 1996, Human Resources had amassed a résumé Staffing a n d A dministration Internal Volunteer Program viduals in other staff positions. By 31 July database containing over 38,000 records. During the six years preceding the Games, 1996, this group had expanded to include a In January 1992, ACOG established a policy Individuals who participated in the Internal ACOG's daily operations were similar to those chief marketing officer (CMO), 15 managing that required all ACOG-paid employees to suc­ Volunteer Program worked with ACOG staff of other corporations, although the rapid directors, approximately 130 additional direc­ cessfully complete a drug test and background prior to the Games and supported various tors and program directors, 1,100 managers check prior to employment. The background and assistant managers, and more than 3,000 investigations were conducted by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation. Only the applicant

^ B A LO G H . RASAQ A BALOGUN . ARNOLD M BAUS|R . KEUV^U BA1.S^NGE_R . HEATHM^^ bANCRoG • GEORGE F BARRY BALLANGER • AUGUST R BALLANT* JOHN R BALLANTINE • BONNIE M BALLARD • GINNYH BALLARD • JACK E BALLARD • JENNIFER C BALLARD • JOSEPH D BALLARD • JUDY BALLARD • KATH­ 29 28 LEEN A BALLARD • MEGAN E BALLARD • MiA A BALLARD • PATRICIA A BALLARD • RHEA A BALLARD • TED BALLARD • TOMMY W BALLARD • VERNON J BALLARD • JULIA E BALLARD MD • DEBRA BAL- S K ofrJ;,” BANDLA • TOSH,AKI BANDO • DIANE BANDOW • BRIAN J BANDROWSKV ■ LYNN S BANDY • MADELINE R BANDY LAS • JERRY LBALLAS • RONALD BALLATORE • SARAH A BALLE • CHARLES D BALLENTINE • RONALD L BALLE NTINE • BARRY M BALLEW • SHIRLEY K BALLOU «JEAN J 8ALLOW • ROBERT R BALLOW

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library AT LAN TA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION

projects in the ACOG offices and the special morale and involve ACOG paid employees and By October 1991, however, considerably more As these facilities were being completed, events and meetings ACOG hosted. internal volunteers in the excitement of partici­ space was required, and 15,000 sq ft (1,395 sq work began on adapting ACOG offices at the In­ Many had been involved in the Bid effort pating in Games preparations. m) were added by year's end. forum to become an ACOG venue that would and wanted to extend their commitment. Vol­ Copies of the Torch —ACOG's published ACOG had planned to acquire and complete serve as Games-time headquarters. Construction unteers worked in all areas of operations, with newsletter for Olympic Family members about office space gradually, assuming additional began in March on specially equipped spaces assignments coordinated by the Volunteer Ser­ the progress of the Games —were provided to space only when offices were at maximum ca­ for the Games main operations center (MOC), vices Department based on the needs of the employees with a biweekly internal newsletter pacity. Incremental staff growth rates made this technology operations center (TOC), security functional areas and the volunteers' availabil­ featuring updates and employee recognition. approach impractical, and ACOG retained a operations center, sports coordination center, ity, flexibility, willingness to fill an identified Notices also were sent daily by E-mail and contractor to review projected staff plans and and an area for approximately 100 IBM techni­ need, and skills. voice mail to all employees. Monthly lun­ associated office space through 1996 for each cal staff to support the technology integration The call center, w hich received several thou­ cheons were held to provide staff with informa­ functional area and to develop standards for al­ process during the Games. sand calls each day to ACOG offices, was staffed tion and entertainment. Major milestones were locating space and furniture. The study deter­ W hile managing the succession of reloca­ entirely by volunteers, as were most reception celebrated w ith special events and unique me­ mined that ACOG would require more space by tions and adaptations of new office space was a desks. Volunteers also managed some ACOG mentos, such as NBC T-shirts, 1,000-day count­ 1993, forcing the acquisition of additional of­ major responsibility of Administrative Services, programs, most notably the ODIS Program and down watches, and the 500 days to the Games fice areas. the department also provided the support ser­ the Speakers Bureau. certificates. By November 1992, ACOG began preparing vices essential to the daily functioning of ACOG In 1992, after the internal volunteer pro­ Other presentations were conducted periodi­ an additional 83,000 sq ft (7,719 sq m) of space offices. These services included operation of re­ gram's first full year of operation, approxi­ cally to preview various aspects of the Games, in the Inforum building. W ith such a large ception desks for all visitors, the call center or mately 300 individuals were participating con­ such as staff uniforms, or to express apprecia­ amount of space available, additions could be main switchboard, internal m ail services, and sistently. By April 1996, the number grew to tion. At the end of 1994, bricks inscribed with accommodated without relocating existing copying centers. In addition. Administrative I more than 800, as the individuals assumed staff names were placed together in a section of staff. During 1994, 10,000 sq ft (930 sq m) of Services developed plans for handling emergen­ their Games volunteer positions. Over the Centennial O lym pic Park designated for staff. space was acquired for the technology imple­ cies, managed ACOG's office assets and inven­ five-year period, volunteers devoted 542,000 In March 1996, US President Clinton and Vice mentation center (TIC) and the Press Opera­ tories of equipment, established procedures for hours to preparations for the Games, w ith President Gore addressed staff and volunteers, tions division in the Atlanta Apparel Mart, closing office spaces after the Games, and seven members of the program serving more delivering a message of thanks and inspiration. w hich is connected by an enclosed, elevated worked with the Finance Department regarding ACOG headquarters were than 5,000 hours each. All employees and volunteers were invited to a walkway to ACOG headquarters in the Info­ dissolution of the corporation. located on two floors in the Inforum building in central ACOG management praised the internal vol­ private dress rehearsal of Opening Ceremony rum. W hile this space was being developed, ex­ Atlanta. As ACOG expanded, unteers on a regular basis, hosting programs and held on 17 July—one of the most popular ac­ Venuization isting facilities on the fifth and sixth floors of it eventually had to acquire comrnemorating their achievements w ith special tivities. the Inforum were being redesigned, providing In 1994, ACOG management committed to more space in a building pins representing various levels of service. room for a second copy center and security the concept of venuization, which called for two blocks away on ACOG offered internship opportunities to Facilities command post as well as additional office individuals from the functional areas that Peachtree Street. college students through the Volunteer Services During the Bid phase, AOC occupied a sin­ space. would be represented at a venue to work to­ Department. Each intern was responsible for gle floor of an office building in midtown At­ Nevertheless, it was clear that more space gether as a team well before the start of the meeting his or her own expenses and college lanta. Immediately after the 1996 Games were would be needed to accommodate the growing Games. Ideally, the teams—led by the venue and university requirements. The internship awarded to the city, this space was increased to staff. In December 1994, ACOG acquired manager and sports manager—would be located

program was available throughout all ACOG two floors to accommodate additional staff, I 180,000 sq ft (16,740 sq m) of space at a build- at their venues. However, w ith only a small functional areas. marking the first of several office relocations Î ing two blocks from the Inforum. Renovation number of venues available a few months prior and space reconfigurations. The Administrative lasted from December 1994 to April 1995. In to the Games, members of the venue teams had Internal Communications and Events Services Department was responsible for these early 1996, an additional three floors w ith to be moved from their functional area to an Human Resources, along with Corporate Ser­ relocations, which eventually required a full­ 41,000 sq ft (3,813 sq m) of space were acquired area w ithin ACOG designated for this purpose. vices and Volunteer Services, coordinated com­ time staff of coordinators and movers. in this building to house staff joining ACOG in Given the lack of vacant areas in ACOG's munications and employee events to enhance In May 1991, ACOG moved to the Inforum the final months of preparations. These offices offices, areas for venue teams generally had to building in central Atlanta, which had 45,000 were prepared only minimally, since the staff be created w ith in already occupied space, lead­ sq ft (4,185 sq m) of space to accommodate cur­ there would shortly move to Games-time loca­ ing to multiple relocations of staff within offices rent staff and future hires anticipated in 1991. tions. Other areas of the building were also adapted to serve as the main accreditation cen­ ter (MAC) and the main ticket center during the Games.

• M ARK A B A ND Y • PEGGY T B A ND Y • A M A L E B A NE • G ARY L S A N E • ATANU B A N E R J E E • B O N N IE R BA NE Y • S P E N C E R D 8 A N E V • C H E R R Y B A N E Z • J U L IE L B A N G E R T • BARBARA S B A N G H A R T • J O S E P H MARY A BANKS. MIQUIEL BANKS • PEGGY B BANKS • RONALD M BANKS • SHERON K BANKS • SHERRY A BANKS .SUSAN E B /^ K S * SUSAN M BANKS • TA^4MY L BANKS «THE^ 30 D BANKHEAD • ROBERT R BANKO ♦ LISA H BANKOFP • ANNITA L BANKS * ANTHONY L BANKS • APRIL BANKS • BERNICE BANKS • DANA B BANKS ♦ DAVID L BANKS • DEMETRIA E BANKS • DEMETRIUS R BANKS. TOMMY B BANKS. WILLIAM A BANKS. BETHANY A BANNER .JAYNAI BANNER. JO LYNNE BANNER. WENDY KBANf4^TER. LOR! JBANNO.SHAUGHN BARAN^ 31 8 BANKS • EMILY R BANKS • FRANK BANKS • GEORGI L BANKS • JACQUELINE E BANKS • JUDY L BANKS • JULIA K BANKS «JULIE A BANKS • LEILA M BANKS • LUVONIA BANKS • MARTHA J BANKS • LBANWER . BENJAMIN C BAD * FAYE D BAPTIST . EDDIE BAPTISTE « SHIRLEY J BAPTISTE . JOHN 8 BARABAS • MELINDA J BARAJAS • MESSAOUD BARAMA FRANK J BARAN WILLIAM E BARAN

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER ONE / MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING r | f

to create a venue team location. Even more crit­ The executive management team was offi­ managing their venues w ith in their scope of cedures. Although this action was never needed, ical was the fact that many functional areas cially in operation three weeks before Open­ authority, as did the teams managing the func­ AGOG was prepared for any eventuality. were not sufficiently staffed to devote full-time ing Geremony, meeting each day. At that tional area command centers. Throughout the 1996 Olympic Games, the personnel to the venue teams. Additionally, time, all the venue teams were in place and a MOG served as the link in providing informa­ many functional areas were reluctant to support chain of command had been established from Main Operations Center tion to senior leadership as well as processing venuization u n til the Games drew closer. venues and functional area command centers W ith information as the key to effective and com m unicating inform a tion across func­ Atlanta Sports '95—a series of competition to AGOG headquarters. management of large and complex undertak­ tional areas. Because representatives from all test events conducted by AGOG in summer and On 19 July, the GEO and members of the ings, AGOG determined in fall 1995 that functional areas were stationed in the center, fall 1995—provided an opportunity to demon­ executive management team began reporting highly efficient command, communication, issues could be assessed rapidly and resolved strate venue-based management and the impor­ daily each morning at 0830 to an lOG Gom- computer, and intelligence systems must be in­ or passed on to members of the executive tance of building strong teams at each venue mission chaired by President Juan Antonio stalled and functional before the start of the management team. In essence, the MOG pro­ to coordinate all operations of the facility. Fol­ Samaranch. The report focused on the previous 1996 Olym pic Games. A plan for an AGOG vided a communications hub and focal point low ing these events, more venue teams were day's operations, resolution of issues that had Games MOG was developed with information that made it possible to quickly identify and established at AGOG offices, but few were fully been raised in previous meetings, and the from the entire organization and approved by resolve issues that crossed functional areas or staffed. As an interim measure, the teams held plans for the next day. the GEO and GOO. extended beyond the bounds of a single meetings with all participants once a week or This information was gathered through daily The MOG was installed adjacent to AGOG's venue or concerned matters beyond normal more frequently if necessary u n til their reloca­ reports submitted from all Games locations and executive offices at the Inforum and equipped expectations. tion to the venues. from a series of GOO-coordinated management with technology that allowed MOG personnel Management of Venues and Once the teams were established at the meetings that were held at the end of the prior to m onitor every aspect of the Games on Command Centers venues, they worked extraordinarily well to­ day and resumed each m orning at 0630. Follow­ closed-circuit television and by computer and gether, forming the cohesiveness that results ing the executive management team's meeting to communicate rapidly with any location. A The MOG relied on information from the from being physically located together in a with the lOG, the GOO would meet with man­ desk for each functional area was staffed 24 venues and the functional area command cen­ work environment and focusing on a com­ aging directors to resolve the identified issues. hours a day by the senior leadership of the or­ ters, each of which held meetings throughout mon objective. In almost every instance, the In addition to the meetings that brought to­ ganization, with frequent guidance from man­ the day to assess their performance and pre­ longer the teams were together, the stronger gether the management of AGOG and the lOG, aging directors. pare for the next day. their performance, indicating the effectiveness members of the management team and certain The inform ation that passed through the At both competition and noncompetition of the approach and the benefits of forming lOG representatives were equipped with two- MOG included predefined and regularly sched­ venues, the venue managers were responsible the teams early. way radios that ensured instant communication uled reports covering key data pertaining to for gathering information from their team In the months prior to the Games, AGOG with a critical group. The immediate accessibil­ the operations of all venues, functional areas, members, resolving the problems w ithin that management almost universally supported ity provided by radio communication was an es­ and systems, as well as incident reports and venue, submitting daily reports, and referring venuization. However, it was challenging to de­ sential factor in clarification of issues and other spontaneous information that identified any problems they could not resolve or that termine the optimal time to transfer to venue- prompt problem resolution. matters needing critical response and resolu­ extended beyond the purview of their venue to based management and to have the facilities Information gathering and the ability to tion. W ith this data, the MOG was the conduit senior management. and personnel in place to fully realize the shift. communicate promptly were fundamental to for resolving issues that could not be solved at Functional area command centers operated the management of the Games and were possi­ the venues or functional command centers. in a similar fashion, especially the large cen­ ters, such as the TOG, w hich encompassed sev­ G a m e s-T im e M a n a g e m e n t ble through the operation centers and report­ If required, and only upon direct authoriza­ ing requirements that were in place by 1 July tion and leadership from the GEO and/or GOO, eral hundred personnel and, like most of its Management direction of the Games was the and, importantly, through a management phi­ the MOG could become the AGOG command, counterparts, was responsible for centralized responsibility of the GEO, who led an execu­ losophy that empowered people in the field to control, communication, computer, and intelli­ operations not specific to any one venue and tive management team directed by the GOO. take the actions necessary to achieve AGOG's gence u n it to direct the Games and the activities for support of the technology personnel and All competition and noncompetition venues goals for the presentation of outstanding of AGOG following preapproved emergency pro­ resources assigned to all venues. Other large and all functional area command centers— Games. Venue teams at com petition and n on ­ functional area command centers included representing approximately 132,000 staff,vol­ com petition sites took fu ll responsibility for Transportation, which was located outside of unteers, and contractors at more than 90 dif­ ferent locations—ultimately reported to members of this team.

NATALYA BARANOVSKY • GLENIFER J BARARD • YAHYAA BARASO • CHRISTIE C BARASOAIN • FRED A BARASOAIN • SUZANNE BARBA ATC • ALViN E BARBA JR • MARCOS D BAR8ALHO • MARIKA K. BAR- t o m m y BARBER . RICHARD BARBERA • BEATRICE F BARBETTA • ANDRE BARBIC • STEFAN BARBIC ‘ SUSAN K BARBOE ' KYI^A M BARBOUR . JOHN PBARCIK^^^ CLAY . JAIME L BARCLAY • JASON R BARCLAY • LINDA K BARCLAY • LOUISE A BARCLAY • PETER J BARCUW • RALPH E BARCLAY - PATSY W 8ARCZEWSKI *SH!RLE 33 32 BALHO • NADIA E BAR8AROSSA • LYNE BARBEAU • MARION S BARBEE • RACHAELC BARBEE • TRENACEJ BARBEE • BILL A BARBEE JR • DIANNE C BARBER • GENORA F BARBER • JENNIFER L BARBER ♦ PAULPBARDES-JAMES BARDONER.PATRICIAKBAREATC* JULIE R BAREFOOT. THOMAS F BAREFOOT-AN6ELIAM BARFIELD -CHARLESC BARFIELD •JPBARFIELD.JEANIEBSARHELD JIM BARBER • JOHN C BARBER • KENNETH E BARBER • LARRY V BARBER • LAWRENCE ABBOTT BARBER • PAMELA H BARBER • REBECCA P BARBER • SARAH B BARBER • STEPHEN R BARBER •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

ACOG offices at a site stiared w ith iocal, state, ■ It is most essential to define the organiza­ and federal traffic management personnel, and tion's objectives and priorities in planning and Security, w hich operated w ith local, state, and organizing the Games. Because of the size and federal law enforcement officials. scope of the O lym pic Games and the many M any other functional area command cen­ constituencies involved, it is not possible to ters were smaller, coordinating the flow of sup­ meet the demands or earn the appreciation of plies, materials, and information to their per­ all the constituencies. Senior management sonnel at the venues. Their reports sometimes must focus immediately on establishing priori­ duplicated information provided in the venue ties in addressing the demands of various reports, which helped define problems and en­ groups. This planning should involve a clear sured all issues were addressed. understanding of the contractual obligations of the organizing committee, the expectations

C o n c l u s io n s a n d R ecommendations dictated by tradition, and what the organizing committee determines it would like to achieve A ccommodations In managing the 1996 Games, ACOG followed in enhancing the Games. Understanding the a strategic planning course that first established demands of each constituency is essential to through a mission statement a context for the the consistent and efficient preparation of presentation of the Games and the desired ac­ the Games. complishments. A master plan was then devel­ ■ Also of extraordinary importance is re­ oped to identify all the requirements set forth cruiting event and business management staff in the mission statement and the resources and integrating them into the organization at needed to fulfill those requirements. Challenges the earliest possible point. Every Olympic arose when requirements demanded more re­ Games is unique, but event operational experi­ sources than were available, but the desired out­ ence is critical in developing cost-effective, re­

come—outstanding Games that created a mem­ alistic plans that can be implemented and in i r y f-’j orable experience for athletes, officials, staff, delivering results that meet expectations. spectators, and visitors—was achieved. ■ Finally, the approach to addressing the

A number of recommendations can be made issue of functional area versus venue-based f s s in the hope of serving future organizers. In this management must be determined from the be­ chapter, only those relating to the overall plan­ ginning. The experience of the 1996 Olympic ning and execution of the Games are noted be­ Games supports venue-based management, ?; f t ^ ' eeee ««Tirif! cause other chapters in this volume provide and dictates that it should be in place well in recommendations regarding specific aspects advance of the start of competition. At the and programs. same time, many of the requirements of the Games demand the creation of centralized functional areas. The course of action the or­ ganizing committee follows—which most likely w ill be a combination of the two man­ agement structures—and the definition of re­ sponsibilities must be clearly established and communicated throughout the organization.

Q w

Atlanta 1996.

MARGARET J BARFIELD • MICHAEL E BARFIELD • JENNIFER D BARFOOT • BARBARA H BARGANIER • JAN ELL L BARGANIER • JANET E BARGE • KATHERINE W BARGE • DIONNE L BARHAM ♦ THOMAS R BARHAM • DONNA ASARISEAU • RICHARD D BARIBEAU • JOE BARICH • ERNIE J 8AR1LLARI • PAULJ BARISH • AIMEE D BARITEAU • MAMIMUNA BARKAD • RICHARD P BARKE • BARBARA B BARKER • BILL 34 W BARKER • B U R N E Y A B ARKER « C H R IS BARKER • E V E R E TTE C BARKER • JU LIA R BARKER • M ARY A BARKER • M AYS BARKER • P H IL B ARKER ■ P H IL IP B ARKER • V A LER IE BARKER • A O O L P H IN E R BARK LEY

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS

staff and volunteers were allocated other af­ 1991 w ith the help of the Georgia Hospitality fordable accommodations in convenient loca­ and Travel Association, Inc., and several Atlanta- tions, called the Host Campus Network (HCN). area hotels, its purpose was to ensure that hotel Private housing was offered to heads of state, rooms would be available at fair prices. sponsors, and other groups through Private Housing 1996, Inc. (PH'96). The Host Hotel Contract C h a p t e r T w o Early efforts were made to contract with as O rganization many hotels as possible. Prior to being awarded the Games, the Atlanta Organizing A ccommodations Ultimately, the Accommodations Department Committee negotiated with major Atlanta ho­ became three separately managed networks of tels to sign letters of intent to contract with inventory that corresponded to the initial allo­ ACOG should the Games come to Atlanta. VERVIEW—ACOG's mission was to pro­ To estimate spectator demand for housing, cations: the Host Hotel Network (HHN), com­ The hasic contract was developed by incor­ A ccommodations vide affordable, accessible, and plentiful ACOG developed a visitation model based on prised of the OFHN and the OGTN; the HCN; porating the provisions in the letter of intent E m p l o y e e s O housing in a hospitable environment for all projected ticket sales. Initial studies indicated and PH'96. and the general format of hotel contracts used Date Staff Number who would attend the Centennial Olympic that spectators would require more than The Accommodations Department was one for similar events. Some provisions in earlier January 1993 1 Games. The Accommodations Department was 52,000 rooms for the 1996 Games. of several functional areas reporting directly to contracts were seen by the hotel community as January 1996 7 established to meet the housing needs of the Assembling enough room inventory to meet the Games Services Department. The HHN and unfavorable to their business and were there­ fore modified. Ultimately, one contract was de­ July 1996 7 constituent groups AGOG was committed to estimated demand was the department's pri­ the HCN were coordinated by program man­ serve through the Olympic Charter: specifically, mary effort during the first two years of plan­ agers and staffed with project coordinators as veloped for metropolitan-Atlanta properties Note:These staff numbers do not the Olympic Family, which included the IOC ning. ACOG needed to establish the inventory needed. Managing and coordinating the OGTN and another for non-metro-area properties. include contract, VIK, and volunteer personnel. and its guests, NOCs, IFs, p rint and broadcast so allocations to the Olympic Family could be and the reservations vendor, PH'96, was the re­ The metro-Atlanta contract gave hotels access media, and sponsors. Additionally, the depart­ attained first. The first priority was to sign con­ sponsibility of the director of Accommoda­ to purchase Games tickets to events of their ment was given the responsibility of coordinat­ tracts with Atlanta's major hotels, followed by tions. A financial consultant coordinated bud­ choice without entering the ticket lottery and ing accommodation options for the general other Atlanta-area hotels, and with key institu­ get and revenue tracking for the department. required the hotel to reserve some of its public public. Accommodations was not responsible tions that had dormitories close to Olympic Once a group's accommodations were deter­ space, such as ballrooms and meeting rooms, for athlefe housing, which was under the direc­ venues. Later efforts added private homes, con­ mined, a comprehensive process was required for allocation by ACOG. tion of the Olympic Villages Department. dominiums, apartments, additional dormito­ to convert these allocations into specific reser­ Both contracts required a six-night m ini­ Accommodations planning began with as­ ries, and outlying hotels to this inventory. vations. mum stay for all reservations, and both estab­ sessing the demand for housing from the con­ The department allocated categories of ac­ Managing reservations was im portant. lished dates in February, March, and April tracted constituent groups and allocating the commodations and specific properties to cer­ ACOG contracted with three reservation ser­ 1996 when ACOG could release unsold rooms most appropriate type and location of accom­ tain constituent groups in accordance with vice vendors to allocate the customer to a spe­ without financial penalty. In both contracts, modations. Demand assessment was a process IOC requirements as well as terms and condi­ cific property, invoice and collect payment, ACOG agreed to forward full payment to the that continued until Games-time. tions of sponsorship, licensing, and broadcast­ send confirmations, assign individuals to spe­ hotels for all rooms reserved by 31 January Initial demand figures for the Olympic Fam­ ing agreements. Availability, cost factors, geo­ cific rooms, and process change requests. A ll 1996. Participating hotels promised to commit ily were derived from the Bid process, the Host graphic requirements relative to venue payments were required well in advance of oc­ 80 percent of total room inventory from 17 City Contract, and guidelines provided by the assignments, and quality needs were other fac­ cupancy and were not refundable, but changes July to 6 August 1996; to abide by ACOG's IOC, as well as by comparing data from the tors used in making allocations. in arrival and departure dates, length of stay, anti-ambush-marketing requirements; to sell Los Angeles, Seoul, and Barcelona Games. Ac­ Most members of the Olympic Family were and individual names were common for all all rooms at an Olympic rate, in compliance commodations staff met frequently with vari­ allocated to a network of centrally located ho­ nef works. with Georgia's anti-price-gouging law; and to ous departmental staff, NOCs, IFs, sponsors, tels called the Olympic Family Hotel Network give ACOG minimal commission. The price-gouging legislation, passed by the media, and other integral groups to determine (OFHN). Designated for specfators' use was a H o st H otel N etw o rk the actual housing requirements and encour­ nefwork of other area hotels called the Olympic Georgia legislature at ACOG's urging, was es­ age these groups to specify their requirements. Games Travel Network (OGTN) and some p ri­ The HHN was the inventory of all hotel, motel, tablished to prevent escalated pricing of hotel vate housing. Competition officials, press from lodge, and inn rooms that ACOG could, by accommodations, which had occurred in pre­ developing countries, some contractors, and contractual agreement, allocate. Established in vious Olympic host cities. Specifically, hotels

• ANGELA M BARNARD * lOHN rMARLF«5 BARNARD • lOiCE A BARNARD • NEVA-JANE BARNARD • RACHEL BARNARD • SEAN LIONEL BARNAVE • MARIA E BARNER • ANDREA B BARNES • ANGIE M . ANITA K BARKLEY • CLOTILDA BARKLEY • CONSTANCE C BARKLEY • HARRY J BARKLEY • KATHLEEN S BARKLEY • HOLLY K BARKOWSKY • DAN J BARKS « BETTY B BARKSDALE • DAVID P BARKSDALE • BARNES • ANNA J BARNES • BARRETT L BARNES • BECKY A BARNES • BERNARD JR A BARNES • BOB BARNES • CAMMIE J BARNES • CHRISTOPHER V BARNES • DARRITA BARNES • DAWN M BARNES 37 DOROTHYCBARKSDALE • JAMES D BARKSDALE* KRISTI C BARKSDALE • MATTHEW D BARKSDALE ♦ TAMMIE BARKSDALE • PATRICIA L BARLEY • BRUCE BARLOW • DAWN M BARLOW • ELIZABETH D BAR- • DONALD F BARNES^DONAto H BARN e I ^ E L D a I^ ^ ^ ^ I r IC E BARNES * GLORIA A BARNES * HENRIETTA BARNES * JACQUELINE F BARNES * JEFF A BARNES * JOHN BARNES • 36 LO W • E R N E S T IN E L B A RLO W • J D B A RLO W • JA C Q U E L IN E W D B A RLO W • MAX E BA RLO W • EARL F B A RLO W SR • R O B ER T K B ARNABY • AMA N DA C H R IS T IN E B ARN A R D • A M A N D A C H R IS T IN E B A R N A R D

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS

that had published rates over $100 per room- tain outlying venues, were designated as OFHN remote hotels—that were unsold were released and accommodations. n ig ht could not increase their rates more than hotels. Approximately 190 hotels with 29,500 to the hotels. AGOG was committed to pay­ The OGTN sought to encourage demand by 5.7 percent, the sum of the consumer price rooms were allocated to the Olympic Family. ments at least twice m o n th ly after that date, marketing to spectator groups. Housing was al­ index increase for 1993 and 1994. Lodging fa­ Once a hotel joined the HHN, its inventory and remittances were processed every two located to the OGTN from the HHN or pro­ cilities with rates lower than $100 were not af­ and other pertinent information were entered weeks beginning in mid-February. Every remit­ vided in private homes by PH'96. The challenge fected by the legislation, and thus many chose into a database used to track room allocations. tance transm ittal gave detailed inform ation re­ for the OGTN was to assess demand and man­ to raise their rates to $100 per room -night for Room allocations were not made solely by garding allocations, the status of room inven­ age a reservations process in a fair and equitable the Olympic period. the Accommodations Department, but were tory, and payment information on every group manner, as well as promote attendance at the W hile AGOG was supported by many area coordinated by a group's constituent contact. or customer assigned to a specific hotel. A Gentennial Olym pic Games. hotels, considerable marketing had to be done For example, AGOG's Sports Department as­ complete report was confirmed w ith AGOG AGOG had promised domestic ticket hold­ to bring more rooms into the network. Accom­ sisted with IF allocations, AGOP representa­ and hotel management every two weeks. ers that accommodations under its contract modations enlisted the help of the Governor's tives assisted w ith marketing allocations, and The Accommodations team accurately pro­ would be available immediately following the Office of Consumer Affairs, the Georgia Hospi­ International Dignitary Relations with all NOG jected that some room allocations—particularly tality and Travel Association, Inc., and other and international dignitary allocations. Press to sponsors and licensees—were larger than F ig u r e 1: Fin a l R o o m U s a g e f o r t h e O l y m p ic Fa m il y H o t e l N e t w o r k hotel organizations in this marketing effort. accommodations were coordinated with AGOG needed. Because all rooms were prepaid with Constituent Rooms Guests Room-nights In meetings with hoteliers, advantages of join­ Press Operations. (For more information, see the nonrefundable deposits and no provisions were IOC 874 2,366 12,651 ing the HHN were emphasized, including Communications chapter.) made for cancellations, a resale program was de­ Olympic Family (miscellaneous) 139 556 2,502 rights to the HHN designation, the payment Once allocated, however, inventory was veloped. Gonstituents could return rooms to NOCs 2,963 5,926 35,556 IPs 1,119 guarantee for all rooms reserved by 31 January managed exclusively by Accommodations. Up­ AGOG, and if Accommodations was able to re­ 1,679 20,142 Heads of state 200 300 1,600 1996, and the absorption of credit card mer­ dating demand, clarifying allocations, invoic­ sell them to a new customer, 65 percent of the Sponsors 8,963 102,178 178,812 chant fees by AGOG. By October 1995, these ing groups, accounting for payments, main­ original purchase price would be refunded. The Broadcast media 7,581 11,372 151,620 efforts had resulted in a total network inven­ taining inventory control, and communicating majority of returned rooms were in top-quality Press media 2,386 2,600 35,790 all of the above to the reservation services ven­ hotels and good locations, and thus were resold. tory of 440 hotels and approximately 44,000 Contractors 2,263 4,211 44,204 dor were the responsibilities of the OFHN oper­ Few major sponsors returned rooms to rooms. Suppliers 415 2,030 8,485 ations staff. In addition, operations staff was re­ AGOG. While the terms and conditions pro­ Licensees 199 1,194 4,179 Olympic Family Hotel Network sponsible for communicating with hotel owners hibited the transfer of rooms, many sponsor ACOG staff 864 5,767 13,928 The OFHN was the group of hotels that pro­ and operators. All constituent groups were of­ groups that had experience with Olympic Tour operators 360 4,320 6,480 vided AGOG's contractually obligated rooms fered Accommodations' full reservations ser­ housing exchanged rooms among themselves, General public spectators 41 492 738 for the Olympic Family. The Atlanta Marriott vices, w ith athletes and the press being handled avoiding the 35 percent fee. Total 28,367 144,991 516,687 Marquis, an entire hotel designated as the by other specific departments. While some de­ During Games-time, the OFHN staff contin­ Olympic Family Hotel during the Games pe­ clined—most notably, sponsor groups that ued to process changes in reservations and col­ riod, was staffed as a venue by AGOG's Guest chose to work directly with the hotels—most lect corresponding payments, identify and re­ Services Department. groups utilized the reservation services. solve issues, and sell contingency inventory release of ticket lottery results. Thus, OGTN Since premium hotels, especially those near A significant strategy of the HHN was to re­ when possible. (For final room usage for the packages needed to be ready for distribution the Olympic Ring, were in greatest demand, serve contingency rooms for any new sponsors OFHN, see Figure 1.) and sale at the end of September 1995. the verification and validation of the demand or licensees. These rooms were paid for by Seven accommodations packages created by for Olympic Family housing was extremely im ­ AGOG prior to the required release date, there­ Olympic Games Travel Network the reservations service offered different com­ portant. Accommodations required that each fore representing a potential financial liability The OGTN, established to provide travel ser­ binations of travel services. One offered only constituent group of the Olympic Family des­ if they remained unallocated and unsold. The vices to the general public, consisted of hotel accommodations, w hich is significant because, ignate a contact person to determine demand. m ajority of these rooms were released back to properties not allocated to the Olympic Fam­ under Georgia's anti-price-gouging laws, hotel All premium hotels in the HHN network in Accommodations in May 1996, but even so, ily. Accommodations released approximately rooms had to be available at the Olympic rate. close proximity to the Olympic Ring, and cer­ some contingency rooms were not sold. 14,000 rooms to a reservations service under Once priced and approved by AGOG Games By 31 January 1996, all network hotel an agreement to sell travel packages to the Services, the packages were offered in a 23-page rooms—including rooms in the smaller, more general public, including air travel; transfer, catalog that introduced OGTN as AGOG's com­ tour, and transportation services; rental cars; plete travel service. It was mailed on 28 Septem­ ber 1995 to 302,000 ticket-holding households

_ _ ,------josFP H IN E J BARNES • JOYCE M BARNES • JUDY F BARNES • KELLY BARNES • KEVIN H BARNES • LUVERNE P BARNES • M. A. BARNES • MARGARET S BARNES • MARYLOU BARNES • MAUDE L BARNETT • CARMITA S BARNETT • CLYDE L BARNETT • COURTNEY BARNETT • CRAWFORD BARNETT • CYNTHIA W BARNETT • EDDIE BARNETT • FREDERICK G BARNETT • JAMES C BARNETT ^ 8 i i BARNES . MELANIE K BARNES • MONICA BARNES • NATALIE D BARNES • PATRICIAS BARNES • PENNY S BARNES • REBA H BARNES • RONALD BARNES • SANDRA BARNES . VICTOR G BARNES • WIL- MIC D . BARNETT ‘ JASON S BARNETT • JERALD BARNETT • JOHNETTA H BARNETT • JUNE S BARNETT • KIM L BARNETT • KORTNEEC BARNETT • LAURA A BARNETT • PENNY H BARNETT « RON- r _ . . . r r . jG v.i’jr . . vA/=-sii-.B-i I w BAPNnrc le . wn l iam r*rn f« 5 MD . Al.I.IPON R BARNETT . ALYSSA R BARNETT • ANITA C BARNETT • ANITA C BARNETT • BETTY M BARNETT • rsit BARNETT • SALLY J BARNETT • SUSAN G BARNETT * THERESA S BARNETT • THOMAS W BARNETT • WILLIE L BARNETT « YVONNE E BARNETT « CANDICE L BARNETTE • JOHN E BARNETTE • 39

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS

in the US. Accommodations were offered to of the OGTN would have 15 days from the office. In total, the OGTN sold 79,405 of the option, used primarily by constituents for persons outside the US and non-ticket holders date of their confirmation letter to cancel 296.000 room-nights allocated, or 27 percent. w hom housing in groups would provide easier after 11 November 1995. with full refund. The OGTN handled a significant amount of transportation accessibility, or groups who As the packages were being developed, it A lottery process, named Fair Rooms, was customer correspondence after Games-time. paid for their own housing and were looking was determined that the original contractual created to ensure that all ticket-holding house­ Some customers requested refunds for accom­ for a low-cost option conveniently located to provision with the hotels for six-night m ini­ holds that received the brochure had an equal modations that did not meet their expecta­ assigned venues. HGN offered housing near m um stays was not appropriate for m any gen­ chance to purchase the hotel rooms available tions. The reservations service vendor and many Olympic venues where no other housing eral public spectators. A waiver from this oblig­ in close pro xim ity to the Games. A ll applica­ AGOG developed a plan to respond to cus­ options were available. Also, campus sites pro­ ation was sought from all hotels in the OGTN tions received during the first two weeks were tomers quickly by requesting that the hotel vided opportunities for large groups to feel pool. A compromise offer to divide the 18-day entered into a computer program by package properties respond directly to the customers to more comfortable by staying together at a sin­ Games period in to six three-night blocks was type and random ly selected, where demand ex­ resolve issues as they w ould w ith any other gle site, facilitating more efficient comm unica­ proposed, and only one hotel refused to sign ceeded the OGTN's supply. Letters were sent to customer. When justified, customers were tion, transportation, dining, and other group the households with applications that had compensated through a fund established by logistics. The groups included competition of­ THE 1 996 OLYMPIC GAMES TRAVEL NETWORK been selected to confirm that they would re­ the vendor and AGOG. ficials, staff, and volunteers. TRAVEL AND ACCOMMODATIONS GUIDE ceive their requested packages. Additionally, The HHN contracted for approximately HGN provided housing for competition offi­ (toii/ftf by more people than eicr before in the hi the program assigned second- or third-choice 35.000 of the 44,000 rooms in its original in­ cials, extra team officials, press constituents Marking an Olympic first, ticket hohlen will have preferreil access to accommoilations ami trinel services durbig the Clames through the 1996 Olympic Games Travel Network, man­ ventory. The metro-area hotels enjoyed the from developing countries, NBG runners, sub­ aged by WorklTravel Partners, the Olficlal Travel Services Sponsor of IIk 1996 Olympic packages when available. Early results indicated Games. A loini effort with Gray line of Atlanta, the Official Motorcoach Services Sponsor of the 1996 Games and Private Housing 1996, Inc., the Officially Sanilioned Private longest, sustained stays w ith substantial group Housing Coordinator of the 1996 Olympic Games, the Travel Network will offer ticket hold­ that most spectators were interested in the ac- contractors for various functional areas, ath­ ers a central resource to meet their travel and accommoilations neeils. From now until November 10, ticket holders will haw exclusive access to literally thousands business; the properties peripheral to the letes on stand-by for the rowing competition, of rooms, hoiiKs, apartments, londominiums, airline seats, rental cars and inotorcoaches — commodations-only package. all reserved only for this offering. Travel Network customers who order transportation pack­ ages will have access to additional services, including 'The Retreat,' WorhtTravel Partners' metro area had less sustained occupancy. iiir-conilitiiined hospitality center, and nuaoraiach shuttles that drop off and pick up passen­ Because of the 31 January release date, members of AGOG's volunteer security team, gers inside the Olympic Ring. He sure to read ali in.structions in there was tremendous pressure to process sales AGOG began releasing inventory back to mem­ grooms at the Georgia International Horse this guiite carelidly before >va fdl out the worksheets or Accoinmoilations Reguest Form. ber hotels as early as 31 January 1996. This Park, Opening Geremony cast members, some Full payment for your highest-priced quickly. In early January 1996, a second, choice must lu'company your onler ■ hut is /idly rcfiiiidahle up to IS days trend of oversupply never reversed as Games- from the date of ourionfirmalion. smaller brochure offering the remaining inven­ AGOG staff and volunteers, and certain specta­ If you pay by VISA, the Official third of the 1996 Olympic Games and the only card anepted hy the tory was created and mailed to ticket holders time approached, and thus the April, May, and tor groups, such as youth groups seeking low- Trawl Network, your card will not be charged until 15 days after the lonfirmalion is issiurd in your name. who had not responded to the first catalog, June release dates resulted in even further re­ priced dormitory-style facilities. Because of the reguiremenis placed on hy hotels, honicvwncis, apart­ ment and condominium owners and ductions of inventory. Nonlocal staff and volunteers could request the airlines, there are /mialtles for but results from this mailing were minimal. canceling a package themifter. Ihank you for suppotting the 1996 Ultimately, domestic spectators' demand for housing on an as-available basis. Some Atlanta- Gentennial Olympic Gomes. We look forward to seeing yon next year. accommodations did not meet expectations. H o st C a m p u s N etw o rk area staff members working more than 14 When the 31 January payments were for­ hours per day, w ith responsibilities requiring The overall goal of the HGN was to provide A 22-page accommodations the waiver. Packages were then created around warded to the OGTN hotels, more than 7,000 close p ro xim ity to the venue, could also re­ catalog was mailed to three-day blocks of time with specified arrival rooms were released, unsold, back to the ho­ clean, comfortable, safe, and accessible hous­ quest housing. These requests were submitted ticket-holding households and departure dates. Customers were advised tels. These were prim arily in the outlying ing for all constituents with verified, budget- to Accommodations by each functional area. in September 1995. The that they could purchase as many as three areas, and although some hotels allowed the supported housing needs. HGN's responsibili­ Despite careful planning and communication front cover and inside page blocks, or nine nights, per order. OGTN to continue marketing their rooms, de­ ties were to identify and verify constituent with AGOG, many staff and volunteer housing are shown above. Assuming that some people would attempt mand never materialized. demand, allocate groups to specific campuses, requests continued after established deadlines, to reserve accommodations while searching Having sold 16,244 packages serving 42,470 oversee the budget, explore all potential HGN with demand always exceeding supply. for something better, the vendor wanted all people, the OGTN planned for comprehensive housing options w ithin a reasonable distance Accommodations successfully attempted to sales to be final. However, because the catalog customer service to cover nearly all phases of from Olym pic venues, and oversee the effec­ contract for all available bed spaces at Atlanta- did not name specific hotels and consumers its operations. OGTN staff members were tive management of all HGN sites. area college campuses. In addition, bed spaces would not know the location of their assigned placed at all parking locations, motorcoach Seventeen sites, prim arily colleges and u n i­ were secured on campuses in close p ro xim ity hotel until after their purchase, AGOG insisted drop-off and pick-up sites, and an air-condi­ versities, provided approximately 13,000 bed to outlying venues. consumers be given the right to cancel. A tioned downtown hospitality center, the Re­ spaces. HGN also included grooms' housing, MAOGA worked with Accommodations and compromise was reached whereby customers treat. Additionally, a 24-hour customer service the complex of trailers constructed by AGOG center was established in the Accommodations at the equestrian venue. This network offered a lower-cost housing

MILDRED ANN BARNETTE • CHERYLL D BARNEY • JAMESETTA BARNEY • LOIS A BARNEY • PHYLLIS J BARNEY • ROBERT F BARNEY JR • STEPHANIE L, BARNHART • FRANCES S BARNHILL* LINDA H ' NANCY S BARR • ROSWELL A BARR • TINA J BARR • JOHN B 8ARRANCO • ROSWELL K BARRANCO • MARYM BARRANTI • RHONDALE BARRAS • PETER J BARRATT • JO ANN W BARRE BARNHILL «JOHN A BARNSH AW • CHERYL A BARNSON • LARRY BARNSON • HEATHER E BARNUM • ALISON R BARNWELL • CAROLYN R BARNWELL* KEITH W BARNWELL • KIMBERLYN A BARNWELL oe -Vt T-, b a r r e • DAWN H BARRELL* PAOLA M BARRERA • SUSAN C BARRERA • ALEXIS L. BARRETT • ANNA N BARRETT • BARBIE J BARRETT • BRITT BARRETT • CURT BARRETT • DONNA H BAR- 41 40 • BRIAN E BARON • DAVID A BARON MO • CARMELO F BARONE • DANIELLE N BARONE • DEANNA BARONE • ELIZABETH P BARONE • BRENDAN C BARR • HEIDI R BARR • JEDA BARR • LISA M. BARR • Wfc fT . ELLEN C BARRETT • JAMES C BARRETT • JAMES E BARRETT • JOHN M BARRETT • JUDY M BARRETT • KAY A BARRETT ■ KRISTINA L BARRETT * LAUREN L BARRETT • LELAND S BARRETT •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS

local developers to provide condemnation tion. It included some opportunity to purchase date them. Changes in departure dates caused Venue Management and submitted their oper­ rights (transferred to MAOGA by the city) and tickets and Look ot the Games banners, use ot by flight scheduling problems were also ac­ ational plans as part ot the overall venue oper­ establish Olympic purpose to enable three new the designation right "member ot the Host commodated when possible. (For final occu­ ating plan. For noncom petition sites, HCN co­ housing projects to be built as part ot the Campus Network," and employment and vol­ pancy for the HCN, see Figure 3.) ordinators assumed the venue management HCN. Olympic purpose was established since unteer opportunities tor staff and students. The vendor responsible tor establishing over­ role tor the sites and coordinated all elements AGOG leased the tacilities during Games-time. The contracting process w ith most cam­ all operating and site-specific plans tor most ot site planning, including operational plans, These tacilities were Fuqua Hall at Atlanta puses took much longer than was expected, as HCN tacilities provided a team to oversee each transportation, parking, food and beverage, Union Mission and new dormitories at Clark each wished to negotiate specific issues. Since project; developed complete operating plans tor and logistics. Atlanta University and Morehouse College. the contracts were negotiated before 1995, each site; procured necessary labor and supplies In addition to paid desk clerks provided by (For HCN inventory by campus, see Figure 2.) most agreements required amendments to tor operations, negotiating with third-party the vendor, HCN enlisted more than 150 vol­ ACOG developed a standard agreement tor allow tor extensions ot the lease period, addi­ vendors as required; managed linen and laun­ unteers to assist in providing guest services. contracting HCN sites that included provisions tion ot tacilities, and operational details. dry operations; and managed site restoration. Volunteers were recruited from each campus. Allocation decisions were based on need tor On-site operations consisted ot three pri­ F ig u r e 2 : C o l l e g e s a n d U niversities in t h e H o s t C a m p u s N e t w o r k space, budget, and contractual obligations. The m ary divisions: on-site management, fron t desk F ig u r e 3 : F in a l O c c u p a n c y f o r t h e H o s t C a m p u s N e t w o r k service, and housekeeping services. A housing Site Buildings Bed-spaces Rooms allocation process was d ifficu lt to manage, Constituent Bed-spaces Guests Bed-nights Room-nights Agnes Scott College 6 693 400 since demand fluctuated throughout the plan­ manager and assistant manager who lived on Contractors 1,759 2,536 39,445 20,281 Atlanta Christian College 7 200 100 ning stages tor the Games, and supply num ­ campus were responsible tor all aspects ot site Competition officials 1,664 1,664 33,280 17,640 Atlanta Union Mission 1 97 97 bers were d ifficu lt to verity because ot co ntin ­ operations. They were available 24 hours daily. Extra team officials and grooms 1,029 1,100 20,580 10,290 Brenau University 12 278 175 ued contract negotiations w ith some sites. Larger campuses had additional assistants. General public 221 801 3,188 1,746 Clark Atlanta University 9 1,659 1,170 Demand tor downtown space always exceeded Front desk service managed check-in, check­ IPs 90 90 1,173 587 Emory University 14 2,221 1,238 supply. Most contracting and allocations were out, and any changes, and provided informa­ IOC 49 49 482 241 Organizing committees 150 150 1,350 720 Georgia Baptist College of Nursing 1 262 147 completed by July 1995, but additions and tion. Desk clerk positions were tilled primarily Georgia International Horse Park 1 312 156 Press 1,047 927 21,987 19,467 changes continued until Games-time. by students recruited from each campus. While Interdenominational Theological Center 6 212 108 Security team 2,184 2,184 54,600 27,300 During the process, some groups required most desks operated 16 hours daily, the main Lee College 2 125 75 Staff and volunteers 4,353 5,043 98,539 49,405 tours ot campus tacilities; therefore, the HCN fro n t desk at each site operated 24 hours daily. Morehouse College 10 1,346 679 Tour operators 100 100 1,600 800 tour program was established. Unlike hotels, The main desk was equipped with a computer Morris Brown College 3 642 321 Total 12,646* 14,644 276,244 148,477 linked to the central reservation system, which Oxford College 6 486 245 campus dormitories were not always available could provide printouts ot daily occupancy, Savannah College of Art and Design 1 222 111 tor tours, since students lived in the tacilities *Note: 12,646 bed-spaces translates into approximately 6,619 rooms. Spelman College 5 784 442 during the year, and conference groups occu­ room availability, and housekeeping. University of Georgia 5 3,044 1,522 pied rooms during the summer. In the tour Housekeeping requirements were established Wesleyan College 4 400 200 program, specific rooms at each campus were by ACOG. Service was provided daily to compe­ Total Inventory 93 12,983 7,186 designated tor tours, and students in these tition officials, contractors, extra team officiais, rooms agreed to have their rooms presentable press personnel, reserve rowers, and spectator with a volunteer liaison to assist with recruit­ as required by ACOG groups. ACOG required groups assigned to the HCN. Service tor all staff ing, training, compiling ot site information, at least one week's notice to schedule a tour. and volunteers was provided weekly. and managing ot the site's volunteers during tor rate; guaranteed rental period; specified The program ended in May 1996 to allow tor Some campuses provided room housekeep­ Games-time. Volunteers worked at front desks, number ot beds, buildings, and tacilities to be final preparations. ing service, but most provided cleaning only provided concierge and language services, as­ leased; security; exclusivity; insurance provi­ tor public areas and community bathrooms. sisted w ith check-in and check-out and site sions; services to be provided; and ACOG and Host Campus Network Operations Others provided no housekeeping services at preparations, and performed other general tasks IOC requirements tor sponsor protection and Games-time tor the HCN began on 1 June all. The service vendor provided supplementary as needed. designation rights. ACOG paid 90 percent ot 1996, when three housing sites opened tor op­ services through subcontracted housekeeping rental tees in advance ot occupancy, which was eration and occupancy. By 6 July, all HCN sites companies to meet ACOG's service expecta­ attractive to campuses. An HCN benefit pro­ were operational. Flexibility was required by tions. Linen and laundry services were coordi­ gram was developed to encourage participa­ reservations and on-site management staff, as nated with ACOG's Logistics Department. many guests arrived prior to their reservation Several HCN sites were located on campuses dates, and every effort was made to accommo­ that were also competition venues or m ultipur­ pose sites tor ACOG. At these campuses. Ac­ commodations and vendor staff reported to

LINDY K BARRETT • LOLA K BARRETT • MAREKA BARRETT • MARGARET K BARRETT • MARGARET L BARRETT • MARTY J BARRETT • MATTHEW A BARRETT • MICHELLE BARRETT • PAUL R BARRETT • •BOBBY T BARRONTON • CARLOS F BARROSO • ANN T BARROW • ELMIRA B BARROW • JO ANN BARROW • JOHN C BARROW • PATTI E H BARROW • RONALD L BARROW • TRACEY NIXON BARROW • R O B E R T M BARRETT.* SARA D B A RR ETT • S TE P H E N W B A RR ETT • T IM O T H Y S B ARRETT • W ILLIA M G B ARRETT • W ILLIA M R B A RR ETT • JO H N M B A RR IC K • MARK A 8 A R R IC K • BRIAN J B A RRIO O • BARBARA B A RR O W S • M IC H A E L K B A RR O W S • PAULA J B A R R O W S • A L E T H IA M BARRY • C H A R L E S F B ARRY • C LAR K E B ARRY • P H IL L IP C BARRY ♦ D E A N N E 8A R R Y -A DA M S • DAW N A B A RR Y -R O TH K IN • 42 R BARRINGTON • NANCY BARRON • CHARLES E BARRON «JEANNETTE H BARRON • KAY M BARRON • MARTHA H BARRON • MELITON A BARRON • ROSA E BARRON * TIULIE BARRON • WAYNE F BARRON CAROLYN KBARTA* REBECCA LBARTA* TRACY LBARTEAU • KARISA L BARTEL • JANE BARTELMO • NANCY R BARTELMO • REBECCA E BARTELS «ALLAN G BARTH • BARBARA A BARTH « BERLE BARTH 43

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

ACOG Construction installed 39 trailers, or contractor, required upgrading power supplies, completed in a timely or satisfactory manner, other agencies, PH'96 was the only provider mobile homes, at the Georgia International installing window units, and coordinating which resulted in some NOCs moving their of­ supported and sanctioned by ACOG. Horse Park to house grooms, team veterinarians, w ith campuses. ficials to hotels and demanding reimbursement Olympic Family constituents and individual and venue staff. Each trailer accommodated In addition, an insufficient supply of beds for their room deposits. ACOG resolved these spectators seeking special accommodations eight people in double rooms with connecting dow ntow n continued to be an issue through­ demands by analyzing the actual facts of each found only in homes or estates were the focus bathrooms. The trailers were furnished and ser­ out the planning period. Waiting lists were de­ situation on a case-by-case basis. of PH'96. It was projected that PH'96 would be viced by Accommodations. veloped to manage the excess demand, and by In past Games, grooms did not pay for in demand for a number of reasons; large Games-time, all wait-list groups had either housing, but because ACOG incurred costs to homes and estates offered luxury amenities in Host Campus Network Reservations found housing on their own or were accom­ furnish and service this housing, grooms were private settings, apartments were available for The vendor's reservation system for all HCN modated as a result of cancellations or nonap­ charged a daily rate, and a m inim um stay was long-term stays required by such groups as sites contained site profiles, including build­ pearances in the HCN. established. This was protested by several broadcasters and sponsors' technical crews and ings and rooms; reservation data containing One particularly controversial issue was the NOCs, as was the nonrefundable deposit re­ for guests seeking such conveniences, and con­ group and individual names, and arrival and proposal to house competition officials in dor- quired and the fact that NOCs had to pay for dominiums typically offered the convenient departure dates; and room assignments. The mitory-style housing. ACOG was the first orga­ veterinarians to stay in the Olympic Village. facilities found in homes (kitchens, living vendor also prepared building site, group, and nizing committee in Olympic history responsi­ ACOG eventually lowered the minimum stay rooms, garages, etc.) in locations close to m any arrival and departure pattern reports; invoiced ble for funding this housing. The decision to requirement from 30 to 20 nights. Grooms' Olympic venues. all paying groups; and collected deposits and use dorm itory-style housing was based prim ar­ housing, despite the protests of some NOCs, PH'96 also offered a number of hospitality final payments. ily on the intent to provide a village-type at­ was a very popular option and was fu lly occu­ services w ith their accommodations w hich The system allowed for assigning individual mosphere similar to that provided for athletes, pied during Games-time. could be purchased separately, including cater­ reservations by group to a specified site, build ­ as well as to have access to many beds at lim ­ Additionally, some guests were not pleased ing, housekeeping, private chefs, and trans­ ing, and room to sim plify the check-in process. ited locations, an obvious advantage from the with sharing rooms and using community portation services. Because most campus space involved sharing standpoint of transportation and coordination. bathrooms, but most guests adjusted to the As with the HHN, initial efforts of PH'96 rooms and bathrooms, assignments were based Unfortunately, many IFs and NOCs preferred temporary inconvenience. were focused on acquiring inventory. Apart­ on gender. Rooming lists were provided by hotels for these constituents. The compromise ment owners were solicited to join the program, group contacts to facilitate this process. A ll position was to provide dormitory accommo­ Private Housing’96 with many apartment complexes committing 5 communication with individuals was handled dations with access to private or suite-style percent of their inventory to the project. by a designated contact for each group. rooms for all officials. This decision affected Recognizing that demand would probably ex­ During the development of the OGTN, The system operated 24 hours daily during other allocations, including moving press per­ ceed supply even with Atlanta's strong hotel Accommodations felt that the marketing the Games, while a second reservation center sonnel from established locations. The compe­ base and the enthusiastic participation of the abilities of its external vendor and the catalog operated at the Airport Welcome Center at titio n officials' housing issue continued to be area's campuses, ACOG enlisted a group of real being developed offered PH'96 an excellent Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport. In ad­ raised by IFs, with demands for unbudgeted estate executives who had formed a private cor­ opportunity to market its homes, condomini­ dition, each site was connected to the central amenities or relocation to hotel rooms. ACOG poration for the purpose of leasing private ums, and apartments. Prior to this time, system by a remote computer. provided televisions, meeting space, and daily homes, apartments, and condominiums during PH'96's marketing efforts had been minimal. service for all these officials. Games-time. Having won the formal sanction Consequently, it was agreed that the vendor's Challenges Another controversial issue involved the of ACOG, PH'96 of Atlanta conducted its busi­ rental inventory would also be offered in the Operating the HCN presented several chal­ housing of extra team officials. At the request ness off-site and was controlled by its own OGTN catalog mailing. lenges. The first was contracting w ith cam­ of the NOCs, ACOG agreed to provide village- board of directors and management. The Sales of PH'96 inventory were small—less puses, determ ining reasonable rates and con­ type housing for these officials in one location ACOG sanction permitted ACOG access to the than 3 percent of all orders. This trend did not tract terms, and finalizing available bed-spaces, for a daily fee that included transportation to inventory of PH'96 while exercising some ap­ change significantly during the course of the a process that continued well past in itia lly es­ and from the Olympic Village and dining privi­ proval over its marketing, sales, and opera­ program. PH'96 options were also included in a tablished deadlines. leges in the Village. Unfortunately, the renova­ tional efforts in return for a commission. second, smaller brochure, but home and apart­ Secondly, some housing was not air-condi­ tions to some of the residence halls were not Though private homes and apartments were of­ ment rental sales never increased significantly. tioned. ACOG provided temporary air-condi­ fered for lease during Games-time through tio ning at two HCN sites for some 700 two-bed rooms. This project, managed by an external

. r-WARi F RARTM . GIGIW BARTH • SUE H BARTH • DOUGLAS A BARTH LOW • JEAN E BARTH OLET . ANDREW BARTH OLOM EW • PHILIP R BARTHOLOMEW • SAMUEL W BARTHOLOMEW • SARAH • BRYAN E BARTLEY • EDW ARD D B ARTLEY ♦ KAREN D B A RTLEY . V A LER IE B ARTLEY . S T E P H E N E B A RTLIN S K I ATC . C H A D E BARTM AN • IA N P B ARTM AN . K A TH LEE N A B ARTM AN . C A RO L B A RTO L * B E T­ TY E BARTON • GARYR BARTON . GREGORY M BARTON «JAMISON BARTON . JUDY A BARTON « KAREN L BARTON • KIM P BARTON • LES L BARTON * MARKM BARTON • PETER G BARTON « ROSE P BARTON kAR-AcofMlCHAElB^RTL . SHIRLEY A BARTLES^ONN^^ • CHARLIE M BARTLETT • CLAUDE D BARTLETT • CLINTON G BARTLETT • DAVID A BARTLETT • DENISE M BARTLETT • DONALD 45 44 BA RTLETT • G A IL B A r AT e T T .G L O R IA J B A R T L E T T . L I u T m BARTLETT. MARTELA BARTLETT. MICHAELR BARTLETT. NANCYN BARTLETT. PATSY J BARTLETT. TUCKER PBARTLETT. WADE ABARTLETT •WALTER F BARTON • ROBERT M BARTON ATC • ROSS BARTOW • TOM W BARTSOKAS » EDWARD C BAR WICK • PHILLIP R BASAL • MICHAEL J BASALO « BRIDGET L BASCOM BE • EMMANUEL L BAS HAKES •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER TWO / ACCOMMODATIONS üS

Ail PH'96 homes were required to pass in ­ idea of staying in a private home. For domestic of the management of such an extensive hous­ Activity subsided immediately after the spections to meet certain standards for cleanli­ spectators, however, traditional hotel rooms ing program. A financial consultant was added Closing Ceremony. Duties for the post-Games ness, safety, quality, location, amenities, and in ­ were the preferred type of accommodation. to the department six months before Games- period included closing campuses, gathering surance requirements. Qualifying homeowners Telemarketers were used in this effort, calling time. statistics, reconciling final accounts with ho­ signed rental pool agreements with PH'96, and people who had contacted PH'96 through its Making timely, accurate payments to the tels and other housing sites, and closing files their homes were entered into the supply data­ hot line number to emphasize the attraction of 440 hotels and the m any campuses was an­ in preparation for archiving. By 30 August base to be offered for a Games-time lease pe­ homes. It was also challenging to match spe­ other im portant and tim e-consum ing process 1996, all but one Accommodations employee riod. A local phone number was established for cific date and quality needs w ith available in ­ involved in Accommodations management. had finished their assignments; the one re­ private homeowners to request rental informa­ ventory. As the Games approached, it became Hotel payments were based on actual reserva­ maining program manager was retained to fi­ tion regarding the private home lease program. apparent that the supply of private housing fa­ tions for room types and lengths of stay, and nalize the department's activities. Pricing for all PH'96 homes, condominiums, cilities would far exceed the demand. different hotels had different payment dead­ Hotel inventory eventually peaked at over and apartments was based on the quality of Of the original 30,000 homes and condo­ lines and release dates. The campus payment 45,000 rooms, and the HCN reached a total of the accommodations. For example, apartments m inium s in the PH'96 database, approximately schedule was established in advance. PH'96 were priced as standard or deluxe depending 3,500 of these were inspected and approved, managed the payment and collections process F ig u r e 4 : T o t a l A ccommodations I n v e n t o r y a n d U s a g e b y N e t w o r k upon the amenities offered by the apartment and only 634 private homes and 94 condo­ for its inventory. Network Rooms Guests Room-nights complex. Homes were priced strictly on their m inium s were leased for Games-time. The av­ Accommodations aimed to minimize ex­ HHN: OFHN 28,367 144,991 516,687 assessed tax valuation; specific amenities such erage lease period for homes and condom ini­ penses w hile m axim izing the revenue potential HHN:OGTN 4,411 42,470 79,405 as swimming pools were not considered, and ums was 12 nights, typically consisting of two of all housing networks. Revenues were gener­ HCN 6,619 14,644 148,477 location such as proximity to a venue also was blocks of six-night stays. Approxim ately 40 ated through commissions charged on hotel PH'96 7,186 36,694 64,800 not a factor in determining a home's rental percent of guests in private homes were do­ rooms and private housing sales, as well as for Total 46,583 238,799 809,369 price. In addition, pricing was strategically mestic ticket holders who made their reserva­ all rental fees collected from paying con­ aimed at a per-bedroom rate commensurate tions through the OGTN. In total, 1,073 apart­ stituents of the HCN. with hotel prices of similar quality. A m ini­ ments were leased for an average of 24.5 m um stay of six nights was established for nights each. In all, 200 apartment complexes G a m e s-T im e O per a tio n s a n d 12,983 beds. PH'96 added approximately 2,500 PH'96 accommodations and, like the hotel of­ representing 22 apartment companies leased A ccommodations U sage apartments and 6,000 private homes and/or ferings of the OGTN, specific dates for arrival apartments through PH'96. Approximately 18 condominiums to the total inventory. (For total and departure were established. percent of apartment guests were domestic On 15 July 1996, four days prior to the Open­ accommodations usage by network, see Figure 4.) While continuing to accumulate an impres­ ticket holders who made their reservations ing Ceremony, the Accommodations Depart­ sive supply of accommodations into inventory through the OGTN. ment began its 24-hour daily operations, C o n c l u s io n s a n d R ecommendations available for sale, PH'96 faced some significant In addition, over 23,120 meals were served which lasted through the Closing Ceremony. challenges as the Games approached. First, all and 19 charter buses employed through PH'96 The OGTN located its operations center in the In addition to providing housing for the accommodations had to be inspected. This hospitality services. Accommodations Department, where space Olympic Family, Accommodations was respon­ function was provided by various real estate was also provided for PH'96 to use as needed. sible for the challenging task of providing af­ and appraisal personnel who visited homes in A c c o u n t M a in t e n a n c e Each entity—the OFHN, OGTN, HCN, and fordable and accessible accommodations for person. While the criteria for inspection were PH'96—had announced hot line phone num­ the general public who visited Atlanta. The ho­ specific, it was hard to coordinate with home­ Invoicing, collecting deposits and final pay­ bers to their respective customers and sites for tels and residence halls were renovated and owners' schedules, and the whole process was ments, and adjusting accounts as changes to Games-time problem resolution through infor­ improved to create an Olympic environment expensive. reservations were made were important func­ mation and confirmation materials. and convey southern hospitality, and consis­ Marketing to some constituents was easy; tions of the Accommodations Department. In Games-time activities included last-minute tently honored the promised reservations and those from some European countries with pre­ addition, managing expenses, processing accommodations assistance to the general pub­ vious Olympic experience readily embraced the budgetary transfers from other departments lic through the OGTN and the sale of excess not included in the above schedule, and track­ rooms still available. Few calls were received in ing the overall budget were important aspects the late evening, so minimal staff was needed after 2300.

THOMAS W BASHAM • DEBORAH M BASHiE • ASKIA D BASHIR • DEBORAH M BASHIR • MiNPiMAH BASHIR • YASRIYYAH G BASHIR • ROSHAN M BASHIR MO • RAMEZANALI A BASHIRI • BOB BASHUK • • RICHARD E BASS • ROBIN R BASS • STEVEN F BASS ♦ SUMARIE BASS • VILMA V BASS • WILLIAM R BASS • ZETTIE M BASS • ANN S BASSARAB • DIANE BASSETT • ERICA L BASSETT • LAUREL J BASSETT CARLA BASILE • KENNETH T BASINGER • ANNE S 8ASKETT • CHERRIE B 8ASKETTE • BRENDA G BASKIN • JOAN M BASKIN • SANFORD BASKIN • STACY L BASKIN • JACK M BASLER • LINDA S BASLER • RACHAELS BASSETT • RANDALL B BASSETT • TAMMY L BASSETT • BRAD E BASSETT ATC • RICH ARD A BASSETT JR • ANEHEA C SASSHAM • KATHARINE S 8ASSLER • JASON E BASSO* JUAN BASSOCO 47 46 • A L IC E M B A S S * B E R N IC E M BASS • B R E N T U BASS • C A R R IE L BASS • C Y N T H IA H BASS • D O R O T H Y O B A SS • LE S LIE J BASS • M A N D Y BASS • M AR G G fE N E L L B A SS • PAM ELA M B A SS • R A AM EN J BASS VELAZQUEZ • FELIX BAST • NANCY G BAST • LYDIA BASTEDO • JOHN M BASTIAN • KATHARINA K BASTIAN • ALLEN O BASTON • FREDERICO R BASTOS • TUSHAR K BASU • BURNEY W BATCHELOR •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library J'

ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

rates in accordance w ith the law. The opera­ I ■ In creating inventory, consider that a large tions of each network proceeded generally as percentage of visitors may make alternate expected. The following recommendations are arrangements for their stay in the host city or offered to future organizing committees. delay making arrangements until immediately ■ Establish contingency plans for circum­ before the Games. stances such as bankrupt and closed hotels ■ Housing for extra team officials and which already had prepayments, facilities inca­ grooms should be managed by Olympic V il­ pacitated by disaster, and more routine situa­ lages, w hich has the best modes of com m uni­ tions, such as customer dissatisfaction, over­ cation with NOCs. booking, and unanticipated arrivals. I ■ The technical competition officials and ■ Hotel contracts should call for a fixed press should be allocated their own housing standard rate for single- and double-occupancy villages, as these groups expect to be housed to­ sleeping rooms, although suites should con­ gether in proximity to their designated venues. tinue to be individually priced. ■ The organizing committee should have a A ccreditation ■ Place the responsibility for making Olympic standard policy regarding staff and volunteer Family allocations under one department. housing, which is managed by the Accommo- ■ To avoid conflict between sponsors, I dations function. à NOCs, IPs, and other constituents, make ■ Extensive operational details should be in­ Olympic Family allocation decisions at the cluded in the standard agreements for campus- highest levels of the organizing committee. style space, such as trash removal, after-use The allocation of extra rooms to NOCs was cleaning requirements, and damaged and lost particularly challenging due to difficulties in key charges. communication, continuous requests for ■ Contracting with an outside vendor for changes, and the inability to collect payments housing management services simplifies payroll in a timely manner. ; and procurement for Games-time operations. ■ Having an off-site external reservation and ; ■ If private housing is used, recognize that invoicing service impeded ACOG's ability to not all units w ill meet clients' expectations, and respond to changes in a timely manner. Use housekeeping services need close m onitoring. the latest computer technology to manage in­ ventory and accounting on-site.

Atlanta 1996.

KRISTEN D BATCHELOR • SCOTT D BATCHELOR • THOMAS K BATCHELOR • TRICIA J BATCHELOR • DEBORAH 1 BATOORF • NAJWA S BATEH • BILL BATEMAN • JUNE B BATEMAN • LINDA J BATEMAN • ELIZABETH E BATER • ALLY5SA J BATES ■ BRENDA F BATES • GEORGE I BATES • JACK H BATES • LISA G BATES • MARY A BATES • PHiLLiP J BATES • RANDALL F BATES • ROBERT W BATES • ROBIN A 48 BATES • SALLY H BATES • SAM R BATES • TADAROLC BATES • YVONNE E BATES • KAREN L BATH ATC • VALERIE D BATHURST • KATALIN BATOVSZKI ♦ HARRIET A BATSON • RUSSELL F BATTAGLIA •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION

it was determined that more emphasis needed to ing. The facility was located in ACOG's offices he placed on the accreditation operations func­ at 270 Peachtree Street in dow ntow n Atlanta tion. By late August 1995, all responsibilities for and was zoned with public access. The center accreditation had been restmctured into a sepa­ was open 16 hours daily and operated by 298 rate Accreditation Department, within which staff members. It had 13 badging stations and two clearly defined divisions of Operations and 18 terminals to process accreditation for AGOG Policy were established. A new director was staff and contractors. C h a p t e r T h r e e hired, who reported directly to the COO. Airport Welcome Center. Planning for the 1996 Olym pic Games was based on the idea A ccreditation O per a tio n s that at least one m illion visitors would arrive by airplane. Hartsfield Atlanta International The Operations division planned, developed, Airport expected as many as 150,000 passen­ VERVIEW —According to the IOC's En­ to the development and implementation of the managed, and staffed all accreditation facili­ gers per day on the five days prior to the Open­ ACCREDITATION tries for Sports Competitions and Accredita­ Olympic identity card (OIC). ties. This division was separated into three ing Ceremony. The airport agreed to lease a E m p l o y e e s O tion Guide, "The purpose of accreditation is to In m id-1992, the IOC created its Accreditation subdivisions: hangar and adjoining parking facilities for use Date Staff Number identify and register all persons involved in the Guide to introduce new definitions, particularly ■ Facilities Planning, which organized all ac­ as an Olympic processing center which was June 1993 2 staging of an O lym pic Games, and to ensure for accreditation categories. AGOG agreed to use creditation centers, rebadging centers, and named the Airport Welcome Center (AWC). Es­ January 1996 13 that they may have access, in the quickest, the new guide as long as doing so did not result venue accreditation offices; tablishing this center near the city's main air­ Ju ly 1996 58 safest, most practical and efficient way, to the in increased financial responsibilities or opera­ ■ Accreditation Personnel, which identified port provided a convenient location for the ini­ sites and events w hich they must...attend w ith ­ tional difficulties. staffing requirements and recruited, hired, as­ tial processing of Olympic Family members Note: These staff numbers do not in the framework of their function." Under The Accreditation Department was responsi­ signed, and trained all paid and volunteer per­ away from the congestion inside the terminal. include contract, VIK, and volunteer personnel. IOC mandate and Rule 66 of the Olympic Char­ ble for planning, organizing, and implementing sonnel; and The objective was to move Olympic Family ter, the Accreditation Department established, the production and delivery of badges and the ■ Facilities Operations, which ensured oper­ members quickly through the airport, transport managed, and implemented appropriate ac­ registration of all participants. ation of all accreditation facilities. them to the processing center for accreditation creditation policies and procedures and devised and baggage claim, and then provide trans­ Accreditation Centers equitable and consistent ways to apply them. O rganization portation to accommodations. An accreditation badge was issued to all in d i­ Accreditation operated 10 full-service accredi­ The 110,000 sq ft (10,230 sq m) aircraft viduals with a confirmed role or function at the During the first four years of accreditation plan­ tation centers as well as facilities at most venues hangar used for the AWC provided space for lo­ Games to allow them access to perform their ning, the Accreditation Department reported to to process all constituents as efficiently as possi­ gistical operations in the rear and offices on role or function. Accreditation, regarded primar­ the managing director of the Operations Depart­ ble. Pre-Games goals were to complete the physi­ the second floor for AGOG functional area op­ ily as a w ork permit, was granted to Olympic ment. The Accreditation Operations division cal, technological, and logistical preparations for erations and management of the venue. In Family members whose presence at a venue or was responsible for planning, organizing, and all of the centers well in advance of the Games. fron t of the hangar, a large paved area provided venues was permitted by Olympic Charter rules implementing the production and delivery of Plans specified principles and procedures, the space for a terminal capable of accommodating and to AGOG personnel and associated service the accreditation badges, including registration scope and schedule of operations, technology 92 buses and a 40,000 sq ft (3,720 sq m) tent providers deemed necessary to stage the Games. of all participants. The Policy division was devel­ necessary to support Accreditation at the head­ for baggage handling. Adjacent to the hangar, a Using the accreditation database, responsible au­ oped from and interacted primarily with quarters and center levels, staffing requirements separate, secure staging area was established for thorities approved applications before badges Olympic Family and Protocol. A Steering Com­ and schedules, signage needs, process-flow dia­ Olympic Village residents. All buses going to were issued. mittee, comprised of representatives from AGOG grams, daily checklists, relationships w ith other the Olympic Village were sanitized before en­ The Olympic Family Department confirmed functional areas, was formed to develop detailed AGOG departments, and time lines. tering the staging area, and a nearby mainte­ accreditation policies affecting members of the accreditation policies. The result was an accredi­ Main Accreditation Center. The m ain ac­ nance building was used to x-ray baggage going Olympic Family, including athletes, team offi­ tation matrix that defined the type of accredita­ creditation center (MAC) opened 15 A pril 1995 to all Olympic Villages. cials, press, and broadcasters. Through AGOG tion, access rights, and other privileges granted and was used during test events and for train­ Government Relations, the Olympic Family De­ to each constituency. The committee was also ing Accreditation staff. The center was also partment supplied information for discussions given the mandate to create operational sites for used for prebadging activities and bulk badg- and negotiations w ith relevant US agencies—p ri­ centers and technology development. marily the US Department of State and Immigra­ In response to problems observed w ith the tion and Naturalization Service (INS)—leading preregistration and data management of all par­ ticipants to be accredited at the 1995 test events,

JOHN F BATTE • GWEN BATTEN • JASON S BATTEN • JEANNE S BATTEN • FREDERICK U BATTENFIELD • MICHAEL G BATTENFIELD • WAYNE E BATTERMAN • SHERYL L BATTISTE • ARLECIA L BATTLE • KAREN E BAUER • LEE A BAUER • MARGIE A BAUER • MELINDA B BAUER • PAULA BAUER • WALTER A BAUER • WILLIAM L BAUER • RICHARD F BAUER JR • ROY A SAUERS ‘ CHARLES H BAUGH • DERRICK JOSEPH H BATTLE • MAE H BATTLE • TAMEKA BATTLE • CHARLES BATTLE JR * BRENDA K BATTS • CRYSTAL D BATTS • IVEY E BATTS • MAURICE BATTS «JOHN H 8ATY • LYNN S BATY • LAURA H BATZ ♦ R B AUG H • E L IS A B E T H A C B AUG H • JO H N N Y R BAUGH • ROGER N BAUGH • R U S S E LL E B AUGH • A N N H B A UG HM AN • N A N E T TE B B A UG HM AN • R O N A LD E B A UG HM AN «J E A N N E O B AUG US • D EBRA C BAU- 51 50 RICHARD C BATZJR - JENNIE ROSE BAUARSCHI • ALBERT E BAUER • BILL BAUER • BILL BAUER • BRENDA L BAUER • CATHY C BAUER • DEBORAH W BAUER • DEREKS BAUER • EDWARD A BAUER • GUSS • ALICIA 8AUKNIGHT* DANIELA ABAUM • LOIS C BAUM • WENDY E BAUM • WILLIAM G BAUM Ml • DIANE C BAUMAN • MARC BAUMAN • MARTHA D BAUMAN • GUIDO BAUMANN • JOHN D BAUMANN •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

Outlying Area Accreditation Centers. building owner and security liaison; volunteer The AWC acted as the primary accreditation baggage were transferred through the baggage Accreditation centers were operated in the cities staffing; badge production, storage, and distrib­ site for many Olympic Family members, NOG handling area. hosting preliminary football matches—Birming­ ution; and special-group scheduling. delegations, press and broadcasters, sponsors, S taff Processing Center. The staff processing ham, Alabama; Miami and Orlando, Florida; Accreditation and Security worked together accredited security personnel, and out-of-town center, which was housed in the uniform dis­ and Washington, DG. These centers were cre­ to plan access control at the venues. Accredita­ volunteers. tribution center (UDG), was located in metro­ ated to serve teams and officials who traveled tion granted access privileges and provided the Inside the hangar, a 71,000 sq ft (6,603 sq m) politan Atlanta and began operating on 1 June directly to their competition city, rather than to item that displayed those privileges. Security al­ tent provided an air-conditioned, comfortable 1996. The center employed 110 staff members, Atlanta. Accreditation in the football cities op­ lowed the exercise of access privileges and en­ environment. The facility was operated by 667 who used 10 terminals and 2 stations to ac­ erated w ithin facilities that housed both accred­ forced restrictions. Accreditation provided sig­ staff members and accommodated 14 accredita­ credit volunteers and rebadge some AGOG itation centers and day pass offices. nage and ancillary access passes to be used by tion check-in computer stations, 28 accredita­ staff. This was a convenient accreditation cen­ Those involved in the yachting competition Security, as well as educational material and tio n badging stations, and 2 help offices, each ter for volunteers, as they could receive badges were accredited at the Savannah accreditation training on all access interpretation issues, in- with 6 help stations. A common entrance or and uniform s at the same time. center, w hich opened 28 June 1996. : eluding policy regarding supplemental access atrium provided space for information, commu­ Olympic Family Hotel Center. The Olympic Each center began operating on 28 June ! control items. nication, and banking services; two accredita­ Family Hotel, located downtown in the Atlanta 1996, and each had approximately 30 staff During the competitions, volunteer Accredi- tion badging areas for dignitaries and officials; Marriott Marquis, had its own accreditation members, 2 terminals, and 2 stations. : ration officers provided access control support and a sponsor hospitality area. center that began operations on 5 July 1996. ; for Security staff regarding items, pictograms, AGOG offered Olympic sponsors the oppor­ The Olympic Family Hotel center served the Staffing and Games-Time Operations and zones valid at a particular venue at a given tunity to lease space at the AWG facilities to as­ lOG, NOGs, IFs, and special guests. The facility Staff expansion was based on the opening time. Providing this support was a major chal- sist their executives and guests w ith arrival and was operated by staff equipped w ith two term i­ dates of accreditation centers and venue of­ ; lenge. Because many of the thousands of secu­ departure arrangements, baggage handling, and nals at three stations. fices. V irtually all staff were in itia lly assigned rity personnel did not have sufficient training ticketing. A total of 24 sponsors established op­ Athlete Rebadge Center. The athlete rebadge to the MAG because it had the earliest start for enforcing a complex access and accreditation erations at the site. center in the Olympic Village provided rebadg- date—15 April 1995. This system provided ex­ : system, Accreditation officers often resolved Delta Air Lines was the signature sponsor for ing services for athletes only. It opened 5 July cellent training for those who had never been i conflicts and clarified issues. the AWG. Delta provided three baggage 1996 and was staffed by 20 people operating exposed to accreditation center operations. Operating a multitude of venues with differ- carousels for arriving and departing bags, ample two terminals and three stations. Most importantly, staff members had the op­ : ent constituencies and access needs stimulated baggage storage racks, 18 full-service ticket Venue D ay Pass Offices. The Accreditation portunity to adapt to the intense schedules re­ i the development of many ancillary and venue- counters, and a security checkpoint for depart­ Department worked with Gonstruction, Logis­ quired for successful accreditation operations. specific accreditation items. Each venue was pro­ ing guests. Delta also supplied staff and equip­ tics, Technology, and Venue Management to Although individuals were assigned to either vided w ith badges that facilitated access be­ ment to move bags from the main terminal to design, place, and o u tfit at least one accredita­ operations- or policy-oriented positions, every­ tween the time when security was in place and the AWG, identify athlete baggage for sanitiza­ tion office for day passes at each competition one was expected to participate in resolving all the time of full venue sanitization; day passes, tion, and resolve issues related to lost baggage. venue, the Main Press Genter, and the Interna­ issues and situations. The center manager was which either enhanced existing privileges or As a transportation terminal, the AWG pro­ tional Broadcast Genter. The number of offices the final authority on all issues relating to new gave a nonaccredited person access in excep­ vided bus service to more than 160 different lo­ needed per venue was determined by the phys­ registration; record changes; constituent rela­ tional circumstances; and passes worn by those cations throughout Atlanta and the Southeast. ical layout of the site and the number of people tionships; cooperation with Games Staffing, nonaccredited individuals needing access only (For more information on arrival and departure ser­ anticipated. Volunteer Services, and Human Resources; ; when venues were closed. Other ancillary items vices, see the Transportation chapter.) Operating plans were customized for each management of help offices; database m ainte­ i included broadcast compound passes, Olympic Overall, the AWG processed accreditation for competition venue. Appendices to the plans in­ nance; and authorization of exceptions to poli­ ^ Family lounge passes, zone 7-only badges, The Airport Welcome Center over 40,000 Olympic Family members and cluded a key venue contact list, protocol for sup­ cies. The center manager for operations man­ cleaning staff passes. Logistics drivers badges, inside an aircraft hangar 45,000 sponsor guests. More than 75,000 indi- plemental requests, lists of zones and other aged facility design and layout, traffic flow, and Î training site access passes, wristbands, and re- adjacent to Hartsfield | yiduals were accredited and 6,000 people uni- codes, an explanation of access control support, Atlanta International Airport I _ TOC nnn queuing systems; logistics and delivery of ; covery badges and stickers for use after a venue formed. In addition, some 225,000 pieces ot venue zones w ith anticipated challenges and so­ is shown before concluded operations. lutions, pictogram and zone signage plans, and equipment and supplies; equipment mainte­ temporary construction (top) \ nance; Eastman Kodak Gompany and Technol­ and just prior staffing responsibilities and requirements. Venue ogy liaison; center cleaning and maintenance; to Games-time (bottom). day pass offices opened on 1 July 1996.

• C DENNIS BAXTER • ALISON F BAXTER • AMYC BAXTER • APRIL D BAXTER • J BOWEN BAXTER - JOY A BAXTER ’^UCYM BAXTER «WILBURN A BAXTER «EMIL^^^ ^ VirTORIA E BAUMANN • WILLIAM BAUMANN • NANCY C BAUM BERGER • CYNTHIA A BAUMEISTER • ROBERT L BAUMEISTER • BARBARA A BAUMEL • ALMA V BAUMGARDNER • PATRICIA B BAUM- MARTIN E BAY • SEVILAY BAYDIR • MANDY L BAYER • TALMAGE H BAYER • WILLIAM A SAVER «ANTONIA RBA^R-FOX • ”°vRAKTAROGLU « BEC^^ « 53 52 GARTEN BAUMGARTEN • MARK A BAUMGARTEN SAT • MATTHEW BAUMGARTH_. BENJAMIN JBAUMGART^^^^ CAROLYN L BAYLOR • REZETTA L BAYLOR « JEAN M BAYMAN « DIONNE M BAYNES • HARRIETTE T BAYNES « WILLIAM J BAYNES • CAROLINA M BAYON ALl M BAVRAKTAROOLU BELHtN BAYZIU

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION ■;i f j!

The number of ancillary items caused in ­ constituent groups that might require accredi­ zoning plans. Pictogram and zone signage was busiest ports of entry to explain the OIC process creased confusion, w hich Accreditation and tation; and developed in conjunction w ith each scheme. and answer questions. ACOG and the State De­ Ill Venue Management addressed through a brief ■ Data Control, which ensured that the partment also produced a video explaining the The Olympic Identity Card seminar for all venue managers and venue secu­ record of every person who might require ac­ OIC process that was delivered to all US ports of rity managers. The Practical Guide to Accredita­ creditation was entered in to the database and The OIC authorized Olympic Family mem­ entry and consular posts. A communication net­ tio n was also developed to serve as a reference filed as a printed copy. bers to enter the US to perform their Olympic work encompassing ACOG personnel, senior guide to the myriad of items and policies. Additionally, the Policy division formulated duties during the Games. The OIC contained the State Department and INS officials, and the Day passes were among the most misused regulations regarding zoning, the OIC, the holder's Olympic ID number, a personal identi­ Olympic coordinators at US consular posts accreditation items throughout the Games. Olympic accreditation badge, the radio-frequency fier used to access the holder's record in the ac­ worldwide was also established. As a result, the Despite clearly defined rules, detailed lists of (RF) badge, and the accreditation process. creditation database promptly. m ajority of issues were resolved w ith in 48 hours. venue-specific exceptions, and management In 1993, ACOG began to develop OIC p oli­ To address entry problems during Games- directives, many day passes were authorized for Zoning cies and procedures in conjunction with US gov­ time, an ACOG representative coordinated the individuals who were not eligible to receive In order to regulate and control circulation ernment representatives. Most matters were ad­ international entry response team (lERT), com­ A ccieditatioii nuraber them. As in other Games, venue accreditation w ithin Olympic venues, each competition venue dressed by either the State Department or INS, prised of field officers from government agen­ Numéro d'sccré iljta tiiii managers had to yield to venue and competi­ was divided into public areas accessible to all, in­ but a number of other governmental services cies and ACOG personnel. Operational 24 hours tion managers, who could authorize exceptions cluding ticketed spectators, and areas reserved for were also involved, including the US Depart­ daily during June and July, the lERT resolved Accreditation Calegory to policy on the issuance of passes. accredited persons only. The latter areas were di­ ment of Justice, Department of Labor, Federal any issues that arose during the Games period, vided into zones that were restricted to persons Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Department of the particularly at ports of entry. w ith a functional need to be present. Treasury, and the W hite House. P o lic y Olyinpic Function Accreditation staff met with management While over a dozen different visa classifica­ Olympic Accreditation Badge Fonction olympique The Olympic Charter dictates that only those and site designers for each venue to develop a tions for Olympic Family members would nor­ The final goal of the accreditation process w ith an official role or function necessary to logical zoning plan based on a generic set of m ally be issued, after lengthy discussions, it was was delivering to authorized individuals accredi­ JENN ATHLETE stage the Games are eligible for accreditation. El­ zones of exclusion. The zones had the same agreed that the OIC would replace all necessary tation badges that identified them and visually NOC-UNITED STATES igible persons are identified as Olympic Family generic definition at all competition venues. visa classifications except for the A visa issued to displayed their specific access rights and privi­ and non-Olympic Family. ■ 0, all zones foreign diplomats. In spring 1995, operating leges. A basic principle of Olym pic accreditation The IOC's Accreditation Guide defines Olympic ■ 1, field of play (competition areas) procedures for the OIC were finalized, and it was is that each eligible participant may be issued Code-baries ! eligibility. Based on this guide, individuals are ■ 2, athlete preparation areas agreed that the applicants' passports would not only one badge. Dual or m ultiple applications identified under a large number of different ac­ ■ 3, operations and administration areas need to be submitted. However, in order to must be individually analyzed and consolidated, Numerous categories of accreditation badges were creditation categories. ■ 4, media areas maintain their physical integrity, each OIC had where appropriate. produced to identify people The Policy division determined and imple­ ■ 5, rights-holding broadcaster areas to be submitted to the appropriate US consular The accreditation category and the badge representing the various post for approval and application of a tamper-re­ holder's name, photograph, function, and orga­ mented access rights for all constituent groups. , ,p 6, Olympic Family lounges constituencies involved in It also identified, registered, and processed all in ­ ■ 7, accredited persons circulation areas sistant Centennial Seal. nization appeared on the accreditation badge. staging the Games and dividuals requiring accreditation following ap­ The Olympic Villages were divided into two When designing the OIC, ACOG used the Access rights were represented by pictograms allow them the access proved policies and procedures. The Policy divi­ zones: the international zone and the residential IOC Accreditation Guide, which contains baseline indicating sports, competition venues, and non­ necessary to perform their role or function. sion was prim arily concerned w ith three areas; zone. Right to access the international zone was requirements for information displayed on the competition venues where access control was ■ Olympic Family Accreditation, which in­ indicated by zone code V, and zone code R cards. In addition, ACOG worked closely with enforced, and symbols for zone codes and trans­ cluded coordinating the development, produc­ granted access to both the international and res­ the Forensic Document Laboratory of the INS to portation privileges. For the Atlanta Games, 84 tion, distribution, and management of OlCs; idential zones. develop specifications for the OIC that would pictograms were used—31 sports and 53 service ■ Non-Olympic Family Accreditation, which Zoning principles were applied consistently safeguard against counterfeiting, alteration, and pictograms—as well as 7 zone code and 5 trans­ planned and implemented accreditation for to venue perimeters and interiors. The concept photo substitution. portation code symbols. Inside venues, an ac­ staff, volunteers, service contractors, and law of accredited circulation or flow (zone 7) be­ Prior to the Games, Accreditation focused on credited person's ability to circulate w ithin and enforcement personnel, and identified other tween restricted islands (zones 1-6) was broadly educating and establishing communication with access restricted areas was determined by nu­ applied. Sport- and venue-specific considera­ NOCs and other organizations regarding the merical codes for zones as noted earlier. tions played an important role in developing NOC process. ACOG personnel met w ith govern­ ment officials in Washington, DC, and at the

ALBERTO L BAZAN • ADRIENNE E BAZEMORE • CLARENCE E BAZEMORE • CURTIS W BAZEMORE ATC • JENNIFER H BAZILATC • EVELYNE 8A22ANINI • LEE M 8AZZARRE • EDWIN H BEACH • GRACE R COURTENEY BEALKO «JAMESLOEALL^KARENR BEALL • NELLE DBEALL* BRIANL BEALS • LOUISE A BEAM • PAULA J BEAM • WILLIAM FBEAM*RICHARDBEAMAN* WILLIAM D BEAMER • JENNIFER B E A C H » J O H N H BEACH • KIM W B EACH • SH A R O N E B EACH • A N S E L F B EACH AM • DOLLY BEACH AM • D IA N N E D B EADLES • PATRICIA J B E A D LES-PO R TER • H A R LIE L B EAGLE • JA N E T D B EAGLE • LARRY L BEAMES ATC • DARLENE BEAMON • DOYALC BEAN • JUDY M BEAN • RODNEY BEAN • LOUIS V BEAN 111 • DARRYL M BEANE • WILLIE A BEANE • ANDREW R BEARD • BRADLEYJ BEARD*BRENDAC BEARD 55 54 D BEAGLE • PAMELA BEAGLE OARESTA • VICKIE U BEAHAM • BETH A BEAIRSTO • CHRISTIE L BEAL • DAVID G BEAL • LAURA A BEAL • LYNNE A SEAL • REBECCA M SEAL • DARLENE C 6EALE-NORRIS • • CHERYL L BEARD • DOUGLAS EBEARD*EMILYS BEARD ‘ JANICE E BEARD ‘ JOHNW BEARD • MELANIEC BEARD • OSCAR L BEARD • SHIRLEY L BEARD • STEPHEN M BEARD « ANDREW W BEARDEN •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER AC G R E D I TAT I O N

A transportation code was displayed next to ■ production and delivery of the accredita­ celvlng most applications was 15 May 1996, but bution at a later date, and Individual badglng the zone code on each badge. The codes were as tio n badge. non-rlghts-holdlng media applications were due for Immediate delivery to an Individual at an follows. Preparation and Distribution of Docu­ by 15 October 1995 and rlghts-holdlng broad­ accreditation center. ■ T1 gave the bearer access to a private dedi­ ments. Planning, producing, packaging, and caster applications, by 15 March 1996. Barring any complications or an unduly high cated car and driver. distributing all necessary accreditation docu­ Most contractors, AOB personnel, and service volume of people, the badglng process from ■ T2 gave the bearer access to a shared dedi­ ments was an Immense undertaking. A detailed providers were required to complete an accredi­ check-ln to check-out was no longer than five cated car and driver. Instructional guide, the Olympic Identity Card tation application form and sign a waiver to minutes. However, the badglng capacity for the ■ T3 provided access to the ACOG motor Manual, was produced to complement QIC ap­ allow a background check. This process was coor­ stations was overestimated; each station pro­ pool. plications. A separate Instruction manual was dinated through each responsible organization. duced only 16-18 badges per hour rather than ■ T4 provided access to an ACOG-organlzed prepared for non-rlghts-holding media, since Confirmation of Eligibility. The submission the 25-30 originally estimated. bus system, such as the athlete or media net­ procedures and timing for distribution were dif­ of an accreditation application form did not Badge distribution to volunteers began on 1 works. ferent. Accreditation application forms were guarantee an accreditation card. All persons reg­ June 1996, concurrent w ith the start of uniform ■ 15 provided access to public transporta­ produced In 38 different categories. istered In the accreditation system were con­ distribution, while distribution to contractors tio n systems through a MARTA pass Issued to The first documents for non-rlghts-holdlng firmed In a Games-tlme role before they were began In early July. When the AWC opened on all zone 7-accredlted members during accredi­ media were sent In July 1995, while forms for eligible for accreditation. Eligibility for Olympic 25 June, Individual badge distribution began. tation processing. rights holders were sent In December 1995. The Family members was confirmed according to (For the number o f badges produced, including re- forms were mailed to remaining Olympic Fam­ rules In the IOC's Accreditation Guide. In total, badges, per category per time period, during the peak The Radio-Frequency Badge ily organizations, most particularly the NOCs, approximately 266,000 records were registered badge production period o f 7-19 July, see Figure 1.) Early In the planning process, the Security In late January 1996. and 200,500 individuals badged. Department resolved that the accreditation Sport entry forms (Inscriptions) and corre­ V alidation o f Access Rights. A ll access rights O lym pic Fa m ily A ccreditation badge would contain sophisticated technology sponding Instruction manuals, arrival and de­ were assigned in accordance with the require­ that would allow It to be used for high-level se­ parture forms and guides, and athlete biography ments of each approved function. Thus, people The accreditation categories used for members curity purposes. Hand geometry technology was forms also needed to be shipped to the responsi­ needing accreditation were granted access to of the Olympic Family were in accordance with chosen to accomplish this. ble organizations. A warehouse was required to the venue(s) and the zone(s) w ithin the those prescribed by the IOC Accreditation Guide. This technology Incorporated a radlo-frequency assemble, collate, and package more than venue(s) deemed necessary for the performance ACOG expected that approximately 40,000 (RF) chip Into the accreditation badge that was 500,000 Individual documents and ship them to of their function. Olympic Family members would require accredi­ Contract employees read when passed through specially designed some 250 organizations worldwide. The Accreditation Department coordinated tation, but the actual total was nearly 44,000. received their and programmed portals. The badge for the Non-Olympic Family documents—accredi­ w ith Venue Management, Sports, and other (For a summary o f accreditation statistical data, see accreditation badges at the main 1996 Games allowed access only to points In tation applications and background check functional areas to develop a m atrix that associ­ Figure 2.) accreditation center. the Olympic Village residential zone. Approxi­ waiver forms—were less complicated to prepare ated each position with the specific access rights mately 60,000 people required this access and and distribute, as most organizations were local (prim arily the required zone codes) needed to Athletes and Team Officials were Issued separate badges w ith RF chips, since and therefore requested and obtained the nec­ fu lfill the particular task on a permanent basis. The IOC determined strict criteria to regulate the badge-producing equipment used for the essary forms directly from the Accreditation As names were assigned to approved func­ the number of athletes who entered and com­ Games was not compatible w ith hand geometry Department. tions and positions. Accreditation produced peted In each sport, discipline, and event. For the technology. The Accreditation Department's Registration. All persons requiring accredita­ computer reports for review with the relevant first time, well-defined qualifying standards were production of tw o badges for a very large popu­ tion were registered In the accreditation system. venue and/or functional area manager and the established for 24 of the 26 Olympic sports. lation delayed the accreditation process at badg- Data was either entered directly Into the accredi­ responsible organization, as appropriate. On an ACOG required several steps be completed Ing stations considerably. tation system or acquired from the Games exception basis, access rights were customized to ensure that each delegation's operational staffing technology system (GSTS). Applications to meet the needs of persons fulfilling multiple needs were met, legal safeguards enacted, and The Accreditation Process for staff, volunteers, and some contracted per­ functions or to address special zoning chal­ the IOC's Interests protected. The accreditation process Involved five steps: sonnel were acquired from the GSTS. The entire lenges at some venues. ■ preparation, production, and distribution database carried 265,811 individual records. Badge Production and Delivery. The proce­ of all required documents and Instructions; Olympic Family members were registered by dure for delivering accreditation badges fo l­ ■ registration of all Individuals potentially the data obtained from their accreditation appli­ lowed two approaches: bulk badglng for distri­ requiring accreditation Into the accreditation cation forms, which were accumulated by their database; responsible organizations. The deadline for re- ■ confirm ation of eligible applicants; ■ validation of each applicant's access rights and other privileges; and

BRENOA BEARDEN • CHARLES E BEARDEN • CINDY C BEARDEN • DANIELR BEARDEN • HEATHER N BEARDEN «JASON M BEARDEN «JOHNNV PBEARDEN • KAY BEARDEN • LEAH K BEARDEN • •YOLANDAS BEASLEY. GLENN BEASLEY MD • TYRONE SEASON • RANDYJ BEATON « JAMES E BEATTIE • JAMES L BEATTIE • JAMES M BEATTIE • KARIN C BEATTIE « SUSAN T BEATTIE • BRfANC BEAT- MICHAEL BEARDEN • RAYMOND L BEARDEN • ROBERTA BEARDEN •ROBERTJBEARDEN«BETHEBEARMAN«MARVINIBEARMAN*ANNABELLEM BEASLEY «DONALD BEASLEY* ELOISE BEASLEY i ’,‘ CHRISTOPHER A BEATTY « GLENDA Y BEATTY • NAN NATTER BEATTY « SYBIL U BEATTY « CAROLYN ALFORD BEATY • EDITH A. BEATY • JOHN D BEATY « KAREN H BEATY « MELISSA O BEATY « 57 • GEORGIA B BEASLEY • HOWARD FBEASLEY « JACK M BEASLEY • JOHN A BEASLEY • LINDA C BEASLEY • NORMAN B BEASLEY « PATRICIA JO BEASLEY • VALENCIA M BEASLEY • VALERIA E BEASLEY SïUZANNE BEATY « ROY BEATY JR « CHARLES T BEAUBIEN • CHRISTINE BEAUCHAMP • DANIELLE 8 BEAUCHAMP • GLENN A BEAUCHAMP • MARSHALL R BEAUCHAMP • EDGAR J BEAUDREAULT JR «

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION

and communicating with the IFs and the IOC F ig u r e 2 A ccreditation S t a t is t ic a l D a t a

F ig u r e 1; on qualification and invitation matters. The Records Individuals Badges B a d g e s P r o d u c e d b y C a t e g o r y a n d T im e P e r io d d u r in g t h e P e a k Olympic Villages Department was responsible Category Description of constituents registered badged issued* P r o d u c t io n P e r io d for reception meetings, financial matters, hous­ A Test print 59 59 2,360 ing allotment, and general administration. Ac­ Aa Athletes 16,466 10,705 11,394 Category To 30 June 1-6 July 7-14 July 15-19 July After 19 July Total creditation was responsible for Olympic Charter Ac Chefs de mission, deputy chefs de mission, and Olympic attachés 497 455 519 54 29 341 IOC 3 255 ACOG ACOG 69,940 Rule 42 calculation, functions and access privi­ 64,154 59,924 2 39 88 11 140 IF AC0G2 ACOG/MAOGA 1 1 1 17 177 521 94 809 leges for all delegation members, and the accred­ NOC Am NOC medical personnel, physicians, physiotherapists, etc. 1,102 975 1,177 7 49 514 244 824 itation database. G 10 Ao NOC team officials: coaches, team leaders, equipment managers, etc. 5,078 4,155 4,646 3 150 564 577 1,309 Rule 42 guidelines determined how many Gl 15 AOBa AOBa 11 10 12 9 153 559 650 1,378 GT 7 team officials were allowed to reside in the AOBb AOBb 3,597 3,351 3,800 617 3,763 5,593 1,327 11,394 Aa 94 Olympic Villages and how many extra team offi­ AOBc AOBc 847 713 774 72 259 162 18 519 Ac 8 cials, not allowed to live in the Villages, could As NOC extra team officials and grooms (not eligible for Olympic Village accommodation) 2,170 1,665 2,026 532 130 1,177 Am 71 444 receive accreditation. The number of team offi­ B Miscellaneous: IOC commission members and personnel, 2,324 499 4,646 Ao 18 287 1,518 cials allowed depended on the number of regis­ IF technical delegates and board members, organizing committee As 16 181 720 828 281 2,026 tered, qualified athletes; therefore, the final senior executives, sponsors, Olympic project leaders 1,211 1,080 1,262 B 22 38 354 575 273 1,262 composition of the NOC delegation could not E Journalists 3,653 3,021 3,145 0 2 7 119 140 125 393 be determined u n til the reception process was EC Press center support personnel 508 423 445 74 408 1,300 532 2,338 J 24 ENR Non-rights-holding media 394 295 316 334 816 1,989 3,160 completed. 1 * 10 11 EP Photographers 952 826 847 6 445 8 459 Once these quotas were calculated. Accredita­ Y EPS Sport-specific photographers 216 188 204 8,748 15,015 6,787 32,175 tion reviewed the NOC delegation with the chef Subtotal 226 1,399 Es Sport-specific journalists 396 310 333 de mission, verifying each person's participation, ET Press/photo technicians 371 308 317 1,657 3,150 631 5,954 E 133 383 function, and access privileges, while adhering to EX Local media 347 324 347 3,241 729 9,880 RT 887 1,179 3,844 the quotas. After the final composition of the G High-ranking official guests: sovereigns, heads of state or government, and sports 1,048 461 4,586 AOB 837 655 1,585 delegation was determined. Accreditation modi­ ministers; presidents and directors-general of other Olympic organizing committees; 7,439 1,821 20,420 Subtotal 1,857 2,217 7,086 fied accreditation categories, functions, and ac­ and senior executives ofTOP and COP sponsors and of rights-holding broadcasters 930 761 824 cess privileges before designating w hich persons Gl Miscellaneous distinguished guests 1,394 1,165 1,309 41,150 5,920 10,286 7,913 4,671 69,940 ACOG on the original list could receive accreditation. GT Transferable guest cards for the IOC, IFs, and NOCs, based on quotas 1,442 1,133 1,378 SC 17,619 13,603 22,440 17,200 16,181 87043 Each NOC was required to pay all outstanding 1 Miscellaneous guests: IF secretariat, horse owners, and Olympic Family Hotel residents 3,747 2,939 3,160 Xs 4,914 3,112 4,541 2,153 1,904 16,624 debts to ACOG prior to accreditation and occu­ IF IF presidents and secretaries-general (and one guest each) 134 129 140 37,267 27,266 22,756 173,607 Subtotal 63,883 22,635 ICC IOC president, members, and senior management (and one guest each) 298 285 341 pancy of the Olympic Villages. J IF technical officials: jury members, technical commission members, referees, judges, etc. 2,255 2,171 2,338 26,251 53,101 49,720 31,364 226,202 The reception process for the Centennial Total 65,766 NOC NOC presidents and secretaries-general (and one guest each) 832 707 809 Games was more complex and challenging than 0 Observers from organizing committees and other major sport event organizers 376 332 393 ^Includes guest residents at the Olympic Family Hotel at previous Games. The qualifying standards RTa High-ranking executives and team leaders of rights-holding broadcasters 220 195 211 were new, complicated, and not easily under­ RTb Directors, producers, and commentators; technical, production. stood by all NOCs. Some NOCs failed to grasp and administrative personnel of rights-holding broadcasters 7,253 6,642 6,969 Reception Procedures and Process. The NOC the intricacies of Rule 42 and discovered that RTc Production, technical, and administrative personnel reception process was managed jo in tly by Ac­ their preferred operating structure was not per­ of rights-holding broadcasters, functioning exclusively at the IBC 2,891 2,576 2,700 creditation, Olym pic Villages, and Sports. The missible. Also, entry by name inform ation, SC Service contractors 124,976 78,240 87,043 NOC chef de mission or other designee was re­ w hich influenced all aspects of the reception X Law enforcement 5,825 4,511 5,873 quired to complete the reception process before process, was not officially due u n til the day be­ Xo Law enforcement (observers) 137 109 131 Xs 847 666 any delegation member received an accredita­ fore the Olympic Villages opened because of Law enforcement 771 Xu Law enforcement (uniformed) 9,762 8,761 9,849 tion badge or resided in an Olympic Village. Y OlympicYouth Camp participants 462 441 459 Sports was responsible for the receipt of sports entry forms, verification of qualification. Total 265,811 200,551 228,563 Totals by group Olympic Family 55,595 44,206 48,009 ACOG staff and volunteers - 64,155 59,925 69,941 AOB 4,455 4,074 4,586 Service contractors 124,976 78,240 87,043 Law enforcement 16,571 14,047 16,624 Others 59 59 2,360

Total 265,811 200,551 228,563

*AII badges issued Including rebadges.

HANS DIETER BECK. HELEN M BECK. JAMES E BECK. JAMES PAUL BECK * JENNIFER K BECK • JERRY W BECK * JIMMY B BECK • JOHN D BECK . JUDITH E BECK • KAY BECK * KENDRA L BECK . LYNNE MICHAEL L BEAUFAIT • JAMES O BEAUFORD • JANET C BEAULIEU • GERVAiS J BEAULIEU EMT «JOHN E BEAUMONT • STEPHEN J BEAUMONT • GINGER C BEAUPRE • MARK W BEAUVAIS • JUDITH A H BECK • M AR ILY N V BEC K • P A U LA S B ECK . R O B E R T E B EC K • S A C H IK O S B E C K . T H E O D O R A C BECK • T IM O T H Y B E C K • JA M E S L B EC K II * R IC H A R D D B E C K JR • K R IS T IN A B ECK M T . JO Y M B EC K EN BEAVER • JUDY M BEAVER • KEITH BEAVER • RETA K BEAVER • TERESA D BEAVER • DAN R BEAVERS • IRENE BEAVERS • JENNIFER L BEAVERS • JAN IS M 8EAVIN • THOMAS D BEAVJN • PAUL R BEAVIN JR • BRODIE BECKER • CHARLES M BECKER • DARA BECKER • DIRK BECKER « JAMES M BECKER . JANET F BECKER • JOHN N BECKER * JONATHAN BECKER * KAREN A BECKER • KIMBERLEY M BECKER 59 58 • RON BEBERNES • PAUL E BE80UT • MARIO BECCALLI • RIGO8ERT0 BECERRA-PINEDO • BRADLEY S BECHER • DANIEL R BECHTEL • BARBARA L BECK • BRENDA G BECK • CYNTHIA D BECK •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION

qualifying event schedules, thus mandating because of its immense size, and the South N o n-O lympic Family A ccreditation I creditation. Games Staffing, Human Resources, completion of a large amount of work in a short i American Union, because of the number of its i and Volunteer Services, appointed key personnel time period. Î affiliates. Non-Olympic Family eligibility applies to per­ ; to interact with other ACOG functional areas. sons not specifically covered in the Olympic Games Staffing and Computer Systems. The

Non-Rights-Holding Media I Other Olympic Family Members Charter but who are directly or indirectly con­ I most challenging aspect of staff and volunteer The initial accreditation quotas for the The other Olympic Family members category nected to the organization of the Games. This I accreditation was establishing procedures that non-rights-holding press were delivered by the covers a wide spectrum of groups and individu- group includes staff and volunteers, host broad­ I worked well w ith computer systems (GSTS and IOC in June 1995. Accreditation application : als ranging from IOC members, IF and NOC casters, service providers, and security person­ I the accreditation database) that were originally forms and corresponding materials were sent to i presidents and secretaries-general, IF technical nel. ACOG expected to accredit approximately j developed for different, and not necessarily the NOCs as planned in mid-July with a return I officials, observers, Olympic Youth Camp partic- 110.000 people in this category, but more than ; compatible, purposes. Staff and volunteer records

deadline of 15 October 1995. The deadline was i ipants, IOC and IF commission members and 156.000 were actually accredited. i were transferred from GSTS into the accredita­ met by most nations, but cancellations or substi­ ^ staff, and a variety of dignitaries and other Most non-Olympic Family persons were tio n database after completion of their required tution requests for approximately 15 percent of guests. In general, most accreditation applica­ grouped under four main accreditation cate­ ; background checks. the E category followed. tion forms were received on schedule. gories: ACOG, for staff and volunteers; AOB, The time line for assigning thousands of vol­ In November 1995, the IOC Press Commis­ Complications arose concerning the accredi­ for host broadcaster personnel; SC, for service unteers and properly constructing the accredita­ sion requested printed reports by nation of press tation of dignitaries and other guests. ACOG contractor personnel; and X, for law enforce­ tion system had to be tig h tly managed because accreditation forms already registered, in order policy, with the support of the IOC, required ment personnel. it affected both computer systems. As the opera­ to begin the quota reallocation process. By mid- ; strict adherence to the definition of very high- These constituents represented 78 percent— tional interdependencies became more complex, November, the first reallocation of press quofas ranking officials in the G category. Inform ation 156,200 out of 200,500—of the total number ac­ it was imperative to have accurate data. It was was confirmed by fhe IOC, and Accreditation on the eligibility criteria was well distributed, credited. They also accounted for 78 percent of ; also critical that the managers from Accredita- forwarded the necessary application forms to and favorable relationships were established the total number of badges produced, including I tion. Human Resources, and Volunteer Services the selected organizations. ; with many organizations claiming G guests. rebadges— 178,200 out of 228,600. The number I be familiar w ith computer systems and their op- The lOC determined A final reallocation was planned for March, I However, immediately before and during the of accredited people in the non-Olympic Family i eration. Overall, the interface between the GSTS strict criteria to but did not occur u n til May 1996. The delay of j Games, many unannounced dignitaries and groups was approximately equal to the total i and accreditation database worked well, and regulate the number this allocation prevented approximately 600 i other guests presented themselves at the number originally projected. ; job assignments and access rights were effec­ of accredited athletes. journalists from obtaining an OIC. Instead, they Olympic Family Hotel accreditation center. The Despite extensive efforts to capture photos in tively matched. had to comply with normal visa procedures. Olympic Family Department was asked to verify advance and communicate the importance of A key factor in the efficiency of this effort All non-rights-holding media were trans­ ; or refute these requests based on agreed-upon early accredifation fo non-Olympic Family ; was the creation of the accreditation position- ferred from the E category to the ENR category ! and existing policies. Establishing the actual role members, thousands of non-Olympic Family i function table, which determined access rights

later in the accreditation process on advisement I of these persons and determining the appropri- constituenfs were badged during the peak pe­ ! for each job at each venue. The Accreditation

I by the IOC. The obscurity of the rights of the j ate accreditation categories and access rights in riod. The week before the Opening Ceremony, ! Department produced a table of some 1,500 I ENR category media members was particularly ! accordance with the policies proved challenging. Accreditation produced 70,300 badges—more i functions by regrouping m any Games Staffing apparent when at least four organizations lost The management of transferable GT accredita- than double the badges Barcelona produced dur­ I titles under more generic descriptions. However, their accreditation privileges during the Games ; tion progressed well once eligible organizations ing the same period. More specifically, the peak ; some gains were offset when it was decided just because they infringed on broadcasters' rights. i understood the procedures and determined the day in Barcelona saw 7,200 badges produced, two months before badge production began that breakdown between nominative and/or personal contrasted to the 13,273 badges produced in ; a person could be assigned to only one position

Rights-Holding Broadcasters i cards. In the G1 category, more than 53 percent Atlanta on 15 July. in GSTS. Any additional job assignments or re­ Most groups and individuals in this category i of those accredited were IOC guests, a higher sponsibilities had to be translated into different who handled accreditation for their organiza­ percentage than anticipated. Additionally, there Staff and Volunteers zone codes or pictograms and managed directly tions were familiar with the policies and proce­ ; were numerous requests for more extensive ac- M uch organizational focus was on the by Accreditation. Of the 57,000 staff and volun­

dures. After negotiations on numbers by cate­ I cess privileges than those designated. staffing process for volunteers and paid staff. teers, 16 percent or 9,400 had more than one as­ gory were completed, only minor adjustments Each department directly affected, such as Ac- signment. A ll of these records had to be treated : were necessary. individually, therefore creating 1,020 new func­ Almost all application forms and OlCs were tion codes in the accreditation database. completed correctly and on time. Most chal­ lenges came from the US broadcaster, NBC,

• L IS A I B EC K ER • LYNN M B EC K ER • M ARK A BECKER • PATRICIA M BECKER • R O B ER T S BECKER • R O N A H BECKER • S H E R R I C B ECKER • STACEY BECKER • B R IA N R B EC K ER M A N • J O H N N IE F B ECKERT R A C H E L A B E C K W ITH • PAIGE M B EC Q U E T • A M IE E B E C TO N • LYNN B ED A RD • JAM ES R S E D D IN G F IE L D • A N N E F B E D D O W • PAUL H B E D D O W SAT • ANITA L B E D E L IS • GATHRYN A B ED E LL • JAM ES A BE­ • MARY ELLEN BECKFORD • MELANIE R BECKFORD • JOSEPH M SECKFORD IV • CINDY B BECKHAM • ELAINE BECKHAM * HOLLY H BECKHAM • JAMES O BECKHAM • SHARENE S BECKLES • ALLYSON P D ELL • KAREN T B ED E LL • V E R O N IC A B E D E L L • K E N N E T H B ED E LLE • J A N IC E K B ED E N B A U G H • M ARVIS M B ED FO R D • W IL LIA M P B ED FO R D • MARK D B E D IC S • B R EN DA E B E D IN G F IE LD • CA RLA C BED- 61 60 BECKLEY • ROBERT J BECKLEY • GAIL M BECKMAN • PAULS BECKMAN • LESLIE BECKNELL • CHARLENE S BECKOM • GEORGE J BECKSTEAD • KATHERINE A BECKSVOORT • CARLA R BECKWITH • IN G FIE LD • C LA IR E D B E D IN G F IE LD • E L E N A K B E D IN G F IE LD • M ARC B ED N AR C ZY K • S T E P H E N P B EO N A R Z • DAVID L EE B E O O W • C A R R IE B E E B E • C H E R Y L A B E E B E • FR ED L B EEB E • M ARG O T C BEEB E

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library yÿ- •*!

ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER THREE / ACCREDITATION

Pre-Badge Photo Capture. The equipment sponsors and venue operators. By 4 June 1996, code, while the bar code on the privilege part of One im portant prerequisite to a successful, ef­ supplied by Kodak for badge production al­ 294 contractor organizations had been identi­ the badge was still valid. ficient accreditation operation is data integrity. lowed photos of individuals who might need fied, but Accreditation registered more than Strong directives requiring several steps of data accreditation at a later date to be captured sep­ twice as many in the next few weeks. In all. Ac­ Law Enforcement verification and reconciliation were given to the arately in stand-alone mode and stored in creditation registered 125,000 individuals repre­ At previous Games, the term "security" often data entry staff. memory for future use. senting 792 contractor organizations. included law enforcement, military, private, and Although data entry staff was increased as ap­ To accommodate large corporate volunteer The late identification and registration of other security force personnel. For the Atlanta plication processing intensified, the number and groups (Corporate Council companies) and vol­ contractors complicated the Accreditation Games, the X accreditation category (and its de­ urgency of applications was so great that they unteer organizations at remote sites, the photo process during a critical period and, in some sit­ rivatives Xo, Xs, and Xu), norm ally associated could not meet the demand. The insufficient capture process for volunteers started in March uations, delayed workers in getting to venues. with all security personnel, encompassed only number of staff required that many ACOG func­ 1995, often before the volunteers were registered Two-Part Badges. The staff o f m any con­ official law enforcement personnel (14,000 ac­ tional areas and contractor organizations assign in the system. The process was accomplished by tractor organizations and the number of orga­ credited). The total law enforcement personnel personnel to assist w ith data entry for their inviting groups to the MAC or by organizing a nizations greatly exceeded all expectations. In eventually accredited greatly exceeded the antic­ m obile u n it that traveled to process specific many cases, deadlines were not met; therefore, ipated number. Law enforcement personnel F ig u r e 3: groups. a two-part badge needed to be created for many were exempt from background checks, since R e c o r d s E n t e r e d in A ccreditation D a t a b a s e

Images captured w ith only a registration companies. they were verified through the OIC process or Olympic RT number were difficult to synchronize with the The first part of the two-part badge system their agencies. Other types of security personnel Period Family E and AOB SC X Total registration database. As a result, many excep­ was a prim ary accreditation badge containing were divided between the SC and ACOG cate­ 11 Dec 95-14 March - 4,453 - 5,255 565 10,273 tions had to be researched manually. On the accreditation category, photograph, name, orga­ gories. The SC category included contracted p ri­ 15 March-14 May 359 323 5,372 21,626 5,595 33,275 15 May-30 June 29,833 1,313 6,935 50,552 6,367 95,061 positive side, advance photo capture enabled ac­ nization, and registration number, without any vate security and most military personnel 1-19 July 5,803 617 2,103 38,826 3,016 50,365 creditation badges to be produced in bulk w ith ­ access rights or a bar code. Thirty-six percent of (18,000), while the Security Department's staff After 19 July 2,399 131 407 8,718 1,028 12,683 out the bearer's presence. About 22,000 volun­ all contractors (27,800) and 8 percent of all law and volunteers (9,700) were accredited in the Total 38,394 6,837 14,817 124,977 16,571 201,657 teer badges were processed in bulk. These badges enforcement personnel (1,300) were issued these ACOG category. were printed as planned in mid-May and taken badges. The second part, also called the privilege Note: Excludes staff and volunteer records, which were acquired through the GSTS. pass, displayed the organization's name, access to the UDC for distribution with uniforms, D ata C o n t r o l a n d T e c h n o l o g y which began 1 June. rights, and bar code. It was produced separately in more limited quantity and given to relevant Four full-tim e data entry clerks began work in groups. Given the time lim itation, there was no Contractor Personnel organizations. Contractors were then responsi­ March 1996, and 10 were added in May. It was practical way to m ohitor the process and en­ Contractors were defined as the non-Olympic ble for issuing fhe privilege passes to their staff anticipated that the data entry clerks would also force consistent procedures for these personnel. Family workforce—other than ACOG staff, vol­ either as they arrived at the venue or as they manage the registration of contractors and law Additionally, many forms were illegible, incom­ unteers, AOB, and law enforcement personnel— were dispatched from an off-site location. enforcement personnel during that period. plete, or for personnel who had already submit­ needing access to Olympic venues to perform an The two-part badge deflected many problems The workload increase was underestimated in ted an application. In general, processing a large approved function. at the accreditation centers, since contractor both volume and timing, and data entry staff number of records in a short period of time Registration. Accreditation processing for personnel could be badged without assignment had to be increased to some 25 persons from causes errors and violates data integrity. contractors followed the regular accreditation confirmation while the access rights required for May to early July. The greatest overload was Technology, which was needed to support the procedures for staff and volunteers, including a their assignments were managed through the caused by late applications from contracfors and data entry and data integrity functions, was also background check. The objective was to regis­ privilege pass. However, the two-part badge sys­ law enforcement personnel. Peak data entry for critical to the success of Accreditation. Among ter as many contractor personnel as possible tem confused access controllers at venues, and the SC and X categories was during the first the essential elements was a central repository of prior to the 15 May deadline for return of duplicate records management was ineffective. weeks in July, when many data entry resources information—a well-organized and accurate Olympic Family accreditation applications, and Further, if an individual's badge was canceled, it focused on Olympic Family matters. (For the database to store inform ation on persons to be to process as m any as feasible before most could not be detected at the venue, since the number o f records entered in the accreditation data­ accredited and listings of all responsible organi­ O lym pic Family arrived during the two weeks first part of the badge did not contain a bar base, see Figure 3.) zations, Olympic functions, accreditation cate­ prior to the Games. gories, and access privileges. To support this sys­ The process started in early fall 1995, target­ tem, management inform ation systems must ing known contractor organizations through

• M ATTH EW J B E E B E • T H O M A S -J O H N P B E E B E • TH O M A S A B E E B E • ED N A D B EE C H • M AR Y C B E E C H A M • R IC K A B EE C H E R • GARY Q 8 E E D L E S ♦ M ARTHA FAYE B E E D LE S • D E N N IS G SEEK • M IC H A E L D SHARON BEHAN • MICHAEL J BEHR • SANDRA K BEHR • MICHAEL BEHUNIN «JUNEABEIL» DANIEL D BEILMAN • MARYL8EILSMITH • KATHLEEN A BEINKE • BARBARA R BEIRNE • CHRISTOPHER .1 62 BEEK M A N • A N T O IN E T T E S S E E K S • M A D IN E M SE EK S • J U D IT H A B EELE R • GARY M 8E E L E Y • S A N D RA R BEEM • JAM ES D B E E M A N • JACK B E E N E -S K U B A N • G LE N D A N B E E R M A N • W ILLIA M T B EER M A N SEIRNE • CHRISTOPHER S BEIRNE • LEE B BEITCHMAN • LESLIE G BEITCHMAN • MERID BEKELE «JANET BEKENN ♦ AILEEN M BEL • CARI LYNN BELANGER • JANE M BELANGER • JANICE A BELANGER • 63 • ELIZABETH L BEERS • RICHARD D BEERS • BARBARA BEERT • BRIANNE L BEESLEY • ROSl BEGANICS • KIRSTEN S BEGG • COURTNEY BEGINA • JEWEL D BEGLEY • JIM R BEGLEY • KATHY A BEGLEY • m a r c e l BELANGER • MARIO BELANGER ♦ ELENA J BELANSKY • MICHAELS BELARMINO • R OSINA BELCASTRO • DEBORAH O BELCHER • RAYE J BELCHER • RONALD E BELCHER • TON YE D BELCHER •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library AT LA N TA 19 9 6 PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

provide reports and other analytical tools. ■ Effective organization and management of '{'he accreditation system required inform a­ the accreditation database is critically im por­ tion from and provided information to a num­ tant. Work flow from reception meetings to data ber of other Games management systems, in ­ entry to file management to help offices in the cluding Games Staffing, Sports, arrivals and processing area should be efficient and well- departures, athlete biographies, background organized. A system function that searches for checks, Info'96, and results. duplicate entries as data is entered is required to 'i’he most visible aspect of accreditation tech­ reduce the incidence of multiple entries. nology is the equipment used to produce the ■ The volume of accreditation data and the Olympic accreditation badge. New technology time required to enter it should not be underes­ used at the Centennial Olympic Games pro­ timated. duced an accreditation badge notably different ■ Accreditation badge and uniform distribu­ from those at previous Games. tion to staff and volunteers should occur at the Accreditation was supported by the Technol­ same location. A t l a n t a O l y m p ic B roadcasting ogy Department for software and hardware ap­ ■ W hen determ ining the number of guests plications. (For more information about accredita­ to be accredited, consider the added draw on tion technology, see the Technology chapter.) associated resources the organizing committee must provide, such as free seating in the O lym pic Family stands for events and Opening and C o n c l u s io n s a n d R ecommendations Closing Ceremonies and transportation access Olympic accreditation is an extremely complex privileges. and critical responsibility that requires extensive ■ Stagger the processing of each constituent effort, resources, and internal cooperation. Ac­ group to optimize the productivity of available creditation guidelines for processes should be resources and to avoid creating overloads on standardized and communicated to all func­ critical dates. A ll local applicants should be tional areas, service contractors, and law en­ processed at least two weeks prior to the Games. forcement agencies in order to facilitate having ■ Schedule regular meetings w ith NOCs to re­ a fair, equitable, and consistent application for solve issues. all concerned. The following recommendations ■ Standardize policies and procedures for ac­ are offered to future organizing committees. cess to venues prior to use of the accreditation ■ In order to ensure consistency in the imple­ badge. mentation of policies and procedures, all mat­ ■ Coordinating the OIC with government C i agencies should begin at least four years before ters relating to accreditation should reside 1 rttCo within one department. the Games. ■ The value of the accreditation process is de­ ■ If bulk badging is implemented, the accredi­ termined by how well access control can enforce tation system should make a distinction be­ the system and policies at the venues. Since tween a badge that has only been printed and both operations are complementary and inter­ one that has been printed and delivered. dependent, accreditation and access control ■ Future Games accreditation systems should should reside in one department for training have the ability to carry a table of all media quo­ and implementation. tas, by responsible organization and category. ■ All management staff, particularly accredi­ tation center and venue day office managers, should begin training programs at least six months prior to the operational phase.

Q9P 110 Atlanta 1996,

MELINDA S BELCHER ATC • DIANE A BELC HIE «ROBERT BELCOURT* BRADLEY BELDEN • PARKABELDEN «JASON B BELDICK* ROBERTJ BELECKIS • DANIELJ eELESS»CHARLESDBELEW *ClNDY DBELEW» MARC EBELFER • RUTH H BELFI • ELAINE S BELFLOWER • RUPERT H BELFRAGE • ROBERT J BELISLE • DENISE BELK • VANYA A 8ELK • CM ARLES N BELK II • ALICE L BELL • ALICIA O SELL 64 • BARBARA ABELL • BETTY W BELL • CANDACE H BELL* CHAROLETTE H BELL • CRAIG A BELL • CYRIL F BELL • DAVID B BELL* DONALD C BELL* ELIZABETH S BELL • ERIC L BELL • ESTELLE S BELL

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING

committee. W ith the Centennial Games con­ venues by reserving commentary positions, tinuing to expand—attracting a record number camera positions, and pre- and post-competi- of athletes, attending countries, and visitors— tio n video feeds at all venues. and the complexity of the broadcasting opera­ C h a p t e r F o u r tion intensifying, ACOG also opted to inter­ Production nalize the broadcasting function. The Production division produced the inter­ AOB was separated into seven divisions: national video and audio signal from each A t l a n t a O l y m p ic Planning and Information, Booking, Produc­ sporfs venue. The signal was generated from a tion, Engineering and Operations, Support Ser­ variety of fu ll broadcast-quality cameras, B roadcasting vices, Broadcast Venue Management, and Busi­ which were selecfed and placed by Production. ness Affairs and Personnel. As a part of this signal. Production created the broadcast graphics for television coverage. Planning and Information VERVIEW—Atlanta Olympic Broadcast­ audience of more than 19.6 billion people ATLANTA OLYMPIC F ig u r e 1: ing (AOB) 1996 was the AGOG depart­ made the Centennial Olympic Games the most To ensure operational efficiency, the Plan­ BROADCASTING O R e v e n u e f o r T e l e v is io n R ig h t s watched sporting event in history. ning and Information division coordinated and EMPLOYEES ment responsible for providing complete tele­ vision coverage of the 271 O lym pic sports International broadcasters attained rights- organized work schedules and inform ation re­ Broadcasting organization Amount paid Date Staff Number competitions, ceremonies, and celebrations to holding status after purchasing exclusive ceived from the other divisions of AOB. Plan­ NBC (US rights) $456 million June 1993 39 an international viewing audience by coordi­ Olympic television rights from ACOG and the ning and Information also tracked venue plan­ European Broadcasting Union (EBU) $247 m illion Atlanta Japan Pool (AOJC) Janu ary 1996 167 nating with rights-holding broadcasters from IOC. Television rights fees were ACOG's largest ning for AOB and other ACOG functional areas. (a consortium of four July 1996 1,242 around the world. As the host broadcaster of source of revenue, grossing a record $896 m il­ As the liaison between rights holders and Japanese broadcasting entities) $99.5 m illion the Games, AOB's overall mission comprised lion, approximafely 33 percent of total rev­ AOB, Planning and Information also acquired Seven Network Australia $30 million Note: These staff numbers do not four distinctive responsibilities: enue generated. (For information on television and distributed information required by world include contract, VIK, and volunteer Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union $5 m illion personnel. ■ To design and operate the IBC, the center rights fees, see Figure 1 as well as the Financial broadcasters for proper coverage of the Cen­ Atlanta 1996 Arab States Broadcasting Union $3.75 million Services chapter.) tennial Games. Planning and Inform ation fgr the creation of all television and radio Caribbean Broadcasting Union $190,000 Early in its operations phase, AOB made wrote and edited all AOB publications and bioadcasts of the Games. Located in the Geor- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation $20.75 million the distinction between unilateral produc­ manuals, which were designed to fully articu­ |à World Congress Center (GWCC), the IBC Korean Pool $9.75 million tions, which were produced by individual late AOB's coverage philosophy. These publica­ as the hub for both AOB's and rights holders' Organizacion de laTelevision tions included: the Broadcasters Handbook, road_cast operations. broadcasters, and multilateral productions, Iberoamericana $5.45 million To produce, develop, and deliver profes- which were produced or created by AOB, and Graphics Guide, Liaison Officer Training Man­ People's Television Network, Inc., unbiased international radio and televi- organized various services to support each ual, Prelim inary Operations Plans, Production of the Philippines $1 m illion The AOB logo incorporated elements of ACOG's js (often referred fo as the interna- type of production. Guide, sport-specific Production Guidelines Taiwan Pool ofTaiwan and torch mark logo Manuals, Venue Operations Plans Manual, Chinese Taipei $1.9 m illion signal or world feed) from the venues to as well as a symbol venue-specific Technical Managers Manuals, $8 m illion International Broadcast Center (IBC). O rganization TVNZ/ASC of New Zealand at the top representing To provide facilities and services for and three separate editions of the World Broad­ South African Broadcasting the interconnectedness $6.75 million rights-holding broadcasters such as broadcast Beginning in 1991 as ACOG's host broadcast caster Meeting Manual. Association of worldwide broadcasting $750,000 communications systems. equipment and telecommunication links. planning group, AOB spent its initial develop­ D uring the Games, Planning and Inform a­ Puerto Rico ■ To m aintain an O lym pic Games archival ment phase organizing and hiring personnel. tion staff assisted rights holders w ith acquiring service while producing features for interna­ In December 1991, ACOG selected an Olympic information, using unilateral facilities, and ad­ tional broadcasters. Games veteran w ith more than 25 years of ex­ ministering the videotape library at all compe­ By the conclusion of the Games, AOB had perience in international broadcasting to lead tition venues and the IBC. successfully supplied rights-holding broadcast­ the broadcasting operation. The graphics were based on ACOG's Look of Booking ers with more than 3,000 hours of coverage, AOB followed the model created by Radio the Games elements. transmitted to over 214 countries and territo­ Televisio Olimpica 1992 (RTO'92) in Barcelona The Booking division coordinated all rights- This division was also responsible for the ries worldwide. The 17-day cumulative global when creating its broadcast operation. RTO'92 holding broadcasters' requests for facilities at production of ACOG's Atlanta 1996 shows, was the first host broadcaster in the history of the IBC, including space, furniture, equipment, w hich aired on NBC prior to the Games, and a the Games to be part of the local organizing electrical power, and bookable radio and televi­ sion studios and edit suites. Booking also fu l­ filled broadcasters' unilateral requests at the

SANDRA HBELL*RANnr?ABRPii • cm ppbv a rp i i • ^ONFTA M BELL * SONIA DENISE SELL* SUSAN BELL • THOMAS L BELL • TIFFANI BELL * VICK! L BELL * VICTORIA P BELL * WILLIAM C SELL * . f-A R O iF i R R P I i . fSARTH W B E L L • GAYE C B E L L • G E N E L LE V / B E L L * GREG S B E L L * H A R O LD J B E L L • H O W AR D £ B ELL • JA M E S C B E L L • JA M ES W B ELL * J A N E T 8 B E L L • JE F F B E L L * J E N N IF E R L YOLANDA D BELL * HONFV BFI ! -RFV • MARY JANF BFLL-RUSSO * JODI S BELL ATC • ARNOLD T BELL CATC • JOAN S BELLADONNA * ANNETTE S BELLAMY * BETTY L BELLAMY • DAVID A BELLAMY * RFM Î^JOAN L 8^ L L ° JODY F BELL • JOY L BELL • JOYC E BELL* KATHY D BELL • KIM P BELL * KRISTINA D BELL * LELAND D BELL • LINDA S BELL • LYNN R BELL • MAE C BELL * MARY M BELL • MEGAN 67 66 a e ra B E L L • JO A N L B E L L • JO UT t cm i-L u oc.^u. y w i a * c c i i . d >a/v i ckic t»«ri . . dita i eaci i . orsRiio n RPi i . ROM W IP RPI 1 . RAMANTHA H RFLL • GEORGINA D BELLAMY • H^ElIn^R®B^eVlAMyVro^b“ BELLAMY * BURNETT R BELLARD • EDWARD J BELLARD * EMILE C BELLARD * MICHELLE BELLARD * JANE S BELLET *

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING ____ implementation of the operational plan and to Unilateral and World Broadcaster Meet­ cussed its final plans for Games-time coverage. variety of other pre-Games projects, which w ill resolve broadcast-related issues at the venues. ings. While determining technical and logisti­ The meeting also provided broadcasters with a be discussed later in this chapter. cal requirements at the venues and the IBG, final opportunity to speak w ith AGOG staff Engineering and Operations Business Affairs and Personnel AOB frequently held meetings to discuss its members on a variety of Games-related issues. The Business Affairs and Personnel division current broadcast plans with rights-holding Television Workshops. AOB conducted pre- The Engineering and Operations division provided financial, administrative, and person­ broadcasters. Following these unilateral meet­ Games television workshops for archery, eques­ provided the technical facilities, equipment, nel support to AOB. In addition, this division ings, rights holders formulated plans for their trian, fencing, rowing, and shooting events. IF and staff required to implement the produc­ administered and coordinated all broadcast own unilateral productions. These meetings authorities and AOB staff believed that certain tion plan at all venues and the IBC. Engineer­ equipment, construction, and other vendor/staff also provided broadcasters with the opportu­ technological innovations could greatly en­ ing and Operations coordinated data and tim ­ contracts. The student Host Broadcast Training n ity to tour venue sites and receive updates on hance the coverage of these particular sports. ing systems, managed computer support and Program (HBTP) at Glark Atlanta University also preparations being made for Games-time M any ideas and suggestions generated during computer-aided design (CAD) systems, b u ilt evolved under the guidance of this division. broadcast operations. During the three-year pe­ these workshops were included in the AOB commentary systems, and planned all broad­ riod prior to the Games, AOB hosted more production plan. cast telecommunications needs for AOB and than 200 broadcaster visits. Management Workshops. Management rights holders. Engineering and Operations AOB P re-G a m es O per a tio n s In May 1994, broadcasters worldwide at­ workshops were held in May and June 1996. also set AOB's technical specifications and tended the first of three world broadcaster meet­ Management-level venue staff gathered to dis­ managed the development and procurement of By spring 1993, the leadership of all AOB divi­ sions was in place. Pre-Games operations in ­ ings. Held prior to each Olympic Games, these cuss issues relevant to their specific venue. At­ special broadcast equipment. cluded broadcaster meetings and workshops, meetings traditionally allow the host broadcaster tendees included venue managers, information Support Services venue space allocation and planning, special I to interact w ith rights-holding broadcasters re- managers, support service managers, technical i garding coverage plans and pre-Games prepara- managers, producers, and directors. These The Support Services division directed all lo­ training programs sponsored by AOB, addi­ tional staffing and contractor arrangements, ; tions. In addition, they provide rights holders workshops enabled attendees to share their ex­ gistical support, planning, and implementa­ w ith the opportunity to discuss issues and con­ pectations and operational plans for the tion of AOB operations. This division managed and production. cerns w ith the host organizing committee. Games. In addition, copies of the Venue Oper­ air and ground transportation, accommoda­ International Meetings At AOB's first world broadcaster meeting, ations Plans Manual, Production Guidelines tions, shipping and receiving, accreditation, rights holders received the World Broadcaster Manual, and Technical Managers Manual were catering, uniforms, and the administration of In order to identify and meet the require­ ments of all international rights holders, the Meeting Manual, w hich discussed AOB's plans distributed to appropriate staff. These venue- The Broadcaster's Handbook all general services at the IBC. In addition, lOG, and its own staff, AOB held a series of in­ for broadcasting the Games. The manual in ­ or sport-specific publications outlined informa­ was given to all accredited Support Services served as the liaison between broadcasters. cluded preliminary GAD drawings of the tio n critical to successful venue operations. AGOG and rights-holding broadcasters con­ ternational meetings prior to the Games. M uch of AOB's production and technical plans venues, an overview of the IBG, and the cerning their logistical needs and services. Space Allocation and Planning evolved from information obtained during telecommunications plan. Attendees also re­ Broadcast Venue Management these meetings. ceived the AOB rate card, w hich outlined After AOB began its operational phase in AOB's pricing structure for a variety of items, 1993, the various divisions focused on meeting The Broadcast Venue Management division IOC Radio and Television Commission. The including commentator positions, offices, AOB's requirements at the competition venues established a broadcast management team at lOG Radio and Television Gommission visited ; radio and television studios, videotape ma- and the IBG. Space allocation for broadcasters each venue to oversee the broadcast opera­ Atlanta on a regular basis beginning in May i chines, and related services and facilities. and identification of AOB equipment and pro­ tional plan. This team analyzed and defined 1991. Its role was to review and comm ent on Held in May 1995, the second world broad­ duction facilities at the venues were para­ AOB's on-site needs, managed the installation Games-time preparations. Following the initial caster meeting drew almost 300 broadcasters, mount. AOB conducted venue tours to deter­ of broadcast equipment, and managed all AOB meeting, the commission formed an ad hoc who reviewed updated versions of the World mine camera and commentary positions, venue staff. As the liaison between AOB's venue group of four people which held five addi­ [ Broadcaster Meeting Manual and received the establish compound sites, and ide ntify techni­ operations and AGOG headquarters. Broadcast tional meetings with various AGOG depart­ I AOB rate card. Attendees again toured venues cal, logistical, and informational requirements. Venue Management coordinated all unilateral m ent managers to discuss any concerns. At and listened to AGOG progress reports on venue Development of the IBG began after AOB es­ activity, ensuring that rights-holding broadcast­ that time, the commission set forth time lines planning, press operations, technology, ticket tablished certain minimum broadcast parame­ ers' requirements were met. This team also es­ for AGOG specifically related to the results sys­ sales, accommodations, and transportation. ters, w hich provided a framework for construc­ tablished procedural policies to ensure smooth tem, media transportation, and venue GAD drawings. Either the commission or the ad hoc The third world broadcaster meeting was tion. In addition, these parameters confronted committee met frequently during the months held in April 1996. At that time, AOB distrib- prior to the Games to ensure that deadlines ! uted a revised edition of its manual and dis­ were being met.

JOANNE M BEN ANTE • JANICE M BENARIO • HARRY BE NAS • JAN EC BE NAS • MEGAN A BEN AS • ELSIE BENAVIDES ♦ AMY M BEN BOW • CONCETTA A BENCIVENGA • JOSE V BE NCOS ME • ABDERRAH- m a n e BENDAHMANE . N^AMA y B E N d I v I d I B O N N i I B b e n J b e n d e r . JASON R BENDER • JEAN B BENDER - JOSEPH G BENDER - KATH Y D BENDER - LEONARD R BEND e r . 69 MADELINE A BENDER • MICHELLE E BENDER • RALPH C BENDER • RICH S BENDER • ROBERT A BENDER • ROSEMARY K BENDER • THOMAS E BENDER • THOMAS BENDIXEN • CECIL E BENEDICT • 68 1

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

The series began successfully on Super Bowl issues such as power and space allocations for and the staff grew to 3,200, including volun­ demands specific to each venue. During the Sunday, 30 January 1994. Broadcast live from both AOB and broadcasters. teers and value-in-kind staff, just prior to the competitions, AOB staff conducted various Opening Ceremony. the Georgia Dome as part of the pregame activ­ camera placement studies to determine proper The Host Broadcast Training Program As staff resources were finalized, AOB ities for Super Bowl XXVlll, approximately five lighting requirements and also tested data and Launched in January 1994, the HBTP was a reached agreements w ith MEI (Panasonic), the m illion viewers watched the first show, making timing equipment. In addition, AOB collected collaborative effort between Clark Atlanta Uni­ BellSouth Corporation, AT&T, Henry C. Beck, it the highest-rated nonfootball program of any footage for its various sports technical features, network on Super Bowl Sunday in 1994. versity and AOB that provided more than 900 Inc. (HCB), and Georgia Power. (For information which were eventually made available to the Other Atlanta 1996 highlights included the students from 20 colleges and universities in on services provided through those agreements, see international broadcasting community. the southeastern US with the chance to work Figure 2.) fourth show in the series, w hich was a live-to- tape special revealing the Olympic Torch Relay on a professional level in the worldwide broad­ AOB also concluded contractual agreements M ultilateral C o v era g e route. It was hosted by US sportscaster Bob cast of the Centennial Olym pic Games. w ith several broadcast organizations w ith Costas and Billy Payne from the floor of The students worked with technicians and sport-specific broadcasting experience. These AOB's planning efforts focused on the produc­ Olympic Stadium, which was still under con­ broadcasters from around the world In 10 se­ organizations agreed to provide the production tion of the multilateral feed. The multilateral struction. Other specials announced the F ig u r e 2: lect fields: archivist, audio assistant, camera op­ teams and mobile units necessary to guarantee feed was produced at the venues by AOB staff Olympic Coin Program, Olympic Aid-Atlanta O rganizations a n d erator, commentary systems operator, graphics proper coverage of Olympic competition. and consisted of both audio and video signals. in conjunction with UNICEF, and community S e r v ic e s P r o v id e d assistant, liaison officer, logger, spotter, video From the venues, the feed was transmitted to Production heroes as torchbearers in the Torch Relay. the IBC, where it was distributed to more than MEI (Panasonic) operator assistant, and videotape operator. The Torch Relay. AOB produced the opening All broadcast-related first program of its kind, the HBTP provided a While the vast majority of AOB images and 170 international broadcasting organizations. Torch Relay video, which was shown on a equipment and series of advanced communications courses graphics were broadcast during the Games, Rights-holding broadcasters were then allowed responsibility for the design and technology training designed to prepare AOB produced a substantial amount of mater­ massive projection monitor at the Los Angeles to edit the signals, supplementing them with and installation at the students for actual international broadcasting ial beforehand. Prior to the start of the Games, Coliseum on 27 April 1996, the first day of additional camera feeds and their own graph­ Georgia Dome, IBC, and AOB-produced material was seen both locally the Torch Relay in the US. AOB was responsi­ ics, to fit the view ing needs of their domestic Olympic Stadium experience. In addition to these professional opportuni­ and nationally. It provided not only further in­ ble for choosing the music, creating graphics audiences. After editing, the feeds were trans­ BellSouth ties, the program offered a breadth of training form ation about the upcom ing events, but also that displayed a detailed map of the route, mitted to various countries via satellite. Broadcaster video and served as a training exercise for AOB's con­ and video editing. Often referred to as the international radio audio circuits not usually available in a communications curriculum. Key elements included direct, stantly growing staff. AOB-Produced Videos. A variety of AOB- and television signal, the multilateral feed was AT&T practical instruction and experience in state- NBC Specials. The 10-show series Atlanta produced videotapes helped explain AOB's role produced in accordance with the broadcast Additional supporting 1996 marked the first time in Olympic history and progress toward broadcasting the 1996 guidelines established by the IOC Radio and telecommunications services of-the-art technology and intensive study of Games. "The M aking of AOB" and venue up­ foreign languages. that an organizing committee produced televi­ Television Commission. These guidelines state Henry C. Beck, Inc. sion specials for a rights-holding broadcaster. date videos were given to broadcasters and or­ that international radio and television signals The IBC's major In spring 1996, HBTP students w ho success­ ganizing committees of future Games as construction contractor fu lly completed the necessary courses were in ­ Each show was produced by AOB's production must be produced objectively, avoiding undue terviewed by teams of industry professionals, team and aired on NBC. The shows were de­ sources of inform ation, while staff used the concentration on a particular athlete and ele­ Georgia Power signed to build awareness of and excitement footage for various lectures and presentations. ments of national character in interviews and Primary and supplemental who evaluated each applicant's aptness for a Test Events. With AOB staff providing guid­ power supplies at venues position. The HBTP staff then scheduled Inter­ for the Games; reveal news concerning Atlanta on-camera appearance of commentators. and the IBC views and AOB decided which students to hire and the Olympic Movement; profile Olympic ance and instruction, HBTP students gained The international television signal was pro­ based on the evaluators' recommendations for hopefuls; thank the Olympic sponsors; inform valuable experience in television production vided In an analog composite format conform­ available positions. More than 600 HBTP grad­ the public about buying tickets, coins, bricks, by working at the AGOG test events as well as ing to 525 National Television System Com­ other local sporting competitions. Certain uates earned Games-time positions. and other Olympic items; and generally edu­ mittee (NTSC) TV lines at 59.94 fields per cate the audience about the 1996 Olym pic competitions were taped and televised on the second. NTSC is the current standard used in Staffing and Contractors Games. The shows also provided a forum for Clark Atlanta University local access channel. North America. International audio for televi­ By early 1996, AOB's pre-Games staff had AGOG to openly welcome visitors to the city While serving as a training tool for the sion was a two-channel, stereo sound m ix grown substantially, but the most rapid growth and introduce key people Involved In the ’ HBTP, test events allowed AOB staff the oppor­ tunity to familiarize themselves with the was still to come. More contractors from Olympic effort. US President Bill Clinton, Geor­ around the world began working with AOB gia Governor Zell Miller, and Atlanta Mayor Bill Campbell all made guest appearances.

ENFIELD • PAUL A BEN- BENN f V? * KEITH J BENN • DAVID M BENNE * EI2 M SENNE • SREE T BENNEETT • CHERIE L BENNER * DAVID BENNET • WILLIAM R BENNETT. ALPHA V BENNETT • ANITA T BENNETT * BEN B G O R D O N B E N E D IC T • W S • CLARENCE J BENNETT • CRISTV S BENNETT • OAUID D BENNETT • DAVID P BENNETT • DEANE W BENNETT • DIANNE M BENNETT . DONALD DALTON BENNETT • DONNA F O R D • C H R IS T O P H E R D ------— 'ifNfcl I . ER IC T B E N N E T T • G E RALD T B E N N E T T • G REG O RY R B E N N E T T • JAN E B E N N E T T • J E N N IF E R B E N N E T T • J O H N E B E N N E T T • JO LYN E C B E N N E T T • JO S E P H C B E N N E T T • JU LIA A B E N N E T T 71 7 0 L BENJAMIN • DEBORAH C BENJAMIN • DOROTHY B BENJAM,

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING vTLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

particular session's upcoming events. Five to ten holders were often unable to obtain start lists at derived from a combination of acoustic micro­ AOB crews utilized hard cameras and steadi- minutes prior to the start of an event, the inter­ the IBC prior to contests or final results imm e­ phones and contemporary digital processing cams for more traditional shots. The hard cam­ national signal runup—a term which applies to diately following an event. (For further informa­ technology. The stereo m ix was customized for era, often the main camera, is a studio-type the period just prior to telecast of the actual tion, see the Technology chapter.) each sport and venue. Audio coverage con­ camera mounted on a tripod in a fixed posi­ competition—began w ith 30 seconds of open­ sisted of ambient sound—the sounds from ath­ tion. The steadicam, a camera attached to a ing animation followed by an event graphic Features letes, fans, and equipment in and around the special body mount worn by a camera operator, and other venue-specific graphics such as For the first time in Olympic television his­ has built-in stabilizers which hold the camera field of play. weather reports, descriptions of the events and tory, the host broadcaster provided a series of The international radio signal consisted of steady while the operator moves, providing competitors, and start lists. features for rights holders' unilateral use. These only general ambient sound at each venue and flu id pictures. These cameras showcased action At the conclusion of competition, a three- features, w ritten and produced on videotape by was delivered separately from the television on the field of play; close-up views of competi­ minute countdown to the international signal the AOB features unit, were created to provide signal. Components of the international signal tors; and reactions of athletes and their coaches began. The countdown included final results information and upgrade the broadcasters' tele­ included live sports coverage, graphics and and families. graphics and event/session video replays. It casts. They covered Atlanta's past, present, and computer animation, results and timing (vari­ AOB utilized more than 100 point-of-view concluded with another three-minute count­ future and highlighted various city museums, (POV) cameras, w hich provided viewers a F ig u r e 3: ous statistics along with the game clock), and down with highlights and closing animation. parks, and neighborhoods. Each feature was S p o r t s U t il iz in g unique perspective on Olympic competition, event explanatory features. ready to broadcast and ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 S u m m a r y C o v e r a g e as well as a feeling of being involved in the ac­ Graphic Look minutes in length. They contained a mixed Broadcast Coverage Cameras tion. These cameras were placed anywhere Archery The AOB graphic look complemented ACOG's audio track of music and sound effects and were Preliminaries Five hundred AOB cameras, most of w hich from inside the goal in handball to on a bicy­ Look of the Games by honoring the Centen­ accompanied by a suggested English script. used CCCD technology, were used to broadcast cle in track cycling. Badminton nial Olym pic Games, celebrating southern ele­ AOB also produced technical features on se­ Preliminaries the Olympic sports competitions. The type and AOB also positioned panoramic cameras gance and grace, and u tilizin g the Look color lect sports that were broadcast during the runup size of the cameras varied, but all were posi­ around the city of Atlanta to capture and Beach volleyball scheme. by AOB production teams. Broadcasters were tioned to provide views that would give the showcase the overall beauty and magnitude of Court two M any Games icons were incorporated into provided with a bullet-point script and the time television audience a sense of athletes in mo­ the Games. Equestrian AOB's design, including the sport-identifying in the runup when the feature would air. Three-day event tion as well as the human drama inherent in Summary Coverage pictograms, 1996 Games logo, and the (dressage, endurance, and Olympic Games competition. Utilizing the lat­ Olympic Rings. The pictograms appeared on U nilateral C o v era g e jumping) est technological advances, AOB's coverage set For events that did not receive live cover­ age, AOB offered summary coverage consisting various graphics and were tightly cropped for Fencing a number of precedents in Olympic history. greater visual impact, while the Olympic Rings While many broadcasters relied almost entirely Preliminaries The GoCam, the Cablecam, and the Skycam of competition highlights and narratives that were displayed on all clock presentations for on the m ultilateral feed provided by AOB, were all used for the first time at the Centen­ described the action. This type of coverage was Modern pentathlon the first tim e in Olym pic history. These graph­ some rights holders wished to tailor their cov­ First four disciplines nial Olym pic Games. A small self-steady track­ often utilized for preliminary rounds of com­ ics were developed on the DPMAX Paint Sys­ erage to their unique audience. To meet the ing camera, the GoCam was capable of follow ­ petition. Summary coverage was transmitted Shooting tem and were available to all rights holders needs of these broadcast organizations, AOB of­ Preliminaries ing an athlete along a rail, and was used in twice daily at specific times and was available and AOB four m onths prior to the Games, fered a variety of unilateral and technical facili­ covering several different events, including to rights holders at the IBC. Broadcasters were Table tennis with minor modifications occurring until June. ties at each competition venue, the Olympic track and field. The Cablecam provided an alerted prior to the transmission of each sum­ Preliminaries Village, and, most extensively, the IBC. Placement of graphics overhead angle by following an athlete along a mary and given an information sheet that Tennis Results and Timing Booking was responsible for supplying all and colors was coordinated cable. It was utilized at events such as served as a detailed script of the upcoming with AOB to ensure Outer courts IBM, Swatch Timing, and AGOG Technology unilateral material the rights-holding broad­ canoe/kayak-slalom, where it was used to fol­ summary. (For a list o f sports for which summary optimal coverage. Yachting collaborated to provide all athlete-related data casters needed to personalize their coverage. low the athletes down the Ocoee River as they coverage was provided, see Figure 3.) All races other than for the Games through a comprehensive results those covered live navigated the course. The Skycam, which Transmission system. During the Games, the results system moved both vertically and horizontally along a experienced problems, including late and often rectangular pulley, was operated manually and Transmission procedures were similar for inaccurate information. The problems were es­ provided a unique overhead view of many each sport. Approximately 15 minutes prior to pecially acute in the first week, when rights events, including aquatics and gymnastics. the start of each event and following any pre­ event feeds, a venue wideshot appeared with a location graphic, indicating the venue or com­ petition location, and a timetable outlining that

KENYA BENNING • MABLEW BENNING • TEN EKA BENNING • VALARIE D 8ENNING ♦ KIMBERLY A BEN NI NGS • ILA RAYE BENNINGTON •JACQUELINE S BENNINGTON • R. LOWELL BENNINGTON • SARAH R BEN- NI^NGTON • CATHERINE BENOIT • ERIC R BENOIT • JEFFERY B BENOIT • LINDA J BENOIT • MICHAEL R BENOIT • JAN IN A BENOIT-CUSHMAN «JAMES 6 BENS • ROBERT G BENSINGER JR • DANNY P BENSLEY • 73 .KEITH BENNETT . KENYATTA BENNETT . KIMBERLY A BENNETT . MARSHA O BENNETT "MARY BETH OBEN^^^T^'^MAI^V^S^BENNETT^ME^AN^WBeN^^TT^ BENNETT . SANDY F TRACI O BENSLEY • AGNES W BENSON « ANN M BENSON • BRIAN W BENSON • CAROLYN A BENSON • CHARLES A BENSON • CONNIE BENSON • CRAIG S BENSON • DANIEL E BENSON • ELAINE W BENSON • 72 ¥irNNE??A''HOM«TISNE?T'’lTo\jrBEVNVT?^ h T eVJ e E t ': • HOWARD W BENNETT JR • DAVID J BENNETT MD . ANNIE U BENNING . KENYA BENNIN

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING AT LA N TA 19 9

could be used by broadcasters until the rightful transmission. AOB held three 10-minute book­ In addition, AOB assisted rights holders in positions were available for reservation by ac­ owner claimed the position. able pre- and post-unilaterals for each event. procuring services from third-party companies, credited broadcast personnel for the Games. Injection Points. Broadcasters w anting to Interview Room. ACOG Press Operations such as officiai equipment suppliers and Unreserved seats for a session were distributed send prerecorded material back to their area in administered a formal room at each venue for telecommunications carriers. in the order in which they were requested. Commentary Control Rooms. Commentary the IBC or to their home countries could book interviews with medal winners following com­ Unilateral Facilities control rooms (CCRs) were located near the injection points. These injection points, lo­ petition. Each interview room was equipped cated w ithin the technical operations centers w ith necessary lighting and audio equipment in order to tailor and supplement the muiti- commentary positions at each venue, provid­ (TOCs) at selected venues, allowed broadcast­ in addition to ENG camera platforms. iaterai feed, AOB provided a variety of uniiat- ing a site for initial mixing of background ers to book their playback and transmission M edia Subcenters. Media subcenters, smaller erai facilities for broadcasters' use. Many of the sound and the commentator's voice. The material from the venues to their unilateral versions of the Main Press Center (MPC), were facilities couid be reserved through Booking. mixed program was fed first to the broadcast areas in the IBC. located at each competition site and in the Commentary Positions. Some of the best telecommunications center at the venue, then Mixed Zone. As specified in the Olympic O lym pic Village. Each subcenter contained a seats at events were given to approximately to the IBC. At the IBC, the final program was Charter, each competition venue included a common work area equipped w ith tables, 1,500 commentators responsible for broadcast­ routed to the broadcaster's home country by mixed zone adjacent to the field of play, where chairs, telephones, televisions, facsimile ma­ ing the Centennial Olym pic Games to the the commentary switching center (CSC). broadcasters and other accredited media could chines, printers, and lnfo'96—ACOG's comput­ world, in addition to the best sight lines to the Commentary Positions with Cameras. conduct short interviews with athletes imme­ erized information system—terminals. The sub­ field of piay, the selection of these positions Broadcasters had the option of purchasing diately following events. At Olympic Stadium, centers, staffed by ACOG Press Operations was partially based on the space avaiiabie at POV cameras for use within their commentary AOB offered bookable camera positions com­ personnel, opened two hours prior to the start specific venues. Each position included a table, positions. The cameras, containing 750 lines of plete with a camera, operator, video and audio of competition and closed two hours following three chairs, a commentary unit with two horizontal resolution and full remote-control equipment, and a four-wire coordination cir­ competition's completion. headsets and individual volume controls for features, could be used for on-air commentary cuit. Broadcasters were allowed to book their incoming signais, and a color television con­ or viewing the field of play. own permanent positions for live cameras in Technical Facilities nected to the venue cable access television Additional Camera Positions. Two addi­ the mixed zone. While not bookable, various technical facili­ (CATV) network. The CATV was a ciosed-cir- tional types of camera positions were avail­ Media access to athletes in the mixed zone ties were included in each venue plan. cuit, multichannel television system used to able for use. Unilateral camera positions were was first given to television broadcasters, then Compounds. The broadcast compounds were distribute inform ation, venue feeds, and return available for broadcasters desiring to person­ to ENG and radio broadcasters, and then to large, open areas designed specifically to pro­ feeds, it was used by broadcasters and AOB alize their coverage throughout the Games. press and photographers. AOB liaison officers vide space for AOB and broadcaster mobile production staff at the venues and IBC. Electronic news-gathering (ENG) camera posi­ and personnel from AGOG Press Operations units, additional technical vehicles, and trailers. Positions at select venues were equipped tions were available for those who did not coordinated this activity. Located adjacent to or sometimes inside the with the commentator information system need a permanent camera position. ENG cam­ Pre- and Post-Unilaterals. In order to person­ venue, compound area access required AOB or (CIS), a real-time com petition results system eras are hand-held cameras often associated alize their coverage further, broadcasters could rights-holding broadcaster accreditation. The developed jointly by AOB and IBM exclusively with television news coverage. Rather than book pre- and post-unilaterals (live interviews or size of each compound varied due to produc­ for Olym pic Games commentators. CIS pro­ sending signals to a mobile unit in the com­ on-camera commentary) in predetermined areas tio n demands and the space w ith in each venue. vided data such as start lists, timing, results pound, ENG cameras record images on tape at the competition venues. These positions were Space for support facilities was also included. and rankings, and medal standings. This for production at a later date. generally located just outside the field of play, Mobile Units. AOB placed mobile units inside touch-screen system was avaiiabie at Opening Unilateral and ENG platforms were installed near the mixed zone. the compounds to handle broadcast production. and Closing Ceremonies and at the artistic at the venues in sufficient numbers to satisfy Bookable pre- and post-unilateral facilities in­ The mobile units transmitted the production gymnastics, athletics, canoe/kayak-siaiom, div­ the needs of the rights holders who wanted to cluded a camera, a microphone, an operator, feed from inside the venue to the IBC, where it ing, equestrian, rhythmic gymnastics, swim­ complement the multilateral feed with unilat­ and a four-wire coordination circuit to the IBC. was then distributed worldwide. Mobile units ming, synchronized swimming, and track cy­ eral coverage. AOB liaison officers at each Most pre-unilaterals began 45 minutes before were stationed at all locations except at Olympic cling events. venue assisted rights holders w ith access to the the start of the international signal transmis­ Stadium (athletics) and the Georgia Dome (gym­ Commentators were assisted by approximately ENG positions. Unoccupied ENG positions sion, while post-unilaterals usually began eight nastics, handball), where semipermanent pro­ 300 liaison officers responsible for handling minutes following the international signal duction control rooms and transmission facili­ any commentary unit problems and results ties were constructed. All signals at these venues distribution. were routed through a master control room Observer Seats. Located next to the com­ mentator positions, more than 2,000 observer

* AM Y E B E N T O N • A N N IE B E N T O N • B A R R E T T G B E N T O N • BEVE R LY B B E N T O N • C A T H E R IN E A B E N T O N • DW A IN E B E N T O N • GARY W B E N T O N • J IM M IE F B E N T O N • JU D Y A B E N T O N wTki BENTON • LINDAC BENTON • MICHAEL L BENTON • MOLLY M BENTON » PAMELA 8 BENTON • PAULETTE B BENTON • PERRY L BENTON • SUMMER R BENTON • SUSAN J BENTON • DE­ 75 ELE A N O R R B E N S O N • E L IN O R M B E N S O N • E V O N D B E N S O N TAIN M BENTON-WALKER • MARY A BENTON SAT • Kl MBERLY S BENTZ • LAWRENCE BENUCK • Kl M BEN VI N ♦ STAN A BEN VI N • DONALD J BENZ • DOUGLAS J BENZ • GRETCHEN S BENZ ATC • . NORA M BENSON • RICHARD B BENSON • RICHARD E®^NSON 74 BENT • BRYAN T BENTLEY • DEBORAH L BENTLEY • DHOVA Z BENTLEY • JAN

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FOUR / BROADCASTING

committed to the appropriate broadcaster within the facility, which then distributed the single phase 208 V, 60 Hz; and single phase The AOB information office at the IBC col­ video and audio lines. signals to the compounds and the IBC. 120 V, 60 Hz formats. Power generators were lected and distributed information to broad­ Transmission Center. Signals from rights At some venues, AOB had more than one located in each broadcast compound to pro­ casters, including statistics, results, start lists, holders were sent to the transmission center mobile unit present. Venue coverage for cer­ vide backup technical power. Backup generator and news releases when available. The main control for routing to their home countries. In tain sports required m ultiple live feeds and was service was able to support all technical power information desk was open 24 hours daily and the center, signals were monitored and tested available to broadcasters at the IBC. Athletics, requirements. offered information about results, historical for continuity, and identification signals in­ gymnastics, judo, tennis, and wrestling had data, Olympic competition rules, and histori­ Venue Teams serted where appropriate. Signals were then sent m ultiple feeds during the Games. cal facts about Atlanta. to an international carrier for transmission. Technical Operations Center. AOB installed In order to provide successful television cov­ Outside the information office, mail slots Commentary Switching Center. The CSC dis­ a TOC in the broadcast compound at each erage for rights-holding broadcasters, a broad­ contained hard copies of the latest sports re­ tributed all incoming commentary and coordi­ venue that served as the quality-control and cast venue management team was positioned at sults and pertinent broadcasting information nation circuits from Olympic venues and/or transmission point for all multilateral and uni­ each venue. Each team was directed by a broad­ for each event. Common areas of the IBC of­ other locations to broadcasters' offices through­ lateral video and audio signals. In addition, cast venue manager w ith the help of an assis­ fered CIS terminals and access to Info'96. out the IBC. The CSC was also responsible for these centers were the venue interface for cam­ tant venue manager. Teams comprised a man­ The inform ation office was also responsible establishing circuits required by broadcasters be­ era and microphone splits, commentator cam­ ager of production, a venue technical manager, for the Broadcaster Information Channel tween venues and/or other locations; cross- eras, CATV, data and tim ing, and public ad­ a commentary systems manager, an inform a­ (BIC), a part of the CATV system that helped connecting two circuits between different loca­ dress. The TOCs also served as extensions of tion manager, a chief liaison officer, and a sup­ supplement other inform ation sources. tions and the IBC; testing, establishing, and AOB's production unit by providing graphics, port services manager. A producer/director and Inside the main entrance, visitors nonaccred­ monitoring broadcasters' international four-wire archiving, and super slow-motion equipment. production and technical teams covered the in­ ited for the Games or for the IBC could receive a circuits; providing the coordination circuits and Audio. AOB audio coverage consisted of ternational television and radio signals pro­ day pass from AOB's day pass office. During its facilities needed for bookable venue unilateral specific audio and background sound based on duced at the various venues and sent the sig­ three-month operating period, the day pass of­ transmissions, and switching these circuits to individual venues. The mix of these sounds nals to the IBC. fice issued 13,670 day passes, 8,000 of which the broadcasters' home country or IBC unilateral provided the international television sound. were distributed during the Games. The IBC also housed common services for areas; providing and operating circuits and facili­ Ambient sound differed from sport to sport. International B r o a d c a st C enter ties needed for AOB internal technical coordina­ International radio sound consisted of only broadcasters, including a bank, a newsstand, a tion of the international feeds; and establishing the ambient sound and was provided continu­ The IBC was the headquarters for all AOB facili­ post office, medical and dining facilities, and and supervising transmission from the off-tube ously 30 minutes prior to, during, and 30 m in­ ties and for rights-holding broadcasters. Located snack bars. NBC, the US rights holder, booths. It was necessary to use 2,500 four-wire operated w ithin the IBC. utes after an event. inside the GWCC, the IBC occupied 500,000 sq Technical Overview circuits to coordinate this vast network. Power. Two separate power distribution sys­ ft (46,500 sq m) of space distributed throughout Bookable Facilities. A fu lly staffed radio stu­ tems were utilized. The first supported only three floors and three exhibition halls. Six technical areas were located w ithin the dio and six edit rooms were available to rights- technical equipment, and the second sup­ The IBC housed a variety of technical and IBC—the distribution center, transmission cen­ holding broadcasters through the booking office. ported nontechnical (domestic) requirements. production areas, including master control ter, a CSC, bookable facilities. Archive Services, Archive Services. Recordings of all live Electrical power was available to broadcasters rooms, studios, transmission quality and con­ and a CATV system. venue feeds, IOC press conferences, and non- with facilities in the broadcast compounds, trol rooms, a central videotape area for archiv­ Distribution Center. All incoming video live ENG summaries were available to broad­ CCRs, and commentator positions. ing Games footage, bookable edit suites, and a and audio signals from the venues were termi­ casters through the AOB Archives Services Technical power was provided from power host of general services. nated, monitored, and equalized in the distrib­ function in the IBC library. Copies of all sources isolated from all other venue loads. Using a computerized booking system cre­ ution center before being delivered to broad­ recordings made by AOB could be purchased Domestic power was provided to nontechnical ated by AOB, the IBC booking office processed caster areas and bookable facilities. Multilateral by rights-holding broadcasters. Selected iso­ areas located w ithin the broadcast compounds. all broadcaster requests for services and facili­ circuits were identified, synchronized, and lated camera-shot reels and playback reels from Power was available in phase 208 V, 60 Hz; ties and coordinated contracted services at the phased, and then received additional technical IBC and venues. Payments for pre- and post­ monitoring before being distributed to rights- the various venues were also available in the li- unilateral requests, ENG camera platforms, and holding broadcasters. AOB and BellSouth man­ i brary, as was all archival footage from the pre- other bookable items were collected immedi­ agement and technical personnel were present i Games period. ately before and during the Games. at all times to ensure the continuity and qual­ I All video and audio signals were digitally ity of each signal. Unilateral circuits were then I recorded using Panasonic NTSC format. For

• ARTHUR G BERGER • CRAIG R BERGER • DAVID BERGER • JOHN P BERGER • KENNETH BERGER • LOIS K BERGER • NIKKI BERGER • RICHARD W BERGER • SHERRI A BERGER • SHARON BERGER MOSCOW* JOYCELYN W BERGERON • MEGAN E BERGH • DEBORAH BERGHOFF • MICHAEL BERGIN • CATHERINE E BERGLUND • TARA A BERGMAN • W CRAIG BERG MAN NJR • ELISABETH S BERGOO • PE­ 77 76 TER G BERGOO • MARA P BERGS • JOSEPH R BERIAÜLT • RANDALL C. BERINHOUT M.D. • KEVIN C BERK • KATIE E BERKES • JUNE ANN BERKHIMER • DENNIS L BERKHOLTZ • JEFFREY D BERKLICH •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING L

the video signal, only the host graphie presen­ outlying venues were transmitted to the IBC tations accompanied the pictures, while AOB via optical fiber or satellite facilities under an utilized the television international sound for agreement between AOB and AT&T. the audio signal. Detailed logs of each record­ Distribution Network ST ing were provided. An additional D-3 backup recording for The distribution network was the delivery sys­ tem for sending unilateral signals from the IBC each event was made at the various competi­ til tion locations and contained the same video to viewers worldwide. AOB, together w ith AT&T, and audio information as the master record­ assisted broadcasters in acquiring international ings at the IBC. At the end of each competi­ transmission facilities. AOB reached an agree­ tion day, these backup recordings were shipped ment with AT&T to provide video and audio to the IBC library for storage. Foliowing the transmission to international satellite uplinks Games, the materials collected by AOB Archive and international commentary audio facilities. Services were given to the AGOG and IOC archives in D-3 format. Conclusions and R ecommendations Cable Access Television Network. The CATV network installed at the IBC was avail­ As the largest sporting event in the world, the IV»- able to rights holders upon request. The CATV Olympic Games provided AOB with one of the network had 60 channels and carried all inter­ greatest challenges in the history of broadcast national signals generated by AOB at the television. Over a 17-day period, the host venues. Unilateral signals could be included by broadcaster provided Games coverage for a cu­ 1 arrangement with the booking office. mulative television audience of approximately 19.6 b illio n people. The success of AOB can be attributed to the T elecommunications production quality of the coverage; the addi­ AOB was responsible for providing rights-hold- tion of state-of-the-art POV cameras and other ing broadcasters with the international televi­ advanced technology; and increased coverage sion and radio signals, producing the video for the Games, w ith ample room and services and audio components at the venues, trans­ for its own broadcast operations. porting those signals to the IBC for distribu­ To ensure the success of the world broadcast feed: tion, and facilitating the transmission of those ■ Test the application of the results and in ­ signals around the world. form ation system one year prior to the Games to ensure reliability. This testing should be a Television Contribution Network stipulation of the contract with the technology f é ' ï f The television contribution network was a sponsor company. communications system by which all unilat­ ■ Complete CAD drawings of broadcast fa­ f f eral and multilateral audio, video, commen­ cilities at each venue must be distributed one tary, telephone, and data systems were deliv­ year prior to the event. These drawings should ered from the O lym pic venues to the IBC. incorporate all field-of-play issues, broadcast Transmission methods included fiber optics, facilities, press areas, Olym pic Family needs, microwave, satellite, and wire line. The routing and other venue-specific broadcast features in pathway for both unilateral and multilateral order of importance. video and audio signals from Atlanta-area ■ Establish a centrally located media village to venues to the IBC was an optical fiber SONET expedite movement of media personnel to and ring configuration transmitted at the full from the IBC, MFC, and competition venues. 1 bandwidth of 150 Mb per second. Signals from :?

rîV Atlanta 1995, ^•1 II 7 8

III,

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FIVE / CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK

Institute of Technology campus, AGOG saw input from focus groups comprised of more the opportunity to link the site of the Olympic than 250 elected officials, com m unity leaders, Village with the GWCC and Omni Coliseum urban planners, and area residents. W hile par­ through the creation of a park. The area would ticipants voiced individual concerns such as include a large gathering place for the Games. total cost, size of the legacy park, and displace­ A smaller park would remain as a legacy of the m ent of businesses, com m unity support for the 1996 Olym pic Games. project remained high throughout its planning. C h a p t e r F iv e After AGOG management privately dis­ Prelim inary estimates of resources available cussed the park concept w ith a few key in d i­ in addition to donated land and services were C e n t e n n i a l O l y m p ic P a r k viduals, including Georgia Governor Zell considered in the development of the working M iller, the press became aware of ACOG's in ­ budget for acquisitions, site preparation, de­ terest. In a public announcement on 19 No­ sign, and construction.

VERVIEW— Centennial O lym pic Park O lym pic Park. The site was transformed into vember 1993, B illy Payne expressed his belief Individuals could contribute CENTENNIAL Owas created to provide a celebratory gath­ the gathering place envisioned by AGOG and that the project could be funded without tax­ to the construction of O l y m p i c p a r k ering place for all persons in Atlanta during exceeded all expectations as it quickly became payer money and stated that "if the park is to Centennial Olympic Park by E m p l o y e e s purchasing the engraved the Games and to leave a permanent legacy of a m ajor attraction during the 1996 Games. become a reality, the...business, political, and commemorative bricks used Date Staff Number An estimated 5.5 m illion people visited the philanthropic community...must come to­ green space w ithin the Olympic Ring. Its cre­ to pave pathways Ja n u ary 1993 1 ation was inspired by the experiences of AGOG park during its operation. People gathered for gether to [lead] this development." throughout the park. rich cultural events, world-class entertainment, The announcement of the park concept was January 1996 4 management as they enjoyed other central and sponsor exhibits, as well as to enjoy its re­ received with virtually universal community Ju ly 1996 14 gathering places in previous Olym pic cities— especially the Plaza de Espafla in Barcelona. freshing fountain, trade pins, locate engraved support. Shortly thereafter, the Genuine Parts Note: These staff numbers do not They realized that the Centennial Olympic bricks, and relax and socialize with others. An Company, the largest landowner in the pro­ include contract, VIK, and volunteer personnel. Games would be greatly enhanced by an area Atlanta newspaper headline described the park posed area, donated land valued at several m il­ where local citizens and visitors, ticket holders as "The Place to Be: The Epicenter of the lion dollars to be the development cornerstone as well as non-ticket holders, could gather to Olympics." of the park. When the donation was announced experience the friendship and celebration that during a press conference on 7 January 1994, are an integral part of any O lym pic Games. O rganization the governor announced that support was suffi­ In November 1993, AGOG CEO W illiam cient to conduct a feasibility study and, most Porter “Billy" Payne proposed that an area In 1993, as the vision of the park became a importantly, that the state of Georgia, through close to the Olympic Village and within walk­ concrete plan, a small staff under the direction the GWCC, would take the lead position in as­ ing distance of the main hotel district and sev­ of the managing director of Olympic Legacy sessing the project and, if the project was found eral competition venues be considered as this began the intensive coordinating process re­ feasible, would develop and permanently m ain­ gathering place. This area consisted prim arily quired for the development of a public park. tain the park. of vacant land and buildings and a few small The staff worked continuously through Games- Sprint Start Team businesses. The area, described locally as "u n ­ time with all involved external organizations • ' r» derutilized and undeveloped,” had been one of and AGOG functional areas. The GWCC A uthority immediately selected a unrealized redevelopment plans for years. team to determine the feasibility of the plan for The initial funds were provided entirely by After discussions with both the private and Planning the park. This team was named the Sprint Start the private sector. The Atlanta Chamber of public sectors, the state of Georgia, through When the US Housing and Urban Develop­ Team, denoting the urgency of the task. Mem­ Commerce directed a fundraising campaign, support from the Georgia World Congress Cen­ ment Department announced it would provide bers of the team, including representation from and the Woodruff Foundation contributed a ter (GWCC), managed the development of the a redevelopment grant to the Atlanta Housing the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, AGOG, the large donation. The remaining funds were guar­ 21 acre (8.5 ha) site that became Centennial Authority for Techwood and Clark-Howell city of Atlanta, the Corporation for Olympic anteed by AGOG. Homes, one of the nation's oldest public hous­ Development in Atlanta (CODA), and the ing projects, situated just south of the Georgia GWCC Authority, as well as other Atlanta busi­ ness community entities, responded by donat­ ing their expertise. Initially, the team solicited

K R IS TI L B E R N E R • DAVIP A N- * NORMAN R BERNSTEIN • ROBERT S BERNSTEIN . RUTH A BERNSTEIN • DANIELA BERRETTA • CHRISTINE J BERRIER ■ ANGELO BERRIOS * BRVAN D BERROL • STANLEY K ------n <1 " KARIN e BERNINGER • J BERRONG • ANNE W BERRY • BARBARA L BERRY • CAROLYN T BERRY • CARTER BERRY • CHARLES H BERRY • CINDA P BERRY • DAVID A BERRY ♦ DENISE £ BERRY • HELEN O I 80 LYN M BERNSTEIN • BERRY «JAMES BERRY «JEAN BERRY • JEFFERY S BERRY • JENNIFER E BERRY • KERI L BERRY • KEVIN R BERRY ♦ KIMBERLY E BERRY • LYNN E BERRY • MARGARET BERRY • MICHAEL S BERRY

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER FIVE / CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK

To assess displacement issues, the team con­ Sheltering Arms released a poster expressing EDAW worked intensely from October 1994 installed after the Games. During Games-time, sulted local housing officials, social scientists, appreciation for its new facility. through February 1995, and released the final the park contained 240,000 engraved bricks, and other interested parties. One group that design for Georgia's first urban park at a press the Fountain of Rings, pathways paved w ith an was consulted, the Atlanta Neighborhood De­ The Commemorative Brick Program conference hosted by the governor. EDAW de­ additional 100,000 engraved bricks, and an am­ velopm ent Partnership, Inc. (ANDP), assisted ACOG proposed to underwrite approxi­ scribed its park as a "landscape quilt in the city phitheater designed to accommodate Games- with this evaluation and relocation. mately 30 percent of the park's cost through of trees." The quilt theme, selected by ACOG time activities. A major success story was the relocation of selling commemorative engraved bricks. This as part of its Look of the Games, was incorpo­ program would also allow individuals to par­ the Sheltering Arms Day Care Center from rated into EDAW's design to convey the cul­ G a m e s-T im e O per a tio n s w ith in the park area to a site less than two ticipate in the park's construction by purchas­ tural heritage of the American South. The blocks away. Sheltering Arms received a new, ing personalized bricks. landscape theme represents Atlanta's natural Concurrent with planning and design of the larger, more accessible center w ith training fa­ The Home Depot assisted w ith the Com­ and topographic beauty. park, ACOG was planning and scheduling its cilities and space for parking and landscaping. memorative Brick Program by marketing and EDAW first established an overall plan based Games-time entertainment and began solicit- selling the bricks nationwide in their stores on existing city streets, which would become top: A master plan of lîlîîiîlîiSilpjR ÎË Centsnnial Olympic Park and by telephone. Several of their associates pedestrian promenades through the park, leading Sg8 Incorporated the landscape also donated their services. to specific destinations and adjacent city blocks. quilt concept. For a contribution of $35, a patron could After this plan was adopted, EDAW incorpo­ have an inscription of up to two lines en­ rated the commemorative bricks into the path­ boffom. This aerial view graved on a brick to honor individuals and ways to symbolize stitching connecting land­ shows the site where special dates, celebrate events, or recognize or­ scape q u ilt pieces. Linking the different Centennial Olympic Park 3 would be constructed. ganizations. Approximately 500,000 bricks elements of the park and joining the park to were sold, more than 100,000 during the the surrounding city w ith the bricks gave the Games, representing the most successful brick pathways meaning to the thousands of indi­ program in the US. viduals who supported the park through the The bricks would provide the basis for the brick program. park design, form ing the Centennial Plaza as Bounded by the pathways, each piece of well as many wide pathways. Specially designed land—or "patch" of ground—was designed dif­ kiosks in the park provided information on lo­ ferently, depending on its location and use. cating personalized bricks, which became a pop­ For example, throughout the seasons, trees cre­ ular pastime as visitors admired, photographed, ate variable patchwork appearances by their or traced their personal legacy in the park. different shapes, leaves, flowers, bare branches, and degree of shade. The lawns, gardens, and top: Plans for Centennial CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK Al(M0.<*c«ctKa Olympic Park—envisioned as D e sig n a n d D e v e l o pm e n t plazas strengthened this patchwork effect and provided for different activities and various a place for people to gather, cool off, and celebrate the Presented to the governor in late summer destinations. Olympic Spirit—incorporated 1994, the feasibility study determined that ad­ Centennial Plaza was designed as a 100 x water misters, shallow equate funding was available to develop the 100 m form al civic square. It commemorated wading pools, and park in an appropriate manner within the nec­ the 100* anniversary of the modern Olympic choreographed fountains. essary tim e constraints. The GWCC A uthority Games and marked the form al gateway into bottom:k mature pecan tree held a design com petition and chose EDAW, the park. A court of 23 flags honored the host was transplanted as a part an international landscape design firm, to de­ countries of the modern Games, and the of the park landscape plan. sign the park, and Beers/Russell, a jo in t ven­ O lym pic Rings fountain displayed water jets, ture, to construct the park. lights, and music. ACOG staff worked with the GWCC Author­ ity and EDAW to implement the design to ac­ commodate crowds during the Games, w ith many of the permanent park features to be

• MONTY M BERRY • NATALIE P BERRY • PEGGY BERRY • PEGGY W. BERRY • ROBERT 8 BERRY • RUTH M BERRY « RUTH ANN P BERRY • SHELL BERRY • SUZANNE G BERRY • TRAVIS BERRY • WILSON A ° BESCH • THERESA A BESCH • SUZANNE BESECKER . DANIEL K BESHAHA . NATHALIE BESHAHAT • SHAN NON L BESKE • AN NE T BESL . DEBUTANTE SCOTT BERRY • ZEDRICK M BERRY • ANDREW C BERRYHILL • TIM W BERRYMAN • ROBERT G BERSCHINSKl • JULIE A BERSE • BARBARA I BERTACCINI • DEBRA J BERTACINI • ERIN E BERTELSEN • B ESS O N M a r t n w ' BESSADA • GEORGE H BESSADA • JOHN MARK G BESSADA • W ALLAN BESSELINK PT • SHELDONIA M BESSENT • WILLIAM E BESSENT II • SUZY F 82 COURTNEY L BERTERO • KATHRYN E BERTINE • RUSSELL L BERTLES • JAMES J. BERTO • ARMANDO BERTOLINl • ROCHELLE L SERTOLI Ni • RICHARD R BERTOLUCCI • LESLEY D BERTSCHIN • MARTILOTTA • ELOtSAM BEST ♦ EMMA J BEST • MARKD BEST • DONNA M BESTER • VINGE A BESTER • MARY A BESTLE • KEVIN T BESWICK* MARK J 8 BESZTERY • ANIBAL O BETANCOURT 83

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FIVE / CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

ing assistance from potential sponsors. AT&T Closing Ceremonies were broadcast on the The park also became the permanent home ■ House of Blues, live musical performances, became the presenting sponsor for the park, screen for park visitors. for four works of public art donated by individ­ including performances from the nation's assisting ACOG with overall planning, as well uals and organizations. The American Hellenic blues legends. Sponsor Exhibitions and Activities as planning its own Global Olympic Village. Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA) ■ Anheuser-Busch's Budweiser Clydesdale Other sponsors included Anheuser-Busch, Gen­ Anheuser-Busch's beer garden, known as sponsored a sculpture honoring the centennial Farm, a facility created to house the Clydesdale eral Motors, and Swatch. Bud-World, was a 21,000 sq ft (1,953 sq m) air- of the Games, named Tribute to Olympia. The horse team that was driven through the park Additionally, the Coca-Cola Company and conditioned facility. Inside, there was an im ­ impressive eight ton sculpture, created by the each day by a different celebrity. The facility the Georgia Department of Agriculture created pressive lig h t show and video screens w hich Greek-American artist Peter Calaboyias, is 17 ft was open daily to the public. exhibitions and activities for the enjoyment of showed everything from the latest videos to high and 24 ft wide. A giant fan-like surface ■ The Sponsor Village, constructed as the en­ park visitors. Events inside the park were free of live feeds from NBC. Lines of visitors waited to confrasts three 9 ft Olympic athletes represent­ tertainment center for the TOP and COP spon­ charge. During the Games, the park was oper­ enter from the morning's opening to the ing different tim e periods: the first Games in sors of the 1996 Centennial Olym pic Games, ated by ACOG under a lease from the GWCC. evening's closing, attesting to Bud-World's ancient Olympia, the first modern Games in occupied 6 acres (2.4 ha) of the park. Each The most popular attraction in the park was popularity. Athens, and the Centennial Games in Atlanta. the Fountain of Rings in Centennial Plaza. Swatch built a half-acre pavilion designed to The Androgyne Planet, a sculpture commis­ People were constantly dancing in the water or emulate the transparent glow-in-the-dark "jelly sioned by ACOG's Cultural Olympiad, was cre­ gathering at the fountain to watch and photo­ watch" in its collection. The pavilion housed a ated by artist Enric Pladevall and fabricated graph the activity. There were five daily 30- large exhibition featuring the history of tim ­ in Vic, Spain (a city near Barcelona). It stands minute water shows when the water rings ing, interactive activities, and a photo exhibit approximately 26 ft high and is made of danced to music with an Olympic theme. The by Annie Liebovitz. The pavilion won awards m atte-finish sfainless steel, African teak wood, fountain was the single most photographed for its architecture and lighting design. and bronze. image of the 1996 Games. General Motors constructed a 15,000 sq ft The Gateway o f Dreams, a commemorative (1,395 sq m) pavilion in the southern tip of statue of Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the Cultural Olympiad's the park. A laser show occurred three or four founder of fhe modern Olympic Movemenf, Southern Crossroads Festival fimes a night, garnering visitors' attention. was donated by members of the US Pierre de The Southern Crossroads Festival was an The General Motors pavilion also housed an Coubertin Committee (USPCC), w hich aided event presented by AT&T that incorporated exhibition commemorating the centennial of Atlanta during the Bid process. De Coubertin is music, dance, food, slogans, and a busfling mar­ both the modern Olympic Games and the au­ depicted stepping into a gateway of ancient ketplace. Thousands of enterfainers representing tomobile. The exhibition included a motion Greek columns, w ith seven doves descending the American South performed on three stages ride and a southern stock car in which visitors out of the Olympic Rings to place a wreath of throughout the park. (For additional information, could be photographed. olive leaves on his head. De Coubertin ap­ see the Cultural Olympiad chapter.) The Coca-Cola Official Pin Trading Center proaches the moment of honor in the posture located adjacent to Centennial Plaza was a fa­ of an Olympic afhlete about to receive a medal. AT&T's Global Olympic Village vorite location for the popular Olympic pas­ The Allen Family Tribute is an obelisk raised AT&T's Global Olympic Village, constructed time of pin trading. on a platform, dedicafed fo fhree generations of primarily to host the families of competing The Georgia Agriculture exhibition, which the Ivan Allen Family. In addition to Ivan Allen, sponsor, the IOC, and NBC built their own en­ Tribute to Olympia, created athletes, also provided an exhibit for fhe pub­ highlighted the agricultural products grown in Ivan Jr., and Ivan III has reliefs, it also includes a tertainment venues within the larger village. by Greek-American artist Georgia, was the park's state agency display. The lic. It featured a large stage with state-of-the- narrative of fheir prominent contributions to Peter Calaboyias, contrasts Park Operations art lighting and sound, and a large Astrovision robotics within the exhibit were a major attrac­ the development of fhe city of Atlanfa. Olympic athletes screen. AT&T provided n ig h tly entertainm ent tion. The building has since become part of the Operations at Centennial Park were con­ representing the first Games from fhis stage, w hich could be seen from van- University of Georgia Research Center campus. Adjacent Activities ducted much like Games-time operations at in ancient Olympia, the first modern Olympic Games, fage poinfs throughouf fhe park. The stage was The Superstore, one of the largest temporary With Centennial Park as the center of other noncom petition venues. It was expected and the Centennial Olympic buildings constructed for the Games, provided downfown activity, other activity centers that Centennial Park would be popular. U lti­ the site of nightly concerts, with performances Games in Atlanta. by such popular enferfainers as Ray Charles almost one acre (.4 ha) of air-conditioned around Centennial Park added to the festive mately, it had more visitors than all other clus­ and Travis Tritt. Additionally, the Opening and shopping. It contained a broad selection of of­ atmosphere and entertained thousands of ad- ter venues combined. ficial Olym pic Games merchandise. difional people. Those atfractions included: ■ Coca-Cola Olym pic Cify, a 14 acre (5.7 ha) she including interacfive com petition against Olympians plus live entertainment, merchandise, and an Olympic museum.

T i-i B P T W fF . IIIN E A B E TH K E • A N ITA M B E T S ILL • RAYM O N D L B E T S IL L • S TE V E M B E T S iL L • B ETSY M AU R ER • E R ^ I a n F ,^ ^ t ’ SANDRA J BEVINS • MARK WILLIAM BEVINS • HAROLD L6EVIS • HAROLD LBEViS • CAROLE BEYER • DONALDC BEYER . MARYJ BEYER • THOMAS A BEYER * WALTER D BEY- o iT d Ê n 7s ÊV b ETT s '-T^ R B ETTS •. EJENNIFER JE R C N tLIA N IF E B R ET BETTS B A ETTS N C O • U • VERONICA R V TE R• OD IMN IC IT A R M AM BETTSB ETC E TTS H • AV • D AS E N • N M IS AR M• G A R ET D B E TH E A • BHAN'^niA ^ BEYERS a e ^ T • SGREGORY C BEZANtS • RICHARD C BEZEMER • BRYAN M BE20LD • KATHERINE C BEZOLD • ANJALi BHADSAVLE • PRADEEP H BHADSAVLE • LAURA H BHANDARi • HUSAIN M < > □ 84 ÏU?fîLN'ïîÏM ''BVTZrVALE'’R 'î™ e'ÏE uÏJS n E -“ m I r K • SHIRLEY A BEVEL • BRENDA D BEVERLY • GLENDA BEVERLY • ALBERT B BEVILACQUA • vYftuiA • GAJANAN BHAT • A M IT R BHATIA • M EEN A K SH I BHATIA • V IKR A N T 6 H A T IA • GARIM A B HATT • KUMAR G BHATT • NEH A R BHATT • R A M E SH R BHATT • REKHA Y 8 H A T T • Y O G E N D R A G BH ATT •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER FIVE / CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC PARK ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

Peak attendance nights were Fridays and Satur­ Operating Centennial Olympic Park from pie entering the park after hours. Operating at bombing, but rather served to reinforce the days, indicating the park's value as an enter­ 0530 until 0200 every day was challenging. The capacity virtually every evening, the park re­ Olympic ideal of bringing people together. The tainment center. Crowd estimates were more Centennial Park operations team succeeded quired additional staff and security. Also, sev­ ceremony was attended by the family of the than 75,000 during the Ray Charles and Joan with the help of experienced staff members and eral crowd-control techniques were employed woman who lost her life, as well as by many Osborne concerts. 74 enthusiastic volunteers. to direct people toward certain entrances and injured by the bomb. Andrew Young spoke of W ith in the park, there was an overwhelming Staff meetings for park management and ex­ exits to facilitate movement. the dream of the park and the emotions of the feeling of unity among the visitors. The Olympic hibition management were held daily at 1000 Maintenance and Cleaning. Since the park city, saying, "We're here to proclaim a victory, Spirit was prevalent and acts of kindness and pa­ and 1600. During other times, park manage­ operated 20 hours per day w ith large crowds of to celebrate a triumph of the human spirit." tience were frequent, adding to the manageabil­ ment communicated through the venue com­ people, a huge effort was required daily to clean The reopening of Centennial Park ulti­ ity of the park during crowded times. munication center (VCC) located within the the facility. Contracted maintenance and clean­ mately became one of the most inspiring compound. The VCC monitored all radio traf­ ing staff were assigned to m onitor specific sec­ events of the Games. Those who participated The Bombing at Centennial Park fic to ensure smooth communication between tors in the park. Some staff were responsible for in it, saw it televised internationally, or read On 27 July at 0125—the early m orning of different functional areas, such as Security and collecting litter, others for emptying trash cans, about it in any major publication sensed how day 10 of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Venue Management. and others for removing the trash bags from the profoundly the Olympic Spirit echoes in the Games—a suspicious backpack was spotted Park management's office compound was park. The late-night crew cleaned the park com­ hearts of the people. next to a sound tower, and people were evacu­ located west of the park in the GWCC parking pletely with high-pressure water hoses. ated from the area. Unfortunately, the pipe The Legacy lot. The lot served as both an office hospitality Public Aid. Two first-aid centers were lo­ bomb contained in the bag exploded before complex and a staging area for the buses serv­ cated in the park—one at the south end of the Centennial Plaza and the Fountain of Rings everyone could be moved away from the area. ing the sponsor hospitality village. park and one at the north end. Visitors were remained open for visitors to enjoy after the The park was divided into two geographical directed to the nearest center unless help was One person was killed directly from the blast, Olym pic Games. Approxim ately 15 (6.1 ha) of another died from a heart attack, and 110 oth­ sections for management purposes. The first required at the scene. the park's 21 acres (8.5 ha) were closed to pre­ section, south of International Boulevard, con­ A lost-and-found station was located In the ers were injured. W hile the Olym pic Games pare the park for its permanent features, in­ tained the Fountain of Rings and the Southern Randstad information station. continued. Centennial Olympic Park closed for cluding grass, trees, new engraved brick walk­ three days to enable law enforcement to inves­ Music Amphitheater. The second section, Program Entertainment. Entertainment in ways, a water feature resembling a free-flowing tigate thoroughly. This act of terrorism in­ north of International Boulevard, contained the park began each day at noon and contin­ creek, and a visitors center. The park is sched­ AT&T's Global Olympic Village and the Swatch ued until after midnight. Different entertain­ censed the citizens of Atlanta, Olym pic Family uled to reopen in its final form in summer and Anheuser-Busch exhibitions. Each area ment options scheduled by the Cultural members, and visitors from around the world, 1997. As a result of the Games experience, the who refused to let their Olympic Spirit be di­ was managed by an assistant venue manager Olympiad Department could be found in most design team, the GWCC, and EDAW modified minished. This tragedy brought people to­ and a supervisor. For law enforcement pur­ areas of the park. (For more information, see the the post-Games plan to include an area for gether in a universal appeal to continue the poses, the park was then subdivided in to sev­ Cultural Olympiad chapter). concerts and a fence around the park for Olympic Games in the spirit in which they eral more sectors, each w ith a sector chief and crowd control. Also, several plazas called Park Visitors were started. assistants. Each day, approximately 1,500 peo­ quiltscapes w ill be added as a memorial to ple were needed to operate the park. Including The park operated at virtually 100 percent Renewal and Remembrance. The park re­ those killed and injured in the park and as a opened on Monday, 30 July 1996 at 1000 with its retail operations. Shifts began at 0530 each capacity from sunrise until closing every night. tribute to all the countries and athletes that a memorial service and reopening ceremony. m orning and ended after the park was cleared An estimated 5.5 m illion people visited the participated in the Games. The 40,000 people who participated in the of guests at night. Overlapping security shifts park during its three-week operation. The Both the city of Atlanta and the state of park's emotional reopening demonstrated their assured coverage during busy times through­ crowds were large but manageable. Attendance Georgia w ill benefit from the permanent park unwavering support of the celebration of the out the day and overnight. peaked during high spectator traffic events at Access Control. The public was invited to the Omni, Georgia Dome, and GWCC venues. Olym pic Games. Their presence testified to the visit the park without cost, and AGOG estab­ As anticipated, there was also a large number power of the Olympic Spirit, evidencing that it lished rules to ensure that activities within the of visitors during the nightly entertainment. could not be quenched by the tragedy of the park were consistent with the Olympic experi­ ence. During normal operating hours, park staff entered from the north at a staff check-in location. This same entrance was used by peo-

BIELIK • KATHLEEN ‘ JOHN BIEBER • DOUGLAS R BIEDERMAN • RICHARD A BIEDIGER . BRUCE J BIEGE • CHRISTINA N BIEHL • SCOTTJSCOTTJ BIEHLEBIEHLE •• CASEYCASI R BIEKER • EDWARD J • CALLIE T BIGELOW * WILLIAM H BIERBAUM • BOBBIE J BIERKEROT • ERNST M BIERKEROT • BRAD J BIERMAN • BRAD J BIERMAN ------• REXINE D BIERi MAN • MARVIN D 8IGBEE 87 86 ^ W H A R R IE T F BIGELOW • ROBERT K BIGELOW • TOBY R BIGELOW • AMANDA L BIGGAR SAT • DAVID W BIGGERS • JODY A SIGGERS • MANLEYLEY RR BIGGERSTAFFBIGGER! • MARK J BIGGIN •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

and subsequent neighborhood improvements, Future organizing committees planning sim­ it is anticipated that the area around Centennial ilar projects are especially encouraged to con­ Olympic i’ark will attract new entertainment fa­ sider the following recommendations: cilities that w ill increase the popularity of the ■ Open the park prior to the Games. Since area. I’rivate-sector developers are presently crowds during this time will be smaller, the op­ planning commercial and residential projects erations staff w ill have an opportunity to ac­ adjacent to the area. The many visitors to the custom itself to park management before the park during the Games indicated that Centen­ huge crowds arrive. nial Olympic Park will remain an important ■ Conduct weekly meetings with all in­ legacy to residents and visitors in Atlanta. volved functional areas throughout planning stages and the Games. « Recognize that park operations are an C o n c l u s io n s a n d R ecommendations enormous responsibility, as the park requires C ommunications Centennial Olympic Park captured the true constant maintenance. spirit of Olympism. It created a beautiful and ■ Notify the public of park operating hours symbolically rich place where people with dif­ and enforce them. ferent nationalities, languages, and back­ grounds could together celebrate the overarch­ ing Olympic values of diversity and friendship. Both in terms of the crowds it drew and the sentiments it inspired. Centennial Olympic Park was the very heart of O lym pic activity during the Atlanta Games. The presence of a safe gathering place which offers a variety of activities is invaluable at an O lym pic Games.

n O l 0

3#'

111 Atlanta 1996.

88

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS

of all publicity efforts. During the Games, M e d ia R elations Media Relations worked with press and broad­ casters on nonsports issues of the Games. Media Relations staff worked with appropriate Press Operations planned and implemented AGOG functional areas to determine the best all facilities and services for the press, including communication strategies for issues that would the M ain Press Genter (MPG) and press facilities affect the public. Media Relations also imple­ C H A PTER S ix at each competition venue and at certain non­ mented publicity campaigns to promote ticket competition venues. This division also worked and merchandise sales, pre-Games Olympic with Accreditation to distribute press credentials. Arts Festival (OAF) programs and test events, C ommunications Accommodations to secure press accommoda­ and recruitment of volunteers. tions and coordinate reservations and payment, When releasing information. Media Rela­ and Transportation to create a media transporta­ tions adhered to disclosure guidelines designed tion system that served press and broadcasters VERVIEW— AGOG established the Com­ Gommission and the international press to de­ to balance AGOG's status as a private entity C ommunications who were the constituency of the Atlanta munications Department to coordinate in­ termine their expectations. A Public Informa­ with the interest of the media and general E m p l o y e e s O Olympic Broadcasting (AOB) Department. formation sharing with the media and the pub­ tio n Program was also instituted at this time. public in Games preparations. Press Information developed information Generally, the guidelines provided for in­ Date Staff Number lic and to plan and operate all facilities and During the years preceding the Games, working w ith the press was directed separately for lnfo'96—the electronic communications spection of hiring and purchasing policies; lists June 1992 13 services accredited press would require to cover from the Public Information Program for an system that served the Games—and assisted in of employees, volunteers, board members, ad­ January 1996 25 the 1996 Olympic Games. Interest in the 1996 creating the press data system that autom ati­ Olym pic Games was extraordinary, from the Bid interim period. The two areas were consoli­ visers, sponsors, licensees, and m ajor vendors Ju ly 1996 39 cally transmitted results to press and broad­ through the Games' conclusion and for months dated approximately 18 months prior to the and contractors; quarterly financial status re­ Games into the Gommunications Department, caster seating areas during competitions. In ports; provisions of significant contracts; re­ NoteiThese staff numbers do not afterward. Although local media, Atlanta resi­ include contract, VIK, and volunteer which reported directly to the AGOG GEO. addition. Press Information prepared all sports- ports to the lOG; and operating plans directly personnel. dents, and outlying venue cities focused the related materials for the media's use, took re­ most attention on the Games, national and in ­ Gommunications' responsibilities on behalf affecting the public such as ticketing and sponsibility for announcements and other ternational reporters and individuals worldwide of the media were to make information readily transportation. Although broad information media relations activities related to all sports of was provided, controversies arose periodically also followed developments. and easily available while preparing to meet the Games, and managed AGOG's Games-time This enormous interest can be attributed to the needs of the approximately 6,000 members as reporters sought greater detail while plans news delivery system. the historical significance of the centennial of the press who would cover the Games and were still being formulated. Public Information provided information to celebration of the Olympic Movement, as well require a range of specialized facilities, equip- | the general public, relying primarily on Press Guide as the globalization of the news industry. Most ment, and services. To address public interest | brochures, recorded messages on AGOG's gen­ journalists routinely use computer databases in the Games, Gommunications also provided | Media Relations created what became the eral inform ation phone lines, a Speakers Bureau, that can easily review local press reports from a large amount of free and easily accessible in ­ most important tool for journalists, the Press and a World Wide Web site. When the Games any city; thus, coverage in Atlanta could be formation and planned for the installation and Guide, which provided a comprehensive review began. Public Inform ation operated booths at freely accessed throughout the US and other operation of public information booths at of plans, policies, and programs for the every venue to disseminate information to spec­ nations. In addition, many US and interna­ Games venues to assist spectators and visitors, j Games—from finance and marketing to sports tators and visitors and to answer questions. tional news outlets have growing networks of and venues—and also included facts about the During the Games, Gommunications main­ offices with reporters assigned to numerous O rganization Bid history, Atlanta area, and AGOG. The Press tained a small headquarters group to manage op­ geographical areas. Prior to the start of the Guide was printed in itia lly in 1991 and up­ erations in all areas. In addition, a small team of Games, more than two dozen national and in ­ Gommunications staff were divided into four dated monthly through 1993. As plans for the Media Relations personnel was located at AGOG ternational news organizations had staff based areas: Media Relations, Press Operations, Press Games were being implemented in 1994 and headquarters to work w ith executive manage­ 1995, updates were less frequent. A major revi­ in Atlanta. Information, and Public Information. ment as needed. All other Gommunications staff The importance of providing information to Media Relations was responsible for pre- sion was issued in the beginning of 1996, and were based at the MPG or at the venues. both the press and the public was recognized Games dissemination of Games inform ation, from the earliest days of the AOC and AGOG. including news releases, press conferences, and After the lOG awarded the 1996 Olympic responses to inquiries, as well as coordination Games to Atlanta, a press chief was immedi­ ately appointed to work with the lOG Press

UINDY a 'b Tn n «^ BINGHAM ATC • BONNIE J BINGUE • BRUCE M BINGMAN • FRANCES BINION • FRANCES BINION • STEPHEN E BINION • GERALD O BINNINGER • BARBEL J BINNS • M O N IC A L B IL L IN G S LLEY E Y •. SSHELIA H E L I K BILLINGSLEY • SIMON MILLINGTON ■ MICHAEL W B^LUPSOILLKB^LLM^ f cjRHli'tlNEVH^O " e I c HE n I B m E ^ G A R Y ^ • M A R V h BIRn. • R'CHARD H BIOLETTE • BRIAN 8 BIRCH • DEDE BIRCH • PAULA F BIRCHALL • JOSEPH A BIRO • MICHAEL E BIRD • CHAD A BIRO • FRANK R BIRD • MARKS BIRD tolMON G BIRD* CAROL V BIRDSONG • LEE M BIRDSONG • LEIGH M BIRDSONG • ROBERT B BIRDSONG ♦ JILL A BIRES • MARIEABIRKE • GARRETT S BIRKELAND • ELIZABETH S BIRKEY 91 WARDLBILTHOUSE*Jll'l'iïlR'^LMSfNÏEM^A^N'^jD^lHrBINÏÉS'i'l^^^^^^^^^...... B; n S h T mG ^ “ | n I Lf^GHA^ f I eÎ c HER R BINGHAM • LEWIS E BINGHAM • ROBERT E BINGHAM • SALLY B BINGHAM 90 • S H E IL A M eiN G A M A

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

media. The staff was equipped with materials venue to nearby Athens on the University of a final publication was developed for use dur­ announcements, such as new sponsors and including the Press Guide, news releases, Georgia campus, the change was based on the ing the Games. Copies were produced in Eng­ Games programs, the Olympic cauldron, the brochures, AGOG executive speeches, maps fact that the facility was better suited to the re­ lish and French and occasionally in Spanish. Look of the Games, and ticket designs. In early 1995, news conferences were held and directions to venues, and photographic quirements of presenting the competition. News Releases on a biweekly basis to combine announce­ and video images of venues, maps, logos, and Throughout Games preparations and the other frequently requested visual elements of Games themselves, issues continued to arise, News releases, supplemented w ith status re­ ments, provide progress reports, and minimize the Games. Early m orning meetings were held and Media Relations helped AGOG manage­ ports, photos, slides, maps, diagrams, and the necessity for individual interviews with each day to brief staff on new topics and pro­ m ent address these issues and m inim ize any video footage covering Games' preparations, AGOG senior executives. These regular updates vide updates essential to managing calls effi­ im pact they m ight have on the Games. were disseminated frequently. Initial releases were well received by both the media and ciently. At the beginning of 1996, inquiries in­ covered finalization of venue locations, is­ AGOG management, but special announce­ creased dramatically, and responding prom ptly suance of construction contracts, staff appoint­ ments continued the need for additional news P ress O per a tio n s to calls became more challenging. ments, and new sponsors. As the Games ap- conferences. As 1996 began, at least three sessions per Press Operations—initially a joint responsibil­ Issue Management week were held, sometimes increasing to one ity of Gommunications and Operations— or two per day as Games-time neared. Media Relations also addressed numerous planned and installed facilities the press would Games issues that generated significant public need during the Games and managed services Venue Tours interest. For example, initial reaction to the of­ such as accreditation, accommodations, ar­ Reporters, photographers, and broadcast ficial mascot of the Games, IZZY, prompted rivals and departures, and transportation. Press camera crews were particularly interested in hundreds of inquiries, and the intense public Operations staff gathered information from learning about the locations where Olympic debate and news coverage about the site and the lOG Press Gommission, international press competition would be held, especially the new construction agreements for Olympic Stadium members who have traditionally covered the venues being constructed. Staff from Media Re­ continued for several months. Games, and NOG and IF press personnel to lations and Gonstruction or Sports conducted Progress in raising sufficient funds to stage plan for the best facilities and services possible. the tours requested by larger news outlet repre­ the Games had to be addressed regularly at the They then worked directly with AGOG func­ sentatives. Individual requests and smaller news conferences following the AGOG Board tional areas responsible for construction, or­ groups were accommodated by the weekly of Directors meetings. W hen progress seemed dering supplies, installing wiring and equip­ venue tours offered by Guest Services. Over slow, reporters questioned whether taxpayers ment, arranging food and beverage services, time, the number of requests more than would have to pay for the Games; when re­ operating buses, and providing other support tripled; and the demands on staff time and the ports were more promising, questions about services for Games operations. need to lim it distractions caused by constant the use of a surplus arose. As preparations proceeded, members of the visitors to the venues necessitated a change in Ghanges in venue locations also were signif­ lOG Press Gommission visited Atlanta for re­ In keeping w ith ACOG's proached, releases covered marketing and icant public issues, w ith the greatest attention views and updates, and AGOG's press chief re­ commitment to financial results, progress on new facilities, the tour process. In mid-1995. Media Relations focused on the site for preliminary volleyball ported at various commission meetings. In ad­ communicate with the transportation plans, tickets, accommodations, initiated a twice-weekly program of tours rounds. Originally set in metropolitan At­ dition, numerous press members came to media and public, frequent OAF programs, volunteer activities, youth and which encompassed the Olympic Ring, Stone news conferences were heid. lanta's Gobb Gounty, the site became the cen­ Atlanta for informal briefings and tours and to education programs, and Games-related com­ M ountain Park, and Georgia International ter of a debate that reached national propor­ cover AGOG's test events. m u n ity events. Horse Park. Media were transported on 55-passenger tions when the county government passed an Both lOG Press Gommission members and News Conferences buses, and Gonstruction and Venue Manage­ ordinance condemning homosexual and alter­ reporters suggested modifications to different native lifestyles. Proponents on both sides of aspects of the plans. Their recommendations— AGOG held hundreds of news conferences m ent staff were available at the sites to answer the issue sought to involve AGOG, w hich re­ which ranged from reducing overall travel throughout the pre-Games period. Two stan­ specific questions. During the year prior to the mained neutral. When AGOG relocated the times for media bus service, to adjusting the dard sessions were held, one follow ing each Games, more than 4,300 members of the height of photographers' stands—were adopted quarterly meeting of the AGOG Board of Direc­ media participated in these tours. to the greatest degree possible. tors and one after each review of the lOG Media Information Line Goordination Gommission. Most news confer­ ences, however, were conducted for specific In early 1995, a media inform ation line was established to handle the increasing number of calls from local, national, and international

. GLORIA J S.RNEV .DAWN MB.RNIE .CELINE BmRE.MORANnJ BISHOP • JUDITH K BISHOP • KERMIT O BISHOP . KYLE R BISHOP • LAURA D BISHOP • LAURA S BISHOP • LEE BISHOP • MARTY M BISHOP • MARY ELIZABETH BISHOP • MICHAEL E BISHOP > BISHOP • MURLR BISHOP • PATRICIA G BISHOP • ROBERT V BISHOP • SHERRY BISHOP • STEPHEN D BISHOP • T JANE BISHOP • WILLIAM C BISHOP* KAREN M BISHOP-8JORGEN * PAULA 9 3 92 ois>HOPjR .JENNIFER I BISIGNARO • PATRICK BISSANTI • PATRICIA A BITJOKA • CATHY L BITNER • CINOYABITNER • ELWANDA L BITNER • JAMES J BITSKO • CHERYL L 8ITTEL • COLLEEN L BITTINGER

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING W ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊm w.j!>siÊ9im j^s^m p,

upcoming W inter Games. In the absence of a While hotel rooms were an alternative that Two significant issues were raised at a May accredited media were allowed access to the national news agency in the US, ACOG cre- many journalists favored, large numbers of 1995 IOC Press Commission meeting in At­ super subcenter work room and interview dentialed USA Today. Olympic Family constituencies also sought this lanta. The first related to the fact that installa­ rooms at all times. The IOC notified NOCs in May 1995 of the option. Demand far exceeded supply, espe­ tion of the MFC could not begin until 3 July An additional policy for the 1996 Games number of credenfials they would receive for cially for hotel space in the Olympic Ring area because a trade show at the Atlanta Market prohibited non-rights-holding broadcasters— the 1996 Games. The NOCs then determined and rooms that were reasonably priced—priori­ Center would not conclude until that date. holders of ENR accredifation—from bringing which press institutions in their nations would ties for the majority of the press. W ith this restriction, installation of the MPC recording equipment into competition events receive applications. Eventually, accommodations ranging from would be extremely difficult to complete in or renting space in the MPC or competition Communications personnel mailed accredi­ university-style housing to a variety of hotel time to meet the 6 July opening date. Press venues. tation packages in July 1995—one year prior to rooms were made available. Many options were Operations was already negotiating for earlier W ithin the final year of preparations for the the Games, as required—w ith a letter confirm ­ attractive to the press, and the university hous­ availability of the space, and adjustments were Games, Communications provided a series of ing the number of applications per category, ing satisfied ACOG's pledge fo provide low-cost achieved by paying the lessee to vacate one mailings to the accredited media that included the applications themselves. Press Accredita­ facilities for a significant number of journalists. day earlier and by expanding ACOG's contract a Facilities and Services Manual, descriptions tio n Manuals, a Facilities and Services Manual Approximately 800 rooms were rented at the Fig u r e 1: N u m b e r of to allow occupancy of some areas by 15 June. of arrival and departure services, and updates for journalists, and other information. university facilities. Food and laundry services J o u r n a l is t s A c c r e d it e d Nevertheless, time remained very limited for on transportation plans. A final mailing in­ BY C a te g o r y In November, the IOC reallocated creden­ as well as press centers were available at these installation of the MPC. cluded information about the Press Gala— tials based on the response to this first m ailing sites. However, only some 700 of the more Category Number The second issue concerned the number and which would be held just prior to the start of and made a final reallocation in May 1996. By than 2,800 hotel rooms were located within E 3,145 location of hotels for press accommodations. To the Games—and about the press bags that EC 445 media received upon arrival for the Games. the end of the process, 5,954 credentials—the the Olympic Ring. Many of the remaining address this issue. Communications manage­ ENR 316 largest number ever—were issued. Journalists rooms were clustered near the airport area not ment reopened discussions within ACOG re­ EP 847 Accreditation from 161 countries were represented—also the far from downtown, but others were as much garding housing allocations for Olympic Family EPs 204 largest number ever. (For the number o f journal­ as a 45-minute drive from the Olympic Ring. In constituents. Additional hotel rooms downtown The accreditation process began in April Es 333 ists accredited by category, see Figure 1.) all, 40 different sites in m etropolitan Atlanta were designated for press, and more rooms were 1995 when IOC Press Commission members ET 317 The availability of EX and EC credentials led were used, placing considerable strain on the reserved at large hotels, w hich reduced the and the ACOG press chief met to allocate cre­ EX 347 to extraordinarily broad coverage of the Games media transportation system. number of facilities being used. dentials to each NOG. They also established in Atlanta, each city that hosted a venue, and Accommodations were allocated on a first- Communications also worked with IOC quotas for all categories of press credentials, across the US. Coverage internationally was en­ come, first-served basis. In addition, efforts Press Commission members to finalize certain i.e., E, EP, ET, Es, EPs, and ENR. Two other cate­ hanced through the Olympic Solidarity pro­ were made to house representatives from the key policies. As in previous Games, several gories—EC for access only to the MPC, and EX gram sponsored by the IOC and the Freedom same news organizations in the same facilities. events would be identified as high demand— for local press and representatives of national Forum, whereby 35 journalists from developing Press members booked 2,450 hotel rooms, meaning more journalists would want to at­ news organizations with Atlanta offices—were nations were accredited to provide coverage of including accommodations in Athens, Colum­ tend than could be accommodated in the reserved for ACOG in response in part to the the Games for their citizens. The program pro­ bus, Gainesville, Savannah, and the Ocoee grandstand press seats. Reporters would be re­ overwhelming demand for accreditation from vided transportation to and from the Games, River area. Hotel rooms for press covering pre­ quired to have tickets to attend these events, US media. housing, and meals for these journalists. liminary football rounds were available and the tickets, as in the past, would be allo­ The IOC Press Commission also determined through the local organizing committees. cated to NOCs for distribution to press from the international news agencies that w ould re­ Accommodations their countries. The policy for high-demand ceive credentials directly from the IOC or Arrivals/Departures events during the 1996 Games was further de­ ACOG. This practice has been followed for the Meeting IOC requirements to house the ac­ credited press presented significant challenges. Services for press included transportation fined to lim it access to all press facilities, in­ past several Games, w ith the agencies includ­ from their point of arrival in Atlanta or Savan­ cluding the general work room and interview ing Associated Press (AP), Agence-France Presse Facilities sufficiently large to accommodate most journalists in a press village were either nah to an accreditation facility, and then to the room, to only those with tickets. The excep­ (AFP), Reuters, and the national agency of the tio n was the super subcenter, w hich served the host country. For the 1996 Games, U nited not available or unsuitable for various reasons. accommodations they had booked through ACOG in Atlanta or in Athens, Columbus, venues at the Georgia Dome and Georgia Press International (UPl) also was given a World Congress Center (GWCC). Nonticketed, limited number of credentials, and the IOC included the Japanese news agency Kyodo, re­ flecting the fact that Nagano would host the

R B b l a c k * NOLAN M BLACK • PATTY S BLACK* RASHANJ BLACK • RHONDA B BLACK • SONYA L BLACK * SUE K BLACK • SUSAN H BLACK «JOE BLACK PT/ATC ♦ ALBERTA - LISA O BITTINGS • BLAINE E BITTLE • ANTHONY J BATMAN - ANGELA B BIVENS - JANET IsTORGBLAC k '-'^Ba 'r B A R A ^ J î LACK ^ B A rIT ^ ^ ^ • ‘^” * ' ’ LE S A B LA C K ^ R F BLACKBURN • ARTHUR D BLACKBURN • DONNA L BLACKBURN * JACQUELINE L BLACKBURN * KARMELINE A BLACKBURN • KEITHA E BLACKBURN • LEON R BLACKBURN • LISA ■»w\UKBURN • LYNN H BLACKBURN • ROAMELIA W BLACKBURN * ROBIN D BLACKBURN • RODNEY W BLACKBURN • SARA D BLACKBURN • SHELTON H BLACKBURN • BENJAMIN A BLACKBURN II ‘ 95 94 1 S T rT « b '^Sl a F k '^. D « % T '= bA a ' A ‘=.T‘ÎA \^ ^ ^ BTACK5'ÎEEER\h*§ BLACK • KAREN M BLACK • LINDA E BLACK • LVNETTE A BLACK • MELVIN R BLACK

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS

Gainesville, or Ocoee. Press going directly to As mandated by the IOC, the media system Press parking was available at each venue the MPC. The staff also initiated discussions the cities for preliminary rounds of football served both press and broadcasters—a con­ for a fee, but the number of spaces was lim ­ with sponsors, contractors, and vendors for were accommodated and accredited in each in­ stituency of more than 15,000. The hub and ited. Complaints were received about the loca­ equipping the space. In addition, meetings dividual city. spoke concept that ACOG followed was the tions offered, and several agencies requested were held w ith representatives of large news 'i Arrival and departure forms and other mate­ same approach used for media transportation and received refunds. agencies to gather their requirements for pri­ rials were sent to all accredited press in late systems in previous Games. Under this con­ Overall, the media transportation services vate offices, which would account for approxi­ spring 1996. As expected, most press indicated cept, media could board buses at their accom­ planned met IOC requirements and matched mately one-third of all MPC space. Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport as their modations, go to a central point—or hub—and previously set standards. The delivery of these Also under development was the press rate arrival destination and thus were accredited at transfer to buses going to the competition services, however, was not as effective as de­ card—a compilation of all equipment and ser­ the Airport Welcome Center. venues and Olympic Village or to the MPC or sired, p rim arily because of equipm ent prob­ vices that would be offered to press agencies Press accreditation proceeded smoothly in International Broadcast Center (IBC). The sys­ lems w ith the buses and an in itia l lack of fa­ for purchase or rent during the Games. This terms of records being readily available and ac­ tem worked in reverse on return. miliarity with routes on the part of some project was incorporated with the planning for \ curate. Most delays resulted from the fact that Initially, the hub was to be located w ith in a drivers. To address these problems, ACOG the MPC because most orders would be to press, broadcasters, and athletes were handled short walk of the MPC and IBC. However, added more buses to the system and instituted equip the private offices news agencies would ÎS’; at one location without special lines desig­ most prospective sites were in the area that direct shuttle service from the MPC to occupy at the facility. I '^3' subsequently became Centennial Olympic i C-'^' nated for each group. For departures, press ser­ Olympic Stadium and from some press hous­ Considerable debate occurred regarding m vice included transportation from their accom­ Park. After numerous reviews, the best option ing directly to the MPC. Considerable im ­ rental rates for offices. The IOC Press Commis­ modations to their departure locations. was identified as being about .75 m i (1.21 km) provements were achieved. sion and large agencies urged a fee lower than from the MPC and a short distance more from The bombing in Centennial Olympic Park that charged during the 1992 and 1994 Games. Hê I -^s-; Transportation the IBC. This center, which became the hub, and the subsequent route restrictions and To provide recovery of ACOG's costs and re­ I ^aot.•■)£;: In addition to arrivals and departures, the was known as the Media Transportation Mall. street closings adversely affected the media spond to the requests, a compromise rate of media transportation plan included bus service This choice frequently prompted the media transportation system for several days. W hen $15 per sq ft was determined, lower than that I - W that provided transportation between accom­ to spend more tim e traveling on buses, since more routine operations resumed, the system for the 1994 Winter Games and slightly higher modations and the MPC, competition sites, shuttle service from the Main Transportation functioned with much greater efficiency. than the charge at the 1992 Summer Games. and the Olympic Village. This bus service was M all to the IBC or MPC was added to the sys­ Discussions were also held regarding prices available 20 hours per day prior to and after tem. To help minimize the impact on the Main Press Center for technology services and equipment offered the Games and 24 hours per day throughout media, a press center was installed at the loca­ The center of press facilities and services for on the press rate card. Compromises regarding the Games. Press also were given passes that al­ tion with a small work room which provided the O lym pic Games is the MPC. The site origi­ price were satisfactory to most parties; how­ lowed free, unlimited travel on MARTA—At­ access to results and other information. nally selected for this facility for the 1996 ever, the payment m ethod implem ented was lanta's rapid rail and bus system that operated The system added direct service from accom­ Games was the GWCC, where the IBC was also not well received. The approach called for 24 hours per day. modations to a venue for media housed near located. However, as space requirements for ACOG to collect money for space, furniture, Service to and from the competition venues venues outside the Olympic Ring that required both facilities were more fully defined, the and various other items while as many as nine began three days before the start of an event transport to those venues only. Shuttle waysta- MPC had to be relocated. different companies handled technology or­ with 4-6 or more trips daily. When competi­ tions also were established to allow media buses In 1993, plans were finalized to move the ders, resulting in press agencies managing nu­ tion began, service to Atlanta-area venues al­ en route to venues outside the Olympic Ring to MPC to the Atlanta Market Center. This com­ merous accounts for their orders. lowed media to arrive two hours before the stop intermediately at a cluster of media hotels, plex housed ACOG headquarters and was within In late 1994, when the MPC manager and as­ start of an event, continued at 1-2 hour inter­ permitting access to the system without going walking distance of the IOC headquarters hotel. sistant manager were hired, press rate card devel­ vals, and was available u n til at least tw o hours to the Media Transportation Mall. Centennial Olympic Park, the eight competition opment was finalized and press agencies' orders after the conclusion of com petition. At least Some complaints also were received about venues at the Olympic Center, and the IBC. It were taken. 2-4 trips daily were available to venues in the proximity of loading areas near the press was spacious, but presented challenges in adap­ MPC full-time staff was supported by the Athens, Columbus, and the Ocoee River area facilities at the venues, but security restrictions tation for Games-time because the 300,000 sq ft MPC development team, which consisted of during competition periods. and the space shortage for these zones pre­ (27,900 sq m) of facilities encompassed three representatives from each functional area that vented this type of access. floors in two adjoining buildings. Immediately following site selection. Press Operations began working with a consulting firm to develop detailed layouts of all areas for

A. B.ACKBURN m . CLEO BLACKBURN m . TURNER A B^CKBURN PT - I BLACKWELL «JOYCE A BLACKWELL* MARIE O BLACKWELL • MARTHA H BLACKWELL* NICOLE BLACKWELL • PAMELA S BLACKWELL • RENEE J BLACKWELL* RICHARD 9 6 D BUACKBTONE • PAGE S BLACKWELDER • BERNARD L BLACKWELL • DALE A BLACKWELL . BLAii^tp SANDRA G BLACKWELL* WILLIAM T BLACKWELL • ERNEST N BLACKWELL II • ERNEST N BLACKWELL II • JANA K BLADES • JOHNY L 8LADGE * AMYD BLAFER • CRAIG BLAFER * DAVID N 9 7 ■H'Mfc • D IA N N E C B L A IK IE • T O D D R B LAIN • TANYA F B LA IN E • B R ID G E T G BLAIR • C LA Y M B LAIR • C O L L E E N M B LAIR • D A N D B LAIR * D E B B IE BLAIR • D O R E T H E BLAIR • J U L IE L B LAIR • PAT BLAIR •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

printers were provided for use by the press and but virtually all agencies subsequently subm it­ would be involved in installing and operating the switchboard, message center, and language MPC staff. Large video walls in the first-floor ted changes to their orders despite a fee im ­ the facility, including Accreditation, Financial services; offices for the IOC press chief, ACOG entrance area and the third-floor common posed for each change. Services, Food and Beverage Services, Language press chief, and Communications managers; work area carried live feeds of com petition at Office space in the MPC was offered on a Services, Medical Services, Security, Technol­ and a small number of private offices rented every venue as well as major news conferences first-come, first-served basis in anticipation of ogy, and Transportation. Press Information by press agencies. held at the MPC. demand exceeding supply. Orders totaled and Photo Operations also were represented The second floor contained the main news Reporters representing news organizations about 30,000 sq ft (2,790 sq m) more than was since they would operate in the MPC during conference room, a station where headsets were without private office space could use the 500- available. Agencies that could not be accom­ the Games. acquired, and the security command center. seat common work room, with tabled worksta­ modated were referred to other areas In the The greatest challenge was the m inim al The third floor held a large work area with tions equipped with telephones and modem building and to a press center for nonaccred­ tim e available for preparing the MPC. Some seating for approximately 500 journalists, most connections. ited media, provided by AT&T, located a few problems were overcome by initiating work on private office space for news agencies, service Research and reference materials were avail­ miles from downtown. 1 March 1996 for the massive amounts of wire center, AT&T calling center, sundries shop and il <1 able In the library at no cost. Journalists also and cable needed to support MPC technology. international newsstand, full-service cafeteria, could review video footage from previous days Most of this work had to be performed in bar and lounge, and operational areas for the of the Games on playback monitors. Headsets evenings and on weekends when the space was photo and Inform ation services. for simultaneous translation of major news not occupied. Staff check-in areas and a break room were conferences were also available free of charge. Also helpful was the 7 June 1996 availabil­ located on the fourth floor In space adjacent For agencies that had placed rate card or­ ity of the 20,000 sq ft (1,860 sq m) space for to that leased for the MPC. ders, a service center was available for problem the Kodak Imaging Center. This area was one Food and beverage stations were available solving and additional order placement. Pho­ of the most complex in the MPC in terms of on every floor. A ll space was fu lly air-condi­ tocopying and facsimile transmission services technological requirements and layout. Two tioned, with smoking areas outside in easily were provided near most private offices. weeks later, the main entrance space and loca­ j accessible patio or balcony areas. Both individuals and agencies had access to tions for numerous services were ready to be The MPC opened 6 July and operated 24 plentiful inform ation about the Games. Start equipped. i hours dally through 5 August, the day after lists, results, and other competition data and Despite 24 hour daily efforts, the remaining i Closing Ceremony. Games inform ation were continuously deliv­ space, which encompassed virtually all private Services. The MPC was designed to provide ered to m ail slots adjacent to the m ain work press agency offices and the common work i a variety of services to both individual re­ room and posted on notice boards. The docu­ room, was not fu lly complete on 6 July when porters and photographers and to agencies oc­ ment distribution center provided results the MPC officially opened, although the facil­ cupying temporary offices. books, IF books, team handbooks, and sponsor ity was operational w ith staff, services, and Most services were on the first floor, where materials. Office space and technology equipment and Although time constraints equipment that met virtually all press require­ Games sponsors and several vendors operated lessened the availability of j kiosks that offered banking, shipping and de- Food and beverage services were available in services were also available through the press ments. As installation was completed during ACOG executives during the a cafeteria, bar and lounge, or at kiosks rate card at the competition venues. the next several days, problems resulting from ^ livery, copying and facsimile transmission, Games, they made efforts to throughout the MPC. Several facilities re­ Agencies shipping freight for installation in the lack of time to test operations prior to I travel, laundry, and a variety of telephone, accommodate requests for mained open 24 hours daily. In addition, prod­ their offices during the Games were required to opening also were resolved. i paging, and calling card services. In addition, interviews. ucts of The Coca-Cola Company and Crystal use Circle International, ACOG's official cus­ Scope o f the Facility. The first floor of the I MPC staff operated a message center and m ail Springs water were available continuously and toms broker and freight forwarder. Materials MPC housed the primary entrances and secu­ I delivery center, a check room with rentable free of charge. A sundries shop provided snack going to the MPC had to arrive no later than rity checkpoints; accreditation office; general I lockers, a medical center, and help desks, foods and other items, and newspapers from 23 June. In total, 143 tons of material were re­ and transportation help desks; check room and i Photographers had access to the full-service ceived and held at a warehouse for delivery to lockers; document distribution center; library; i Kodak Imaging Center, w hich provided free around the world were offered at two interna­ tional newsstands. the MPC. The shipping and freight service also Kodak Imaging Center; news conference j film and processing. Canon and Nikon also of- handled the removal and return shipping of rooms; service areas; operational areas, such as , fered on-site camera repair and loans. Press Rate Card Orders. Press rate cards In addition to equipment installed in pri­ were mailed in mid-July 1995 as part of the agency freight. vate offices, telephones, facsimile machines, media accreditation package. Agencies were copiers, printers, and Info'96 terminals and asked to place their orders w ith in three months.

- j i m p BLALOCK • MANDI E BLALOCK • MARY J BLALOCK • MICHELLE M BLALOCK • TAN VA D BLALOCK • TAWNI L BLAMBLE • DAVID K BLANAR • ERIC A BLANC • JAMES S BLANC CHARiT »: BLANC ARTE • JOSEC BLANC ARTE • ANGIE B BLANCHARD • DARLENE K BLANCHARD • HENRY H BLANCHARD • JENNIFER A BLANCHARD • LAUREN S BLANCHARD • MARY E BLAN- 99 98 «KU • NANCY T BLANCHARD • ROBERT F BLANCHARD • PATRICE BLANCH ET • ALEXANDER BLANCO • BRENDA M BLANCO • LUCY L BLANCO • TRICIA BLANCO • BERNICE BLAND • CICELY BLAND

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING W ÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊÊmiLJ^«mmrÆ tp.

At each competition venue, press facilities in­ and Info'96 terminals. Copies of start lists, re­ Press Conferences. The MPC served as. the Following the bombing at Centennial cluded a press subcenter, press tribunes, photo cent results, news, and other materials were \ site for news conferences and briefings other O lym pic Park, at the request of non-rights positions, a mixed zone, and interview rooms. available in the press subcenter when press ar­ than those held at competition venues. During holders and in agreement with NBC, broadcast The press subcenter was a smaller version of rived and also posted on bulletin boards. the 1996 Games, more than 500 representa­ restrictions for news conferences at the MFC the MFC that served press as well as broadcast­ Throughout each competition, reporters in the tives of AGOG, the IOC, NOCs (including ath­ were temporarily suspended, allowing accred­ ers. It featured a common work area, help press tribunes were immediately delivered letes), and sponsors were involved in the 200 ited non-rights holders to broadcast live from desk, private offices for agencies, offices for copies of results, news, and athlete quotes news conferences held at the MFC. the conferences. This allowance was consid­ staff, and food and beverage service. from the mixed zone. All ACOG and IOC briefings were con­ ered essential, given the enormous worldwide Press tribunes were reserved grandstand Television monitors in the press subcenters ducted in the main news conference room, attention focused on the bombing. After the press seating with unobstructed views of the and press tribunes carried the venue's live feed i w hich seated approximately 400 people. Two FBI and other agencies involved in the investi­ field of play. Each fribune featured tabled and and the press data system for some sports. In ■ smaller rooms were also available for news gation ceased holding news conferences in the nontabled seating. Tabled seating offered elec­ addition, the monitors in the subcenters at the i conferences and were equipped to handle any MFC, the restriction was reinstated. trical and telephone outlets and television larger venues—including the Georgia Tech ’ overflow from the main conference room. Overall, the MFC received high marks from monitors carrying the feed from that venue. Aquatic Center, Olympic Stadium, and super ; Through videoconferencing, reporters in the the press for the facilities provided, daily oper­ Photo positions were areas for photogra­ subcenter—were programmed w ith live feeds ‘ smaller rooms could watch the proceedings ations and services, and the convenience of phers near and sometimes on the field of play from all venues. and ask questions. the location. Disassembly of the MFC was and in press tribunes. Other services included facsimile transmis­ Simultaneous interpretation in English, completed by 8 August. The mixed zone was a designated area sion and photocopying, available through the French, German, Russian, and Spanish was Press Subcenters where athletes and coaches met inform ally help desk; language and technology assistance; ; available for all official IOC and ACOG news with media after competition. purchase of AT&T prepaid calling cards for conferences, including the Games status brief- Press facilities were also required at every Interview rooms, for press conferences and long-distance calls; rental of lockers; and rental ; ing held each morning. Use of all news confer­ competition venue and certain noncompeti­ interviews with athletes and coaches following of equipm ent offered through the press rate ence rooms was free to IFs, NOCs, and other tion venues. IOC guidelines for serving fhe competition, offered sound systems and other card. Froducts from The Coca-Cola Company, Olympic Family members. press, recommendations from IOC Press Com­ audiovisual equipm ent needed by press and coffee, and water were available free of charge AOB produced a direct feed of the IOC and mission members, and precedents from previ­ broadcasters. Simultaneous interpretation was in the subcenters and frequently distributed by ACOG news conferences that was broadcast on ous Games provided detailed direction for de­ available at selected venues, and consecutive staff throughout the press tribunes and photo monitors throughout the MFC and at the IBC. signing, equipping, and staffing these facilities. interpretation was provided at all others. positions. Free snacks were provided at some In addition, summary transcriptions of these Press Operations began the development Each com petition venue also had an en­ venues, and all offered access to food and bev­ conferences and other major briefings were process for the press subcenters in 1993, partic­ trance dedicated for the press and broadcasters. erage stations. For photographers, a courier ser­ provided in printed copy and on lnfo'96. ipating in cross-functional meetings and At noncompetition venues such as the O perational Issues. After initial installation reviews to determine the layout and operating vice ensured prompt delivery of film from the Olym pic Village, press housing. Media Trans­ venues to the MFC for processing. problems were resolved, the MFC functioned procedures for each venue. portation M all, Centennial O lym pic Park, and extremely well. During the early days of ppera- Scope o f Facilities. The scope and size of O perational Issues. Generally, operations at the OAF press center, facilities were more tion, fhe ACOG press chief and other members press facilities at venues closely matched those the competition venues proceeded smoothly; streamlined but offered quick access to Games- any problems were primarily related to tech­ I of Communications management met with provided at previous Games. The number of representatives from the m ajor press agencies grandstand seats reserved for press and the seats related information and staff trained to assist nology and transportation. While Fress Opera­ the press. The press centers at the OAF and to hear their assessment of the facility and any available in each work room were approxi­ tions could not directly resolve most of these Centennial Olympic Park were open to nonac­ issues, the staff ensured fhat concerns such as suggestions for improvement. mately the same as in Barcelona. In preparing credited media as well as credentialed press. Issues regarding day passes for access to the for new sports and in refining capacity require- fhe frequency of bus service and more rapid Services. Most services centered on access to MFC continued throughout the Games w ith : ments for other sports. Communications uti- availability of results were promptly reported. and delivery of information. The common : hundreds of press, either nonaccredited or not j lized information from the IFs and from the Complaints that mixed zones were too far accredited for the MFC, trying to enter. Most most recent World Championships. work areas contained telephones, facsimile ma­ from the press tribunes, which in turn were too wanted tours, which were available but re- chines, copiers, television monitors, printers. far from the subcenters, were received at both ! stricted primarily to sponsor groups and ob- Olympic Stadium and the Aquatic Center. In I servers who had made arrangements prior to the Games.

i

SAN LBLA«h^^*S^. , ^ BUASCH • JACQUELINE BLASER • DONALD E BLASINGAME • JOHN BLASINGAME • TERRY A BLASINGAME • MARION A BLASKI «JOSEPH A BLASKO • JOSEPH A 6LASKO • SU r.AK,,T* Bi AMrs . M A T T .P I Rl AN D . M AVFLY N G fiL A N D • T ESLYN T B LAN D • PH IL L IP S BLAN D MD • B R UC E K B LA N D FO R D • K A TH LEE N B LA N E • D O R O TH Y B BLAN E Y • D IA N A J BLAN K • P A U L F B L A N K E M a r t h a i RCcAi/t^ BLASSINGAME • l in o a s b l a u c h • j o s e p h s b l a u s e r a t c • r o b e r t e b l a u s t e i n • p a t t i r b l a y l o c k ♦ s u s a n m blazejewski * j o d y a b l a z e r • s a n d r a b b l a z o n • ' SApkf'pA W m BLANKENSHIP . DOUGLAS L^ANKENSWP OEAN D BLANKENSHIP OOHN BLANK oLtAKLEY • KERRY LBLEASDALE • SHERYL S BLECHNER • KIMBERLY M BLECK • ALLISON A BLEDSOE • EDWARD L BLEDSOE • PERVIS BLEDSOE • RUNETTE G BLEDSOE • CECIL M BLEIKER • 101 100 BLANKENSHIP* MICHELLE B BLANKENSHIP • NELLY M BLANKENSHIP • BOBBIE S BLANTON • ELVIN BLANTON • JEFF B BLANTON - JOHN E BLANTON • MONIQUE J BLANTON • THOMAS L BLANTON •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS

addition, reporters waiting in the mixed zones Kodak Imaging Center. The photo chief the Games than could be accommodated near Center, Emory housing, Olympic Stadium, the could not see the field of play. These problems served as the liaison for equipping the Kodak the field of play, a pool was created that repre­ Olympic Village, and the super subcenter. had been partially addressed prior to the Games Imaging Center in the MPC. The facility con­ sented the IOC, the organizing committee, In addition, the press data system delivered with the placement of additional television stituted the largest film processing center in major news agencies, and the IFs. start lists, results, and other inform ation on an monitors in the mixed zones. In addition, the w orld during its operation. Services in ­ The 1996 Games marked the first time that almost real-time basis to video monitors in press quotes from athlefes in the mixed zones were cluded complimentary Kodak film processing, agencies in the lOPP could assign their accred­ and broadcast seating for artistic gymnastics, fed elecfronically to monitors in the press printing, transmitting, and digital imaging. ited photographers on an as-needed basis, athletics, basketball, diving, swimming, syn­ tribunes. At Olympic Stadium, a small work Kodak employees were responsible for the in­ rather than designating specific individuals for chronized swimming, tennis, and track cycling. I room was added adjacent to the press tribune, stallation, management, and operation of the the pool. In return for this flexibility, the three Especially vital to large news agencies was providing facilities for reporters to immediately facility. During the Games, some 230,000 rolls agencies in the pool—AFP, AP, and Reuters— the W orld News Press Agency (WNPA) feed. develop and file stories during the sessions. of film were processed in the center. provided their 150-200 best pictures from each Offered on the press rate card, this system Problems were also encountered with press Venue Photo Operations. At the venues, day to the IOC, ACOG, and accredited news provided direct delivery of start lists, results, credentialed as ENR who violated the policy Photo Operations ensured the best possible po­ organizations for editorial use. records, and statistics by modem to the agen­ that restricted how much recording equipment sitions for photographers near the field of play, Film Courier System. The IOC requires that cies' computers. could be brought into the venues. Most viola­ finish lines, and victory stands. Positions clos­ a courier service be provided to transport film When the Games began, sufficient time had tions were handled with a warning; however, est to or on the field of play were reserved for from the venues to the MPC for processing at not been available to fully test all hardware the IOC director of Public Information and the the lOPP. At least 6 were designated at each the imaging center. Photo Operations con­ and software systems. In itia l problems were AGOG press chief did revoke some credentials venue, with 8 available for track cycling and tracted with a professional transportafion ser­ encountered, and although they were resolved due to repeated violations. 16 for athletics. vice that assembled an experienced team of w ith in a few days, the confidence the press Throughout the Games, issues regarding the Other photo positions varied in location drivers for the system. Motorcycles for the ser­ placed in the technology was significantly handling of high-demand tickets arose. Al­ and number around the field of play and in vice were obtained from Games sponsor BMW. damaged. Thus, all aspects of the service were though Press Operations requested delivery of the press tribunes; however, a variety of special Driving times were matched to the competi­ subjected to critical review. these tickets well in advance of the Games, they accommodations was made to ensure full pho­ tion schedule to ensure messengers arrived Overall, the WNPA feed did not meet per­ were not provided to IOC Press Commission tographic coverage of each sport. For example, hourly at every venue during competition. formance expectations, and the shortcomings members responsible for their allocation to the boats were provided for photographers at Couriers delivered about 90 percent of the film of the system were magnified by its impor­ NOCs u n til 1-2 days before each event, giving canoe/kayak-sprint, rowing, and yachting. Re­ processed at the Kodak Imaging Center. tance to the m ajor news services. Additionally, NOCs little time to distribute them to reporters mote cameras were positioned at the Aquatic data m igration, the speed at w hich inform a­ Technology and photographers. Substantial confusion re­ Center on girders, platforms, and underwater. tion moves from where it is entered to other sulted on several occasions and unnecessarily A special bus for photographers followed pen- The technology for the 1996 Games was ex­ locations, did not occur as quickly as antici­ complicated operations at the venues. tathletes to the three different venues in which pected to represent the best services available pated, causing delays in both Info'96 and the they competed. to the press. The am ount and variety of equip­ results system. For example, news items en­ Photo Operations At indoor venues, lighting on the field of ment was remarkable, as were the capabilities tered into lnfo'96 at a competition venue Photo Operations, under the direction of a play was a critical factor. IOC guidelines re­ of the systems that were developed. sometimes were not visible at terminals out­ photo chief who reported to the deputy man­ quired a minimum of 1,400 lux, but this re­ The results system and Info'96 were the pri­ side the venue for 30 minutes or longer, and aging director of Communications, provided quirement had to be balanced with necessary mary applications affecting the press. Through the results system at the MPC sometimes was facilities and services both at the MPC and the television lighting, which is often lower. the results system, press at each venue received delayed in producing printed copies of start competition venues, coordinated the Interna­ Broadcasters' demands resulted in less than op­ printed copies of start lists and results for the lists from venues until after competitions were tional Olympic Photo Pool (lOPP), and man­ timal lighting for photographers for boxing, competition they were viewing, lnfo'96 pro­ started or concluded. (For more information on aged the operation of the film courier system. table tennis, and weightlifting. vided this information for all sports as well as the technology for the 1996 Games, see the Tech­ International Olympic Photo Pool. An im ­ an enormous database of Games inform ation nology chapter.) portant responsibility of Photo Operations was and E-mail and bulletin board services for all the formation and support of the lOPP. Be­ accredited individuals. cause more photographers were accredited for Live television feeds of com petition were also tremendously im portant to media, w ith all venue broadcasts available not only at the MPC but also at press facilities for the Aquatic

. JOHN E BLEWETT • PETER P 8LEZNYK • MICHAEUJ BUMM » STEPHANIE J W O RT “ KAT h I r i n e ' Ei-IZABETH A BLOODGOOD CATC • BTRCN BLOODWORTH • CHARLIE BLOODWORTH . JOHN D BLOODWORTH ■ JOHN T BLOOD- BLOOM.STACYL8LOOM^SUS.^^ftrrCoM tûcu A * SHIRLEY L BLOODWORTH • TERESA D BLOODWORTH • AMAN BLOOM • GREGORY D BLOOM • RUTH E 102 M SUSAN O BLOOM • SHEILA W BLOOMBERG • CAROL Z BLOOMOUIST • DAVID V BLOOMQUIST • RHETT BLOOMQUtST • MICHAELJ BLOUiN • BRETD BLOUNT • ELLEN L BLOUNT 103

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS

ographies throughout the Games, operating from reporters and arranged interviews and P ress In fo r m a t io n The Olym pic Experience was also the site for from press facilities at the Olympic Village. An press conferences for ACOG executives. H un­ one of several countdown clocks ACOG in ­ Communications was committed to signifi­ athlete biography form mailed to NOCs in Jan­ dreds of media inquiries were received daily stalled. Others were placed at ACOG headquar­ cantly expanding the scope of information that uary 1996 resulted in a 65 percent return rate, from the 6 July opening of the MPC until the ters, C ity Hall, and on an overpass of the major would be provided to the media. Press Informa­ and this material was continuously updated. start of the Games. Once competition began, highway intersecting downtown Atlanta. tion was given this responsibility, with empha­ Additional forms were completed by athletes the number of inquiries at the MPC declined Another important Olympic Experience fea­ sis on Info'96 content, and establishing the when they arrived at the Olympic Village. Ap­ significantly as attention shifted to the com­ ture was a specially designed kiosk that in­ press data system w ith Technology and AOB. proximately 20,000 biographies were available petition. However, numerous requests to inter­ stantly displayed answers to frequently asked Press Information was the liaison with Technol­ on lnfo'96. view ACOG executives continued. Prior to and questions with colorful visuals and video dips ogy for developing start lists and results in for­ W ith these services, the quality and scope during the Games, very few individual inter­ through an interactive touch screen. IBM pro­ mats most usable for press and broadcasters, of Information was significantly improved over views were conducted due to time constraints, vided the technology for the kiosk, and Public and also created the preferred names process to previous Games. Especially well received were although AONA staff did arrange briefings for Information developed the content. Two addi­ ensure consistent use of athletes' names. such innovations as the extended start lists groups of reporters or scheduled press confer­ tional kiosks were placed at the Welcome In addition. Press Information was responsi­ prepared for athletics and swimming, which ences for fhe press to receive news directly South Center, a downtown visitors' facility, ble for the Atlanta Olympic News Agency provided records and rankings never before from ACOG management. and at Lenox Square, one of the busiest shop­ (AONA), which served as ACOG's single news available on start lists. Also for the first time, When the bombing in Centennial Olympic ping centers in metropolitan Atlanta. source during the Garnies and ensured delivery area and national records for athletics and Park occurred, AONA issued all ACOG state­ of news and information to accredited and swimming and all comers records for athletics ments and media advisories, provided notes Speakers Bureau nonaccredited media. were continuously updated for printed copies from the numerous press conferences con­ A Speakers Bureau was established in 1991 By the start of the 1996 Games, more data of results and for scoreboards. ducted in the MPC by law enforcement agen­ to accommodate the hundreds of requests had been assembled for use by the media than cies, and coordinated with these agencies in from area organizations that wanted to hear Atlanta Olympic News Agency ever before. Extensive descriptions of every as­ responding to inquiries from accredited and presentations about the 1996 Games. The pect of the Olympic Movement and of AGOG AONA incorporated the reports produced by nonaccredited media. One of the most impor­ speakers—all of w hom were AGOG employees as the host of the 1996 Games had been final­ Press Information staff at the competition tant functions of AONA during this period was or volunteers—used speeches, notes, slides, ized. Venue profiles and Inform ation on each venues with updates provided by Gommunica- ensuring that only the most factual, current videos, and other materials developed by Pub­ sport had been compiled as well as country tions personnel at Centennial O lym pic Park, inform ation was provided. lic Information to ensure consistent informa­ profiles and their history In the Olympic the MPC, OAF, and the Olympic Village. tio n was conveyed. Games. Historical results for every sport and AONA staff stationed at the MPC also provided P u b l ic In fo r m a t io n Speakers Bureau representatives spoke to facts and figures covering O lym pic medals, schedules for news conferences and events of more than 1,500 community, civic, corporate, athlete statistics, team statistics, and thousands interest to the media, detailed notes of all The Public Information division managed sev­ and convention groups. ACOG accepted hono­ of biographical records were also available. ACOG and IOC briefings and other major eral programs and prepared information for raria to the Ghildren's Olympic Ticket Fund for During the Games, the major focus of Press news conferences, summaries of each day's ac­ dissemination to the general public. Speakers Bureau presentations; contributions Inform ation was the production of sports-related tivities, facts and figures about all aspects of received comprised a significant portion of the The Olympic Experience inform ation at the venues. Venue teams were the Games, and media advisories on issues funds used to buy tickets for children who oth­ organized at each competition venue, w hich in ­ ranging from ticketing for high-demand events A public information gallery called the erwise could not have attended Games events. cluded an information manager with extensive to changes in transportation schedules. Olympic Experience—featuring maps, models, sports experience and supporting staff. These Information produced by AONA was distrib­ and drawings of new venues, photographs of Information Requests managers shared responsibility with Media Rela­ uted through lnfo'96; the 1996 Olympic Games existing facilities, and displays of the Bid his­ Most information requests were for tions personnel operating from the MPC and World Wide Web site; and WXIA-TV and tory, Olympic sports, and programs such as the brochures and printed materials. A general in­ ACOG headquarters In providing comprehen­ WGST-Radio, the local news outlets for the o a f —was opened in 1991 in dow ntow n A t­ formation brochure, including a map of all sive news and Inform ation about the Games. Games. Printed copies were distributed to media lanta, and continued operations through 1996, venues and an array of facts, figures, and pro­ Concurrently, the Press Information re­ at the competition venues, MPC, and IBC. hosting more than 750,000 visitors. gram descripfions, was produced immediately search team continued to develop athlete b i­ Along with Media Relations staff, AONA staff based at the MPC answered inquiries

K. BOA tI îJ g h T * • DEB O R A H R R naT\A /oi^i-i-r A B O A. EN. ... • R O B E R T J 104 105

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING CHAPTER SIX / COMMUNICATIONS

after Atlanta was awarded the Games. This Schedule information could be found, how­ the call center with constant information to The ACOG call center and World Wide Web equip operators with the data needed to re­ I brochure was updated and reprinted—in quan- ever, on the 1996 O lym pic Games web site. site for the Games also provided avenues for ^ titles of 50,000-100,000—on numerous occa- spond to callers. When operators could not an­ communicating with the public, and AONA I sions, but demand always exceeded supply. World Wide Web Site swer inquiries, they referred callers to a public distributed information through the media. In Other documents addressed the process of Established in April 1995, the 1996 Olympic information line to leave a voice mail message. the call center, approximately 100 volunteers volunteering for the Games, provided a self- Games World Wide Web site marked the first use W ritten responses generally were provided to managed the 25 phone stations installed for guided driving tour of Olympic venues, and of the Internet by an Olympic organizing com­ these calls. Calls routed to Public Inform ation Games-time. Public Information staff provided answered frequently asked questions. An mittee—and the first time that Olympic Games increased steadily to approximately 125 per training for these volunteers, developed an­ Olympic sponsor, the BellSouth Corporation, inform ation was available to Internet users day by Games-time. Public Information staff swers for questions most likely to be asked, i developed a 32-page general information book­ worldwide. The site was an instant success. members also responded to the thousands of and met daily with the center coordinators to let in cooperation with Public Information The site combined data from the Press Guide letters and facsimiles sent to ACOG requesting provide updates and other information needed that was inserted into phone books for the At­ and general information brochures and from general inform ation about the Games. to answer calls. During the Games, the center lanta area and distributed in early 1996. the latest com petition and OAF schedules, Since many inquiries were related to infor­ was fully staffed approximately 20 hours daily 1996 CENTENNIAL. OUYMPIC GAMES Concerns regarding Games-time transporta­ with audiovisuals that ranged from slides and m ation about Atlanta and the state of Georgia, with a small number of operators available be­ IS & ■Oaiclal.l^ucts tion issues in the Atlanta area prompted Public video programs to three-dimensional images Public Information established a collaborative tween 0200 and 0600 to handle emergency llj^C^ctelgn-igtatnmf ||^Cultiuidn m^WbatsHew major local newspaper to produce a compre­ ACOG news releases were immediately added Visitors Bureau and with the Chambers of inquiries concerned the schedule for sports Tbe 19S6 CcalcMW (HTaptc Gaacs Werid-Wdc Web Semr. Otaled wltb UM. tiK OBkla] hensive publication w ith maps, suggested to the site as they were issued. Commerce for Atlanta and Georgia. Each en­ and OAF events, possible delays caused by routes, and travel times. The publication was Popular features of the site included volun­ tity had supplies of the other organizations' weather, and transportation information. distributed in a June edition of the newspaper, teer and merchandise order forms that could brochures and materials, allowing each to serve as a complete source of inform ation cov­ and AGOG distributed an additional 250,000 be submitted directly to ACOG. The greatest Conclusions a nd R ecommendations The Olympic Games World copies to city employers, MARTA commuters, response was to the availability of tickets on ering the Games, the city, and the state. Wide Web site, the first and various community groups. the site. In March 1996, once tickets could be The extraordinary worldwide interest gener­ designed for an Olympic Games-Time Operations Games, provided Concurrently, US ticket holders received the purchased on-line, an extraordinary 12-15 per­ ated by the Centennial Olym pic Games, w ith information about the Guide to the 1996 Olympic Games. This publica­ cent of all ticket purchases were conducted During the Games, Public Inform ation pro­ the globalization of the news and broadcasting Games to Internet users tion, produced by Public Inform ation, Games electronically. vided information directly to spectators and industry, mandated extensive, real-time com­ around the world. Services, and Creative Services, was intended The number of times the site was accessed visitors through booths established in conjunc­ munications in a variety of formats and appli­ for those who would be attending events and began at 10,000 per day in April 1995 and grew tion w ith Games sponsor Randstad at each cations. State-of-the-art technology with re­ focused on directions to transportation ser­ to 400,000 per day just prior to Games-time. competition venue and at Hartsfield Interna­ markable capabilities was available to the vices and parking, walking directions to Once the Games began, usage of the 1996 tional Airport, Centennial Olym pic Park, the press, and extensive inform ation was provided venues, services available in and around the Olympic Games site set Internet records—total­ Olympic Experience, and a visitors center in both to the press and the public. venues, and sports, OAF events, and other ing approximately 200 m illion site visits for the downtown Atlanta. Public Information as­ The technology advances that make infor­ Games programs. 17 days of the Games. Approximately 60 per­ sumed an advisory role in determining the m ation more broadly accessible provide the The document in greatest demand during cent of site visitors were from the US and 40 exact placement and design of the booths. Olympic Movement with even more opportu­ the m onths prior to the Games was a detailed percent from other countries. Planning was concentrated on identifying and nities to directly satisfy the public's immense events schedule. Due to the number of sports training the Public Information coordinators interest in the Games. The follow ing recom­ sessions—more than 270—in addition to the Call Center for each booth and preparing the materials to mendations are directed toward achieving extensive OAF events schedule, a summary Most calls requesting information came to be distributed to spectators. these objectives. schedule was assembled, as costs prohibited ACOG's general switchboard or the call center, The booths were stocked with copies of the Media Relations the production of such a large publication. which responded five days a week, nine hours a official map of the 1996 Olympic Games—pro­ day, for more than five years. The number of calls duced by Public Information and Games spon­ ■ A W orld Wide Web site is essential for increased from several hundred per day in 1993 sor UPS—and provided free to all spectators rapid, complete delivery of information to the to an average of 2,500-3,000 per day in 1996. and visitors. Other materials available in lim ­ media, with far less reliance on printed publi­ Public Information staff members provided ited supply included a guide to the OAF, a cations. guide to accessible facilities, and listings of free events and activities.

VIRGINIA I K O C K . M ARK A BOCKELMAN «JAMESA BOCKENEK* KELSEYS BOCKMULLER ‘ JANICE DBODDIE* MAKISHAC BODDIE • RUBY V BODDIE • JULIA A BODDIE DUNCAN • BRUIN L 80DDY • JAMES BOER n e r . MICHAEL R BORRsfl I. I; BOEL . DONALD BOELKE • JOHN W 80ELKE ■ PAULA W BOELKE * JAMES R BOERNER • REBECCA U T b o A e . M A G ^ A E ^ O D E . M A ^ ^ io D E • M E U S S A 8 0 0 E N H A G E N • N IE L S R B O D E N H E IM • JA C O B M B O D E N H E IM E R • D E N IS E F BODEVIN • C HRiSTA L BODIN • DOROTHY A BODJNE « EL- BOGART . D A R IE N J B O G E N H ^ i m ^ ^ ao ^ ^ d ? q 2 ^ ? -^ o * ° E BOESCH • RUDOLPH E BOESCH • ANNE F BOFFELLI ATC • CLEOMIE C BOGAN • YVONNE W BOGARD • LINDA M 106 RIDGE E BODKIN • KENNETH C BODNER • MARK B BODNER • PATTY L BODWELL • JUDITH A BODY • CECILIE BOE • MARVA S BOEA • TOM R BOECK • SUSAN M BOECKMAN • MICHAEL BOECKMANN • BOGENHOUM • BARBARA B BOGER • REBECCA G BOGERT • MIMIJ BOGGAN • JACKIE M BOGGE5S • CATHERINE M BOGGS • CHRISTIE S BOGGS • IVY L BOGGS • JENNIFER M BOGGS 107

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library ATLANTA 1996 / PLANNING AND ORGANIZING

■ A media information line should be estab­ ■ In the competition venues, press tribunes lished at the earliest date possible. should be located as close as possible to the ■ l.arge press briefings should be scheduled mixed zone, especially for facilities hosting in­ well In advance to give international media dividual sports. the opportunity to attend and minimize the number of individual media visits to the orga­ Press Information nizing committee. ■ The press data system should become part ■ Notes from major news conferences of standard planning, and the information should be distributed to the media and posted provided by this system should be expanded. on the World Wide Web. ■ The preferred names process needs to be continued but implemented beginning with Press Operations the accreditation and inscription process. ■ Senior experienced personnel for the MPC ■ Extended start lists should be provided for and venue facilities should be actively plan­ all individual sports. ning at least three years prior to the Games. ■ The content of the technology systems Press chiefs for large venues should be fu ll­ critical to the press should be compiled by time one year prior to the Games. Press Information, with guidance and direction ■ The MPC; must be centrally located and from Technology in how the material is ac­ available for occupancy and testing six weeks cessed and presented. More testing of the tech­ prior to the facility's opening date, the MPC nology systems is essential, as well as ex­ should be staffed and operating with all man­ panded training for personnel who will assist agement staff one week before opening. Oper­ press in using the systems. ating 24 hours daily is not necessary u n til 2-3 ■ Consideration should be given to placing days prior to the Games. virtually all Games information for the media ■ The ideal solution for press accommoda­ on a World Wide Web site that is established tions is a press village located within walking well in advance of the Games. Access to the distance of the MPC. site would be restricted to accredited media, ■ Press transportation must have a hub who would have the opportunity to become within walking distance of the MPC and IBC. familiar with the system prior to their arrival ■ A database should be b uilt to consolidate at the Games. all accommodation and rate card orders, m ail­ ing addresses, and other information related to Public Information the accredited press. ■ A W orld Wide Web site is also essential to ■ Restrictions related to ENK credentials providing information to the public. Content should be clarified and communicated early should be presented in several languages. and often to the press, NOCs, sponsors, and ■ Public inform ation booths are necessary at " ■'►t# I other constituencies. Games-time, with more personnel assigned to the booths to answer general questions. A printed publication with general information and detailed maps should be provided free to all spectators during the Games. ■ A preliminary schedule of events should be made available in as many different formats as possible.

III Atlanta 19%,

• JULIE W BOGGS • RYAN F BOGGS • THOMAS N • CAROLYN TBOG HlCH*M ARKL BOGHICH III • MARTHA J SOGLE • APRIL L SOGUE-SOOTH • CHARLOTTE BOGROW • HAROLD M 80GR0W • R BOHANNON • STEVE L BOHANNON • SILLY E BOHANNON 108 ■ BOHNHOFF • DOVIE A BOHNHOFF • DOROTHY T SOICE •

Source : Bibliothèque du CIO / IOC Library